Red Sea crisis

Houthi involvement in the Gaza war

Red Sea crisis

Part of the Iran–Israel proxy war, the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present), and the Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

Map of Houthi activity near the Yemeni coast:
Houthi-controlled Yemen (SPC)
Government of Yemen (PLC)
Houthi attacks (red) and hijackings (blue)
| Date| 19 October 2023 – present
(1 year, 9 months and 2 weeks)

|

Location|

Red Sea, Gulf of Aden (esp. Bab-el-Mandeb), Arabian Sea, Mediterranean Sea,[d] Israel, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Yemen

Status|  Ongoing

* Port of Eilat enters bankruptcy and shuts down[8]
* Disruption of international maritime trade and supply chain
* Beginning of Operation Sankalp on 14 December 2023
* Beginning of Operation Prosperity Guardian on 18 December 2023
* Missile strikes against Houthi-controlled territory started in January 2024
* Beginning of Operation Aspides on 19 February 2024
* Repeated missile and drone attacks prompted Israel to intervene in 2024 and 2025
* Intensification of US airstrikes in March 2025
* Ceasefire between the US and Houthis, which later collapsed following US strikes on Iran[9]

Belligerents
Houthi Yemen[a]

*  Houthis

* * *

* Axis of Resistance
*  Iran[b]
*  Hezbollah[3]
* Islamic Resistance in Iraq[4]

|   Israel

* * *

Prosperity Guardian:

*  United States
*  United Kingdom
*  Australia
*  Bahrain
*  Canada
*  Denmark
*  New Zealand
*  Norway
*  Seychelles
*  Singapore
*  Sri Lanka[5]

* * *

Aspides:

*  European Union

*  Belgium
*  Estonia
*  Finland
*  France
*  Germany
*  Greece
*  Italy
*  Latvia
*  Netherlands
*  Sweden

* * *

Independent Patrols:

*  China[6]
*  Egypt[c]
*  India
*  Pakistan
*  Saudi Arabia[c]

Commanders and leaders

*   Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
*   Mohamed al-Atifi
*   Mahdi al-Mashat
*   Abdel-Aziz bin Habtour

* Benjamin Netanyahu
* Israel Katz
* Eyal Zamir
* Donald Trump
* Pete Hegseth
* Joe Biden
* Lloyd Austin
* Keir Starmer
* Rishi Sunak

Units involved
See order of battle
Strength
Yemeni Armed Forces (SPC)
1 Alvand-class frigate
1 Intel ship|

Naval assets:

* 2 Sa'ar 6-class corvettes[10][11]
* 1 Sa'ar 5-class corvette[12]
* 1 Nimitz-class aircraft carrier
* 1 Ticonderoga-class cruiser
* 1 Ohio-class submarine
* 6 Arleigh Burke-class destroyers
* 1 Wasp-class amphibious assault ship[13]
* 2 FREMM multipurpose frigates[14][15]
* 1 Horizon-class frigate
* 2 Orizzonte-class destroyer
* 2 FREMM multipurpose frigates[16]
* 2 Type 45 destroyers[17]
* 2 Type 23 frigates[18]
* 1 Sachsen-class frigate
* 1 Karel Doorman-class frigate
* 2 Hydra-class frigates [19]
* 1 Iver Huitfeldt-class frigate
* 1 De Zeven Provinciën-class frigate
* 1 Hamilton-class patrol boat
* 3 Kolkata-class destroyers[20]
* 2 Visakhapatnam-class destroyers
* 2 Talwar-class frigates
* 2 Tughril-class frigates[21][22]
* 2 Zulfiquar-class frigates[23]
* 1 Yarmook-class corvette[24]
* 1 Type 052D-class destroyer
* 1 Type 054A-class frigate[25]

Casualties and losses

Per Houthis:
122 killed[26][27][needs update]
314 injured
Per Sky News Arabia & PLC-led government:
207+ killed[e][improper synthesis?]

* * *

14 detained[33]|  3 killed[f]
3 injured[36][37]
Unknown number of MQ-9 Reapers lost (23 per Houthis)[38][39]
3 F/A-18 Super Hornets lost[40][41][37]
8 sailors killed and 10 injured[g]
2 Israeli civilians killed[50] and at least 190 others injured
1 WFP worker killed,[51] 1 United Nations worker injured[52]
At least 266 Yemeni civilians killed and 774 injured[h][improper synthesis?]

* * *

68 African migrants killed, 47 injured[77]
3 Russian civilians injured[78]
6 Egyptian civilians wounded
5 Palestinian civilians wounded[79]

Two ships have been hijacked and 36 crew members have been taken hostage by Houthi militants; one ship and 11 crew members[80] remain in Houthi custody, while one ship and 25 hostages have been released. At least 30 ships have been damaged by Houthi attacks. One UK-owned and three Greek-owned cargo ships sunk.[81][82][83]

* v
* t
* e

Gaza war

* Timeline
* Outline

* * *

Background

* History of Gaza
* Zionism
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* History of Hamas
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip

* * *

October 7 attacks
Military engagements

* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Nahal Oz
* Ofakim
* Zikim

Civilian attacks

* Nova music festival massacre
* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nirim

* * *

Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
Military engagements

* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Jabalia I
* Khan Yunis
* Al-Qarara
* Shuja'iyya I
* Shuja'iyya ambush
* Shuja'iyya II
* Insurgency in the northern Gaza Strip
* Hamad
* Zana
* Rafah
* Tal al-Sultan
* Khan Yunis II
* Khan Yunis III
* North Gaza
* Netzarim Corridor clashes
* Shuja'iyya III
* May 2025 Gaza offensive
* Khan Yunis IV
* Deir al-Balah

Civilian attacks

* Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip
* Refugee camps
* Jabalia
* 31 October
* al-Fakhoora school
* al-Shati refugee camp
* al-Maghazi
* Schools
* Palestinians evacuating Gaza
* Health facilities
* al-Ahli Arab Hospital
* al-Shifa Hospital
* Kamal Adwan Hospital
* Nasser Hospital
* Attacks on religious sites
* Rafah strikes
* Flour Massacre
* Kuwait Roundabout
* Attack on journalists in Lebanon
* IDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya
* Killing of Hind Rajab
* Tel al-Sultan
* al-Mawasi (May)
* al-Sardi school
* Nuseirat
* al-Mawasi (June)
* al-Shati and Tuffah
* al-Awda school
* al-Mawasi (July)
* al-Shati (July)
* Khan Yunis (July)
* Khadija school
* Hamama school
* al-Tabaeen school
* Deir al-Balah
* al-Mawasi (September)
* al-Jawni school
* Deir al-Balah mosque
* Rufaida school
* al-Aqsa hospital (Killing of Shaban al-Dalou)
* Abu Hussein school
* Beit Lahia (19 October)
* Beit Lahia (29 October)
* Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting
* al-Mawasi (December)
* Nuseirat (December)
* March 2025 Israeli strikes
* Rafah paramedic massacre
* April 2025 Shuja'iyya
* Gaza European Hospital
* Killing of al-Najjar children
* Fahmi al-Jarjawi school
* 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings
* Al-Baqa Cafe

* * *

War crimes and effects

* War crimes and crimes against humanity report
* Palestinian war crimes
* Hostage crisis
* 2023 prisoner exchange
* Israeli war crimes
* Israeli blockade of Gaza
* Famine
* AI-assisted targeting
* Mass detentions
* South Africa v. Israel
* Gaza genocide
* ICC arrest warrants
* Gaza Strip mass graves
* Torture
* Executions and assassinations
* Killing of journalists
* List of journalists
* Gaza humanitarian crisis
* Children
* Healthcare collapse
* Premature babies

* * *

Impacts and repercussions

* Diplomatic impact
* 2023 ceasefire
* 2025 ceasefire
* Calls for a ceasefire
* Economic impact
* 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests
* Hamas–Popular Forces conflict

* * *

Other theaters
West Bank conflicts

* Israei incursions in the West Bank
* 2024
* 2025
* Tulkarm
* Tulkarm Camp strike
* PA–West Bank militias conflict
* July 2024 unrest
* 2024 PA operation in Tubas
* 2024–2025 PA operation in Jenin

Red Sea/Yemen

* Attacks on vessels
* MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Galaxy Leader
* Marlin Luanda
* MV Rubymar
* MV Tutor
* MT Sounion
* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Operation Poseidon Archer
* Operation Aspides
* 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel
* July 2024 Israeli attack
* September 2024 Israeli attacks
* December 2024 Israeli attack
* March–May 2025 US attacks
* Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes
* Saada prison airstrike
* 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire
* 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport
* May 2025–present Israeli attacks

Attacks on US bases

* Iranian airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
* Tower 22 drone attack
* February 2024 US airstrikes in Iraq and Syria
* 2024 Homs airstrikes
* Damascus Iranian consulate airstrike
* 2024 Masyaf raid

Israel–Hezbollah conflict

* Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* Odaisseh
* Maroun al-Ras
* Ayta ash-Shab
* Kafr Kila
* Ramyah

Iran–Israel proxy war

* 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
* April Iranian strikes
* April Israeli striles
* October Iranian strikes
* October Israeli strikes

Assassinations and deaths of prominent individuals

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Marwan Issa
* Fuad Shukr
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Hassan Nasrallah
* Hashem Safieddine
* Yahya Sinwar

* * *

See also

* Background
* Antisemitism
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Islamophobia
* Misinformation
* Protests
* university campuses
* All Eyes on Rafah
* Israeli document leak scandal
* Israeli public diplomacy
* Proposed U.S. takeover of the Gaza Strip

* v
* t
* e

Yemeni crisis

Revolution
(2011–12)

* Saada
* Sana'a
* Taiz
* Dammaj

* * *

Ansar al-Shariah campaign (2011–14)

* Zinjibar
* Dofas
* Abyan
* 2012 Sana'a
* Radda
* Nov 2013 Sanaa
* Dec 2013 Sana'a
* Rescue operations

* * *

Houthi rebellion (2014)

* 2nd Dammaj
* Amran

Civil war
(2014–present)

* 2nd Battle of Sana'a
* Rada'a [ar]
* Houthi takeover
* 1st Shabwah
* Saudi-led intervention
* Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict
* Taiz
* Marib governorate
* Marib city
* Dhale
* Aden
* airport
* 2015
* 2018
* 2019
* Abyan
* 2015 campaign
* 2016 southern offensive
* Lahij
* 2015 Shabwah
* 2015 Mukalla
* Zinjibar and Jaar
* Nihm
* Port Midi
* Hadramaut
* Al Masini
* Battle of Mukalla
* June 2016 Mukalla
* 2017 Battle of Sana'a
* Al Hudaydah
* Al Hudaydah city
* Masini
* United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra
* Victory from God
* Jabara
* Al-Jawf offensive
* Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra
* Al Bayda offensive
* 2022 Southern Yemen
* Operation Prosperity Guardian

Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen

* Radda
* Ibb
* Jan 2015 Sana'a
* Mar 2015 Sana'a
* Sep 2015 Sana'a
* Oct 2015 Aden
* Dec 2015 Aden
* 4 Mar 2016 Aden
* 25 Mar 2016 Aden
* May 2016 Mukalla
* May 2016 Aden
* Aug 2016 Aden
* Dec 2016 Aden
* Mar 2022 Aden
* Mar 2024 al-Bayda

Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen

* 2015 Marib
* 2015 Taiz
* 2016 al-Anad
* 2019 al-Anad
* Aug 2019 Aden
* Jan 2020 Marib
* Aug 2020 Marib
* Dec 2020 Aden airport
* 2021 Marib
* 2021 al-Anad

* * *

* US–Saudi arms deal
* Peace process
* United Nations Mission to Support the Hudaydah Agreement

Saudi-led intervention (2015–present)

Saudi Arabian airstrikes on Yemen

* Mokha
* Sana'a
* Hajjah
* Dahyan
* Dhamar
* Saada

Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia

* 2018 Riyadh
* Abha Airport
* Abqaiq–Khurais
* 2020 Riyadh

Houthi attacks on the United Arab Emirates

* 2022 Abu Dhabi

* * *

U.S. raids on al-Qaeda

* Yakla
* Hathla

* * *

Red Sea crisis
(2023–present)

Attacks

* Houthi hijacking of the Galaxy Leader
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* Sinking of the MV Rubymar
* Attack on the MV True Confidence
* Attacks on the MV Tutor
* 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel
* Attacks on the Sounion
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* 2024 Tel Aviv drone attack
* 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* 29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen
* 26 December 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* 10 January 2025 Israeli attack on Yemen
* March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen
* 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes
* 2025 Saada prison airstrike
* 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport
* May 2025 Israeli attacks on Yemen

Military operations

* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Operation Aspides
* Operation Poseidon Archer
* 30 May 2024 Yemen strikes
* Operation Outstretched Arm

Diplomacy

* United Nations Security Council Resolution 2722
* 2025 U.S.–Houthi ceasefire

Effects

* Environmental impact

Humanitarian crisis

* Blockade
* Disease outbreaks

* Cholera
* COVID-19

* Famine
* Locust infestation
* Refugees on Jeju Island
* War crimes and human rights violations

* v
* t
* e

Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)

Timeline

* * *

Lebanon

* Israel–Hezbollah (Timeline)
* Attacks on journalists
* Dahieh attack
* US embassy shooting
* Majdal Shams attack
* Haret Hreik airstrike
* August 2024 Nabatieh attack
* August 2024 strikes
* Pager explosions
* Assassination of Ibrahim Aqil
* September 2024 strikes
* Lebanese displacement
* Assassination of Hassan Nasrallah
* 2024 Israeli invasion
* Assassination of Hashem Safieddine
* Israeli attacks on the Lebanese health sector

Iran, Iraq and Syria

* Attacks on US bases
* Tower 22 drone attack
* February 2024 US airstrikes
* Assassination of Razi Mousavi
* 2024 Erbil attack
* Assassination of Sadegh Omidzadeh
* 2024 Homs airstrikes
* Iranian consulate in Damascus airstrike
* 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
* April 2024 Iranian strikes
* April 2024 Israeli strikes
* October 2024 Iranian strikes
* October 2024 Israeli strikes
* Iran–Israel war
* Ceasefire
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh
* Masyaf strikes
* 2024 leak of U.S. intelligence on Israeli strike plans
* Palmyra airstrike
* United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites

Yemen and the Red Sea

* Red Sea crisis
* Galaxy Leader
* MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Chem Pluto
* Marlin Luanda
* Eternity C
* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* CTF 153
* 2024 missile strikes
* 2024 Tel Aviv drone attack
* July 2024 Israeli attack
* Attacks on the Sounion
* September 2024 Israeli attack
* December 2024 Israeli airstrikes in Yemen
* 10 January 2025 Israeli attack on Yemen
* March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen
* 2025 U.S.–Houthi ceasefire
* 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport
* May 2025 Israeli attacks on Yemen

Deaths

* Alim Abdallah
* Issam Abdallah
* Saleh al-Arouri
* Ali Hussein Barji
* Razi Mousavi
* Wissam al-Tawil
* Sadegh Omidzadeh
* Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi
* Mohammad Reza Zahedi
* Fuad Shukr
* Ismail Haniyeh
* Ibrahim Aqil

Related topics

* Iran–Israel proxy conflict
* Hezbollah–Israel conflict

The Red Sea crisis (Arabic: أزمة البحر الأحمر) began on 19 October 2023, when the Iran-backed Houthis in Yemen launched missiles and armed drones at Israel, demanding an end to the invasion of the Gaza Strip.[84][85] The Houthis have since seized or bombarded dozens of merchant and naval vessels in the Red Sea and received hundreds of retaliatory air strikes by US and allied forces.[86] The crisis is linked to the Gaza war, the Iran–Israel proxy war, the Iran–United States conflict, and the Yemeni crisis.[87][88][89]

Since 2014, the Houthis, who oppose Yemen's internationally recognized government, have controlled a considerable swath of the country's territory along the Red Sea. Shortly after the outbreak of the Gaza war, the Hamas-allied group began to launch missiles and drones at Israel. It has also fired on merchant vessels in the Red Sea, particularly in the Bab-el-Mandeb, the southern maritime gateway to the Suez Canal, damaging the global economy. The group has declared that it will not stop until Israel ceases the Gaza war.[84][90]

The Houthis say that any Israel-linked ship is a target,[91][88][89] including US and UK warships, but they have also attacked the ships of many nations with no connection to Israel.[92][93] From October 2023 to March 2024, the Houthis attacked more than 60 vessels in the Red Sea.[94] To avoid attack, hundreds of commercial vessels have been rerouted to sail around South Africa.[95]

The Houthis' Red Sea attacks have drawn a military response from a number of countries. In January 2024, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2722, condemning the Houthi attacks and affirming freedom of navigation.[94] The United States-led Operation Prosperity Guardian was launched to protect Red Sea shipping. From 12 January, the US and UK led coalition air and missile strikes against the Houthis, while other countries are independently attacking Houthi vessels in the Red Sea.[96] On 3 May, Yemeni General Yahya Saree said, "We will target any ships heading to Israeli ports in the Mediterranean Sea in any area we are able to reach".[97] On 6 May, US president Donald Trump announced a cessation of US strikes as a result of a bilateral ceasefire between the US and the Houthis.[98]

## Background

[edit]

### Houthis within Yemen

[edit]

The Houthi movement is an Iran-backed Zaydi Shia Islamist militant organization that exercises de facto control over parts of Yemen, though it is not the country's internationally recognized government; the Houthi takeover in Yemen in 2014 resulted in the group's acquisition of the capital city of Sanaa, but the anti-Houthi Presidential Leadership Council remains recognized by the international community as Yemen's legitimate government.[99] After this conflict grew into an ongoing civil war, millions of residents were internally displaced, and a Saudi-led coalition responded by imposing a blockade of Yemen. These combined to shrink the economy by half and contributed to famine in Yemen since 2016, one of the worst in the world.[100][101][102]

The US military destroyed drones in Yemen's Houthi-held region and over the Red Sea due to perceived threats, exacerbating tensions in the conflict-ridden area. This comes amidst ongoing attacks by the Houthis and challenges to diplomatic efforts to end the Yemeni war.[103]

### Houthis and the Gaza war

[edit]

Main article: Iran–Israel proxy conflict

Areas controlled by the Houthi movement in 2024, colored green

Following the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023, which triggered the Gaza war, numerous Iran-backed militant groups across the Middle East (including the Houthis) expressed support for the Palestinians and threatened to attack Israel. Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi warned the United States against intervening in support of Israel, threatening that such an intervention would be met with retaliation by drone and missile strikes.[104] In order to end their attacks in the Red Sea, the Houthis demanded a ceasefire in the Gaza war and an end to the accompanying Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip.[105][106][90]

### Weapons used by Houthi militants

[edit]

According to Armament Research Services, Houthi weapons are mostly of Russian, Chinese or Iranian origin.[107][108] They are known to use surface-to-surface missiles, artillery rockets, loitering munitions and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).[109] They have several missiles and UAVs capable of reaching Israel from Yemen:

* Toufan – a surface-to-surface missile, with a range of 1,800 km (1,100 mi).[110]
* Cruise missiles – from the Iranian Soumar family, with strike ranges of about 2,000 km (1,200 mi).[110]
* Quds-2 missile – supposedly with a range of 1,350 km (840 mi) but made to strike Israel.[111]
* Samad-3 and Samad-4 – UAVs/loitering munitions with ranges of 1,800 km (1,100 mi) and further.[111]
* Wa'id drones – similar to Iran's Shahed 136, loitering munition with a range of 2,500 km (1,600 mi).[111]
* Naval drones – 7 metres (23 ft) unmanned surface vessels (USVs) laden with explosives.[112][113]

## Timeline of events

[edit]

Main article: Timeline of the Red Sea crisis

Bab-el-Mandeb transits by cargo vessels
over 10,000 deadweight tonnage (approx.)[114]

Before attacks

After first Houthi ship seizure/attack (19 November 2023)

After naval protection operation started (18 December 2023)

After US/UK attack on Yemen mainland (12 January 2024)

100

200

300

400

500

600

45 Week in 2023

1 Week in 2024

## Houthi attacks on commercial vessels

[edit]

Main article: Houthi attacks on commercial vessels

Houthi forces began attacking shipping vessels affiliated with Israel passing through the Red Sea on 19 November 2023. By February, 40 vessels had been attacked. Global shipping companies, which had typically sailed through the Red Sea, as well as the Suez Canal, instead moved to position their vessels around the Cape of Good Hope, off the Cape Peninsula, South Africa.[115][116][95][117]

Between November and December 2023, a 1.3 percent decrease in global trade resulted from Houthi attacks on commercial shipping in the Red Sea.[118] By March 2024, over 2,000 ships had diverted routes away from the Red Sea, making costlier voyages, since the first Houthi attack the previous November.[119]

Initial Houthi pledges to target any ship with links to Israel were followed by attacks on ships connected to over a dozen nations, as well, stated, in January 2024, as avenging "American-British aggression against our country". US Central Command responded that the Houthis attacks "have nothing to do with the conflict in Gaza" and that Houthis had "fired indiscriminately into the Red Sea", targeting ships, and impacting more than 40 nations.[120][121] On 3 May 2024, the Houthi-aligned Yemeni Armed Forces SPC military spokesperson Yahya Saree announced, in a televised speech, that "We will target any ships heading to Israeli ports in the Mediterranean Sea in any area we are able to reach".[97]

## Issues

[edit]

### Disinformation

[edit]

See also: Misinformation in the Gaza war and Misinformation § Online misinformation

The Houthis and their supporters have engaged in a disinformation campaign. According to the U.S. Navy, these false claims to undermine efforts to secure "freedom of navigation" in the Red Sea and surrounding waters by the United States and its allies and to gain recognition as a regional power.[122] On 1 February 2024, the Houthis claimed an attack on a US ship named KOI, but maritime sources told BBC that it was false.[123] Hezbollah-affiliated news outlets such as Islam Times and Al Mayadeen have backed false claims by the Houthis. On 28 January, Islam Times released footage of the 2021 X-Press Pearl fire, purporting it displayed the aftermath of a Houthi attack on a British ship. Three days later, Al Mayadeen reported that the Houthis accurately struck USS Gravely, but the claim was rejected by US officials.[124]

Social media users on platforms such as X have published old or doctored images and videos falsely claiming them as Houthi attacks. In February 2024, users on X posted the 2018 sinking of the USS Racine (LST-1191) and the X-Press Pearl disaster, claiming they showed the Houthi attacks on the Star Nasia and Morning Tide.[125] In June 2024, users posted satellite images of the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower with damage digitally edited onto it, claiming that it was the result of a Houthi attack.[122] Other mislabeled or digitally edited photographs and videos were also published purporting damage to the aircraft carrier, though some were satire.[126][127]

Footage from the Czech-based video game Arma 3 has also been used to spread disinformation about the conflict, with Russian websites such as The Intel Drop and Pravda publishing gameplay, falsely claiming it showed attacks on the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower. The video game's developers, Bohemia Interactive, said that action taken against the videos was ineffective, saying: "With every video flagged, debunked, or taken down, ten more can be uploaded each day."[122] Footage from the video game has also been misrepresented as attacks on shipping[128] and a US fighter jet being shot down by the Houthis over Sanaa.[129]

### Foreign involvement

[edit]

See also: Houthis § Alleged Iranian, North Korean, Russian and Chinese support

#### Iran

[edit]

Reuters, citing unnamed Iranian sources and "a security official close to Iran", has claimed that Iranian personnel are in Yemen, working with Hezbollah militants. Their role involves directing and overseeing Houthi attacks on commercial shipping. The sources also stated that Iran has escalated its provision of advanced drones, anti-ship cruise missiles, precision-strike ballistic missiles, and medium-range missiles to the Houthis, since the outbreak of the Gaza war.[3]

US officials told Semafor that commanders and advisors from Iran's Revolutionary Guards are currently stationed in Yemen, and are directly involved in the Houthi attacks on commercial traffic in the Red Sea. The IRGC has also stationed missile and drone trainers and operators in Yemen. The Qods Force, has overseen the transfer of the attack drones, cruise missiles, and medium-range ballistic missiles which have been used in the strikes on Red Sea and Israeli targets in recent weeks.[1]

According to Western intelligence officials, the Iranian Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps placed an intelligence gathering ship to guide Houthi attacks on ships that switch off radios and identifiers.[130] According to the Institute for the Study of War, this was likely MV Behshad, which had replaced MV Saviz (which had been used to supply weapons and intelligence to the Houthis until it came under an Israeli limpet mine attack in April 2021).[131] The Iranian frigate Alborz later also entered the Red Sea.[132]

In July 2024, the Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the Houthis used an Iranian-made missile in their attack on the Norwegian-flagged Strinda on 11 December 2023. Features of Iran's Tolu-4 turbojet engine, used in their Noor missile, were found in the debris. An insurance group earlier stated that an Iranian-made missile was used after examining debris aboard the vessel.[133][134]

NBC News, citing two US officials, reported in September 2024 that Iran was directly assisting the Houthis with targeting and attacking American MQ-9 Reaper drones, several of which were shot down or damaged during the Red Sea crisis. The officials did not elaborate on how Iran was helping the Houthis, but Michael Knights of the American think tank Washington Institute for Near East Policy said the Houthis received Iranian surface-to-air missiles, such as the 358 and SA-2, that allowed them to improve their air defenses and target US drones.[135]

#### North Korea

[edit]

Voice of America reported that North Korea may have shipped weapons to the Houthis via Iran based on Hangul writing that was found on Houthi-launched missiles.[136]

#### China

[edit]

Two China-based companies were sanctioned by the US in 2024 for providing "dual-use materials and components needed to manufacture, maintain, and deploy an arsenal of advanced missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) against U.S. and allied interests."[137]

A report by the Foundation for Defense of Democracies stated that the Houthis were using weapons made in China for their attacks on shipping in the Red Sea in exchange for Chinese ships having safe passage through the Sea.[138] Another report from Israel's i24 News stated that China provided the Houthis with "advanced components and guidance equipment" for their missiles.[138]

According to the United States Department of State, Chinese state-owned Chang Guang Satellite Technology Corporation provides geospatial intelligence to the Houthis to target U.S. warships in the Red Sea.[139][140]

#### Russia

[edit]

In July 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that US officials saw increasing indications that Russia was considering arming the Houthis with advanced anti-ship missiles via Iranian smuggling routes in response to US support for Ukraine during Russia's invasion.[141] However it did not follow through due to pushback by the US and Saudi Arabia.[142]

In August 2024, Middle East Eye, citing a US official, reported that personnel of Russia's GRU were stationed in Houthi-controlled parts of Yemen to assist the militia's attacks on merchant ships.[143]

In October 2024, The Wall Street Journal reported that Russia had provided intelligence to the Houthis for targeting commercial ships.[144]

### War crimes

[edit]

See also: War crimes in the Gaza war

The Houthis have claimed they would target ships that had no military function, which would be a war crime, according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) and others. The HRW also noted that the detention of captured crews could be considered hostage-taking if they are detained to compel a third party to do or abstain from any act as a condition for the hostage's release or safety. Hostage-taking is a violation of international humanitarian law and a war crime. A statement issued by the HRW called upon the militants to "end their attacks on civilians caught in the crosshairs of their declared war on Israel."[145]

The HRW called the Israeli strikes on Yemen in July 2024 a possible war crime since they were apparently an "indiscriminate or disproportionate attack on civilians". It also called the Houthi drone attack on Tel Aviv that occurred one day prior to the strikes a possible war crime since it deliberately or indiscriminately targeted civilians.[146][147]

## Impact

[edit]

### Israel and Egypt

[edit]

Houthi attacks have reduced shipping to Israel and local trade. Commercial shipping to Eilat has almost completely ceased. Commercial ships coming from Asia to Israel, as well as some commercial ships not destined for Israel, have started to go around Africa, which makes the journey three weeks longer and more expensive.[148] By 21 December 2023, over 100 container ships had been rerouted to go around Africa, each adding around 6,000 nautical miles to the trip distance.[149]

Insurance costs for commercial ships that go through the Red Sea have increased; some Israeli ships have seen an increase of 250%, and others were unable to get any insurance.[150]

While Israelis would face delays in the supply chain and price hikes, the effects on the Egyptian economy are more severe as shipping through the Suez Canal contributes nearly $9.4 billion to the Egyptian economy which is suffering from a debt crisis made worse by trade disruptions with Israel due to the war in Gaza.[151][152]

In March, Israeli media reported that half of the workers at Eilat Port were at risk of losing their jobs after the port took a major financial hit due to the crisis in the Red Sea. The Histadrut Labor Federation, the umbrella organization for hundreds of thousands of public sector workers, said port management announced it intended to fire half of the 120 Eilat Port employees.[153]

In July 2024, the port of Eilat declared bankruptcy and requested support from the Israeli government due to its activity decreasing by 85% due to the Yemeni blockade in the Red Sea.[154][155] In July 2025, the port's bank accounts were frozen and all operations shut down.[156][8]

The annual revenue of the Suez Canal meanwhile declined to $7.2 billion for the 2023–24 financial year, down from about $9.4 billion the previous year.[157]

### Global economy

[edit]

Major shipping companies suspended ship traffic through the Red Sea due to the attacks, including MSC,[158] Maersk,[159] CMA CGM,[160] COSCO,[161] Hapag-Lloyd,[162] and Evergreen Marine Corporation.[163] On 18 December, the British multinational oil and gas company BP also suspended all shipments through the Red Sea.[163] Maersk, which holds about 14.8% of the market share in the global container shipping market,[164] announced on 25 December 2023 that it would resume operations soon as a result of Operation Prosperity Guardian.[165] By 30 December, Maersk had resumed Red Sea operations, but again paused them following the attacks on Maersk Guangzhou.[166] The following May, based on the second quarter of its fiscal 2024 figures, Maersk estimated a capacity loss of 15–20 percent across the industry due to the Red Sea crisis.[167]

On 12 January, Tesla said it would suspend most production from its Grünheide factory, its only factory in Europe, for two weeks starting 29 January due to supply chain issues caused by Houthi attacks.[168][169] Volvo Cars also said it would halt production from its plant in Ghent for three days starting the following week.[170] Shell plc announced a hold on "transit" through the Red Sea.[171]

On 18 December, Evergreen Marine Corporation announced it was suspending its import and export service to Israel because of risk and safety considerations.[172][173] COSCO, the fourth-largest shipping company, and its container shipping subsidiary OOCL similarly stopping all services to Israel in early January 2024.[174]

On 21 December, the CEO of the port of Eilat said the port has seen an 85% drop in activity since the Yemeni attacks on shipping in the Red Sea.[175][173] Many ships instead took a safer route, going around Africa and the Cape of Good Hope,[164] although this route incurs an extra ten days, spends more fuel, and requires more crew time.[176] The suspension of a large volume of trade through the Red Sea led to a decrease in use of the Suez Canal, and was thus a blow to the Egyptian economy.[164]

A considerable number of freighters have continued to transit, with mostly large container ships diverting away rather than other shipping, with the strait continuing to be heavily used by bulk carriers and tankers which are under different contract arrangements and often from countries supportive of Gaza's situation so perceiving a minimal risk from ongoing Houthi attacks.[177][178] In the first week of January 2024 the average number of freighters active each day in the Red Sea included 105 bulk carriers and 58 tankers, down from 115 bulk carriers and 70 tankers the week before.[179] In contrast, six of the ten largest container shipping companies were largely avoiding the Red Sea,[180] with relatively few container ships transiting the Bab al-Mandeb strait from 18 December 2023.[181]

Following China Ocean Shipping Company, the fourth-largest shipping company, and its container shipping subsidiary OOCL stopping all services to Israel,[174] a senior Houthi official said in January 2024 that Chinese and Russian vessels not connected with Israel will have safe passage.[182]

As of January 2024, most marine insurers require a warranty of no Israeli involvement to insure vessels for the Red Sea route, with some requiring warranties of no US or UK interest and no calls to Israeli ports in the last 12 months.[183]

Qatar has halted tankers of liquefied natural gas through the Bab al-Mandeb Strait after US-led airstrikes on Houthi targets in Yemen increased risks in the strait. Considering that Qatar is Europe's second-largest supplier of LNG, the long-term suspension of exports has raised concerns as the winter season begins in Europe.[184]

On 16 January, the British multinational oil and gas company Shell suspended all Red Sea shipments indefinitely due to attacks on commercial vessels.[185] Some ships traveling through the Red Sea began broadcasting "No contact Israel" on their automatic identification system in response to a Houthi request to vessels without ties to Israel.[186][179]

By February 2024, more than half of the United Kingdom's export businesses were affected by disruption to shipping in the Red Sea, with companies surveyed reporting that the costs of hiring containers increased by 300%.[187] Businesses then stated that the crisis had also caused cashflow difficulties and shortages of components on production lines.[187]

A UNCTAD analysis found that, from December 2023 to February 2024, spot container rates from Shanghai to Europe rose by 256% on average, mostly due to Houthi attacks on Red Sea shipping. Compare to the same period a year earlier, there were also 42% fewer cargo ships transiting the Suez Canal.[188]

In June 2024, the US Defense Intelligence Agency reported that the Houthi attacks caused a 90% decrease in container shipping through the Red Sea from December 2023 to February 2024. Additionally, the report said that 29 energy and shipping companies across 65 countries were affected and forced to change their shipping routes, most of them choosing to go around the Cape of Good Hope which adds an extra 11,000 nautical miles (20,000 km; 13,000 mi), ten days of travel, and US$1,000,000 in fuel costs to each voyage.[189][190] The Russell Group estimated that goods worth around $1 trillion were disrupted due to Houthi attacks from October 2023 to May 2024 in the Red Sea.[191]

The number of ship passing through the Suez Canal fell from 2,068 in November 2023 to about 877 in October 2024.[192] Approximately 200 cargo ships transited the Bab el Mandeb Strait in the southern Red Sea near Yemen in February 2025 and global freight prices by March 2025 were still significantly higher than pre-Gaza War levels.[193]

### Humanitarian

[edit]

Houthi attacks have held up shipments containing vital aid for Sudan and made it more expensive for humanitarian agencies to operate in the country, which has been the site of an ongoing armed conflict that put millions at risk of famine. Sudanese director of the International Rescue Committee Eatizaz Yousif said the attacks made shipments which normally take one or two weeks take months to reach the country, since shipping carrying aid en route to Port Sudan has been forced to navigate around Africa, traverse through the Mediterranean, and then enter the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to reach their destination.[194]

## Reactions

[edit]

### UN Security Council

[edit]

On 10 January 2024, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2722. The resolution, sponsored by the US and Japan, condemned the Houthi attacks, affirmed freedom of navigation and the right of member states to defend their ships, and demanded that the Houthis immediately release the Galaxy Leader and its crew.[195] The vote was 11–0, with four abstentions.[196] Among the permanent five members of the Security Council, the US, UK, and France supported the resolution, and Russia and China abstained.[196]

### Israel and Egypt

[edit]

In a speech at a manufacturing exposition following the incident of 27 October, President of Egypt Abdel Fattah al-Sisi urged all parties in the Gaza war to respect Egypt's sovereignty, and emphasized that the Egyptian Army was able to protect the country in case of any more attacks.[197]

In early December 2023, Israel called upon Western allies to respond to threats to maritime shipping from the Houthis; Israeli National Security Advisor Tzachi Hanegbi said that if threats continue, "we will act to remove this blockade."[198] The Southern Transitional Council reportedly said in December 2023 that it was willing to cooperate with Israel to fight against the Houthis.[199] However, Al-Islah expressed support for the Houthi response to the Gaza war, despite its opposition to Houthi actions in the Yemeni Civil War.[200]

#### Houthi response

[edit]

On 25 January 2024, Abdul-Malik al-Houthi stated, "Our battle aims to support the Palestinian people, and has no other goals," and said that the Houthi's operations would cease once food and medicine was reaching all of Gaza.[201] On 30 January, Houthi Minister of Defence Mohamed al-Atifi stated, "We are prepared for a long-term confrontation with the forces of tyranny."[202] A Houthi spokesperson stated on 4 February 2024, "When the world became alarmed by the bloodiness of what was happening against the Palestinian people, Washington was not ashamed to deny the occurrence of genocide. Anyone who can do that can easily deny the connection between what is happening in the Red Sea and Gaza."[203]

### Operation Prosperity Guardian: American-led military coalition

[edit]

While the US Navy has shot down Houthi rockets and missiles in the Red Sea, it has not retaliated against those firing them.[204][205] In December 2023, after discussions with allies, the US announced the creation of a multilateral naval task force of protective escorts for commercial vessels in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait and Gulf of Aden region.[205] The operation, codenamed Operation Prosperity Guardian,[206] was formally launched on 23 December 2023.[176] It is similar to past operations protecting commercial vessels from attack, including in the Persian Gulf and Strait of Hormuz during the "Tanker War" of the 1980s,[205] and the ongoing maritime security operations of Combined Task Force 153, the US Navy-led task force based in Bahrain.[164] The operation has also been compared to the successful multilateral naval campaign a decade earlier to combat Somali pirates off the Horn of Africa, although the Houthis, unlike the Somali pirates, enjoy Iranian support, and better equipment and technology, such as helicopters, drones, missiles, and speedboats.[207]

#### Independent naval patrols for maritime security

[edit]

France, Italy and India have all independently sent naval assets to the region, with the French frigate Languedoc intercepting drones launched from a Houthi-controlled port while Italy has sent the frigate Virginio Fasan under the Secure Mediterranean operation.[16] India has also sent two Kolkata-class destroyers to strengthen maritime security in the Red Sea.[20]

### Pro-Palestinian protests

[edit]

Main article: Gaza war protests

In mid-January 2024, reports indicated that pro-Palestinian demonstrators in London voiced support for Houthi militants. This occurred shortly after the UK and the US initiated strikes on Houthi targets in response to the group's assaults on ships. Some demonstrators were observed chanting slogans like, "Yemen, Yemen make us proud, turn another ship around," while others displayed signs with messages such as "Hands off Yemen", "Thanks Yemen", and "UK+US wants war. Yemen supports Palestine. Gaza wants to live".[208]

### International

[edit]

*  Bahrain: In January 2024, Bahraini King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa and Antony Blinken discussed the Houthi attacks and reaffirmed their shared commitment to ensure freedom of navigation.[209] Bahrain was the sole Arab country to join Operation Prosperity Guardian.[210]
*  China: The Chinese Foreign Ministry said it was concerned about the Red Sea crisis and called for an end to the attacks.[211] China abstained from UN Security Council Resolution 2722.[212]
*  Denmark: Denmark voiced its support for the US and UK strikes against the Houthis and warned them to halt their attacks on commercial shipping.[213]
*  Djibouti: Djibouti intensified coast guard patrols along the Bab-el-Mandeb amidst the crisis.[214] Djibouti Minister of Foreign Affairs Mahamoud Ali Youssouf said that the attacks demonstrate "strong solidarity with the people of Palestine" and voiced support for the Houthis. Nevertheless, he called for the Houthis to end their attacks as they impacted the country's economy.[215]
*  France: France condemned Houthi attacks against commercial vessels and expressed its support for the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 2722.[216]
*  Germany: Germany condemned Houthi attacks, describing them as violent and against international law. It said that the attacks are irresponsible and put the lives of crew members aboard vessels at risk.[217][218]
*  India: India held diplomatic talks with Iran and took measures to protect Indian exporters from the attacks, including increasing surveillance and providing protective escorts to Indian vessels.[219]
*  Iran: Iran voiced support for Houthi operations.[220] It also condemned the strikes on Houthis in Yemen, calling them "arbitrary" and saying that they violated international law.[221]
*  Italy: Italy said that the Houthi attacks must cease without triggering an armed conflict.[222]
*  Japan: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan condemned Houthi intervention in freedom of navigation, and voiced support for the United States and other nations for fulfilling their responsibility in securing free and safe navigation.[223] In November 2023, Japan said it was communicating with the Houthis and Israel to secure the release of the hijacked Galaxy Leader.[224]
*  Russia: Russia abstained from UN Security Council Resolution 2722 and proposed amendments that would have stripped the endorsement of Operation Prosperity Guardian and recognize the Gaza war as the root cause of the attacks.[212] It also condemned the US and UK strikes on the Houthis.[225]
*  Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia called on Iran to work towards de-escalation in the region.[226] It also urged the US to show restraint in its response to the Houthis.[227]
*  Somalia: Somali Ambassador to Kenya Jabril Ibrahim Abdulle said that the attacks could negatively affect Somalia's economy and voiced concern over the possibility of Al-Shabaab acquiring weapons from the Houthis via sea routes.[228]
*  United Arab Emirates: The UAE expressed deep concern over the consequences of the Houthi attacks and called them an "unacceptable threat".[229]

## Analysis

[edit]

On 7 August 2024, the head of United States naval efforts in the Middle East, Vice Admiral George Wikoff stated that the American and British approach to combat the Houthis in the Red sea crisis had failed to dissuade the Houthis and stop attacks on shipping through the region, arguing that strikes and defensive efforts had done little to change the Houthis' behaviour.[230]

A senior fellow at the Hudson Institute and former Navy submariner, Bryan Clark, said that the Red Sea Crisis presented "the most sustained combat that the U.S. Navy has seen since World War II — easily, no question."[85]

On 25 April 2024, CNN reported that the Houthis’ successful targeting of US Reaper drones significantly hampered the ability of America to gain intelligence over Yemen and eliminate Houthi militant leaders while failing to secure air superiority.[231]

## See also

[edit]

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

U.S. government documents and press releases for the Red Sea crisis

* International reactions to the Gaza war
* United States support for Israel in the Gaza war
* Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war
* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Closure of the Suez Canal (1967–1975)
* Tanker war
* Guanbi policy

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Political legitimacy of all Houthi-led government bodies has been rejected by the United Nations, rival Yemeni factions, the Gulf Cooperation Council, and the United States.
2. ^ Multiple sources indicate that the Iranian government has deployed military personnel to Houthi-controlled Yemen who are actively involved in attacks on commercial shipping.[1][2][3]
3. ^ a b Saudi Arabia and Egypt have not joined the coalition against the Houthis, but they have shot down Houthi missiles over their own territory.
4. ^ The Houthis have claimed several attacks on ships in the Mediterranean, though none have been confirmed.[7]
5. ^ 10 killed on 30–31 December,[28] 75 killed on 12–22 January,[4] 40 killed on 3–5 February,[29] 11 killed on 11 March,[30] 70 killed on 1 April,[31] 1 killed on 8 April[32]
6. ^ Two Navy SEALs on 21 January 2024,[34] one Navy sailor on 23 March 2024[35]
7. ^ Fatalities include one Vietnamese, one Russian, and six Filipinos[42][43][44]

* * *

* One injured on 22 February 2024[45]
* Three killed, four injured on 6 March 2024[42]
* One injured on 28 May 2024[46]
* One killed on 12 June 2024[43]
* One severely injured on 13 June 2024[47]
* One injured on 23 June 2024[48]
* Four killed, at least two injured on 7 July 2025[49]
8. ^ [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76]

## References

[edit]

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231. ^ Bertrand, Natasha; Britzky, Haley; Cohen, Zachary (25 April 2025). "Houthis' successful targeting of US drones is hampering Trump's mission to kill group's senior leadership". CNN. Retrieved 4 May 2025.

* v
* t
* e

Red Sea crisis

* Timeline
* Order of battle

Attacks|

* 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel
* 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* 29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen
* 26 December 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen
* Signal group chat leak
* 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes
* 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport
* May–July 2025 Israeli attacks on Yemen

Houthi attacks on commercial vessels|

* Hijacking of the Galaxy Leader
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* Sinking of the MV Rubymar
* Attack on the MV True Confidence
* Attacks on the MV Tutor
* Attacks on the Sounion
* Attacks on the MV Magic Seas
* Attacks on the MV Eternity C

Military operations|

* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Operation Aspides
* US–UK airstrikes on Yemen
* December 2024 Israeli airstrikes in Yemen

Diplomacy|

* United Nations Security Council Resolution 2722
* 2025 U.S.–Houthi ceasefire

* Yemeni civil war
* Gaza war

* v
* t
* e

Gaza war

* Timeline
* Outline

Background:

* History of Gaza
* Zionism
* Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* History of Hamas
* Blockade of the Gaza Strip

Engage-
ments|

| Hamas-led
attack on
Israel|

| Attacks on civilians|

* Netiv HaAsara
* Alumim
* Be'eri
* Elhanan Team
* Holit
* Kfar Aza
* Kissufim
* Nir Oz
* Nir Yitzhak
* Nahal Oz
* Nirim
* Nova music festival
* Death Shelters
* Psyduck music festival

|

Battles|

* Nir Am
* Re'im
* Sderot
* Sufa
* Zikim
* Israeli female tank crew fight

General topics|

* Allegations of genocide
* Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees
* Baby beheading hoax
* Denial
* Sexual and gender-based violence
* "Screams Without Words"
* Bearing Witness to the October 7th Massacre
* Screams Before Silence

Israeli
invasion
of Gaza|

* Beit Hanoun
* Gaza City
* Khan Yunis
* Netzarim Corridor
* Rafah
* Background
* Shuja'iyya
* May 2025 Gaza offensive
* Deir al-Balah

Attacks on
refugee camps|

* Jabalia
* 31 October
* Al-Shati
* Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes
* Al-Maghazi
* Tel al-Sultan attack
* Al-Mawasi (May)
* Nuseirat rescue and massacre
* Al-Mawasi (June)
* Al-Shati (July)
* Deir el-Balah (August)
* Al-Mawasi (September)
* Al-Mawasi (December)
* Nuseirat (December)

Attacks on schools|

* Al-Fakhoora
* Al-Sardi
* Al-Awda
* Khadija
* Hamama
* Al-Tabaeen
* Al-Jawni
* Rufaida
* Abu Hussein
* Fahmi al-Jarjawi

Attacks on
health facilities|

* Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion
* Al-Shifa Hospital siege
* alleged military use
* Gaza Strip mass graves
* Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges
* Detention of Hussam Abu Safiya
* Killing of health workers
* Nasser Hospital siege
* Nasser Hospital mass graves
* 14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack
* 2025 Gaza European Hospital strikes

Other attacks|

* Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza
* Attacks on religious sites
* Central Archives Destruction
* Engineer's Building airstrike
* Flour Massacre
* Kuwait Roundabout mass killings
* Palestinians evacuating Gaza City
* World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack
* 13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack
* Khan Yunis
* Deir al-Balah mosque
* Beit Lahia attacks
* Beit Lahia airstrike
* Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting
* March 2025 Israeli strikes
* Rafah paramedic massacre
* April 2025 Shuja'iyya airstrike
* Al-Najjar family killings
* 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings
* Al-Baqa Cafe airstrike

General topics|

* AI-assisted targeting
* Bombing of the Gaza Strip
* Companies involved
* Destruction of cultural heritage
* Environmental impact
* Gaza genocide
* Gaza: Doctors Under Attack
* Gaza: How to Survive a Warzone
* Hamas–Popular Forces conflict
* Israeli generals' plan
* Torture

Other
theaters|

| Israel|

* Lehi Street bombing
* Givat Shaul shooting
* 2024 Jaffa shooting

|

West Bank|

* Israeli incursions in the West Bank
* Tulkarm
* 2024 military operation
* 2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike
* 2025 military operation
* 2024–2025 Palestinian Authority operation in Jenin
* Killing of Benjamin Achimeir
* April 2024 Israeli settler rampages
* al-Funduq shooting

Iran–Israel conflict|

* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel
* April
* October
* 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran
* April
* October
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh
* Iran–Israel war

Israel–Hezbollah conflict
(Timeline)|

* Attacks on journalists
* Lebanese displacement
* Assassinations
* Hezbollah headquarters
* Fuad Shukr
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Saleh al-Arouri
* August 2024 Nabatieh attack
* August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes
* 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks
* September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon
* Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* ceasefire
* Israeli attacks on the Lebanese health sector
* Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* January 2025 southern Lebanon attack

Red Sea crisis
(Timeline)|

* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* Houthi attacks on commercial vessels
* Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou
* Marlin Luanda missile strike
* Attacks on the Sounion
* Operation Poseidon Archer
* 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel
* Israeli attack on Yemen (July 2024)
* Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024)
* March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen
* 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire

Syria|

* Israeli invasion of Syria
* Southern Syria clashes (April–May 2025)
* Southern Syria clashes (July 2025–present)
* July 2025 Damascus airstrikes

Other|

* Majdal Shams attack
* Tower 22 drone attack
* 2024 Masyaf raid

Hostages|

* Hostage–prisoner exchange (2023)
* Kidnapped from Israel
* Hostages and Missing Families Forum
* Hostages Square

Rescued|

* 2024 Rafah hostage raid
* Rachel Edry
* Ori Megidish
* Nuseirat operation
* Noa Argamani
* Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi

Released|

* Yarden Roman-Gat
* Mia Schem
* Naama Levy
* Liri Albag
* Eli Sharabi
* Edan Alexander
* Omer Shem Tov
* Agam Berger
* Emily Damari

Deceased|

* Alex Dancyg
* Hersh Goldberg-Polin
* Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka
* Oded Lifshitz
* Shani Louk
* Kidnapping and killing of the Bibas family

General
topics|

* 2023 ceasefire
* 2025 ceasefire
* COGAT
* Dahiya doctrine
* Effect on children in Gaza
* Hannibal Directive
* Humanitarian aid
* International recognition of Palestine
* Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)
* Israeli interrogations
* LGBTQ advocacy in the Gaza war
* Women
* Wikipedia

Historical context|

* Arab–Israeli conflict
* International law
* Gaza–Israel conflict
* Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip
* Human rights violations
* Human shields
* Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
* Israeli settlement
* Legality of Israeli settlements
* Israeli outpost
* Israeli settler violence
* Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip
* Legitimacy of the State of Israel
* Palestinian freedom of movement
* Palestinian rocket attacks
* Palestinian tunnel warfare
* anti-tunnel barrier
* Israeli assassinations
* Women

Effects|

* Economic impact
* Evacuations
* Gaza Strip evacuations
* Israeli government response
* Israeli war cabinet
* Israeli public diplomacy
* Mass detentions
* Media coverage
* Violence against journalists
* Misinformation
* Pallywood
* Palestinian genocide accusation
* Sexual violence against Palestinians
* War crimes
* Hamas
* Israeli
* Cemetery destruction and necroviolence
* Israeli torture in the occupied territories
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza

Humanitarian crisis|

* Famine
* Flotillas
* 2024 Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* May 2025 drone attack on Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* June 2025 Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* July 2025 Gaza Freedom Flotilla
* Gaza floating pier
* Gaza Humanitarian Foundation
* Global March to Gaza
* Soumoud Convoy
* Healthcare collapse
* Polio epidemic
* Premature baby crisis
* Societal breakdown
* WCNSF

Reactions|

* Calls for a ceasefire
* September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests
* Diplomatic impact
* Egypt
* European Union
* United Kingdom
* Islamic Summit Conference
* Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit
* Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference
* Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA
* Donald Trump's Gaza Strip proposal
* Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip
* 2024 Beijing Declaration
* Hague Group
* Bogotá summit
* University donors
* 2025 New York Peace Conference on Gaza

Military aid|

* US support for Israel
* German support for Israel

Discrimination|

* Antisemitism
* Riots in the North Caucasus
* Anti-Palestinianism
* Islamophobia
* Violent incidents
* Murder of Wadea al-Fayoume
* Death of Paul Kessler
* Vermont student shooting
* Killing of Israeli Embassy workers
* Boulder fire attack

Protests|

* 2024 University campuses
* List of protests
* Netherlands
* United States
* California
* Reactions
* The Encampments
* 2025 University campuses
* Netherlands
* Australia
* Bangladesh
* March for Gaza
* France
* March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism
* Indonesia
* 2023 Bitung clashes
* Israel
* Humanitarian aid blockade
* New Zealand
* Spain
* 2024 pro-Palestinian strike
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Artists4Ceasefire
* DNC protests
* March on Washington for Gaza
* March for Israel
* National March on Washington: Free Palestine
* Protest votes
* Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell
* Pakistan
* D-Chowk Dharna
* 2024 Faizabad sit-in
* Gaza Strip
* 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests

UN resolutions|

* A/RES/ES-10/21
* S/RES/2712
* A/RES/ES-10/22
* S/RES/2720
* S/RES/2728
* A/RES/ES-10/23
* S/RES/2735

UN inquiry|

* Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory

Global courts|

* South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention)
* Nicaragua v. Germany
* Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices
* ICC investigation in Palestine
* Arrest warrants

Courts|

* Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden

Casualties|

| Israel|

| Security forces|

* Alim Abdallah
* Yitzhak Ben-Bashat
* Jayar Davidov
* Eli Ginsberg
* Salman Habaka
* Asaf Hamami
* Yitzhar Hofman
* Roi Levy
* Izhar Peled
* Yonatan Steinberg
* Ehsan Daxa

|

Civilians|

* Lior Asulin
* Hayim Katsman
* Ofir Libstein
* Shani Louk
* Aner Shapira
* Vivian Silver
* Yahav Winner

Palestine|

| Hamas|

* Ismail Haniyeh
* Yahya Sinwar
* Saleh al-Arouri
* Fouad Abu Butihan
* Abdul Fatah Dukhan
* Mohammed Dababish
* Wissam Farhat
* Ahmed Ghandour
* Mohammed Deif
* Marwan Issa
* Fursan Khalifa
* Rafa Salama
* Osama Mazini
* Ayman Nofal
* Jamila al-Shanti
* Ali Al Qadi
* Alaa Shreiteh
* Faiq Al-Mabhouh
* Rawhi Mushtaha
* Jihad Shehadeh

|

Civilians|

* Tawfic Abdel Jabbar
* Majed Abu Maraheel
* Hiba Abu Nada
* Refaat Alareer
* Hammam Alloh
* Nahida and Samar Anton
* Ibrahim al-Astal
* Ahmad Bahar
* Mohammed Barakat
* Mohammad Bhar
* David Ben Avraham
* Adnan al-Bursh
* Rashid Dabour
* Mohamed al-Dalou
* Awni El-Dous
* Omar Ferwana
* Fathi Ghaben
* Ihab al-Ghussein
* Medo Halimy
* Sidra Hassouna
* Yazan al-Kafarneh
* Mohammad Khdour
* Hani Al-Masdar
* Ibrahim Qusaya
* Hind Rajab
* Mohammed Shabir
* Rashad Abu Sakhila
* Omar Abu Shawish
* Sufian Tayeh
* Wael Al Zard
* Talal Abu Zarifa
* Shaban al-Dalou
* Mahasen al-Khateeb
* Nagham Abu Samra
* Awda Hathaleen

Spillover|

* Saleh al-Arouri
* Ali Hussein Barji
* Waibhav Anil Kale
* Razi Mousavi
* Wissam al-Tawil
* Sadegh Omidzadeh
* Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi
* Mohammad Reza Zahedi
* Fuad Shukr
* Ibrahim Aqil
* Hassan Nasrallah
* Ali Karaki
* Nabil Qaouk
* Abbas Nilforoushan
* Fatah Sharif
* Hashem Safieddine
* Mohammad Afif

Journalists|

* Issam Abdallah
* Samer Abu Daqqa
* Adel Zorob
* Ismail al-Ghoul
* Belal Jadallah
* Wafa Al-Udaini
* Hossam Shabat
* Fatima Hassouna
* Yahya Sobeih
* Hassan Aslih
* Ismail Abu Hatab
* List of journalists killed in the Gaza war

General topics|

* Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Related
people|

| Israelis|

* Sofie Berzon MacKie
* Batia Holin
* Nimrod Aloni
* Rachel Goldberg-Polin
* Einav Zangauker
* Yonatan Shamriz
* Omri Ronen
* Eitan Okun
* Yagel Oshri
* Inbal Rabin-Lieberman
* Amir Tibon

|

Palestinians|

* Mosab Abu Toha
* Wael Al-Dahdouh
* Plestia Alaqad
* Motaz Azaiza
* Bisan Owda
* Mustafa Moien Ayyash
* Hind Khoudary

Other
topics|

* 2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal
* Ahmed Abdel Khalek
* Al-Saqqa House
* Al Qarara Cultural Museum
* "All Eyes on Rafah"
* Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war
* Blockout 2024
* Eliminate Hamas and bring the hostages home
* From Ground Zero
* "From the river to the sea"
* Gaza Daily
* "Globalize the intifada"
* "Harbu Darbu"
* "Hind's Hall"
* Hind Rajab Foundation
* "Hurricane"
* Israeli demolition of Palestinian property
* "Leve Palestina"
* No Tech for Apartheid
* Palestine exception
* Palestinian sports during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
* "Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population"
* Project Nimbus
* "Rajieen"

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Yemeni civil war (2014–present)

* Timeline
* Outline
* Yemeni crisis

Background|

* Houthi insurgency
* Houthi takeover in Yemen
* Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen
* Battle of Sanaa (2014)
* Human rights in Yemen

Battles
and attacks|

* Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present)
* Battle of Aden Airport
* 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings: March and September
* Marib campaign
* Battle of Dhale
* Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen
* Battle of Aden (2015)
* Abyan campaign (March–August 2015)
* Lahij insurgency
* Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict
* Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015)
* Battle of Mukalla (2015)
* Taiz campaign (2015–present)
* September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack
* Aden unrest (2015–2019)
* October 2015 Aden missile attack
* 2015 Aden car bombing
* Aden Christian attack
* 2016 Aden car bombing
* 23 May 2016 Aden bombings
* August 2016 Aden bombing
* December 2016 Aden suicide bombings
* Zinjibar and Jaar
* December 2015 Taiz missile attack
* Nihm Offensive
* Battle of Port Midi
* Hadramaut insurgency
* Southern Abyan Offensive (2016)
* Abyan conflict (2016–2018)
* Battle of Mukalla (2016)
* May 2016 Yemen police bombings
* June 2016 Mukalla attacks
* 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike
* Raid on Yakla
* Raid on Al Hathla
* Battle of Sanaa (2017)
* Battle of Aden (2018)
* Battle of Al Hudaydah
* Dahyan air strike
* 2019 Abha International Airport attacks
* Battle of the Jabara Valley
* 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack
* January 2020 Marib attack
* Al-Jawf offensive
* Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra
* Al Bayda offensive
* August 2020 Marib attack
* 2020 Aden airport attack
* Battle of Marib
* 2021 Aden bombings
* 2022 Abu Dhabi attack
* 2022 Saada prison airstrike
* 2022 Jeddah missile attack
* 2022 Southern Yemen offensive
* Red Sea Crisis (2023–)
* Timeline
* Houthi attacks on commercial vessels
* Operation Prosperity Guardian
* March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen
* Signal group chat leak
* Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes

Reactions|

* Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war
* Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war
* United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen
* Blockade of Yemen
* Yemeni peace process
* United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra
* United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement

Impacts|

* Humanitarian crisis
* Famine
* Cholera outbreak
* Airstrikes on hospitals
* Refugees on Jeju Island
* COVID-19
* Water supply and sanitation
* War crimes and human rights violations

Belligerents|

| Alimi government|

* Pro-Alimi security forces
* Saleh loyalist defectors
* Al-Islah
* Popular Resistance
* Popular Committees
* Southern Movement
* Southern Transitional Council
* Republican Guard
* Hadramout National Council

|

Houthi government|

* Supreme Political Council
* Houthis
* Pro-Saleh forces
* Supreme Revolutionary Committee

People|

| Alimi government|

* Rashad al-Alimi
* Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi
* Mahmoud al-Subaihi
* Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar
* Khaled Bahah
* Hussein Arab
* Ahmed Saleh
* Tareq Saleh

|

Houthi government|

* Saleh Ali al-Sammad
* Mohamed al-Atifi
* Mohammed al-Houthi
* Hussein Khairan
* Abdul-Malik al-Houthi
* Ali Abdullah Saleh

Related|

* United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present)
* Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention
* List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen

* v
* t
* e

Iran–Israel proxy war

Background|

* Iranian Revolution
* Iran–Iraq war
* 1999 arrest of Iranian Jews

2024 Iran–Israel conflict|

* Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus
* reactions
* Iranian seizure of the MSC Aries
* Iranian strikes on Israel
* April 2024
* October 2024
* Israeli strikes on Iran
* April 2024
* October 2024

Iran–Israel war|

* Background
* Casualties
* Ceasefire
* Economic impact
* List of attacks
* United States strikes on Iranian nuclear sites
* 2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base
* Order of battle
* Reactions

Hezbollah–Israel conflict|

* Lebanese Civil War
* Israeli–Lebanese conflict
* South Lebanon conflict
* 1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats
* Assassination of Abbas al-Musawi
* 1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing
* AMIA bombing
* 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict
* 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid
* 2005 Hezbollah cross-border raid
* 2006 Lebanon War
* Assassination of Imad Mughniyeh
* 2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange
* 2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt
* Francop Affair
* January 2015 Shebaa Farms incident
* Operation Northern Shield
* 2019 Beirut drone crash
* April 2023 Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel
* Projectile attacks from Lebanon
* Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
* Killing of Fuad Shukr
* 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks
* 20 September 2024 Beirut attack
* September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon
* 2024 Hezbollah headquarters strike
* Assassination of Hashem Safieddine
* 2024 Tyre airstrikes
* 2024 Beqaa Valley airstrikes
* 2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon
* 2024 Israel–Lebanon ceasefire agreement
* Disarmament of Hezbollah

Israeli–Palestinian conflict|

* Karine A affair
* Victoria Affair
* Klos C cargo ship seizure

Gaza–Israel conflict|

* Blockade of the Gaza Strip
* Gaza–Israel conflict (2006)
* Gaza War (2008–2009)
* Gaza War (2012)
* Gaza War (2014)
* Israel–Palestine crisis (2021)
* Gaza war (since 2023)
* Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh

Syrian civil war|

* Syrian civil war
* January 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrike
* May 2013 Rif Dimashq airstrikes
* January 2015 Mazraat Amal incident
* Qalamoun offensive (May–June 2015)
* March 2017 Israel–Syria incident
* February 2018 Israel–Syria incident
* Operation House of Cards
* September 2018 Syria missile strikes
* August 2019 Syria missile strikes
* November 2019 Syria missile strikes
* January 2021 Syria airstrikes
* Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents
* Hezbollah involvement

Red Sea crisis|

* 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* 29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen
* December 2024 Israeli airstrikes in Yemen
* 26 December 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen
* 10 January 2025 Israeli attack on Yemen
* Israeli attacks on Yemen (May 2025–present)

International incidents|

* Operation Outside the Box
* 2009 Sudan airstrikes
* 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot
* 2012 attacks on Israeli diplomats
* 2012 Bangkok bombings
* 2012 Cyprus terrorist plot
* 2012 Burgas bus bombing
* Yarmouk munitions factory explosion
* 2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq
* 2022 Erbil missile attacks
* 2022 Istanbul terror plot
* 2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria

Nuclear program of Iran|

* Israel and the nuclear program of Iran
* Assassinations of Iranian nuclear scientists
* Ardeshir Hosseinpour
* Massoud Ali-Mohammadi
* Majid Shahriari
* Fereydoon Abbasi
* Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan
* Mohsen Fakhrizadeh
* AMAD Project
* Israeli infiltration of an Iranian nuclear archive
* Bid Kaneh explosion
* Stuxnet
* 2020 Iran explosions
* 2021 Natanz incident
* 2023 Iran drone attacks

Related|

* Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy war
* Russia–Hamas relations
* Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
* Ahmad Reza Djalali
* Axis of Resistance
* Funding of the Axis of Resistance
* Arab–Israeli alliance
* Abraham Accords
* Warsaw Middle East conference
* People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran
* Little Satan
* Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel
* Views on military action against Iran
* Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
* Iranian support for Hamas
* Iranian support for the Houthis
* Israel and state-sponsored terrorism
* Quds Day
* Prisoner X2
* Tehran
* Israeli war crimes
* Palestinian war crimes
* 2024 leak of U.S. intelligence on Israeli strike plans

* Category

*[SPC]: Supreme Political Council
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