Reformed Government of the Republic of China

Puppet government controlled by Japan

Reformed Government of the
Republic of China

中華民國維新政府
Zhōnghuá Mínguó Wéixīn Zhèngfǔ
Chūka minkoku Ishin Seifu

1938–1940

Five Races Under One Union Flag

Anthem: Song to the Auspicious Cloud
(1938–1940)[a]

Territory of the Reformed Government in central China

Status| Unrecognized State
; Puppet regime of the Empire of Japan
Capital| Nanking
Largest city| Shanghai
Common languages| Chinese
Government| Dictatorship
President of the Executive Yuan|

• 1938–1940

| Liang Hongzhi
Historical era| Second Sino-Japanese War

• Established

| 28 March 1938

• Merged into Reorganized National Government

| 30 March 1940

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Republic of China

|

| Great Way Government
| Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China |

|

The  Reformed Government of the Republic of China (simplified Chinese: 中华民国维新政府; traditional Chinese: 中華民國維新政府; pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó Wéixīn Zhèngfǔ; Japanese: Chūka minkoku Ishin Seifu) was a puppet state created by Japan that existed in eastern China from 1938 to 1940 during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The regime had little authority or popular support, nor did it receive international recognition even from Japan itself, lasting only two years before it was merged with the Provisional Government into the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China under Wang Jingwei. Due to the extensive powers of the Japanese advisors within the government and its own limited powers, the Reformed Government was not much more than an arm of the Japanese military administration.

## History

[edit]

After the retreat of KMT forces from Nanjing in 1938, and from their defeat in the Battle of Nanjing, the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters authorized the creation of a collaborationist regime to give the semblance of at least nominal local control over Japanese-occupied central and south China. Northern China was already under a separate administration, the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, from December 1937. The Japanese Central China Area Army drafted plans that month to set up its own puppet government in the Lower Yangtze region. Several documents were made that laid out the details of providing it with financial support as well as the economic and political goals for forming the regime. The documents also acknowledged the eventual merger of the Provisional Government with the one in Central China. The task they focused on was recruiting political and military leaders to head the government.[1]

The first candidate to lead the government was Tang Shaoyi, a former Kuomintang leader who was in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek. He was willing to do it but the Japanese were not able to grant his demand to unite the Provisional Government under his leadership, and thus they decided to save him for a later date. However, Tang was assassinated not too long after that. They ended up finding and negotiating with Liang Hongzhi, a former Anhui clique politician of the early Republican era who had ties to Japan. He and several other recruited candidates met in Tokyo and it was later decided at a meeting on 19 February 1938 that the regime would use the old flag and anthem of the Chinese Republic (Beiyang Government).[2]

The Reformed Government of the Republic of China was established by Liang Hongzhi and others on 28 March 1938, and was assigned control of the provinces of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui as well as the two municipalities of Nanjing and Shanghai.[3] The regime's manifesto pointed out the consequences of the Kuomintang government and thanked their Japanese allies for "rescuing" China, claiming that the Reformed Government was the solution.[4] Its activities were carefully prescribed and overseen by “advisors” provided by the Japanese China Expeditionary Army. The failure of the Japanese to give any real authority to the Reformed Government discredited it in the eyes of the local inhabitants, and made its existence of only limited propaganda utility to the Japanese authorities.[5]

The Reformed Government was, along with the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, merged into Wang Jingwei's Nanjing-based reorganized national government on 30 March 1940.[6]

## Armed forces

[edit]

Main article: Collaborationist Chinese Army § Reformed Government

The Reformed Government army was led by Pacification Minister (Chinese: 绥靖部部长; pinyin: Suíjìng bù bùzhǎng) Ren Yuandao and initially consisted of about 10,000 men at its creation, and later rose to 30,000 by 1939. The army's troops were considered to be unreliable by the Japanese due to their poor training and lack of equipment. A military academy was set up with an initial class of a few hundred cadets, in order to provide a reliable officer corps that was "untainted" by previous service in the National Revolutionary Army. However, the Reformed Government Army remained largely incompetent and was reported to have fled from the insurgents they encountered. A small navy was also established to patrol the rivers and coastline with some small vessels, led by a defected admiral of the Nationalist navy. In addition, an air force was planned to be established and some training gliders were purchased from Japan, but it was not formed by the time the government was merged.[7]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Modified version used in 1921–1928.

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Barret (2002), pp. 86-87
2. ^ Barret (2002), pp. 89-91
3. ^ Honda (1999), p. 283
4. ^ Barret (2002), p. 85
5. ^ Black (2002), p. 34
6. ^ Barret (2002), p. 100
7. ^ Jowett (2004), pp. 44-49

### Sources

[edit]

Books

* Barett, David (2002). Chinese Collaboration with Japan, 1932–1945: The Limits of Accommodation. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804737681.
* Black, Jeremy (2002). World War Two: A Military History. Routeledge. ISBN 0-415-30535-7.
* Brune, Lester H. (2002). Chronological History of US Foreign Relations. Routeledge. ISBN 0-415-93916-X.
* Honda, Katsuichi (1999). The Nanjing Massacre: A Japanese Journalist Confronts Japan's National Shame. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0334-9.
* Jowett, Phillip S. (2004). Rays of The Rising Sun, Armed Forces of Japan's Asian Allies 1931–45, Volume I: China & Manchuria. Solihull, England: Helion & Co. Ltd. ISBN 1874622213.

## See also

[edit]

* Nanjing Massacre
* Wang Jingwei regime

## Further reading

[edit]

* Biographical Dictionary of Occupied China
* Wasserman, Bernard (1999). Secret War in Shanghai: An Untold Story of Espionage, Intrigue, and Treason in World War II. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-98537-4.

Preceded by

Nationalist government
(1927–1948)

|  Reformed Government of the Republic of China
1938–1940  | Succeeded by

Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China
(1940–1945)

|
|

* v
* t
* e

States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II

* Manchukuo
* East Hebei Autonomous Government
* North Shanxi Autonomous Government
* South Chahar Autonomous Government
* Mengjiang United Autonomous Government
* Shanghai Great Way Government
* Provisional Government of China
* Reformed Government of China
* Reorganized National Government of China
* Kingdom of Thailand
* State of Burma
* Provisional Government of Free India
* Republic of the Philippines
* French Indochina
* Empire of Vietnam
* Kingdom of Kampuchea
* Kingdom of Luang Prabang
* Occupied Dutch East Indies
* Occupied West Sumatra
* Occupied Malaya
* Occupied British Borneo

* Occupied Hong Kong
* Occupied Singapore
* Occupied Guam
* Occupied Nauru
* Occupied Gilbert Islands
* Occupied Solomon Islands
* Occupied New Guinea

* Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
* Greater East Asia Conference
* Pacific War

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