Reiwa era

Era of Japanese history (since 2019)

For the Japanese Emperor in his reign through the Reiwa period, see Naruhito.

Reiwa

1 May 2019 – present

Emperor Naruhito of the Reiwa era (2019)

Location| Japan
Including|

Major events

* 2019 G20 Osaka summit
* COVID-19 pandemic
* 2020 Summer Olympics
* Assassination of Shinzo Abe and anti-government protests
* Attempted assassination of Fumio Kishida
* 2023 G7 Hiroshima summit
* 2024 Noto earthquake
* 2024 Japanese slush fund scandal

Monarch(s)| Naruhito
Key events|

* COVID-19 pandemic
* Assassination of Shinzo Abe and anti-government protests
* Attempted assassination of Fumio Kishida
* 2024 Noto earthquake
* 2024 Japanese slush fund scandal

Chronology
|  Heisei |

|

Part of a series on the

History of Japan

List

| Paleolithic| before 14,000 BC

|

Jōmon| 14,000 - 1000 BC

Yayoi

| 1000 BC - 300 AD

Kofun

| 300 AD - 538 AD

Asuka

| 538 - 710

Nara

| 710 - 794

Heian

* Former Nine Years' War
* Later Three-Year War
* Genpei War

| 794-1185

Kamakura

* Jōkyū War
* Mongol invasions
* Genkō War
* Kenmu Restoration

| 1185-1333

Muromachi

* Nanboku-chō period
* Sengoku period

| 1336-1573

Azuchi–Momoyama

* Nanban trade
* Imjin War
* Battle of Sekigahara

| 1573-1603

Edo (Tokugawa)

* Tokugawa shogunate
* Invasion of Ryukyu
* Siege of Osaka
* Sakoku
* Perry Expedition
* Convention of Kanagawa
* Bakumatsu
* Meiji Restoration
* Boshin War

| 1603-1868

Meiji

* Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
* Satsuma Rebellion
* First Sino-Japanese War
* Treaty of Shimonoseki
* Triple Intervention
* Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
* Colonization of Taiwan
* Boxer Rebellion
* Russo-Japanese War
* Treaty of Portsmouth
* Japan–Korea Treaty
* Colonization of Korea

| 1868-1912

Taishō

* World War I
* Intervention in Siberia
* Great Kantō earthquake

| 1912-1926
Shōwa

* Militarism
* Financial crisis
* Nanking incident
* Mukden Incident
* Invasion of Manchuria
* May 15 incident
* February 26 incident
* Anti-Comintern Pact
* Tripartite Pact
* Second Sino-Japanese War
* World War II
* Attack on Pearl Harbor
* Pacific War
* Atomic bombings
* Soviet–Japanese War
* Surrender of Japan
* Occupation of Japan
* Postwar Japan
* Anpo protests
* Economic miracle
* Asset price bubble

| 1926-1989

Heisei

* Lost Decades
* Great Hanshin earthquake
* Cool Japan
* Tōhoku earthquake
* Imperial transition

| 1989-2019

Reiwa

* COVID-19 pandemic
* Abe assassination

| 2019-present

Topics

* Capital punishment
* Currency
* Earthquakes
* Economy
* Era names
* Education
* Empire
* Foreign relations
* Geography
* Historiography
* Religion
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Islam
* Judaism
* Shinto
* Military
* Naval
* Politics
* Post-war
* Science and technology
* Sports
* World Heritage Sites

* Glossary
* History
* Timeline

* v
* t
* e

Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga (later to become Prime Minister) announcing to Japan and the world the name of the new Imperial era at a press conference Japanese office workers watching the announcement on a live television broadcast

Reiwa (Japanese: 令和, pronounced [ɾeːwa] ⓘ or [ɾeꜜːwa][1][2]) is the current and 232nd era of the official calendar of Japan. It began on 1 May 2019, the day on which Emperor Akihito's eldest son, Naruhito, ascended the throne as the 126th Emperor of Japan. The day before, Emperor Akihito abdicated the Chrysanthemum Throne, marking the end of the Heisei era. The year 2019 corresponds with Heisei 31 from 1 January to 30 April, and with Reiwa 1 (令和元年, Reiwa gannen, 'the base year of Reiwa') from 1 May.[3] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan explained the meaning of Reiwa to be "beautiful harmony".[4]

## Background[edit]

### Announcement[edit]

The Japanese government on 1 April 2019 announced the name during a live televised press conference, as Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga traditionally revealed the kanji calligraphy on a board. The Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said that Reiwa represents "a culture being born and nurtured by people coming together beautifully".

### Name selection[edit]

A shortlist of names for the new era was drawn up by a nine-member expert panel comprising seven men and two women with the cabinet selecting the final name from the shortlist.[5] The nine experts were:[6]

* Midori Miyazaki [ja] (宮崎緑) – professor at Chiba University of Commerce
* Itsurō Terada (寺田逸郎) – former chief justice of the Supreme Court of Japan
* Shinya Yamanaka (山中伸弥) – Nobel prize-winning stem-cell scientist, professor at Kyoto University
* Mariko Hayashi (林真理子) – screenwriter and novelist
* Sadayuki Sakakibara [ja] (榊原定征) – former chairman of the Japan Business Federation
* Kaoru Kamata [ja] (鎌田薫) – trustee and president of Waseda University
* Kōjirō Shiraishi [ja] (白石興二郎) – president of the Japan Newspaper Publishers and Editors Association
* Ryōichi Ueda [ja] (上田良一) – president of the Japan Broadcasting Corporation
* Yoshio Ōkubo [ja] (大久保好男) – president of Nippon Television Holdings

The day after the announcement, the government revealed that the other candidate names under consideration had been Eikō (英弘[7]), Kyūka[8] (久化), Kōshi or Kōji[7][9] (広至), Banna or Banwa[7][9] (万和), and Banpo or Banhō[7][9] (万保),[10] three of which were sourced from two Japanese works, the Kojiki and the Nihon Shoki.[11] Official pronunciations and meanings of these names were not released, although the reading of Eikō was leaked; the other readings are speculative.[9]

A crowd watching the televised announcement on a giant screen next to Shinjuku Station

### Origin and meaning[edit]

Plum blossoms in Minabe, Wakayama

The kanji characters for Reiwa are derived from the Man'yōshū, an eighth-century (Nara period) anthology of waka poetry. The kotobagaki (headnote) attached to a group of 32 poems (815–846) in Volume 5 of the collection, composed on the occasion of a poetic gathering to view the plum blossoms, reads as follows:[citation needed]

> Original Kanbun text: 于時、初春令月、氣淑風和、梅披鏡前之粉、蘭薫珮後之香。[12]

> Classical Japanese translation (kanbun kundoku): 時に、初春の令月にして、気淑く風和ぎ、梅は鏡前の粉を披き、蘭は珮後の香を薫す。
> Toki ni, shoshun no reigetsu ni shite, kiyoku kaze yawaragi, ume wa kyōzen no ko o hiraki, ran wa haigo no kō o kaorasu.[13]

> English translation:

> It was in new spring, in a fair (rei) month,
>  When the air was clear and the wind a gentle (wa) breeze.
>  Plum flowers blossomed a beauty's charming white

> And the fragrance of the orchids was their sweet perfume.

The Japanese Foreign Ministry provided an English-language interpretation of Reiwa as "beautiful harmony", to dispel reports that "Rei" (令) here is translated as "command" or "order"[14][4][15] – which are the significantly more common meanings of the character, especially so in both modern Japanese and Chinese.[15][16] The Foreign Ministry also noted that "beautiful harmony" is rather an explanation than an official translation or a legally binding interpretation.[15]

Prior to and naturally irrespective of the era announcement, within the context of the Chinese essay in the Man'yōshū from which the excerpt is cited, the expression 令月 (which characters constitute the word reigetsu in modern Japanese) has generally been academically translated or interpreted as "wonderful" or "good (Japanese: yoi) month" in published scholarly works, such as by Alexander Vovin in English as wonderful month in his 2011 commentary and translation of Book 5,[17] or by Susumu Nakanishi in Japanese as yoi tsuki (好い月) in his commentary and translation into modern Japanese that was published in 1978.[18]

Susumu Nakanishi, a scholar of Japanese literature, particularly of the Man'yōshū, is widely believed to have conceived the name Reiwa.[19][20] Following the announcement of Reiwa in 2019, Nakanishi advocated for understanding the character rei (令) of the era name through the help of the Japanese word uruwashii (うるわしい, fair (of sight, weather), beautiful, fine (also of mood) etc.), stressing that in the traditional dictionaries (such as Erya or the Kangxi Dictionary), the word 令 is explained with the word 善.[21] Nakanishi criticized the understanding of the rei (令) in Reiwa as Japanese utsukushii (美しい, generally meaning "beautiful"), which was propagated by then-Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, pointing out that neither the etymology nor the exact sense are appropriate.[21]

## Novelty[edit]

Extract of Volume 5 of the Man'yōshū from which the kanji characters for "Reiwa" are derived

"Reiwa" marks the first Japanese era name with characters that were taken from Japanese literature instead of classic Chinese literature.[22][23][24][25]

Robert Campbell, director-general of National Institute of Japanese Literature in Tokyo, provided an official televised interpretation to NHK, regarding the characters based on the poem,[clarification needed] noting that "Rei" is an auspicious wave of energy of the plum blossoms carried by the wind, and "Wa", the general character of peace and tranquility.[26]

Accordingly, the name marks the 248th era name designated in Japanese history.[27] While the "wa" character 和 has been used in 19 previous era names, the "rei" character 令 has never appeared before.[28] The character appeared in a proposed era name in 1864—Reitoku (令徳)—that the ruling Tokugawa shogunate rejected, as it could be interpreted as the emperor commanding (rei) the Tokugawa.[29]

On the other hand, according to Masaaki Tatsumi (辰巳正明), professor of Japanese literature, and Masaharu Mizukami (水上雅晴), professor of Chinese philosophy, interviewed by the Asahi Shimbun shortly after the announcement was made, the phrase has an earlier source in ancient Chinese literature dating back to the second century AD, on which the Man'yōshū usage is allegedly based:[30]

> 於是仲春令月，時和氣清；原隰鬱茂，百草茲榮。
> Yú shì zhòng chūn lìng yuè, shí hé qì qīng; yuán xí yù mào, bǎi cǎo zī róng.

> — Zhang Heng, Return to the Field

> Then comes young spring, in a fine month,
>  When the wind is mild and the air clear.
>  Plains and swamps are overgrown with verdure
>  And the hundred grasses become rank and thick.

> — translation by Liu Wu-chi, An Introduction to Chinese Literature (1990)[31]

## Implementation[edit]

### Currency[edit]

According to the Japan Mint, all coins with the new era name will be released by October 2019. It takes three months to make preparations such as creating molds in order to input text or pictures. The Mint will prioritize creating 100\- and 500-yen coins due to their high mintage and circulation, with an anticipated release by the end of July 2019.[32][needs update]

### Technology[edit]

This section contains uncommon Unicode characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of the intended characters.

Anticipating the coming of the new era, the Unicode Consortium reserved a code point (U+32FF ㋿ SQUARE ERA NAME REIWA)[33] in September 2018 for a new glyph which will combine half-width versions of Reiwa's kanji, 令 and 和, into a single character; similar code points exist for earlier era names, including Shōwa (U+337C ㍼ SQUARE ERA NAME SYOUWA) and Heisei (U+337B ㍻ SQUARE ERA NAME HEISEI) periods.[34] The resulting new version of Unicode, 12.1.0, was released on 7 May 2019.[35][36]

The Microsoft Windows update KB4469068 included support for the new era.[37]

## Events[edit]

On 19 November 2019, Shinzo Abe became the longest-serving prime minister of Japan and surpassed the previous 2,883-day record of Katsura Tarō.[38] Abe also beat Eisaku Satō's record of 2,798 consecutive days on 23 August 2020.[39] He resigned for health reasons in September 2020 and was succeeded by Yoshihide Suga.[40]

In early 2020, Japan began to suffer from the COVID-19 pandemic as several countries reported a significant increase in cases by March 2020.[41] Japan and other countries donated masks, medical equipment, and money to China.[42][better source needed]

In June 2020, Fugaku was declared the most powerful supercomputer in the world with a performance of 415.53 PFLOPS.[43] Fugaku also ranked first place in computational methods performance for industrial use, artificial intelligence applications, and big data analytics. It was co-developed by the RIKEN research institute and Fujitsu.[44]

A year later than originally scheduled, the 2020 Tokyo Olympics were held in the summer of 2021.

In September 2021, Suga announced he would not stand in the Liberal Democratic Party leadership election, effectively ending his term as prime minister. He was succeeded by Fumio Kishida who took office as prime minister on 4 October 2021. Kishida was elected leader of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) a week prior. He was officially confirmed as the country's 100th prime minister following a parliamentary vote.[45]

The first general election under the Reiwa era took place on 31 October 2021. The LDP retained its majority despite losing seats.[46]

In March 2022, Russian invasion of Ukraine caused Japan to join sanctions against Russia.[47] Japan was the first Asian country to exert pressure on Russia.[48]

In July 2022, the former prime minister Shinzo Abe was assassinated by Tetsuya Yamagami in Nara.[49] By comparison, Japan had only 10 gun related deaths from 2017 to 2021 and 1 gun fatality in 2021.[50]

On 16 December 2022, Second Kishida Cabinet announced a departure from Japan's defense-oriented policy by acquiring counterstrike capabilities and a defense budget increase to 2% of GDP by 2027.[51] This comes amidst growing security concerns over China, North Korea and Russia.[51] This will make Japan the 3rd largest defense-spender (¥43 trillion ($315 billion) after the United States and China.[52]

On 1 January 2024, a magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck Ishikawa Prefecture in the Noto Peninsula, which killed 213 people and caused many more injuries.[53]

Following the 2024 Japanese slush fund scandal, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida warned that three factions of Liberal Democratic Party (Seiwa Seisaku Kenkyūkai, Kōchikai, and Shisuikai) all announced their intention to dissolve to form a war cabinet. However, several LDP lawmakers were indicted, including incumbent lawmakers Yasutada Ōno and Yaichi Tanigawa, who both resigned from the party following their indictments. Kishida became the most controversial and aggressive figure in Japanese politics, due to his negative approval ratings and anti-government violence.

On 19 January 2024, Japan becomes the fifth country to successfully land on the surface of the Moon with the Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) lunar lander mission.

### The Nobel Prize[edit]

* 2019 - Akira Yoshino, Chemistry
* 2021 - Syukuro Manabe, Physics

## Conversion table[edit]

To convert any Gregorian calendar year since 2019 to Japanese calendar year in Reiwa era, subtract 2018 from the year in question.

Reiwa | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6

|
|
|
|
|
|

I | II | III | IV | V | VI
AD | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024
MMXIX | MMXX | MMXXI | MMXXII | MMXXIII | MMXXIV

## See also[edit]

* 2019 in Japan
* 2020 in Japan
* 2021 in Japan
* 2022 in Japan
* 2023 in Japan
* 2024 in Japan

## References[edit]

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50. ^ "Shooting of Former Prime Minister Abe a Shock to Japan, Which Saw Just One Gun Fatality in 2021". Nippon.com. 8 July 2022. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022.
51. ^ a b Jesse Johnson, Gabriel Dominguez (16 December 2022). "Japan approves major defense overhaul in dramatic policy shift". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022.
52. ^ Jennifer Lind (23 December 2022). "Japan Steps Up". Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 December 2022.
53. ^ "【能登半島地震】県内死者５７人に 約３万２０００人避難" [[Noto Peninsula Earthquake] 57 people died in the prefecture, approximately 32,000 people evacuated] (in Japanese). Hokkoku. 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.

## Externals links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reiwa era.

Look up 令和 in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

* Reiwa

Preceded by

Heisei (平成)

|  Era of Japan
Reiwa (令和)
1 May 2019 – present  | Most recent

|
|

* v
* t
* e

Japanese era names (nengō) by period

538–1264

| Asuka| Heian| Heian (cont'd)| Heian (cont'd)| Heian (cont'd)| Heian (cont'd)| Kamakura (cont'd)

|
|
|
|
|
|

| 645–650| Taika

|

650–654| Hakuchi
686–686| Shuchō
701–704| Taihō
704–708| Keiun
708–715| Wadō
Nara
715–717| Reiki
717–724| Yōrō
724–729| Jinki
729–749| Tenpyō
749| Tenpyō-kanpō
749–757| Tenpyō-shōhō
757–765| Tenpyō-hōji
765–767| Tenpyō-jingo
767–770| Jingo-keiun
770–781| Hōki
781–782| Ten'ō
782–806| Enryaku

| 806–810| Daidō

|

810–824| Kōnin
824–834| Tenchō
834–848| Jōwa
848–851| Kashō
851–854| Ninju
854–857| Saikō
857–859| Ten'an
859–877| Jōgan
877–885| Gangyō
885–889| Ninna
889–898| Kanpyō
898–901| Shōtai
901–923| Engi
923–931| Enchō
931–938| Jōhei
938–947| Tengyō
947–957| Tenryaku
957–961| Tentoku
961–964| Ōwa

| 964–968| Kōhō

|

968–970| Anna
970–973| Tenroku
973–976| Ten'en
976–978| Jōgen
978–983| Tengen
983–985| Eikan
985–987| Kanna
987–988| Eien
988–990| Eiso
990–995| Shōryaku
995–999| Chōtoku
999–1004| Chōhō
1004–1012| Kankō
1012–1017| Chōwa
1017–1021| Kannin
1021–1024| Jian
1024–1028| Manju
1028–1037| Chōgen
1037–1040| Chōryaku

| 1040–1044| Chōkyū

|

1044–1046| Kantoku
1046–1053| Eishō
1053–1058| Tengi
1058–1065| Kōhei
1065–1069| Jiryaku
1069–1074| Enkyū
1074–1077| Jōhō
1077–1081| Jōryaku
1081–1084| Eihō
1084–1087| Ōtoku
1087–1094| Kanji
1094–1096| Kahō
1096–1097| Eichō
1097–1099| Jōtoku
1099–1104| Kōwa
1104–1106| Chōji
1106–1108| Kajō
1108–1110| Tennin
1110–1113| Ten'ei

| 1113–1118| Eikyū

|

1118–1120| Gen'ei
1120–1124| Hōan
1124–1126| Tenji
1126–1131| Daiji
1131–1132| Tenshō
1132–1135| Chōshō
1135–1141| Hōen
1141–1142| Eiji
1142–1144| Kōji
1144–1145| Ten'yō
1145–1151| Kyūan
1151–1154| Ninpei
1154–1156| Kyūju
1156–1159| Hōgen
1159–1160| Heiji
1160–1161| Eiryaku
1161–1163| Ōhō
1163–1165| Chōkan
1165–1166| Eiman

| 1166–1169| Nin'an

|

1169–1171| Kaō
1171–1175| Jōan
1175–1177| Angen
1177–1181| Jishō
1181–1182| Yōwa
1182–1184| Juei
1184–1185| Genryaku
Kamakura
1185–1190| Bunji
1190–1199| Kenkyū
1199–1201| Shōji
1201–1204| Kennin
1204–1206| Genkyū
1206–1207| Ken'ei
1207–1211| Jōgen
1211–1213| Kenryaku
1213–1219| Kempo
1219–1222| Jōkyū

| 1222–1224| Jōō

|

1224–1225| Gennin
1225–1227| Karoku
1227–1229| Antei
1229–1232| Kangi
1232–1233| Jōei
1233–1234| Tenpuku
1234–1235| Bunryaku
1235–1238| Katei
1238–1239| Ryakunin
1239–1240| En'ō
1240–1243| Ninji
1243–1247| Kangen
1247–1249| Hōji
1249–1256| Kenchō
1256–1257| Kōgen
1257–1259| Shōka
1259–1260| Shōgen
1260–1261| Bun'ō
1261–1264| Kōchō

1264–present

| Kamakura (cont'd)| Nanboku-chō| Nanboku-chō| Muromachi (cont'd)| Momoyama| Edo (cont'd)| Modern Japan

|
|
|
|
|
|

| 1264–1275| Bun'ei

|

1275–1278| Kenji
1278–1288| Kōan
1288–1293| Shōō
1293–1299| Einin
1299–1302| Shōan
1302–1303| Kengen
1303–1306| Kagen
1306–1308| Tokuji
1308–1311| Enkyō
1311–1312| Ōchō
1312–1317| Shōwa
1317–1319| Bunpō
1319–1321| Gen'ō
1321–1324| Genkō
1324–1326| Shōchū
1326–1329| Karyaku
1329–1331| Gentoku
1331–1334| Genkōa
1332–1333| Shōkyōb

| Northern Court

1334–1338| Kenmu
1338–1342| Ryakuō
1342–1345| Kōei
1345–1350| Jōwa
1350–1352| Kannō
1352–1356| Bunna
1356–1361| Enbun
1361–1362| Kōan
1362–1368| Jōji
1368–1375| Ōan
1375–1379| Eiwa
1379–1381| Kōryaku
1381–1384| Eitoku
1384–1387| Shitoku
1387–1389| Kakei
1389–1390| Kōō
1390–1394| Meitokuc

| Southern Court

1334–1336| Kenmu
1336–1340| Engen
1340–1346| Kōkoku
1346–1370| Shōhei
1370–1372| Kentoku
1372–1375| Bunchū
1375–1381| Tenju
1381–1384| Kōwa
1384–1392| Genchūc
Muromachi
1394–1428| Ōei
1428–1429| Shōchō
1429–1441| Eikyō
1441–1444| Kakitsu
1444–1449| Bun'an
1449–1452| Hōtoku

| 1452–1455| Kyōtoku

|

1455–1457| Kōshō
1457–1460| Chōroku
1460–1466| Kanshō
1466–1467| Bunshō
1467–1469| Ōnin
1469–1487| Bunmei
1487–1489| Chōkyō
1489–1492| Entoku
1492–1501| Meiō
1501–1521| Bunki
1504–1521| Eishō
1521–1528| Daiei
1528–1532| Kyōroku
1532–1555| Tenbun
1555–1558| Kōji
1558–1570| Eiroku
1570–1573| Genki

| 1573–1592| Tenshō

|

1592–1596| Bunroku
1596–1615| Keichō
Edo
1615–1624| Genna
1624–1644| Kan'ei
1644–1648| Shōhō
1648–1652| Keian
1652–1655| Jōō
1655–1658| Meireki
1658–1661| Manji
1661–1673| Kanbun
1673–1681| Enpō
1681–1684| Tenna
1684–1688| Jōkyō
1688–1704| Genroku
1704–1711| Hōei
1711–1716| Shōtoku
1716–1736| Kyōhō

| 1736–1741| Genbun

|

1741–1744| Kanpō
1744–1748| Enkyō
1748–1751| Kan'en
1751–1764| Hōreki
1764–1772| Meiwa
1772–1781| An'ei
1781–1789| Tenmei
1789–1801| Kansei
1801–1804| Kyōwa
1804–1818| Bunka
1818–1830| Bunsei
1830–1844| Tenpō
1844–1848| Kōka
1848–1854| Kaei
1854–1860| Ansei
1860–1861| Man'en
1861–1864| Bunkyū
1864–1865| Genji
1865–1868| Keiō

| 1868–1912| Meiji

|

1912–1926| Taishō
1926–1989| Shōwa
1989–2019| Heisei
2019–present| Reiwa

* a Not recognized by the Northern Court, which retained Gentoku until 1332.
* b Not recognized by the Southern Court.
* c Genchū discontinued upon reunification of the Northern and Southern Courts in 1392 and Meitoku retained until 1394.

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