Religion in West Bengal

Overview of religions in West Bengal, India

Religion in West Bengal (2011 census)[citation needed]

Hinduism (70.54%)

Islam (27.01%)

Others (2.45%)

Religion in West Bengal is composed of diversified beliefs and practices. As per the 2011 census, Hinduism is the largest and biggest religion practiced by Indian Bengalis in the state, followed by Islam which is the second largest and biggest minority religion in the state. Smaller percentage of people adheres to Christianity, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Animism, Zoroastrianism & Judaism or are Irreligious

## Statistics

[edit]

Religion wise historical population of West Bengal

Census year

Religions

| Total population  | Hinduism  | Islam  | Christianity  | Buddhism  | Sikhism  | Jainism  | Other religions | Not Stated

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

1951[1] | 26,299,980  | 20,751,412  | 5,118,269  | 181,775  | 81,665  | 30,623  | 19,607  | 116,629  |
1961[1] | 34,926,279  | 27,523,358  | 6,985,287  | 204,530  | 112,253  | 34,184  | 26,940  | 38,610  | 1,117
1971[2] | 44,312,011  | 34,611,864  | 9,064,338  | 251,782  | 121,504  | 35,084  | 32,203  | 194,126  | 1,140
1981[3] | 54,580,647  | 42,007,159  | 11,743,259  | 319,670  | 156,296  | 49,054  | 38,663  | 263,414  | 3,132
1991[4] | 68,077,965  | 50,866,624  | 16,075,836  | 383,477  | 203,578  | 55,392  | 34,355  | 452,403  | 6,300
2001[5] | 80,176,197  | 58,104,835  | 20,240,543  | 515,150  | 243,364  | 66,391  | 55,223  | 895,796  | 54,895
2011[6] | 91,276,115  | 64,385,546  | 24,654,825  | 658,618  | 282,898  | 63,523  | 60,141  | 942,297  | 228,267

## History

[edit]

See also: History of West Bengal

Bengali artists performing a traditional Bengali dance

Hinduism had existed in the region of Bengal before the 20th century BCE and by the third century, Buddhism and Jainism were popular too.[7] Gaur, the first sovereign Hindu kingdom in Bengal with its capital in Karnasubarna in modern-day Murshidabad district, was set up by Shashanka, a Shaivaite king who ruled approximately between 600 AD and 625 AD. The modern structure of Bengali Hindu society was developed during the rule of the Sena dynasty in the 12th century AD. West Bengal has been home to several famous religious teachers, including Sri Chaitanya, Sri Ramakrishna, Rammohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda, A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada and Paramahansa Yogananda who helped to abolish archaic practices like sati, dowry, and caste-based discrimination or untouchability that crept into the Hindu society during the Middle Ages. But they also played an important role in the resurgence of Hindu nationalism in Bengal. This inherent Hindu identity was the chief factor in Bengali Hindu Homeland Movement which successfully resisted the plan to create a United Bengal and campaigned for the establishing a separate Bengali Hindu homeland within Indian union on the eve of Partition of India in 1947.

The history of West Bengal starts in 1947 with the Partition of Bengal, when the Hindu-dominated western part of British Bengal Province became the Indian state of West Bengal. When India gained independence in 1947, Bengal was partitioned along religious lines. The western part went to India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined Pakistan as a province called East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan, giving rise to independent Bangladesh in 1971).[8]

Buddhism has a rich heritage in Bengal, flourishing during the Pala dynasty (750–1174 CE), but it has roots even earlier, dating to the reign of Emperor Ashoka (r. c.268–232 BCE). Buddhism began to decline from the 12th century when Islam first entered into Bengal region leading to Islamization, and eventually completely disappeared from Bengal. Buddhism has a rich ancient heritage in the various parts of Bengal. The region was a bastion of the ancient Buddhist Mauryan and Palan empires, when the Mahayana and Vajrayana schools flourished. South-Eastern Bengal was ruled by the medieval Buddhist Kingdom of Mrauk U during the 16th and 17th centuries. The British Raj influenced the emergence of modern community.[9][10] During 12th century, Islam gradually spread and took root throughout the Bengal region, and many Bengali Hindus were forced to convert to Islam.[11][12][unreliable source?]

By the early 18th century, there were a few Sikhs living in the region of Bengal.[13] One famous Sikh who lived during this time period was Omichand, a local Khatri Sikh banker and landlord who participate in the conspiracy against Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah with the East India Company.[13][14] The Flemish artist Frans Baltazard Solvyns arrived in Calcutta in 1791 and observed many Sikhs, whom one could differentiate from the rest of the land's inhabitants by their garbs and traditions.[13] He etched depictions of a Khalsa Sikh and a Nanakpanthi, which was published in 1799.[13]

## Hinduism

[edit]

See also: Hinduism in West Bengal

Dakshineswar Kali temple, one of the largest Hindu temples of West Bengal

Hinduism is the largest religion of West Bengal with about 71% people responded that they were Hindus during the 2011 Census of India. Out of a total of 91.3 million people in the state, the Hindu population is approximately 65.55 million. Also out of 23 districts in West Bengal, Hindus are in majority in 20 districts and are minority in 3 districts namely- Uttar Dinajpur, Murshidabad and Malda district.[15]

## Islam

[edit]

See also: Islam in West Bengal

Katra Masjid, one of the oldest mosques ever existing in Bengal since the 12th century

Islam is the second largest religion of West Bengal with about 27.01% people responded that they were Muslims during the 2011 Census of India. Out of a total of 91.3 million people in the state, the Muslim population is approximately 24.6 million. Also out of 23 districts in West Bengal, Muslims are in majority in 3 districts and are a minority in 20 districts.[15]

## Christianity

[edit]

See also: Christianity in West Bengal

Christ Church Bardhaman town in Purba Bardhaman district of West Bengal

Christianity is the third largest religion of West Bengal with about 0.72% people responded that they were Christians during the 2011 Census of India. Out of total 91.3 million people in the state, the Christian population is approximately 6.6 lakhs. Also out of 23 districts in West Bengal, Christians have a higher concentration in Darjeeling & Jalpaiguri.[15]

## Buddhism

[edit]

Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling, one of the important Buddhist pilgrimage center in India

Buddhism is the fourth largest religion of West Bengal with about 0.31% people responded that they were Buddhists during the 2011 Census of India. Out of total 91.3 million people in the state, the Buddhist population is approximately 2.82 lakhs. Also out of 23 districts in West Bengal, Buddhists have a higher concentration in Darjeeling.[15]

## Other religions

[edit]

A Gurudwara in West Bengal's capital Kolkata Calcutta Jain Temple

Sikhism and Jainism have a smaller presence in the state with around 63,523 & 60,141 people follow it respectively comprising 0.07% and 0.06% respectively.[15]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "Paper No 1 of 1963, India - Census 1961" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 July 2024.
2. ^ "Religion, Series-1 - Census 1971" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2023.
3. ^ "Household Population by Religion of Head of Household, Series-1, Paper 3 of 1984, India - Census 1981" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2024.
4. ^ "C-9 Religion , INDIA - 1991" (XLXS). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023.
5. ^ "C-01: Population by religious community, India - 2001" (XLS). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 29 July 2024.
6. ^ "C-01: Population by religious community, India - 2011" (XLS). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 26 August 2022.
7. ^ Sen, Sukumar (1999). "Dharme" [The Religion]. Banga-Bhumika [An Introduction to the History of Bengal] (in Bengali) (1st ed.). Kolkata: Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi. pp. 104–05. ISBN 81-86908-97-8.
8. ^ Harun-or-Rashid (2012). "Partition of Bengal, 1947". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
9. ^ Bechert, Heinz (1970). "Theravada Buddhist Sangha: Some General Observations on Historical and Political Factors in its Development". The Journal of Asian Studies. 29 (4): 761–778. doi:10.2307/2943086. JSTOR 2943086.
10. ^ Chowdhury, Madhusree (1 September 2017). "Buddhism – The Golden Heritage of Bengal". Buddhistdoor. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
11. ^ "The Bengal Conundrum: How Islamisation of Bengal Started in Medieval Times with Forced Conversion". News18. 9 May 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2024.
12. ^ Kingshuk Nag (8 August 2012). "How did Bengalis become Muslims?". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 17 July 2021.
13. ^ a b c d Hardgrave, R. L. (1996). An Early Portrayal of the Sikhs: Two 18th Century Etchings by Baltazard Solvyns. International Journal of Punjab Studies, 3(2), 213-27. Accessed via: https://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/sikhs.html
14. ^ Mandair, Arvind-pal Singh; Singh, Sunit (2017). "Orientalism (Sikhism)". Sikhism: with 64 figures. Encyclopedia of Indian Religions. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 290–91. ISBN 978-94-024-0845-4.
15. ^ a b c d e "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 17 July 2021. [full citation needed]