Religion in the Punjab

Cultural aspect of the region of Punjab

Part of a series on

Punjabis

History

* Folklore
* Language
* Dialects
* Punjab
* Punjabis
* Nationalism

Diaspora

Asia

* Afghanistan

Europe

* United Kingdom

North America

* United States
* Mexican American
* Canada

Oceania

* Australia
* New Zealand
* Malaysia

Culture

* Clothing
* Cuisine
* Dance
* Festivals (India • Pakistan)
* Literature
* Media
* Music
* Religion (Folk religion • Islam • Sikhism • Hinduism • Christianity)
* Sport
* Television

Regions

* Majha
* Malwa
* Doaba
* Puadh
* Bagar
* Pothwar
* Derajat
* Bhatiore
* Bhattiana
* Chhachh
* Kachhi
* Doabs (Sindh Sagar • Chaj • Rachna • Bari • Bist)
* Bars (Sandal • Kirana • Neeli • Ganji • Gondal • Jungle)

Punjab portal

* v
* t
* e

Religion in the Punjab in ancient history was characterized by Hinduism and later conversions to Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism and Christianity; it also includes folk practices common to all Punjabis regardless of the religion they adhere to. Such practices incorporate local mysticism, including ancestral worship and worship of local saints of all faiths.[1]

Religion in the Punjab
(2011 and 2017)[2][3][4][a]

1. Islam (64.7%)
2. Hinduism (23.4%)
3. Sikhism (10.1%)
4. Christianity (1.49%)
5. Others (0.32%)

## Background

[edit]

Rig Veda is the oldest Hindu text that originated in the Punjab region.

Hinduism is the oldest of the religions practised by Punjabi people, however, the term Hindu was applied over a vast territory with much regional diversity.[5] The historical Vedic religion constituted the religious ideas and practices in the Punjab during the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE), centered primarily in the worship of Indra.[6][7][8][note 1] The bulk of the Rigveda was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BC,[9] while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the Manusmriti, developed by Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BC onward.[10]

Later, the spread of Buddhisim and Jainism in the Indian subcontinent saw the growth of Buddhism and Jainism in the Punjab.[11] Islam was introduced via southern Punjab in the 8th century, becoming the majority by the 16th century, via local conversion.[12][13] There was a small Jain community left in Punjab by the 16th century, while the Buddhist community had largely disappeared by the turn of the 10th century.[14] The region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs (shrines) dot the landscape of the Punjab region.[15]

The rise of Sikhism in the 1700s saw some Punjabis, both Hindu and Muslim, accepting the new Sikh faith.[10][16] A number of Punjabis during the colonial period of India became Christians, with all of these religions characterizing the religious diversity now found in the Punjab region.[10]

## History

[edit]

See also: Historical Vedic religion

### Ancient period

[edit]

The Persians were the first to use the term Hindu, referring to a vast territory containing much regional variety in belief and practice. Nevertheless, the common concept was the belief in cycles of reincarnation, or sansār, and was the oldest recorded religion in the region.[10] While law books like the Manusmriti codified socio-religious customs and were sanctified by the Hindu religion, such books more generally influenced the formation of broader traditional societal beliefs.[10]

### Medieval period

[edit]

Sikhism appeared in the 16th century, in reaction to both Punjabi and subcontinent-wide cultural practices of the time,[10] including asceticism, the caste system, and female subordination, as well as in congruence with it, sharing precepts with Hinduism, including karma, sansār, and liberation, and that with Islam, including a formless God, rejection of idolatry, and social equality.[10] It also developed its own distinct doctrines, including the belief that both intrinsic factors (egocentrism, to be ameliorated through devotion and prayer), and external forces (social and political oppression, to be addressed by community service and armed self-defense as needed, and balancing spiritual and temporal power in the world as opposed to renunciation), produced suffering.[10]

### Modern period

[edit]

During the colonial era, the practice of religious syncretism among Punjabi Muslims and Punjabi Hindus was noted and documented by officials in census reports:

> "In other parts of the Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab, Baisakhi, the new year's day of the Hindus, is celebrated as an agricultural festival, by all Muhammadans, by racing bullocks yoked to the well gear, with the beat of tom-toms, and large crowds gather to witness the show, The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well-irrigated tracts. Then the processions of Tazias, in Muharram, with the accompaniment of tom-toms, fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments (which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans) and the establishment of Sabils (shelters where water and sharbat are served out) are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals, while the illuminations on occasions like the Chiraghan fair of Shalamar (Lahore) are no doubt practices answering to the holiday-making instinct of the converted Hindus."[17]: 174
> "Besides actual conversion, Islam has had a considerable influence on the Hindu religion. The sects of reformers based on a revolt from the orthodoxy of Varnashrama Dharma were obviously the outcome of the knowledge that a different religion could produce equally pious and right thinking men. Laxity in social restrictions also appeared simultaneously in various degrees and certain customs were assimilated to those of the Muhammadans. On the other hand the miraculous powers of Muhammadan saints were enough to attract the saint worshiping Hindus, to allegiance, if not to a total change of faith... The Shamsis are believers in Shah Shamas Tabrez of Multan, and follow the Imam, for the time being, of the Ismailia sect of Shias... they belong mostly to the Sunar caste and their connection with the sect is kept a secret, like Freemasonry. They pass as ordinary Hindus, but their devotion to the Imam is very strong."[17]: 130

— Excerpts from the Census of India (Punjab Province), 1911 AD

#### Population exchange

[edit]

See also: Partition of Punjab

A refugee special train at Ambala Station during the Partition of India

During Partition, both Indian and Pakistani Punjab witnessed a large-scale population exchange of minorities. Almost all Hindus and Sikhs, who numbered 3.9 million at the time of the 1941 census, left Pakistani Punjab for Indian Punjab, while Muslims, who numbered 5.2 million at the time of the 1941 census, left Indian Punjab for Pakistani Punjab. This resulted in the near-total alienation of minorities on both sides.[18]

The 1951 Census of India and Pakistan reported that Muslims comprised 1.77% of the population in East Punjab India, numbering 300,246,[19] whereas Hindus comprised 0.16% of the population in West Punjab Pakistan, numbering 33,052, while only 35 others were recorded, some of whom may have been Sikh.[20] Virtually no Muslims survived in East Punjab (except in Malerkotla, Nuh, Qadian, and Ambala district), and virtually no Hindus or Sikhs survived in West Punjab (except in Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur, and Sialkot District).[21]

## Punjab region

[edit]

### 1855 census

[edit]

The 1855 census detailed the population of Punjab Province totaled 19,468,427 persons.[22][23] At the time, religious affiliation enumeration was solely conducted in regions of the province under direct British administration (districts), with a total population numbering 12,717,821 persons, excluding the additional 6,750,606 persons residing in the princely states.[22][23] At the time of enumeration, only two religious categories broadly existed, including one response for Dharmic faiths, referred to as Hindoo; the other category included one response for Abrahamic and other faiths, referred to as Mahomedan and others non Hindoo.[22][23]

Adherents of Sikhism were only enumerated in the districts of the Lahore Division, which found that the Sikh population stood at 181,172 persons or 5.2 percent of the total population (3,458,694) of the division.[22][23] The district breakdown within Lahore Division included 71,364 persons in Amritsar District (8.1 percent), 55,709 persons in Lahore District (9.4 percent), 24,746 persons in Gurdaspur District (3.1 percent), 19,775 persons in Sialkot District (3.1 percent), and 9,578 persons Gujranwala District (1.7 percent).[22][23] Sikh populations existed interspersed throughout all regions across the province as a whole, including in other districts under direct British administration, alongside the princely states. Significant populations in the former region existed in the Chaj Doab, with the Cis-Sutlej states and Trans-Sutlej states also featuring significant populations in the latter region.

Religion in the districts of Punjab Province under direct British Administration (1855 census)[22][23] District | Abrahamic religions & Others
(Islam, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, others)  | Dharmic religions
(Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism, Buddhism, others)  | Total

|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Ambala District | 219,570  | 28.08%  | 562,447  | 71.92%  | 782,017  | 100%
Thanesar District  | 125,121  | 25.19%  | 371,627  | 74.81%  | 496,748  | 100%
Ludhiana District | 196,411  | 37.22%  | 331,311  | 62.78%  | 527,722  | 100%
Firozpur District | 209,479  | 44.04%  | 266,145  | 55.96%  | 475,624  | 100%
Jalandhar District | 318,229  | 44.9%  | 390,499  | 55.1%  | 708,728  | 100%
Hoshiarpur District | 279,861  | 33.11%  | 565,493  | 66.89%  | 845,354  | 100%
Kangra District | 50,709  | 7.05%  | 668,246  | 92.95%  | 718,955  | 100%
Lahore District | 323,529  | 54.68%  | 268,154  | 45.32%  | 591,683  | 100%
Amritsar District | 391,854  | 44.31%  | 492,575  | 55.69%  | 884,429  | 100%
Gurdaspur District | 355,704  | 45.17%  | 431,713  | 54.83%  | 787,417  | 100%
Gujranwala District | 366,975  | 66.31%  | 186,408  | 33.69%  | 553,383  | 100%
Sialkot District | 350,982  | 54.69%  | 290,800  | 45.31%  | 641,782  | 100%
Rawalpindi District | 480,488  | 86.77%  | 73,262  | 13.23%  | 553,750  | 100%
Jhelum District | 365,945  | 85.22%  | 63,475  | 14.78%  | 429,420  | 100%
Gujrat District | 420,229  | 81.18%  | 97,397  | 18.82%  | 517,626  | 100%
Shahpur District | 216,361  | 82.68%  | 45,331  | 17.32%  | 261,692  | 100%
Multan District | 328,786  | 79.92%  | 82,600  | 20.08%  | 411,386  | 100%
Jhang District | 206,258  | 81.92%  | 45,511  | 18.08%  | 251,769  | 100%
Googaira District  | 234,611  | 76.17%  | 73,409  | 23.83%  | 308,020  | 100%
Layyah District | 267,167  | 86.27%  | 42,529  | 13.73%  | 309,696  | 100%
Khangarh District  | 176,833  | 83.44%  | 35,087  | 16.56%  | 211,920  | 100%
Dera Ghazi Khan District | 199,566  | 83.51%  | 39,398  | 16.49%  | 238,964  | 100%
Dera Ismail Khan District | 323,071  | 89.24%  | 38,970  | 10.76%  | 362,041  | 100%
Peshawar District | 403,534  | 89.65%  | 46,565  | 10.35%  | 450,099  | 100%
Hazara District | 276,927  | 93.44%  | 19,437  | 6.56%  | 296,364  | 100%
Kohat District | 95,602  | 94.44%  | 5,630  | 5.56%  | 101,232  | 100%
Total British Punjab Districts[b] | 6,084,668  | 52.87%  | 5,423,417  | 47.13%  | 11,508,085  | 100%
Total British NWFP Districts[c] | 1,099,134  | 90.86%  | 110,602  | 9.14%  | 1,209,736  | 100%
Total British Punjab Territory
(1855 borders)  | 7,183,802  | 56.49%  | 5,534,019  | 43.51%  | 12,717,821  | 100%
Note: At the time of the 1855 census, religious enumeration in Punjab Province did not occur in the princely states. Population enumeration did take place, revealing the total population in the princely states stood at 6,750,606 persons. Combined with the 12,717,821 persons in the territories under direct British administration, the total population of the province stood at 19,468,427 persons.[22][23]

### 1881 to 1941 censuses

[edit]

Religious groups in Punjab Province (1881–1941)[24][25]: 46 Religious
group  | 1881[26][27][28][d][e] | 1891[29][30][31][d][e] | 1901[32]: 34 [d] | 1911[33]: 27 [34]: 27 [d] | 1921[35]: 29 | 1931[36]: 277 | 1941[25]: 42

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Islam | 9,872,745  | 47.58%  | 10,827,628  | 47.39%  | 12,183,345  | 49.22%  | 12,275,477  | 50.75%  | 12,813,383  | 51.05%  | 14,929,896  | 52.4%  | 18,259,744  | 53.22%
Hinduism [f] | 9,095,175  | 43.84%  | 10,070,716  | 44.08%  | 10,344,469  | 41.79%  | 8,773,621  | 36.27%  | 8,799,651  | 35.06%  | 9,018,509  | 31.65%  | 10,336,549  | 30.13%
Sikhism | 1,706,165  | 8.22%  | 1,849,371  | 8.09%  | 2,102,896  | 8.49%  | 2,883,729  | 11.92%  | 3,107,296  | 12.38%  | 4,071,624  | 14.29%  | 5,116,185  | 14.91%
Jainism | 42,572  | 0.21%  | 45,575  | 0.2%  | 49,983  | 0.2%  | 46,775  | 0.19%  | 41,321  | 0.16%  | 43,140  | 0.15%  | 45,475  | 0.13%
Christianity | 28,054  | 0.14%  | 48,472  | 0.21%  | 66,591  | 0.27%  | 199,751  | 0.83%  | 332,939  | 1.33%  | 419,353  | 1.47%  | 512,466  | 1.49%
Buddhism | 3,251  | 0.02%  | 6,236  | 0.03%  | 6,940  | 0.03%  | 7,690  | 0.03%  | 5,912  | 0.02%  | 7,753  | 0.03%  | 854  | 0.002%
Zoroastrianism | 413  | 0.002%  | 364  | 0.002%  | 477  | 0.002%  | 653  | 0.003%  | 526  | 0.002%  | 569  | 0.002%  | 4,359  | 0.01%
Judaism | —  | —  | 29  | 0.0001%  | 24  | 0.0001%  | 54  | 0.0002%  | 19  | 0.0001%  | 13  | 0%  | 39  | 0.0001%
Others  | 57  | 0.0003%  | 28  | 0.0001%  | 12  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 13  | 0.0001%  | 0  | 0%  | 34,190  | 0.1%
Total population  | 20,748,432  | 100%  | 22,848,419  | 100%  | 24,754,737  | 100%  | 24,187,750  | 100%  | 25,101,060  | 100%  | 28,490,857  | 100%  | 34,309,861  | 100%
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh Union Territory, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, National Capital Territory of Delhi (until 1911), Punjab, Pakistan, and Islamabad Capital Territory.

### 1951 census

[edit]

Religious groups in the Punjab Region (1951 Census of India & 1951 Census of Pakistan)  Religious
group  | Punjab Province
Region | West Punjab Region
(Pakistan)[37][38] | East Punjab Region
(India)[39]

|
|
|

Total
Population  | Percentage  | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Islam | 20,501,040  | 54.51%  | 20,200,794  | 97.89%  | 300,246  | 1.77%
Hinduism | 11,002,672  | 29.25%  | 33,052  | 0.16%  | 10,969,620  | 64.62%
Sikhism | 5,558,937  | 14.78%  | —  | —  | 5,558,937  | 32.75%
Christianity | 501,792  | 1.33%  | 402,617  | 1.95%  | 99,175  | 0.58%
Jainism | 45,130  | 0.12%  | —  | —  | 45,130  | 0.27%
Buddhism | 1,671  | 0.004%  | 9  | 0%  | 1,662  | 0.01%
Zoroastrianism | 370  | 0.001%  | 195  | 0%  | 175  | 0%
Judaism | 159  | 0.0004%  | —  | —  | 159  | 0%
Others  | 685  | 0.002%  | 35  | 0%  | 650  | 0%
Total population  | 37,612,456  | 100%  | 20,636,702  | 100%  | 16,975,754  | 100%
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh Union Territory, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Pakistan, and Islamabad Capital Territory.

### 2011 & 2017 censuses

[edit]

Religious groups in the Punjab Region (2011 Census of India & 2017 Census of Pakistan)[a] Religious
group  | Punjab Province
Region | West Punjab Region
(Pakistan)[2] | East Punjab Region
(India)[3][4]

|
|
|

Total
Population  | Percentage  | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Islam | 111,971,638  | 64.72%  | 109,453,479  | 97.73%  | 2,518,159  | 4.13%
Hinduism | 40,446,983  | 23.38%  | 212,378  | 0.19%  | 40,234,605  | 65.94%
Sikhism | 17,466,731  | 10.1%  | —  | —  | 17,466,731  | 28.63%
Christianity | 2,569,859  | 1.49%  | 2,149,910  | 1.92%  | 419,949  | 0.69%
Ahmadiyya | 160,759  | 0.09%  | 160,759  | 0.14%  | —  | —
Buddhism | 120,570  | 0.07%  | —  | —  | 120,570  | 0.2%
Jainism | 101,418  | 0.06%  | —  | —  | 101,418  | 0.17%
Others  | 169,917  | 0.1%  | 16,497  | 0.01%  | 153,420  | 0.25%
Total population  | 173,007,875  | 100%  | 111,993,023  | 100%  | 61,014,852  | 100%
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh Union Territory, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Pakistan, and Islamabad Capital Territory.

## West Punjab

[edit]

Religion in West Punjab (1881–1947)  Religious
group  | 1881[26][27][28][40][g] | 1891[29][30][31][41][h] | 1901[32]: 34 [42]: 62 [i] | 1911[33]: 27 [34]: 27 [j] | 1921[35]: 29 [k] | 1931[36]: 277 [l] | 1941[25]: 42 [m] | 1947 estimates[n]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Islam | 6,201,859  | 78.09%  | 6,766,545  | 76.07%  | 7,951,155  | 76.25%  | 8,494,314  | 76.49%  | 8,975,288  | 75.49%  | 10,570,029  | 75.28%  | 13,022,160  | 75.06%  | 14,760,215  | 74.34%
Hinduism [f] | 1,449,913  | 18.26%  | 1,727,810  | 19.42%  | 1,944,363  | 18.65%  | 1,645,758  | 14.82%  | 1,797,141  | 15.12%  | 1,957,878  | 13.94%  | 2,373,466  | 13.68%  | 2,663,488  | 13.41%
Sikhism | 272,908  | 3.44%  | 366,162  | 4.12%  | 483,999  | 4.64%  | 813,441  | 7.33%  | 863,091  | 7.26%  | 1,180,789  | 8.41%  | 1,530,112  | 8.82%  | 1,788,007  | 9.01%
Christianity | 12,992  | 0.16%  | 30,168  | 0.34%  | 42,371  | 0.41%  | 144,514  | 1.3%  | 247,030  | 2.08%  | 324,730  | 2.31%  | 395,311  | 2.28%  | 444,923  | 2.24%
Jainism | 4,352  | 0.05%  | 4,408  | 0.05%  | 5,562  | 0.05%  | 5,977  | 0.05%  | 5,930  | 0.05%  | 6,921  | 0.05%  | 9,520  | 0.05%  | 11,527  | 0.06%
Zoroastrianism | 354  | 0.004%  | 215  | 0.002%  | 300  | 0.003%  | 377  | 0.003%  | 309  | 0.003%  | 413  | 0.003%  | 312  | 0.002%  | —  | —
Buddhism | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 6  | 0.0001%  | 168  | 0.002%  | 172  | 0.001%  | 32  | 0.0002%  | 87  | 0.001%  | —  | —
Judaism | —  | —  | 17  | 0.0002%  | 9  | 0.0001%  | 36  | 0.0003%  | 16  | 0.0001%  | 6  | 0%  | 7  | 0%  | —  | —
Others  | 21  | 0.0003%  | 17  | 0.0002%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 8  | 0.0001%  | 0  | 0%  | 19,128  | 0.11%  | 187,413[o] | 0.94%
Total Population  | 7,942,399  | 100%  | 8,895,342  | 100%  | 10,427,765  | 100%  | 11,104,585  | 100%  | 11,888,985  | 100%  | 14,040,798  | 100%  | 17,350,103  | 100%  | 19,855,573  | 100%
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, Pakistan and Islamabad Capital Territory.

1881 to 1941 figures are official census data. 1947 figures (the year of partition and the accompanying mass population transfer) for West Punjab are estimates based on the annualized growth rates between the 1931 census[36]: 277 [l] and 1941 census[25]: 42 [m] for adherents of Islam (+2.11% p.a.), Hinduism (+1.94% p.a.), Sikhism (+2.63% p.a.), Christianity (+1.99% p.a.), Jainism (+3.24% p.a.), and others (+45.77% p.a.).

Note: 186 villages and 2 towns — Khemkaran and Patti — in Kasur Tehsil (Lahore District) fell on the eastern punjab (Indian) side of the Radcliffe Line, but their population numbers are still included here as detailed sub-tehsil religious data did not exist at the time. According to the 1941 census, Kasur Tehsil had a total of 322 villages and 3 towns, roughly half fell on the western punjab (Pakistani) side of the Radcliffe Line.[43]

Annual Muslim Population Growth Rate in West Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 6,201,859| —
1891 | 6,766,545| +0.88%
1901 | 7,951,155| +1.63%
1911 | 8,494,314| +0.66%
1921 | 8,975,288| +0.55%
1931 | 10,570,029| +1.65%
1941 | 13,022,160| +2.11%
Annual Hindu Population Growth Rate in West Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 1,449,913| —
1891 | 1,727,810| +1.77%
1901 | 1,944,363| +1.19%
1911 | 1,645,758| −1.65%
1921 | 1,797,141| +0.88%
1931 | 1,957,878| +0.86%
1941 | 2,373,466| +1.94%
Annual Sikh Population Growth Rate in West Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 272,908| —
1891 | 366,162| +2.98%
1901 | 483,999| +2.83%
1911 | 813,441| +5.33%
1921 | 863,091| +0.59%
1931 | 1,180,789| +3.18%
1941 | 1,530,112| +2.63%

Annual Christian Population Growth Rate in West Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 12,992| —
1891 | 30,168| +8.79%
1901 | 42,371| +3.46%
1911 | 144,514| +13.05%
1921 | 247,030| +5.51%
1931 | 324,730| +2.77%
1941 | 395,311| +1.99%
Annual Jain Population Growth Rate in West Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 4,352| —
1891 | 4,408| +0.13%
1901 | 5,562| +2.35%
1911 | 5,977| +0.72%
1921 | 5,930| −0.08%
1931 | 6,921| +1.56%
1941 | 9,520| +3.24%
Annual Other Population Growth Rate in West Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 375| —
1891 | 249| −4.01%
1901 | 315| +2.38%
1911 | 581| +6.31%
1921 | 505| −1.39%
1931 | 451| −1.12%
1941 | 19,534| +45.77%

## East Punjab

[edit]

Religion in East Punjab (1881–1947)  Religious
group  | 1881[26][27][28][40][p][d] | 1891[29][30][31][41][q][d] | 1901[32]: 34 [42]: 62 [r][d] | 1911[33]: 27 [34]: 27 [s][d] | 1921[35]: 29 [t] | 1931[36]: 277 [u] | 1941[25]: 42 [v] | 1947 estimates[w]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Hinduism [f] | 7,645,262  | 59.7%  | 8,342,906  | 59.79%  | 8,400,106  | 58.63%  | 7,127,863  | 54.48%  | 7,002,510  | 53%  | 7,060,631  | 48.86%  | 7,963,083  | 46.95%  | 8,558,976  | 45.79%
Islam | 3,670,886  | 28.67%  | 4,061,083  | 29.11%  | 4,232,190  | 29.54%  | 3,781,163  | 28.9%  | 3,838,095  | 29.05%  | 4,359,867  | 30.17%  | 5,237,584  | 30.88%  | 5,846,517  | 31.28%
Sikhism | 1,433,257  | 11.19%  | 1,483,209  | 10.63%  | 1,618,897  | 11.3%  | 2,070,288  | 15.82%  | 2,244,205  | 16.99%  | 2,890,835  | 20.01%  | 3,586,073  | 21.14%  | 4,081,450  | 21.84%
Jainism | 38,220  | 0.3%  | 41,167  | 0.3%  | 44,421  | 0.31%  | 40,798  | 0.31%  | 35,391  | 0.27%  | 36,219  | 0.25%  | 35,955  | 0.21%  | 35,804  | 0.19%
Christianity | 15,062  | 0.12%  | 18,304  | 0.13%  | 24,220  | 0.17%  | 55,237  | 0.42%  | 85,909  | 0.65%  | 94,623  | 0.65%  | 117,155  | 0.69%  | 133,182  | 0.71%
Buddhism | 3,251  | 0.03%  | 6,236  | 0.04%  | 6,934  | 0.05%  | 7,522  | 0.06%  | 5,740  | 0.04%  | 7,721  | 0.05%  | 767  | 0.005%  | —  | —
Zoroastrianism | 59  | 0.0005%  | 149  | 0.001%  | 177  | 0.001%  | 276  | 0.002%  | 217  | 0.002%  | 156  | 0.001%  | 4,047  | 0.02%  | —  | —
Judaism | —  | —  | 12  | 0.0001%  | 15  | 0.0001%  | 18  | 0.0001%  | 3  | 0%  | 7  | 0%  | 32  | 0.0002%  | —  | —
Others  | 36  | 0.0003%  | 11  | 0.0001%  | 12  | 0.0001%  | 0  | 0%  | 5  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 15,062  | 0.09%  | 34,714[o] | 0.19%
Total Population  | 12,806,033  | 100%  | 13,953,077  | 100%  | 14,326,972  | 100%  | 13,083,165  | 100%  | 13,212,075  | 100%  | 14,450,059  | 100%  | 16,959,758  | 100%  | 18,690,643  | 100%
Territory comprises the contemporary subdivisions of Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi (until 1911), and Himachal Pradesh.

1881 to 1941 figures are official census data. 1947 figures (the year of partition and the accompanying mass population transfer) for East Punjab are estimates based on the annualized growth rates between the 1931 census[36]: 277 [u] and 1941 census[25]: 42 [v] for adherents of Hinduism (+1.21% p.a.), Islam (+1.85% p.a.), Sikhism (+2.18% p.a.), Christianity (+2.16% p.a.), Jainism (-0.07% p.a.), and others (+9.71% p.a.).

Note: 186 villages and 2 towns — Khemkaran and Patti — in Kasur Tehsil (Lahore District) fell on the eastern (Indian) side of the Radcliffe Line, but their population numbers are not included here as detailed sub-tehsil religious data did not exist at the time. According to the 1941 census, Kasur Tehsil had a total of 322 villages and 3 towns, roughly half fell on the western (Pakistani) side of the Radcliffe Line.[43]

Annual Hindu Population Growth Rate in East Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 7,645,262| —
1891 | 8,342,906| +0.88%
1901 | 8,400,106| +0.07%
1911 | 7,127,863| −1.63%
1921 | 7,002,510| −0.18%
1931 | 7,060,631| +0.08%
1941 | 7,963,083| +1.21%
Annual Muslim Population Growth Rate in East Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 3,670,886| —
1891 | 4,061,083| +1.02%
1901 | 4,232,190| +0.41%
1911 | 3,781,163| −1.12%
1921 | 3,838,095| +0.15%
1931 | 4,359,867| +1.28%
1941 | 5,237,584| +1.85%
Annual Sikh Population Growth Rate in East Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 1,433,257| —
1891 | 1,483,209| +0.34%
1901 | 1,618,897| +0.88%
1911 | 2,070,288| +2.49%
1921 | 2,244,205| +0.81%
1931 | 2,890,835| +2.56%
1941 | 3,586,073| +2.18%

Annual Jain Population Growth Rate in East Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 38,220| —
1891 | 41,167| +0.75%
1901 | 44,421| +0.76%
1911 | 40,798| −0.85%
1921 | 35,391| −1.41%
1931 | 36,219| +0.23%
1941 | 35,955| −0.07%
Annual Christian Population Growth Rate in East Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 15,062| —
1891 | 18,304| +1.97%
1901 | 24,220| +2.84%
1911 | 55,237| +8.59%
1921 | 85,909| +4.52%
1931 | 94,623| +0.97%
1941 | 117,155| +2.16%
Annual Other Population Growth Rate in East Punjab| Year| Pop.| ±% p.a.

|
|

1881 | 3,346| —
1891 | 6,408| +6.71%
1901 | 7,138| +1.08%
1911 | 7,816| +0.91%
1921 | 5,965| −2.67%
1931 | 7,884| +2.83%
1941 | 19,908| +9.71%

## Subregions

[edit]

Following the creation of the North-West Frontier Province in 1901, the Punjab region (Punjab Province) was divided into four natural geographical divisions by colonial officials on the decadal census data:[17]: 2 [25]: 4

1. Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division (including Hisar district, Loharu State, Rohtak district, Dujana State, Gurgaon district, Pataudi State, Delhi, Karnal district, Jalandhar district, Kapurthala State, Ludhiana district, Malerkotla State, Firozpur district, Faridkot State, Patiala State, Jind State, Nabha State, Lahore District, Amritsar district, Gujranwala District, and Sheikhupura District);
2. Himalayan geographical division (including Sirmoor State, Simla District, Simla Hill States, Bilaspur State, Kangra district, Mandi State, Suket State, and Chamba State);
3. Sub−Himalayan geographical division (including Ambala district, Kalsia State, Hoshiarpur district, Gurdaspur district, Sialkot District, Gujrat District, Jhelum District, Rawalpindi District, and Attock District);
4. North−West Dry Area geographical division (including Montgomery District, Shahpur District, Mianwali District, Lyallpur District, Jhang District, Multan District, Bahawalpur State, Muzaffargarh District, Dera Ghazi Khan District, and the Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract).

Throughout history, religious diversity has been noted across the Punjab region. During the colonial era, the various districts and princely states that made up each of the four geographical divisions were religiously eclectic, each containing significant populations of Punjabi Muslims, Punjabi Hindus, Punjabi Sikhs, Punjabi Christians, along with other ethnic and religious minorities.

However, between the censuses of 1941 and 1951, a sudden shift towards religious homogeneity occurred in all districts across Punjab owing to the new international border that cut through the province due to the partition of India in 1947. This rapid demographic shift was primarily as a consequence of wide scale migration but also caused by large-scale religious cleansing riots which were witnessed across the region at the time. According to historical demographer Tim Dyson, in the eastern regions of Punjab that ultimately became Indian Punjab following independence, districts that were 66% Hindu in 1941 became 80% Hindu in 1951; those that were 20% Sikh became 50% Sikh in 1951. Conversely, in the western regions of Punjab that ultimately became Pakistani Punjab, all districts became almost exclusively Muslim by 1951.[44]

### Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division

[edit]

Including Hisar district, Loharu State, Rohtak district, Dujana State, Gurgaon district, Pataudi State, Delhi (until 1911), Karnal district, Jalandhar district, Kapurthala State, Ludhiana district, Malerkotla State, Firozpur district, Faridkot State, Patiala State, Jind State, Nabha State, Lahore District, Amritsar district, Gujranwala District, and Sheikhupura District.[25]: 48 [17]: 2

Religious groups in the Indo—Gangetic Plain West geographical division of Punjab Province (1881–1951)  Religious
group  | 1881[26][27][28] | 1901[32]: 34 | 1911[33]: 27 [34]: 27 | 1921[35]: 29 | 1931[36]: 277 | 1941[25]: 42 | 1951[37][39]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Hinduism [f] | 4,975,901  | 48.94%  | 5,825,964  | 48.64%  | 4,790,624  | 43.44%  | 4,735,960  | 41.37%  | 4,709,545  | 36.59%  | 5,314,610  | 34.43%  | 6,995,047  | 44.22%
Islam | 3,751,891  | 36.9%  | 4,481,366  | 37.42%  | 4,144,971  | 37.59%  | 4,350,186  | 38%  | 5,112,215  | 39.72%  | 6,247,791  | 40.48%  | 3,900,275  | 24.65%
Sikhism | 1,390,873  | 13.68%  | 1,605,457  | 13.4%  | 1,993,750  | 18.08%  | 2,186,429  | 19.1%  | 2,816,785  | 21.88%  | 3,576,659  | 23.17%  | 4,644,037  | 29.36%
Jainism | 36,479  | 0.36%  | 41,877  | 0.35%  | 39,111  | 0.35%  | 33,515  | 0.29%  | 34,806  | 0.27%  | 34,744  | 0.23%  | 38,283  | 0.24%
Christianity | 11,729  | 0.12%  | 22,103  | 0.18%  | 58,462  | 0.53%  | 140,104  | 1.22%  | 198,081  | 1.54%  | 247,028  | 1.6%  | 241,084  | 1.52%
Zoroastrianism | 139  | 0%  | 299  | 0%  | 412  | 0%  | 318  | 0%  | 314  | 0%  | 235  | 0%  | 333  | 0%
Buddhism | 1  | 0%  | 3  | 0%  | 132  | 0%  | 184  | 0%  | 23  | 0%  | 39  | 0%  | 332  | 0%
Judaism | —  | —  | 19  | 0%  | 28  | 0%  | 14  | 0%  | 5  | 0%  | 30  | 0%  | 131  | 0%
Others  | 49  | 0%  | 12  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 6  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 14,844  | 0.1%  | 671  | 0%
Total population[x] | 10,167,062  | 100%  | 11,977,100  | 100%  | 11,027,490  | 100%  | 11,446,716  | 100%  | 12,871,774  | 100%  | 15,435,980  | 100%  | 15,820,193  | 100%

#### 1901 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division (1901)[32]: 34 District/
Princely State | Hinduism | Islam | Sikhism | Jainism | Christianity | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Hisar District | 544,799  | 69.69%  | 202,009  | 25.84%  | 28,642  | 3.66%  | 6,003  | 0.77%  | 253  | 0.03%  | 11  | 0%  | 781,717  | 100%
Loharu State | 13,254  | 87.03%  | 1,963  | 12.89%  | 0  | 0%  | 12  | 0.08%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 15,229  | 100%
Rohtak District | 533,723  | 84.63%  | 91,687  | 14.54%  | 94  | 0.01%  | 5,087  | 0.81%  | 80  | 0.01%  | 1  | 0%  | 630,672  | 100%
Dujana State | 18,380  | 76.03%  | 5,790  | 23.95%  | 4  | 0.02%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 24,174  | 100%
Gurgaon District | 499,373  | 66.92%  | 242,548  | 32.5%  | 99  | 0.01%  | 3,909  | 0.52%  | 278  | 0.04%  | 1  | 0%  | 746,208  | 100%
Pataudi State | 18,281  | 83.35%  | 3,549  | 16.18%  | 0  | 0%  | 103  | 0.47%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 21,933  | 100%
Delhi District | 510,532  | 74.09%  | 167,290  | 24.28%  | 294  | 0.04%  | 7,726  | 1.12%  | 3,158  | 0.46%  | 39  | 0.01%  | 689,039  | 100%
Karnal District | 623,597  | 70.6%  | 241,412  | 27.33%  | 12,294  | 1.39%  | 4,739  | 0.54%  | 1,179  | 0.13%  | 4  | 0%  | 883,225  | 100%
Jalandhar District | 368,051  | 40.11%  | 421,011  | 45.88%  | 125,817  | 13.71%  | 969  | 0.11%  | 1,713  | 0.19%  | 26  | 0%  | 917,587  | 100%
Kapurthala State | 93,652  | 29.79%  | 178,326  | 56.73%  | 42,101  | 13.39%  | 226  | 0.07%  | 39  | 0.01%  | 7  | 0%  | 314,351  | 100%
Ludhiana District | 269,076  | 39.98%  | 235,937  | 35.05%  | 164,919  | 24.5%  | 2,217  | 0.33%  | 947  | 0.14%  | 1  | 0%  | 673,097  | 100%
Malerkotla State | 38,409  | 49.56%  | 27,229  | 35.13%  | 10,495  | 13.54%  | 1,361  | 1.76%  | 12  | 0.02%  | 0  | 0%  | 77,506  | 100%
Firozpur District | 279,099  | 29.13%  | 447,615  | 46.72%  | 228,355  | 23.83%  | 1,090  | 0.11%  | 1,908  | 0.2%  | 5  | 0%  | 958,072  | 100%
Faridkot State | 35,778  | 28.64%  | 35,996  | 28.82%  | 52,721  | 42.21%  | 406  | 0.33%  | 11  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 124,912  | 100%
Patiala State | 880,490  | 55.14%  | 357,334  | 22.38%  | 355,649  | 22.27%  | 2,877  | 0.18%  | 316  | 0.02%  | 26  | 0%  | 1,596,692  | 100%
Jind State | 211,963  | 75.16%  | 38,717  | 13.73%  | 29,975  | 10.63%  | 1,258  | 0.45%  | 80  | 0.03%  | 10  | 0%  | 282,003  | 100%
Nabha State | 160,553  | 53.89%  | 58,550  | 19.65%  | 78,361  | 26.3%  | 476  | 0.16%  | 7  | 0%  | 2  | 0%  | 297,949  | 100%
Lahore District | 276,375  | 23.78%  | 717,519  | 61.74%  | 159,701  | 13.74%  | 1,047  | 0.09%  | 7,296  | 0.63%  | 171  | 0.01%  | 1,162,109  | 100%
Amritsar District | 280,985  | 27.44%  | 474,976  | 46.39%  | 264,329  | 25.82%  | 1,439  | 0.14%  | 2,078  | 0.2%  | 21  | 0%  | 1,023,828  | 100%
Gujranwala District | 169,594  | 22.41%  | 531,908  | 70.28%  | 51,607  | 6.82%  | 932  | 0.12%  | 2,748  | 0.36%  | 8  | 0%  | 756,797  | 100%
Total  | 5,825,964  | 48.64%  | 4,481,366  | 37.42%  | 1,605,457  | 13.4%  | 41,877  | 0.35%  | 22,103  | 0.18%  | 333  | 0.003%  | 11,977,100  | 100%

#### 1911 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division (1911)[33]: 27 [34]: 27 District/
Princely State | Hinduism | Islam | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Hisar District | 541,720  | 67.3%  | 218,600  | 27.16%  | 38,508  | 4.78%  | 273  | 0.03%  | 5,767  | 0.72%  | 21  | 0%  | 804,889  | 100%
Loharu State | 16,178  | 86.99%  | 2,401  | 12.91%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 18  | 0.1%  | 0  | 0%  | 18,597  | 100%
Rohtak District | 450,549  | 83.21%  | 86,076  | 15.9%  | 161  | 0.03%  | 334  | 0.06%  | 4,369  | 0.81%  | 0  | 0%  | 541,489  | 100%
Dujana State | 20,161  | 79.11%  | 5,324  | 20.89%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 25,485  | 100%
Gurgaon District | 421,885  | 65.59%  | 217,237  | 33.78%  | 342  | 0.05%  | 782  | 0.12%  | 2,921  | 0.45%  | 10  | 0%  | 643,177  | 100%
Pataudi State | 16,114  | 82.45%  | 3,338  | 17.08%  | 0  | 0%  | 9  | 0.05%  | 82  | 0.42%  | 0  | 0%  | 19,543  | 100%
Delhi District | 469,561  | 71.4%  | 171,745  | 26.12%  | 2,985  | 0.45%  | 5,693  | 0.87%  | 7,539  | 1.15%  | 81  | 0.01%  | 657,604  | 100%
Karnal District | 556,203  | 69.54%  | 224,920  | 28.12%  | 13,531  | 1.69%  | 920  | 0.12%  | 4,213  | 0.53%  | 0  | 0%  | 799,787  | 100%
Jalandhar District | 265,378  | 33.09%  | 357,051  | 44.52%  | 176,227  | 21.98%  | 2,404  | 0.3%  | 842  | 0.1%  | 18  | 0%  | 801,920  | 100%
Kapurthala State | 61,426  | 22.91%  | 152,117  | 56.73%  | 54,275  | 20.24%  | 107  | 0.04%  | 205  | 0.08%  | 3  | 0%  | 268,133  | 100%
Ludhiana District | 131,370  | 25.4%  | 176,043  | 34.04%  | 207,042  | 40.03%  | 888  | 0.17%  | 1,849  | 0.36%  | 0  | 0%  | 517,192  | 100%
Malerkotla State | 22,902  | 32.19%  | 25,942  | 36.46%  | 21,018  | 29.54%  | 14  | 0.02%  | 1,268  | 1.78%  | 0  | 0%  | 71,144  | 100%
Firozpur District | 273,832  | 28.53%  | 418,553  | 43.61%  | 262,511  | 27.35%  | 3,342  | 0.35%  | 1,401  | 0.15%  | 18  | 0%  | 959,657  | 100%
Faridkot State | 37,377  | 28.69%  | 37,105  | 28.48%  | 55,397  | 42.52%  | 6  | 0%  | 409  | 0.31%  | 0  | 0%  | 130,294  | 100%
Patiala State | 563,940  | 40.06%  | 307,384  | 21.84%  | 532,292  | 37.81%  | 739  | 0.05%  | 3,282  | 0.23%  | 22  | 0%  | 1,407,659  | 100%
Jind State | 210,222  | 77.36%  | 37,520  | 13.81%  | 22,566  | 8.3%  | 187  | 0.07%  | 1,233  | 0.45%  | 0  | 0%  | 271,728  | 100%
Nabha State | 126,414  | 50.79%  | 46,032  | 18.5%  | 76,198  | 30.62%  | 5  | 0%  | 238  | 0.1%  | 0  | 0%  | 248,887  | 100%
Lahore District | 217,609  | 21%  | 626,271  | 60.44%  | 169,008  | 16.31%  | 21,781  | 2.1%  | 1,139  | 0.11%  | 350  | 0.03%  | 1,036,158  | 100%
Amritsar District | 211,708  | 24.04%  | 408,882  | 46.43%  | 253,941  | 28.83%  | 4,763  | 0.54%  | 1,386  | 0.16%  | 48  | 0.01%  | 880,728  | 100%
Gujranwala District | 176,075  | 19.07%  | 622,430  | 67.4%  | 107,748  | 11.67%  | 16,215  | 1.76%  | 950  | 0.1%  | 1  | 0%  | 923,419  | 100%
Total  | 4,790,624  | 43.44%  | 4,144,971  | 37.59%  | 1,993,750  | 18.08%  | 58,462  | 0.53%  | 39,111  | 0.35%  | 572  | 0.01%  | 11,027,490  | 100%

#### 1921 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division (1921)[35]: 29 District/
Princely State | Hinduism | Islam | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Hisar District | 548,351  | 67.13%  | 215,943  | 26.44%  | 45,615  | 5.58%  | 1,024  | 0.13%  | 5,874  | 0.72%  | 3  | 0%  | 816,810  | 100%
Loharu State | 17,978  | 87.18%  | 2,625  | 12.73%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 18  | 0.09%  | 0  | 0%  | 20,621  | 100%
Rohtak District | 629,592  | 81.52%  | 125,035  | 16.19%  | 602  | 0.08%  | 10,033  | 1.3%  | 7,010  | 0.91%  | 0  | 0%  | 772,272  | 100%
Dujana State | 20,135  | 77.94%  | 5,698  | 22.06%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 25,833  | 100%
Gurgaon District | 460,134  | 67.47%  | 216,860  | 31.8%  | 924  | 0.14%  | 1,316  | 0.19%  | 2,762  | 0.4%  | 7  | 0%  | 682,003  | 100%
Pataudi State | 15,090  | 83.38%  | 2,898  | 16.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 109  | 0.6%  | 0  | 0%  | 18,097  | 100%
Karnal District | 573,224  | 69.17%  | 235,618  | 28.43%  | 12,280  | 1.48%  | 3,382  | 0.41%  | 4,222  | 0.51%  | 0  | 0%  | 828,726  | 100%
Jalandhar District | 244,995  | 29.79%  | 366,586  | 44.57%  | 206,130  | 25.06%  | 4,088  | 0.5%  | 736  | 0.09%  | 9  | 0%  | 822,544  | 100%
Kapurthala State | 58,412  | 20.55%  | 160,457  | 56.44%  | 64,074  | 22.54%  | 1,100  | 0.39%  | 228  | 0.08%  | 4  | 0%  | 284,275  | 100%
Ludhiana District | 135,512  | 23.87%  | 192,961  | 33.99%  | 235,721  | 41.53%  | 1,613  | 0.28%  | 1,796  | 0.32%  | 19  | 0%  | 567,622  | 100%
Malerkotla State | 29,459  | 36.68%  | 28,413  | 35.37%  | 21,828  | 27.18%  | 37  | 0.05%  | 585  | 0.73%  | 0  | 0%  | 80,322  | 100%
Firozpur District | 306,350  | 27.89%  | 482,540  | 43.94%  | 302,761  | 27.57%  | 5,365  | 0.49%  | 1,211  | 0.11%  | 21  | 0%  | 1,098,248  | 100%
Faridkot State | 38,610  | 25.63%  | 44,813  | 29.74%  | 66,658  | 44.24%  | 107  | 0.07%  | 473  | 0.31%  | 0  | 0%  | 150,661  | 100%
Patiala State | 642,055  | 42.81%  | 330,341  | 22.03%  | 522,675  | 34.85%  | 1,395  | 0.09%  | 3,249  | 0.22%  | 24  | 0%  | 1,499,739  | 100%
Jind State | 234,721  | 76.16%  | 43,251  | 14.03%  | 28,026  | 9.09%  | 637  | 0.21%  | 1,548  | 0.5%  | 0  | 0%  | 308,183  | 100%
Nabha State | 133,870  | 50.84%  | 50,756  | 19.27%  | 78,389  | 29.77%  | 41  | 0.02%  | 278  | 0.11%  | 0  | 0%  | 263,334  | 100%
Lahore District | 255,690  | 22.6%  | 647,640  | 57.25%  | 179,975  | 15.91%  | 46,454  | 4.11%  | 1,209  | 0.11%  | 368  | 0.03%  | 1,131,336  | 100%
Amritsar District | 204,435  | 22%  | 423,724  | 45.59%  | 287,004  | 30.88%  | 12,773  | 1.37%  | 1,375  | 0.15%  | 63  | 0.01%  | 929,374  | 100%
Gujranwala District | 101,566  | 16.29%  | 443,147  | 71.06%  | 50,802  | 8.15%  | 27,308  | 4.38%  | 754  | 0.12%  | 4  | 0%  | 623,581  | 100%
Sheikhupura District | 85,781  | 16.4%  | 330,880  | 63.25%  | 82,965  | 15.86%  | 23,431  | 4.48%  | 78  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 523,135  | 100%
Total  | 4,735,960  | 41.37%  | 4,350,186  | 38%  | 2,186,429  | 19.1%  | 140,104  | 1.22%  | 33,515  | 0.29%  | 522  | 0.005%  | 11,446,716  | 100%

#### 1931 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division (1931)[36]: 277 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism [f] | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Hisar District | 253,784  | 28.21%  | 583,429  | 64.86%  | 55,169  | 6.13%  | 1,107  | 0.12%  | 5,988  | 0.67%  | 2  | 0%  | 899,479  | 100%
Loharu State | 3,119  | 13.36%  | 20,198  | 86.55%  | 2  | 0.01%  | 1  | 0%  | 18  | 0.08%  | 0  | 0%  | 23,338  | 100%
Rohtak District | 137,880  | 17.11%  | 655,963  | 81.42%  | 596  | 0.07%  | 4,807  | 0.6%  | 6,375  | 0.79%  | 0  | 0%  | 805,621  | 100%
Dujana State | 5,863  | 20.78%  | 22,347  | 79.2%  | 1  | 0%  | 5  | 0.02%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 28,216  | 100%
Gurgaon District | 242,357  | 32.74%  | 493,174  | 66.63%  | 500  | 0.07%  | 1,463  | 0.2%  | 2,665  | 0.36%  | 4  | 0%  | 740,163  | 100%
Pataudi State | 3,168  | 16.79%  | 15,596  | 82.64%  | 1  | 0.01%  | 3  | 0.02%  | 105  | 0.56%  | 0  | 0%  | 18,873  | 100%
Karnal District | 259,730  | 30.46%  | 570,297  | 66.89%  | 16,928  | 1.99%  | 1,469  | 0.17%  | 4,190  | 0.49%  | 0  | 0%  | 852,614  | 100%
Jalandhar District | 419,556  | 44.46%  | 268,822  | 28.49%  | 249,571  | 26.45%  | 4,323  | 0.46%  | 1,379  | 0.15%  | 70  | 0.01%  | 943,721  | 100%
Kapurthala State | 179,251  | 56.59%  | 64,319  | 20.31%  | 72,177  | 22.79%  | 983  | 0.31%  | 27  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 316,757  | 100%
Ludhiana District | 235,598  | 35.03%  | 120,161  | 17.87%  | 312,829  | 46.52%  | 2,477  | 0.37%  | 1,419  | 0.21%  | 10  | 0%  | 672,494  | 100%
Malerkotla State | 31,417  | 37.82%  | 21,252  | 25.58%  | 28,982  | 34.89%  | 135  | 0.16%  | 1,286  | 1.55%  | 0  | 0%  | 83,072  | 100%
Firozpur District | 515,430  | 44.56%  | 244,688  | 21.15%  | 388,108  | 33.55%  | 7,070  | 0.61%  | 1,411  | 0.12%  | 25  | 0%  | 1,156,732  | 100%
Faridkot State | 49,912  | 30.37%  | 20,855  | 12.69%  | 92,880  | 56.51%  | 167  | 0.1%  | 550  | 0.33%  | 0  | 0%  | 164,364  | 100%
Patiala State | 363,920  | 22.39%  | 623,597  | 38.36%  | 632,972  | 38.94%  | 1,449  | 0.09%  | 3,578  | 0.22%  | 4  | 0%  | 1,625,520  | 100%
Jind State | 46,002  | 14.17%  | 243,561  | 75.02%  | 33,290  | 10.25%  | 210  | 0.06%  | 1,613  | 0.5%  | 0  | 0%  | 324,676  | 100%
Nabha State | 57,393  | 19.96%  | 132,354  | 46.02%  | 97,452  | 33.89%  | 66  | 0.02%  | 309  | 0.11%  | 0  | 0%  | 287,574  | 100%
Lahore District | 815,820  | 59.18%  | 259,725  | 18.84%  | 244,304  | 17.72%  | 57,097  | 4.14%  | 1,450  | 0.11%  | 174  | 0.01%  | 1,378,570  | 100%
Amritsar District | 524,676  | 46.97%  | 174,556  | 15.63%  | 399,951  | 35.8%  | 16,619  | 1.49%  | 1,272  | 0.11%  | 46  | 0%  | 1,117,120  | 100%
Gujranwala District | 521,343  | 70.82%  | 92,764  | 12.6%  | 71,595  | 9.73%  | 49,364  | 6.71%  | 1,071  | 0.15%  | 1  | 0%  | 736,138  | 100%
Sheikhupura District | 445,996  | 64.01%  | 81,887  | 11.75%  | 119,477  | 17.15%  | 49,266  | 7.07%  | 100  | 0.01%  | 6  | 0%  | 696,732  | 100%
Total  | 5,112,215  | 39.72%  | 4,709,545  | 36.59%  | 2,816,785  | 21.88%  | 198,081  | 1.54%  | 34,806  | 0.27%  | 342  | 0.003%  | 12,871,774  | 100%

#### 1941 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Indo−Gangetic Plain West geographical division (1941)[25]: 42 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism [f] | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Hisar District | 285,208  | 28.33%  | 652,842  | 64.85%  | 60,731  | 6.03%  | 1,292  | 0.13%  | 6,126  | 0.61%  | 510  | 0.05%  | 1,006,709  | 100%
Loharu State | 3,960  | 14.2%  | 23,923  | 85.77%  | 7  | 0.03%  | 2  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 27,892  | 100%
Rohtak District | 166,569  | 17.42%  | 780,474  | 81.61%  | 1,466  | 0.15%  | 1,043  | 0.11%  | 6,847  | 0.72%  | 0  | 0%  | 956,399  | 100%
Dujana State | 6,939  | 22.63%  | 23,727  | 77.37%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 30,666  | 100%
Gurgaon District | 285,992  | 33.59%  | 560,537  | 65.83%  | 637  | 0.07%  | 1,673  | 0.2%  | 2,613  | 0.31%  | 6  | 0%  | 851,458  | 100%
Pataudi State | 3,655  | 16.98%  | 17,728  | 82.38%  | 0  | 0%  | 9  | 0.04%  | 128  | 0.59%  | 0  | 0%  | 21,520  | 100%
Karnal District | 304,346  | 30.6%  | 666,301  | 66.99%  | 19,887  | 2%  | 1,249  | 0.13%  | 2,789  | 0.28%  | 3  | 0%  | 994,575  | 100%
Jalandhar District | 509,804  | 45.23%  | 311,010  | 27.59%  | 298,741  | 26.5%  | 6,233  | 0.55%  | 1,395  | 0.12%  | 7  | 0%  | 1,127,190  | 100%
Kapurthala State | 213,754  | 56.49%  | 61,546  | 16.27%  | 88,350  | 23.35%  | 1,667  | 0.44%  | 380  | 0.1%  | 12,683  | 3.35%  | 378,380  | 100%
Ludhiana District | 302,482  | 36.95%  | 171,715  | 20.98%  | 341,175  | 41.68%  | 1,913  | 0.23%  | 1,279  | 0.16%  | 51  | 0.01%  | 818,615  | 100%
Malerkotla State | 33,881  | 38.45%  | 23,482  | 26.65%  | 30,320  | 34.41%  | 116  | 0.13%  | 310  | 0.35%  | 0  | 0%  | 88,109  | 100%
Firozpur District | 641,448  | 45.07%  | 287,733  | 20.22%  | 479,486  | 33.69%  | 12,607  | 0.89%  | 1,674  | 0.12%  | 128  | 0.01%  | 1,423,076  | 100%
Faridkot State | 61,352  | 30.79%  | 21,814  | 10.95%  | 115,070  | 57.74%  | 247  | 0.12%  | 800  | 0.4%  | 0  | 0%  | 199,283  | 100%
Patiala State | 436,539  | 22.55%  | 597,488  | 30.86%  | 896,021  | 46.28%  | 1,592  | 0.08%  | 3,101  | 0.16%  | 1,518  | 0.08%  | 1,936,259  | 100%
Jind State | 50,972  | 14.09%  | 268,355  | 74.17%  | 40,981  | 11.33%  | 161  | 0.04%  | 1,294  | 0.36%  | 49  | 0.01%  | 361,812  | 100%
Nabha State | 70,373  | 20.45%  | 146,518  | 42.59%  | 122,451  | 35.59%  | 221  | 0.06%  | 480  | 0.14%  | 1  | 0%  | 344,044  | 100%
Lahore District | 1,027,772  | 60.62%  | 284,689  | 16.79%  | 310,646  | 18.32%  | 70,147  | 4.14%  | 1,951  | 0.12%  | 170  | 0.01%  | 1,695,375  | 100%
Amritsar District | 657,695  | 46.52%  | 217,431  | 15.38%  | 510,845  | 36.13%  | 25,973  | 1.84%  | 1,911  | 0.14%  | 21  | 0%  | 1,413,876  | 100%
Gujranwala District | 642,706  | 70.45%  | 108,115  | 11.85%  | 99,139  | 10.87%  | 60,829  | 6.67%  | 1,445  | 0.16%  | 0  | 0%  | 912,234  | 100%
Sheikhupura District | 542,344  | 63.62%  | 89,182  | 10.46%  | 160,706  | 18.85%  | 60,054  | 7.04%  | 221  | 0.03%  | 1  | 0%  | 852,508  | 100%
Total  | 6,247,791  | 40.48%  | 5,314,610  | 34.43%  | 3,576,659  | 23.17%  | 247,028  | 1.6%  | 34,744  | 0.23%  | 15,148  | 0.1%  | 15,435,980  | 100%

### Himalayan geographical division

[edit]

Including Sirmoor State, Simla District, Simla Hill States, Bilaspur State, Kangra district, Mandi State, Suket State, and Chamba State.[25]: 48 [17]: 2

Religious groups in the Himalayan geographical division of Punjab Province (1881–1951)  Religious
group  | 1881[26][27][28] | 1901[32]: 34 | 1911[33]: 27 [34]: 27 | 1921[35]: 29 | 1931[36]: 277 | 1941[25]: 42 | 1951[37][39]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Hinduism [f] | 1,458,481  | 94.74%  | 1,598,853  | 94.6%  | 1,630,084  | 94.53%  | 1,642,176  | 94.5%  | 1,729,008  | 94.42%  | 1,929,634  | 94.76%  | 2,024,692  | 97.24%
Islam | 70,642  | 4.59%  | 76,480  | 4.53%  | 74,205  | 4.3%  | 77,425  | 4.46%  | 82,711  | 4.52%  | 87,485  | 4.3%  | 22,338  | 1.07%
Christianity | 3,840  | 0.25%  | 3,415  | 0.2%  | 4,400  | 0.26%  | 4,471  | 0.26%  | 2,586  | 0.14%  | 2,129  | 0.1%  | 1,517  | 0.07%
Buddhism | 3,250  | 0.21%  | 6,931  | 0.41%  | 7,518  | 0.44%  | 5,718  | 0.33%  | 7,705  | 0.42%  | 614  | 0.03%  | 1,320  | 0.06%
Sikhism | 2,680  | 0.17%  | 3,897  | 0.23%  | 7,894  | 0.46%  | 7,610  | 0.44%  | 8,948  | 0.49%  | 12,245  | 0.6%  | 30,837  | 1.48%
Jainism | 536  | 0.03%  | 483  | 0.03%  | 358  | 0.02%  | 356  | 0.02%  | 291  | 0.02%  | 425  | 0.02%  | 1,364  | 0.07%
Zoroastrianism | 4  | 0%  | 7  | 0%  | 18  | 0%  | 40  | 0%  | 3  | 0%  | 3,895  | 0.19%  | 13  | 0%
Judaism | —  | —  | 0  | 0%  | 3  | 0%  | 1  | 0%  | 1  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 12  | 0%
Others  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 4  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 1  | 0%  | 0  | 0%
Total population[x] | 1,539,433  | 100%  | 1,690,066  | 100%  | 1,724,480  | 100%  | 1,737,801  | 100%  | 1,831,253  | 100%  | 2,036,428  | 100%  | 2,082,093  | 100%

#### 1901 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Himalayan geographical division (1901)[32]: 34 District/
Princely State | Hinduism | Islam | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Nahan State | 128,478  | 94.69%  | 6,414  | 4.73%  | 688  | 0.51%  | 46  | 0.03%  | 61  | 0.04%  | 0  | 0%  | 135,687  | 100%
Simla District | 30,299  | 75.09%  | 6,675  | 16.54%  | 544  | 1.35%  | 2,798  | 6.93%  | 32  | 0.08%  | 3  | 0.01%  | 40,351  | 100%
Simla Hill States | 373,886  | 96.03%  | 11,535  | 2.96%  | 1,318  | 0.34%  | 113  | 0.03%  | 274  | 0.07%  | 2,223  | 0.57%  | 389,349  | 100%
Kangra District | 722,554  | 94.07%  | 39,672  | 5.16%  | 1,220  | 0.16%  | 385  | 0.05%  | 113  | 0.01%  | 4,180  | 0.54%  | 768,124  | 100%
Mandi State | 170,304  | 97.85%  | 3,187  | 1.83%  | 41  | 0.02%  | 3  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 510  | 0.29%  | 174,045  | 100%
Suket State | 54,005  | 98.77%  | 665  | 1.22%  | 6  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 54,676  | 100%
Chamba State | 119,327  | 93.35%  | 8,332  | 6.52%  | 80  | 0.06%  | 70  | 0.05%  | 3  | 0%  | 22  | 0.02%  | 127,834  | 100%
Total  | 1,598,853  | 94.6%  | 76,480  | 4.53%  | 3,897  | 0.23%  | 3,415  | 0.2%  | 483  | 0.03%  | 6,938  | 0.41%  | 1,690,066  | 100%

#### 1911 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Himalayan geographical division (1911)[33]: 27 [34]: 27 District/
Princely State | Hinduism | Islam | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Nahan State | 130,276  | 94.05%  | 6,016  | 4.34%  | 2,142  | 1.55%  | 37  | 0.03%  | 49  | 0.04%  | 0  | 0%  | 138,520  | 100%
Simla District | 29,047  | 73.87%  | 5,820  | 14.8%  | 693  | 1.76%  | 3,666  | 9.32%  | 49  | 0.12%  | 45  | 0.11%  | 39,320  | 100%
Simla Hill States | 386,953  | 95.7%  | 11,374  | 2.81%  | 2,911  | 0.72%  | 224  | 0.06%  | 172  | 0.04%  | 2,709  | 0.67%  | 404,343  | 100%
Kangra District | 725,156  | 94.13%  | 38,859  | 5.04%  | 1,910  | 0.25%  | 386  | 0.05%  | 81  | 0.01%  | 3,994  | 0.52%  | 770,386  | 100%
Mandi State | 178,115  | 98.35%  | 2,799  | 1.55%  | 26  | 0.01%  | 4  | 0%  | 2  | 0%  | 164  | 0.09%  | 181,110  | 100%
Suket State | 54,268  | 98.8%  | 587  | 1.07%  | 71  | 0.13%  | 2  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 54,928  | 100%
Chamba State | 126,269  | 92.93%  | 8,750  | 6.44%  | 141  | 0.1%  | 81  | 0.06%  | 5  | 0%  | 627  | 0.46%  | 135,873  | 100%
Total  | 1,630,084  | 94.53%  | 74,205  | 4.3%  | 7,894  | 0.46%  | 4,400  | 0.26%  | 358  | 0.02%  | 7,539  | 0.44%  | 1,724,480  | 100%

#### 1921 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Himalayan geographical division (1921)[35]: 29 District/
Princely State | Hinduism | Islam | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Nahan State | 132,431  | 94.29%  | 6,449  | 4.59%  | 1,449  | 1.03%  | 44  | 0.03%  | 65  | 0.05%  | 10  | 0.01%  | 140,448  | 100%
Simla District | 33,228  | 73.31%  | 6,953  | 15.34%  | 1,173  | 2.59%  | 3,823  | 8.43%  | 90  | 0.2%  | 60  | 0.13%  | 45,327  | 100%
Simla Hill States | 292,768  | 95.45%  | 9,551  | 3.11%  | 2,040  | 0.67%  | 164  | 0.05%  | 142  | 0.05%  | 2,053  | 0.67%  | 306,718  | 100%
Bilaspur State | 96,000  | 97.96%  | 1,559  | 1.59%  | 437  | 0.45%  | 4  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 98,000  | 100%
Kangra District | 722,277  | 94.28%  | 38,263  | 4.99%  | 2,083  | 0.27%  | 363  | 0.05%  | 56  | 0.01%  | 3,023  | 0.39%  | 766,065  | 100%
Mandi State | 181,358  | 98.01%  | 3,462  | 1.87%  | 142  | 0.08%  | 10  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 76  | 0.04%  | 185,048  | 100%
Suket State | 53,625  | 98.71%  | 659  | 1.21%  | 44  | 0.08%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 54,328  | 100%
Chamba State | 130,489  | 91.98%  | 10,529  | 7.42%  | 242  | 0.17%  | 63  | 0.04%  | 3  | 0%  | 541  | 0.38%  | 141,867  | 100%
Total  | 1,642,176  | 94.5%  | 77,425  | 4.46%  | 7,610  | 0.44%  | 4,471  | 0.26%  | 356  | 0.02%  | 5,763  | 0.33%  | 1,737,801  | 100%

#### 1931 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Himalayan geographical division (1931)[36]: 277 District/
Princely State | Hinduism [f] | Islam | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Sirmoor State | 139,031  | 93.58%  | 7,020  | 4.73%  | 2,413  | 1.62%  | 52  | 0.04%  | 52  | 0.04%  | 0  | 0%  | 148,568  | 100%
Simla District | 28,661  | 77.91%  | 5,810  | 15.79%  | 760  | 2.07%  | 1,540  | 4.19%  | 1  | 0%  | 14  | 0.04%  | 36,786  | 100%
Simla Hill States | 317,390  | 95.93%  | 10,017  | 3.03%  | 1,817  | 0.55%  | 176  | 0.05%  | 141  | 0.04%  | 1,309  | 0.4%  | 330,850  | 100%
Bilaspur State | 99,023  | 98.05%  | 1,458  | 1.44%  | 507  | 0.5%  | 6  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 100,994  | 100%
Kangra District | 752,098  | 93.86%  | 40,483  | 5.05%  | 2,396  | 0.3%  | 576  | 0.07%  | 94  | 0.01%  | 5,665  | 0.71%  | 801,312  | 100%
Mandi State | 199,935  | 96.37%  | 6,351  | 3.06%  | 899  | 0.43%  | 141  | 0.07%  | 0  | 0%  | 139  | 0.07%  | 207,465  | 100%
Suket State | 57,616  | 98.64%  | 733  | 1.25%  | 44  | 0.08%  | 1  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 14  | 0.02%  | 58,408  | 100%
Chamba State | 135,254  | 92.09%  | 10,839  | 7.38%  | 112  | 0.08%  | 94  | 0.06%  | 3  | 0%  | 568  | 0.39%  | 146,870  | 100%
Total  | 1,729,008  | 94.42%  | 82,711  | 4.52%  | 8,948  | 0.49%  | 2,586  | 0.14%  | 291  | 0.02%  | 7,709  | 0.42%  | 1,831,253  | 100%

#### 1941 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Himalayan geographical division (1941)[25]: 42 District/
Princely State | Hinduism [f] | Islam | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Sirmoor State | 146,199  | 93.7%  | 7,374  | 4.73%  | 2,334  | 1.5%  | 38  | 0.02%  | 81  | 0.05%  | 0  | 0%  | 156,026  | 100%
Simla District | 29,466  | 76.38%  | 7,022  | 18.2%  | 1,032  | 2.68%  | 934  | 2.42%  | 114  | 0.3%  | 8  | 0.02%  | 38,576  | 100%
Simla Hill States | 345,716  | 96.16%  | 10,812  | 3.01%  | 2,693  | 0.75%  | 161  | 0.04%  | 126  | 0.04%  | 12  | 0%  | 359,520  | 100%
Bilaspur State | 108,375  | 98.22%  | 1,498  | 1.36%  | 453  | 0.41%  | 7  | 0.01%  | 3  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 110,336  | 100%
Kangra District | 846,531  | 94.12%  | 43,249  | 4.81%  | 4,809  | 0.53%  | 788  | 0.09%  | 101  | 0.01%  | 3,899  | 0.43%  | 899,377  | 100%
Mandi State | 227,463  | 97.79%  | 4,328  | 1.86%  | 583  | 0.25%  | 11  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 208  | 0.09%  | 232,593  | 100%
Suket State | 69,974  | 98.43%  | 884  | 1.24%  | 234  | 0.33%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 71,092  | 100%
Chamba State | 155,910  | 92.3%  | 12,318  | 7.29%  | 107  | 0.06%  | 190  | 0.11%  | 0  | 0%  | 383  | 0.23%  | 168,908  | 100%
Total  | 1,929,634  | 94.76%  | 87,485  | 4.3%  | 12,245  | 0.6%  | 2,129  | 0.1%  | 425  | 0.02%  | 4,510  | 0.22%  | 2,036,428  | 100%

### Sub−Himalayan geographical division

[edit]

Including Ambala district, Kalsia State, Hoshiarpur district, Gurdaspur district, Sialkot District, Gujrat District, Jhelum District, Rawalpindi District, and Attock District.[25]: 48 [17]: 2

Religious groups in the Sub—Himalayan geographical division of Punjab Province (1881–1951)  Religious
group  | 1881[26][27][28] | 1901[32]: 34 | 1911[33]: 27 [34]: 27 | 1921[35]: 29 | 1931[36]: 277 | 1941[25]: 42 | 1951[37][39]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Islam | 3,511,174  | 58.8%  | 3,741,759  | 60.62%  | 3,551,989  | 61.19%  | 3,587,246  | 61.44%  | 4,009,166  | 61.99%  | 4,751,911  | 62.32%  | 4,846,714  | 61.77%
Hinduism [f] | 2,159,634  | 36.17%  | 2,042,505  | 33.09%  | 1,588,097  | 27.36%  | 1,556,703  | 26.66%  | 1,565,034  | 24.2%  | 1,799,915  | 23.6%  | 1,968,976  | 25.09%
Sikhism | 284,592  | 4.77%  | 350,587  | 5.68%  | 565,596  | 9.74%  | 570,759  | 9.78%  | 753,168  | 11.65%  | 906,802  | 11.89%  | 884,063  | 11.27%
Christianity | 10,363  | 0.17%  | 29,930  | 0.48%  | 92,524  | 1.59%  | 117,172  | 2.01%  | 132,500  | 2.05%  | 155,386  | 2.04%  | 141,602  | 1.8%
Jainism | 5,231  | 0.09%  | 7,278  | 0.12%  | 6,695  | 0.12%  | 6,866  | 0.12%  | 7,299  | 0.11%  | 9,172  | 0.12%  | 5,483  | 0.07%
Zoroastrianism | 200  | 0%  | 117  | 0%  | 152  | 0%  | 111  | 0%  | 76  | 0%  | 141  | 0%  | 7  | 0%
Buddhism | 0  | 0%  | 6  | 0%  | 11  | 0%  | 8  | 0%  | 22  | 0%  | 171  | 0%  | 19  | 0%
Judaism | —  | —  | 5  | 0%  | 17  | 0%  | 1  | 0%  | 7  | 0%  | 6  | 0%  | 16  | 0%
Others  | 1  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 3  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 1,681  | 0.02%  | 14  | 0%
Total population[x] | 5,971,195  | 100%  | 6,172,187  | 100%  | 5,805,081  | 100%  | 5,838,869  | 100%  | 6,467,272  | 100%  | 7,625,185  | 100%  | 7,846,894  | 100%

#### 1901 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Sub−Himalayan geographical division (1901)[32]: 34 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Ambala District | 240,710  | 29.5%  | 510,105  | 62.52%  | 58,073  | 7.12%  | 4,362  | 0.53%  | 2,614  | 0.32%  | 16  | 0%  | 815,880  | 100%
Kalsia State | 21,921  | 32.63%  | 38,626  | 57.5%  | 6,453  | 9.61%  | 0  | 0%  | 181  | 0.27%  | 0  | 0%  | 67,181  | 100%
Hoshiarpur District | 312,958  | 31.62%  | 603,710  | 60.99%  | 71,126  | 7.19%  | 813  | 0.08%  | 1,173  | 0.12%  | 2  | 0%  | 989,782  | 100%
Gurdaspur District | 463,371  | 49.28%  | 380,636  | 40.48%  | 91,756  | 9.76%  | 4,471  | 0.48%  | 72  | 0.01%  | 28  | 0%  | 940,334  | 100%
Sialkot District | 716,953  | 66.15%  | 302,012  | 27.86%  | 50,982  | 4.7%  | 11,939  | 1.1%  | 2,008  | 0.19%  | 15  | 0%  | 1,083,909  | 100%
Gujrat District | 655,838  | 87.38%  | 69,346  | 9.24%  | 24,893  | 3.32%  | 460  | 0.06%  | 11  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 750,548  | 100%
Jhelum District | 526,725  | 88.67%  | 51,801  | 8.72%  | 15,070  | 2.54%  | 271  | 0.05%  | 151  | 0.03%  | 0  | 0%  | 594,018  | 100%
Rawalpindi District | 803,283  | 86.32%  | 86,269  | 9.27%  | 32,234  | 3.46%  | 7,614  | 0.82%  | 1,068  | 0.11%  | 67  | 0.01%  | 930,535  | 100%
Total  | 3,741,759  | 60.62%  | 2,042,505  | 33.09%  | 350,587  | 5.68%  | 29,930  | 0.48%  | 7,278  | 0.12%  | 128  | 0.002%  | 6,172,187  | 100%

#### 1911 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Sub−Himalayan geographical division (1911)[33]: 27 [34]: 27 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Ambala District | 205,203  | 29.74%  | 380,592  | 55.16%  | 94,471  | 13.69%  | 7,483  | 1.08%  | 2,187  | 0.32%  | 34  | 0%  | 689,970  | 100%
Kalsia State | 18,820  | 33.66%  | 30,640  | 54.8%  | 6,258  | 11.19%  | 31  | 0.06%  | 160  | 0.29%  | 0  | 0%  | 55,909  | 100%
Hoshiarpur District | 281,805  | 30.68%  | 498,642  | 54.28%  | 134,146  | 14.6%  | 2,978  | 0.32%  | 998  | 0.11%  | 0  | 0%  | 918,569  | 100%
Gurdaspur District | 408,216  | 48.78%  | 284,017  | 33.94%  | 121,078  | 14.47%  | 23,365  | 2.79%  | 73  | 0.01%  | 22  | 0%  | 836,771  | 100%
Sialkot District | 604,801  | 61.74%  | 242,325  | 24.74%  | 81,761  | 8.35%  | 48,620  | 4.96%  | 2,029  | 0.21%  | 17  | 0%  | 979,553  | 100%
Gujrat District | 650,893  | 87.29%  | 49,430  | 6.63%  | 44,693  | 5.99%  | 570  | 0.08%  | 48  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 745,634  | 100%
Jhelum District | 452,260  | 88.41%  | 34,261  | 6.7%  | 24,436  | 4.78%  | 450  | 0.09%  | 163  | 0.03%  | 5  | 0%  | 511,575  | 100%
Rawalpindi District | 458,101  | 83.62%  | 48,449  | 8.84%  | 31,839  | 5.81%  | 8,320  | 1.52%  | 1,028  | 0.19%  | 90  | 0.02%  | 547,827  | 100%
Attock District | 471,890  | 90.88%  | 19,741  | 3.8%  | 26,914  | 5.18%  | 707  | 0.14%  | 9  | 0%  | 12  | 0%  | 519,273  | 100%
Total  | 3,551,989  | 61.19%  | 1,588,097  | 27.36%  | 565,596  | 9.74%  | 92,524  | 1.59%  | 6,695  | 0.12%  | 180  | 0.003%  | 5,805,081  | 100%

#### 1921 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Sub−Himalayan geographical division (1921)[35]: 29 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Ambala District | 205,750  | 30.19%  | 370,125  | 54.31%  | 97,614  | 14.32%  | 5,679  | 0.83%  | 2,272  | 0.33%  | 37  | 0.01%  | 681,477  | 100%
Kalsia State | 20,394  | 35.55%  | 28,769  | 50.15%  | 8,014  | 13.97%  | 4  | 0.01%  | 190  | 0.33%  | 0  | 0%  | 57,371  | 100%
Hoshiarpur District | 289,298  | 31.19%  | 500,339  | 53.95%  | 132,958  | 14.34%  | 3,745  | 0.4%  | 1,079  | 0.12%  | 0  | 0%  | 927,419  | 100%
Gurdaspur District | 422,877  | 49.62%  | 258,823  | 30.37%  | 137,625  | 16.15%  | 32,832  | 3.85%  | 20  | 0%  | 15  | 0%  | 852,192  | 100%
Sialkot District | 580,532  | 61.9%  | 217,912  | 23.24%  | 74,939  | 7.99%  | 62,266  | 6.64%  | 2,147  | 0.23%  | 27  | 0%  | 937,823  | 100%
Gujrat District | 709,684  | 86.12%  | 62,529  | 7.59%  | 49,456  | 6%  | 2,373  | 0.29%  | 4  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 824,046  | 100%
Jhelum District | 422,979  | 88.66%  | 34,837  | 7.3%  | 18,626  | 3.9%  | 430  | 0.09%  | 195  | 0.04%  | 1  | 0%  | 477,068  | 100%
Rawalpindi District | 470,038  | 82.58%  | 57,185  | 10.05%  | 31,718  | 5.57%  | 9,286  | 1.63%  | 954  | 0.17%  | 43  | 0.01%  | 569,224  | 100%
Attock District | 465,694  | 90.91%  | 26,184  | 5.11%  | 19,809  | 3.87%  | 557  | 0.11%  | 5  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 512,249  | 100%
Total  | 3,587,246  | 61.44%  | 1,556,703  | 26.66%  | 570,759  | 9.78%  | 117,172  | 2.01%  | 6,866  | 0.12%  | 123  | 0.002%  | 5,838,869  | 100%

#### 1931 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Sub−Himalayan geographical division (1931)[36]: 277 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism [f] | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Ambala District | 230,837  | 31.07%  | 346,809  | 46.68%  | 155,555  | 20.94%  | 7,141  | 0.96%  | 2,550  | 0.34%  | 10  | 0%  | 742,902  | 100%
Kalsia State | 21,797  | 36.42%  | 28,832  | 48.18%  | 9,035  | 15.1%  | 22  | 0.04%  | 162  | 0.27%  | 0  | 0%  | 59,848  | 100%
Hoshiarpur District | 328,078  | 31.78%  | 526,182  | 50.98%  | 173,147  | 16.77%  | 3,764  | 0.36%  | 1,016  | 0.1%  | 0  | 0%  | 1,032,187  | 100%
Gurdaspur District | 493,216  | 50.8%  | 255,949  | 26.36%  | 178,471  | 18.38%  | 43,243  | 4.45%  | 15  | 0%  | 4  | 0%  | 970,898  | 100%
Sialkot District | 609,633  | 62.23%  | 206,421  | 21.07%  | 94,955  | 9.69%  | 66,365  | 6.77%  | 2,236  | 0.23%  | 7  | 0%  | 979,617  | 100%
Gujrat District | 786,750  | 85.29%  | 73,356  | 7.95%  | 59,188  | 6.42%  | 3,097  | 0.34%  | 32  | 0%  | 4  | 0%  | 922,427  | 100%
Jhelum District | 482,097  | 89.1%  | 36,068  | 6.67%  | 22,030  | 4.07%  | 672  | 0.12%  | 209  | 0.04%  | 0  | 0%  | 541,076  | 100%
Rawalpindi District | 524,965  | 82.76%  | 59,485  | 9.38%  | 41,265  | 6.51%  | 7,486  | 1.18%  | 1,077  | 0.17%  | 79  | 0.01%  | 634,357  | 100%
Attock District | 531,793  | 91.07%  | 31,932  | 5.47%  | 19,522  | 3.34%  | 710  | 0.12%  | 2  | 0%  | 1  | 0%  | 583,960  | 100%
Total  | 4,009,166  | 61.99%  | 1,565,034  | 24.2%  | 753,168  | 11.65%  | 132,500  | 2.05%  | 7,299  | 0.11%  | 105  | 0.002%  | 6,467,272  | 100%

#### 1941 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the Sub−Himalayan geographical division (1941)[25]: 42 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism [f] | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Ambala District | 268,999  | 31.73%  | 412,658  | 48.68%  | 156,543  | 18.47%  | 6,065  | 0.72%  | 3,065  | 0.36%  | 415  | 0.05%  | 847,745  | 100%
Kalsia State | 25,049  | 37.17%  | 29,866  | 44.32%  | 12,235  | 18.15%  | 55  | 0.08%  | 188  | 0.28%  | 0  | 0%  | 67,393  | 100%
Hoshiarpur District | 380,759  | 32.53%  | 584,080  | 49.91%  | 198,194  | 16.93%  | 6,165  | 0.53%  | 1,125  | 0.1%  | 0  | 0%  | 1,170,323  | 100%
Gurdaspur District | 589,923  | 51.14%  | 290,774  | 25.21%  | 221,261  | 19.18%  | 51,522  | 4.47%  | 25  | 0%  | 6  | 0%  | 1,153,511  | 100%
Sialkot District | 739,218  | 62.09%  | 231,319  | 19.43%  | 139,409  | 11.71%  | 75,831  | 6.37%  | 3,250  | 0.27%  | 1,470  | 0.12%  | 1,190,497  | 100%
Gujrat District | 945,609  | 85.58%  | 84,643  | 7.66%  | 70,233  | 6.36%  | 4,449  | 0.4%  | 10  | 0%  | 8  | 0%  | 1,104,952  | 100%
Jhelum District | 563,033  | 89.42%  | 40,888  | 6.49%  | 24,680  | 3.92%  | 893  | 0.14%  | 159  | 0.03%  | 5  | 0%  | 629,658  | 100%
Rawalpindi District | 628,193  | 80%  | 82,478  | 10.5%  | 64,127  | 8.17%  | 9,014  | 1.15%  | 1,337  | 0.17%  | 82  | 0.01%  | 785,231  | 100%
Attock District | 611,128  | 90.42%  | 43,209  | 6.39%  | 20,120  | 2.98%  | 1,392  | 0.21%  | 13  | 0%  | 13  | 0%  | 675,875  | 100%
Total  | 4,751,911  | 62.32%  | 1,799,915  | 23.6%  | 906,802  | 11.89%  | 155,386  | 2.04%  | 9,172  | 0.12%  | 1,999  | 0.03%  | 7,625,185  | 100%

### North−West Dry Area geographical division

[edit]

Including Montgomery District, Shahpur District, Mianwali District, Lyallpur District, Jhang District, Multan District, Bahawalpur State, Muzaffargarh District, Dera Ghazi Khan District, and the Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract.[25]: 48 [17]: 2

Religious groups in the North—West Dry Area geographical division of Punjab Province (1881–1951)  Religious
group  | 1881[26][27][28] | 1901[32]: 34 | 1911[33]: 27 [34]: 27 | 1921[35]: 29 | 1931[36]: 277 | 1941[25]: 42 | 1951[37][39]

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Islam | 2,539,038  | 82.68%  | 3,883,740  | 79.01%  | 4,504,312  | 80%  | 4,798,526  | 78.95%  | 5,725,804  | 78.22%  | 7,172,557  | 77.86%  | 11,731,713  | 98.89%
Hinduism [f] | 501,159  | 16.32%  | 877,147  | 17.84%  | 764,816  | 13.58%  | 864,812  | 14.23%  | 1,014,922  | 13.86%  | 1,292,390  | 14.03%  | 13,957  | 0.12%
Sikhism | 28,020  | 0.91%  | 142,955  | 2.91%  | 316,489  | 5.62%  | 342,498  | 5.64%  | 492,723  | 6.73%  | 620,479  | 6.74%  | —  | —
Christianity | 2,122  | 0.07%  | 11,143  | 0.23%  | 44,365  | 0.79%  | 71,192  | 1.17%  | 86,186  | 1.18%  | 107,923  | 1.17%  | 117,589  | 0.99%
Jainism | 326  | 0.01%  | 345  | 0.01%  | 611  | 0.01%  | 584  | 0.01%  | 744  | 0.01%  | 1,134  | 0.01%  | —  | —
Zoroastrianism | 70  | 0%  | 54  | 0%  | 71  | 0%  | 57  | 0%  | 176  | 0%  | 88  | 0%  | 17  | 0%
Buddhism | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 29  | 0%  | 2  | 0%  | 3  | 0%  | 30  | 0%  | 0  | 0%
Judaism | —  | —  | 0  | 0%  | 6  | 0%  | 3  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 3  | 0%  | —  | —
Others  | 7  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 17,664  | 0.19%  | 0  | 0%
Total population[x] | 3,070,742  | 100%  | 4,915,384  | 100%  | 5,630,699  | 100%  | 6,077,674  | 100%  | 7,320,558  | 100%  | 9,212,268  | 100%  | 11,863,276  | 100%

#### 1901 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the North−West Dry Area geographical division (1901)[32]: 34 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Montgomery District | 334,474  | 72.15%  | 109,945  | 23.72%  | 19,092  | 4.12%  | 66  | 0.01%  | 8  | 0%  | 1  | 0%  | 463,586  | 100%
Shahpur District | 442,921  | 84.49%  | 68,489  | 13.06%  | 12,756  | 2.43%  | 91  | 0.02%  | 2  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 524,259  | 100%
Mianwali District | 371,674  | 87.54%  | 50,202  | 11.82%  | 2,633  | 0.62%  | 44  | 0.01%  | 35  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 424,588  | 100%
Lyallpur District | 484,657  | 61.2%  | 210,459  | 26.58%  | 88,049  | 11.12%  | 8,672  | 1.1%  | 23  | 0%  | 1  | 0%  | 791,861  | 100%
Jhang District | 295,481  | 78.03%  | 79,650  | 21.03%  | 3,526  | 0.93%  | 38  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 378,695  | 100%
Multan District | 570,254  | 80.25%  | 133,560  | 18.79%  | 4,662  | 0.66%  | 1,964  | 0.28%  | 134  | 0.02%  | 52  | 0.01%  | 710,626  | 100%
Muzaffargarh District | 350,177  | 86.32%  | 52,221  | 12.87%  | 3,225  | 0.8%  | 33  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 405,656  | 100%
Dera Ghazi Khan District | 412,012  | 87.45%  | 57,815  | 12.27%  | 1,027  | 0.22%  | 152  | 0.03%  | 143  | 0.03%  | 0  | 0%  | 471,149  | 100%
Bahawalpur State | 598,139  | 82.97%  | 114,670  | 15.91%  | 7,985  | 1.11%  | 83  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 720,877  | 100%
Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract  | 23,951  | 99.44%  | 136  | 0.56%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 24,087  | 100%
Total  | 3,883,740  | 79.01%  | 877,147  | 17.84%  | 142,955  | 2.91%  | 11,143  | 0.23%  | 345  | 0.01%  | 54  | 0.001%  | 4,915,384  | 100%

#### 1911 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the North−West Dry Area geographical division (1911)[33]: 27 [34]: 27 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Montgomery District | 399,723  | 74.67%  | 66,803  | 12.48%  | 68,175  | 12.74%  | 581  | 0.11%  | 13  | 0%  | 4  | 0%  | 535,299  | 100%
Shahpur District | 572,565  | 83.3%  | 72,695  | 10.58%  | 33,456  | 4.87%  | 8,616  | 1.25%  | 5  | 0%  | 29  | 0%  | 687,366  | 100%
Mianwali District | 299,971  | 87.87%  | 36,326  | 10.64%  | 4,881  | 1.43%  | 168  | 0.05%  | 31  | 0.01%  | 0  | 0%  | 341,377  | 100%
Lyallpur District | 524,288  | 61.13%  | 154,603  | 18.03%  | 146,670  | 17.1%  | 32,023  | 3.73%  | 125  | 0.01%  | 2  | 0%  | 857,711  | 100%
Jhang District | 422,468  | 81.95%  | 73,426  | 14.24%  | 19,427  | 3.77%  | 201  | 0.04%  | 4  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 515,526  | 100%
Multan District | 665,488  | 81.67%  | 126,603  | 15.54%  | 19,881  | 2.44%  | 2,441  | 0.3%  | 394  | 0.05%  | 64  | 0.01%  | 814,871  | 100%
Muzaffargarh District | 494,915  | 86.91%  | 68,158  | 11.97%  | 6,322  | 1.11%  | 60  | 0.01%  | 1  | 0%  | 5  | 0%  | 569,461  | 100%
Dera Ghazi Khan District | 442,234  | 88.47%  | 56,485  | 11.3%  | 1,042  | 0.21%  | 76  | 0.02%  | 23  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 499,860  | 100%
Bahawalpur State | 654,247  | 83.81%  | 109,548  | 14.03%  | 16,630  | 2.13%  | 199  | 0.03%  | 15  | 0%  | 2  | 0%  | 780,641  | 100%
Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract  | 28,413  | 99.39%  | 169  | 0.59%  | 5  | 0.02%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 28,587  | 100%
Total  | 4,504,312  | 80%  | 764,816  | 13.58%  | 316,489  | 5.62%  | 44,365  | 0.79%  | 611  | 0.01%  | 106  | 0.002%  | 5,630,699  | 100%

#### 1921 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the North−West Dry Area geographical division (1921)[35]: 29 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Montgomery District | 513,055  | 71.88%  | 94,791  | 13.28%  | 95,520  | 13.38%  | 10,408  | 1.46%  | 12  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 713,786  | 100%
Shahpur District | 596,100  | 82.8%  | 82,182  | 11.42%  | 30,361  | 4.22%  | 11,270  | 1.57%  | 3  | 0%  | 2  | 0%  | 719,918  | 100%
Mianwali District | 308,876  | 86.23%  | 45,974  | 12.83%  | 2,986  | 0.83%  | 369  | 0.1%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 358,205  | 100%
Lyallpur District | 594,917  | 60.74%  | 181,488  | 18.53%  | 160,821  | 16.42%  | 42,004  | 4.29%  | 231  | 0.02%  | 2  | 0%  | 979,463  | 100%
Jhang District | 475,388  | 83.32%  | 85,339  | 14.96%  | 9,376  | 1.64%  | 449  | 0.08%  | 7  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 570,559  | 100%
Multan District | 731,605  | 82.18%  | 134,013  | 15.05%  | 18,562  | 2.08%  | 6,006  | 0.67%  | 28  | 0%  | 50  | 0.01%  | 890,264  | 100%
Muzaffargarh District | 493,369  | 86.79%  | 69,878  | 12.29%  | 4,869  | 0.86%  | 356  | 0.06%  | 6  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 568,478  | 100%
Dera Ghazi Khan District | 411,431  | 87.72%  | 56,346  | 12.01%  | 932  | 0.2%  | 47  | 0.01%  | 296  | 0.06%  | 0  | 0%  | 469,052  | 100%
Bahawalpur State | 647,207  | 82.85%  | 114,621  | 14.67%  | 19,071  | 2.44%  | 283  | 0.04%  | 1  | 0%  | 8  | 0%  | 781,191  | 100%
Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract  | 26,578  | 99.33%  | 180  | 0.67%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 26,758  | 100%
Total  | 4,798,526  | 78.95%  | 864,812  | 14.23%  | 342,498  | 5.64%  | 71,192  | 1.17%  | 584  | 0.01%  | 62  | 0.001%  | 6,077,674  | 100%

#### 1931 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the North−West Dry Area geographical division (1931)[36]: 277 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism [f] | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Montgomery District | 697,542  | 69.77%  | 136,783  | 13.68%  | 148,155  | 14.82%  | 17,245  | 1.72%  | 38  | 0%  | 9  | 0%  | 999,772  | 100%
Shahpur District | 679,546  | 82.72%  | 90,561  | 11.02%  | 40,074  | 4.88%  | 11,294  | 1.37%  | 14  | 0%  | 1  | 0%  | 821,490  | 100%
Mianwali District | 357,109  | 86.77%  | 49,794  | 12.1%  | 4,231  | 1.03%  | 380  | 0.09%  | 20  | 0%  | 5  | 0%  | 411,539  | 100%
Lyallpur District | 720,996  | 62.62%  | 173,344  | 15.06%  | 211,391  | 18.36%  | 45,518  | 3.95%  | 95  | 0.01%  | 7  | 0%  | 1,151,351  | 100%
Jhang District | 552,853  | 83.16%  | 102,990  | 15.49%  | 8,476  | 1.27%  | 494  | 0.07%  | 0  | 0%  | 20  | 0%  | 664,833  | 100%
Multan District | 942,937  | 80.26%  | 182,029  | 15.49%  | 39,453  | 3.36%  | 9,924  | 0.84%  | 440  | 0.04%  | 117  | 0.01%  | 1,174,900  | 100%
Muzaffargarh District | 513,265  | 86.79%  | 72,577  | 12.27%  | 5,287  | 0.89%  | 246  | 0.04%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 591,375  | 100%
Dera Ghazi Khan District | 432,911  | 88.16%  | 57,217  | 11.65%  | 760  | 0.15%  | 31  | 0.01%  | 125  | 0.03%  | 0  | 0%  | 491,044  | 100%
Bahawalpur State | 799,176  | 81.17%  | 149,454  | 15.18%  | 34,896  | 3.54%  | 1,054  | 0.11%  | 12  | 0%  | 20  | 0%  | 984,612  | 100%
Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract  | 29,469  | 99.42%  | 173  | 0.58%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 29,642  | 100%
Total  | 5,725,804  | 78.22%  | 1,014,922  | 13.86%  | 492,723  | 6.73%  | 86,186  | 1.18%  | 744  | 0.01%  | 179  | 0.002%  | 7,320,558  | 100%

#### 1941 census

[edit]

Religion in the Districts & Princely States of the North−West Dry Area geographical division (1941)[25]: 42 District/
Princely State | Islam | Hinduism [f] | Sikhism | Christianity | Jainism | Others[o] | Total

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | %
Montgomery District | 918,564  | 69.11%  | 210,966  | 15.87%  | 175,064  | 13.17%  | 24,432  | 1.84%  | 49  | 0%  | 28  | 0%  | 1,329,103  | 100%
Shahpur District | 835,918  | 83.68%  | 102,172  | 10.23%  | 48,046  | 4.81%  | 12,770  | 1.28%  | 13  | 0%  | 2  | 0%  | 998,921  | 100%
Mianwali District | 436,260  | 86.16%  | 62,814  | 12.41%  | 6,865  | 1.36%  | 358  | 0.07%  | 23  | 0%  | 1  | 0%  | 506,321  | 100%
Lyallpur District | 877,518  | 62.85%  | 204,059  | 14.61%  | 262,737  | 18.82%  | 51,948  | 3.72%  | 35  | 0%  | 8  | 0%  | 1,396,305  | 100%
Jhang District | 678,736  | 82.61%  | 129,889  | 15.81%  | 12,238  | 1.49%  | 763  | 0.09%  | 5  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 821,631  | 100%
Multan District | 1,157,911  | 78.01%  | 249,872  | 16.83%  | 61,628  | 4.15%  | 14,290  | 0.96%  | 552  | 0.04%  | 80  | 0.01%  | 1,484,333  | 100%
Muzaffargarh District | 616,074  | 86.42%  | 90,643  | 12.72%  | 5,882  | 0.83%  | 227  | 0.03%  | 0  | 0%  | 23  | 0%  | 712,849  | 100%
Dera Ghazi Khan District | 512,678  | 88.19%  | 67,407  | 11.59%  | 1,072  | 0.18%  | 87  | 0.01%  | 106  | 0.02%  | 0  | 0%  | 581,350  | 100%
Bahawalpur State | 1,098,814  | 81.93%  | 174,408  | 13%  | 46,945  | 3.5%  | 3,048  | 0.23%  | 351  | 0.03%  | 17,643  | 1.32%  | 1,341,209  | 100%
Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract  | 40,084  | 99.6%  | 160  | 0.4%  | 2  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 0  | 0%  | 40,246  | 100%
Total  | 7,172,557  | 77.86%  | 1,292,390  | 14.03%  | 620,479  | 6.74%  | 107,923  | 1.17%  | 1,134  | 0.01%  | 17,785  | 0.19%  | 9,212,268  | 100%

## See also

[edit]

* Punjabi folk religion
* Hinduism
* Sikhism
* Islam
* Buddhism
* Jainism (see Bhabra for a Punjabi community that follows Jainism)
* West Punjab
* Punjab, Pakistan
* East Punjab
* Punjab, India
* Demographics of Punjab, India
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Singh, Nagendra Kr; Khan, Abdul Mabud (2001). Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities. Global Vision. ISBN 978-81-87746-09-6.
2. ^ a b c "TABLE 9 - POPULATION BY SEX, RELIGION AND RURAL/URBAN" (PDF). Retrieved 13 February 2023.
3. ^ a b c "Population by religion community – 2011". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
4. ^ a b c "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
5. ^ Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-4070-5.
6. ^ Wheeler, James Talboys (1874). The History of India from the Earliest Ages: Hindu Buddhist Brahmanical revival. N. Trübner. p. 330\. "The Punjab, to say the least, was less Brahmanical. It was an ancient centre of the worship of Indra, who was always regarded as an enemy by the Bráhmans; and it was also a stronghold of Buddhism."
7. ^ Hunter, W. W. (2013-11-05). The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products. Routledge. p. 80\. ISBN 978-1-136-38301-4. "In the settlements of the Punjab, Indra thus advanced to the first place among the Vedic divinities."
8. ^ Virdee, Pippa (February 2018). From the Ashes of 1947. Cambridge University Press. p. 24\. ISBN 978-1-108-42811-8. "The Rig Veda and the Upanishads, which belonged to the Vedic religion, were a precursor of Hinduism, both of which were composed in Punjab."
9. ^ Flood, Gavin (13 July 1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
10. ^ a b c d e f g h Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 7–8\. ISBN 978-0-7735-4070-5.
11. ^ "In ancient Punjab, religion was fluid, not watertight, says Romila Thapar". The Indian Express. 2019-05-03. "Thapar said Buddhism was very popular in Punjab during the Mauryan and post-Mauryan period. Bookended between Gandhara in Taxila on the one side where Buddhism was practised on a large scale and Mathura on another side where Buddhism, Jainism and Puranic religions were practised, this religion flourished in the state. But after the Gupta period, Buddhism began to decline."
12. ^ Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (2014-03-06). The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion. Oxford University Press. pp. 489–491\. ISBN 978-0-19-971354-7. "First, Islam was introduced into the southern Punjab in the opening decades of the eighth century. By the sixteenth century, Muslims were the majority in the region and an elaborate network of mosques and mausoleums marked the landscape. Local converts constituted the majority of this Muslim community, and as far for the mechanisms of conversion, the sources of the period emphasize the recitation of the Islamic confession of faith (shahada), the performance of the circumcision (indri vaddani), and the ingestion of cow-meat (bhas khana)."
13. ^ Chhabra, G. S. (1968). Advanced History of the Punjab: Guru and post-Guru period upto Ranjit Singh. New Academic Publishing Company. p. 37.
14. ^ Rambo, Lewis R.; Farhadian, Charles E. (2014-03-06). The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion. Oxford University Press. p. 490\. ISBN 978-0-19-971354-7. "While Punjabi Hindu society was relatively well established, there was also a small but vibrant Jain community in the Punjab. Buddhist communities, however, had largely disappeared by the turn of the tenth century."
15. ^ Nicholls, Ruth J.; Riddell, Peter G. (2020-07-31). Insights into Sufism: Voices from the Heart. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5275-5748-2. "With the Muslim conquest of Punjab there was a flow of Sufis and other preachers who came to spread Islam. Much of the advance of Islam was due to these preachers."
16. ^ Singh, Pritam (2008-02-19). Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-04946-2.
17. ^ a b c d e f g "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 1, Report". Retrieved 21 July 2022.
18. ^ "Punjab 1947: Bloodied and Partitioned by Competing Nationalisms".
19. ^ Punjab, PEPSU, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur and Delhi: Part II-A – General Population, Age and Social Tables. Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. 1955. p. 296. Retrieved 30 April 2025.
20. ^ "Census of Pakistan - Population according to Religion" (PDF). 1951. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-02-19.
21. ^ "A heritage all but erased". The Friday Times. 25 December 2015. Archived from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
22. ^ a b c d e f g "Report on the census, taken on the 1st January 1855, of the population of the Punjab Territories; Papers connected with the administration of Mysore". Census Digital Library. 1855. pp. 9–33. Retrieved 23 June 2024.
23. ^ a b c d e f g "Report on the census, taken on the 1st January 1855, of the population of the Punjab Territories; Papers connected with the administration of Mysore". HathiTrust. 1855. pp. 9–33. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
24. ^ Krishan, Gopal (2004). "Demography of the Punjab (1849–1947)" (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 11 (1): 77–89.
25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". JSTOR saoa.crl.28215541. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
26. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I." 1881\. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057656. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
27. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II". 1881. p. 14\. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057657. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
28. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III". 1881. p. 14\. JSTOR saoa.crl.25057658. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
29. ^ a b c d e "Census of India, 1891 The Punjab and its feudatories, part I--The report on the census". 1891. JSTOR saoa.crl.25318668. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
30. ^ a b c d e "Census of India, 1891 The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory". 1891. p. 14\. JSTOR saoa.crl.25318669. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
31. ^ a b c d e "Census of India, 1891 The Punjab and its feudatories, part III--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the Native States, Together with a Caste Index". 1891. p. 8\. JSTOR saoa.crl.25318670. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. JSTOR saoa.crl.25363739. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. JSTOR saoa.crl.25393788. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
34. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". Retrieved 3 March 2024.
35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. JSTOR saoa.crl.25430165. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. JSTOR saoa.crl.25793242. Retrieved 4 February 2024.
37. ^ a b c d e "Census of Pakistan, 1951 Population According to Religion Table 6". p. 12. Retrieved 30 April 2025.
38. ^ Census of Pakistan, 1951 — Table 6: Population According to Religion. Census of Pakistan, 1951 — Table 6: Population According to Religion (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 February 2024.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
39. ^ a b c d e Punjab, PEPSU, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur and Delhi: Part II-A – General Population, Age and Social Tables. Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs. 1955. p. 296. Retrieved 30 April 2025.
40. ^ a b "Gazetteers Of Gurdaspur District, 1883-84". 1884. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
41. ^ a b "Gazetteer of the Gurdaspur district, 1891-92". 1892. Retrieved 30 November 2024.
42. ^ a b "Punjab District Gazetteers Gurdaspur District Vol.21 Statistical Tables". 1913. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
43. ^ a b Vashishta, India. Superintendent of Census Operations, Punjab., Lakshmi Chandra. Census of India, 1951: Punjab, Pepsu, Himachal Pradesh, Bilaspur & Delhi Part I-A - Report. India, Superintendent of Census Operations, Punjab. pp. X. JSTOR saoa.crl.25797139.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
44. ^ Dyson 2018, pp. 188–189.

1. ^ a b Estimates from combining 2011 Indian census and 2017 Pakistani census with religious data amalgamated from Punjab, India, Punjab, Pakistan, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Islamabad, and Chandigarh.[2][3][4]
2. ^ All districts in table above that ultimately formed part of Punjab Province, east of the Indus River, which excludes Dera Ismail Khan District, Peshawar District, Hazara District, and Kohat District.
3. ^ Dera Ismail Khan District, Peshawar District, Hazara District, and Kohat District only.
4. ^ a b c d e f g h Including Delhi district, which was later made into a separate province in 1912, following the transfer from Calcutta to Delhi as capital of India in 1911.
5. ^ a b Population figure excludes subdivisions that would ultimately form part of North-West Frontier Province following bifurcation of Punjab Province in 1901.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 1931 & 1941 censuses: Including Ad-Dharmis
7. ^ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Montgomery, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), and one princely state (Bahawalpur) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1881 census data here:[26][27][28]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
8. ^ 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Montgomery, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1891 census data here:[29][30][31]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
9. ^ 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur (inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census), Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here:[32]: 34
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
10. ^ 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here:[33]: 27 [34]: 27
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
11. ^ 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here:[35]: 29
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
12. ^ a b c 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here:[36]: 277
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
13. ^ a b c 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here:[25]: 42
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
14. ^ 1947 figures (the year of partition and the accompanying mass population transfer) for West Punjab are estimates based on the annualized growth rates between the 1931 census[36]: 277 [l] and 1941 census[25]: 42 [m] for adherents of Islam (+2.11% p.a.), Hinduism (+1.94% p.a.), Sikhism (+2.63% p.a.), Christianity (+1.99% p.a.), Jainism (+3.24% p.a.), and others (+45.77% p.a.).
15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Including Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated
16. ^ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, Sirsa, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, and Simla Hill) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1881 census data here:[26][27][28]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
17. ^ 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Mandi, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1891 census data here:[29][30][31]
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
18. ^ 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here:[32]: 34
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
19. ^ 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Delhi, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here:[33]: 27 [34]: 27
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
20. ^ 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Nahan, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here:[35]: 29
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
21. ^ a b c 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Sirmoor, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here:[36]: 277
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
22. ^ a b c 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hisar, Rohtak, Gurgaon, Karnal, Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Firozpur, Amritsar, Simla, Kangra, Ambala, Hoshiarpur, and Gurdaspur (minus Shakargarh Tehsil)), and princely states (Loharu, Dujana, Pataudi, Kalsia, Kapurthala, Malerkotla, Faridkot, Patiala, Jind, Nabha, Sirmoor, Simla Hill, Bilaspur, Mandi, Suket, and Chamba) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here:[25]: 42
Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and princely states would ultimately make up the subdivision of East Punjab, which also included Patiala and East Punjab States Union, Chief Commissioner's Province of Himachal Pradesh, and Bilaspur State. The states that make up this region in the contemporary era are Punjab, India, Chandigarh, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.
23. ^ 1947 figures (the year of partition and the accompanying mass population transfer) for East Punjab are estimates based on the annualized growth rates between the 1931 census[36]: 277 [u] and 1941 census[25]: 42 [v] for adherents of Hinduism (+1.21% p.a.), Islam (+1.85% p.a.), Sikhism (+2.18% p.a.), Christianity (+2.16% p.a.), Jainism (-0.07% p.a.), and others (+9.71% p.a.).
24. ^ a b c d See total breakdowns in tables below.

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Michaels (2004, p. 38): "The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated. The influence of the mythology is indeed great, but the religious terminology changed considerably: all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning. The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts (karma), the cyclical destruction of the world, or the idea of salvation during one's lifetime (jivanmukti; moksa; nirvana); the idea of the world as illusion (maya) must have gone against the grain of ancient India, and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda. Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system, the burning of widows, the ban on remarriage, images of gods and temples, Puja worship, Yoga, pilgrimages, vegetarianism, the holiness of cows, the doctrine of stages of life (asrama), or knew them only at their inception. Thus, it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions."
Jamison, Stephanie; Witzel, Michael (1992). "Vedic Hinduism" (PDF). Harvard University. p. 3.: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism."
See also Halbfass 1991, pp. 1–2

## Bibliography

[edit]

* Dyson, Tim (2018), A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8
* Halbfass, Wilhelm (1991), Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Thought, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-0362-9
* Michaels, Alex (2004) [1998], Hinduism: Past and Present, translated by Barbara Harshaw, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691089523

* v
* t
* e

State of Punjab, India

Capital: Chandigarh

Topics|

* Demographics
* Economy
* Education
* History
* King Porus
* People
* Tourism
* Music

Administration|

* Government
* Legislative Assembly
* Chief Ministers
* Governors
* Raj Bhavan
* Police

Culture|

* Cinema
* Cuisine
* Folk dances
* Bhangra
* Giddha
* Aawat pauni
* Tipri dance (Punjab)
* Folklore
* Folk practices
* Sanjhi
* Gogaji
* Chhapar Mela
* Sakhi Sarwar
* Punjabi fasts
* Language
* Gurmukhi
* Music
* Bhangra
* Folk music
* Dress
* Salwar
* Punjabi ghagra suit
* Patiala salwar
* Punjabi Tamba and Kurta
* Phulkari
* Jutti
* Calendars
* Punjabi calendar
* Nanakshahi calendar
* Bikrami calendar
* Fairs and festivals
* Punjabi festivals
* Lohri
* Basant
* Maghi
* Holi
* Teeyan
* Rakhri
* Vaisakhi
* Religious festivals
* Hindu festivals
* Sikh festivals
* Sports
* Kabaddi
* Kabaddi in India
* Qila Raipur Sports Festival
* Punjabi kabaddi
* Punjabi nationalism
* Punjabi Suba movement
* Folk arts and crafts
* Chowk poorana
* Phulkari

Divisions|

* Patiala
* Rupnagar
* Jalandhar
* Faridkot
* Firozpur

Districts|

* SAS Nagar
* Sri Amritsar
* Barnala
* Bathinda
* Faridkot
* Fatehgarh Sahib
* Fazilka
* Firozpur
* Gurdaspur
* Hoshiarpur
* Jalandhar
* Kapurthala
* Ludhiana
* Mansa
* Moga
* Pathankot
* Patiala
* Sri Muktsar Sahib
* Rupnagar
* Sangrur
* Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar
* Tarn Taran Sahib

Major cities|

* Ludhiana
* Amritsar
* Jalandhar
* Patiala
* Bathinda
* Hoshiarpur
* Mohali
* Batala
* Pathankot
* Moga

* v
* t
* e

Province of Punjab, Pakistan topics

History|

* History of Punjab
* Harappa
* History of Lahore

Government|

* Provincial Assembly
* Chief Minister
* Governor

Culture|

* Punjabis
* Punjabi tribes
* Punjabi language
* Saraiki people
* Saraiki language
* Folklore
* Saraiki Ajrak
* Pothwar
* Pothwari dialect
* Cuisine
* Diaspora
* Music
* Dress
* Salwar (Punjabi) Suit
* Archaeological sites and monuments
* Festivals

Geography|

* Cities
* Districts
* Region

Divisions|

* Bahawalpur
* Dera Ghazi Khan
* Faisalabad
* Gujranwala
* Gujrat
* Lahore
* Mianwali
* Multan
* Rawalpindi
* Sahiwal
* Sarghoda

Districts|

* Attock
* Bahawalnagar
* Bahawalpur
* Bhakkar
* Chakwal
* Chiniot
* Dera Ghazi Khan
* Fasialabad
* Gujranwala
* Gujrat
* Hafizabad
* Jampur
* Jhang
* Jhelum
* Khanewal
* Khushab
* Kot Addu
* Lahore
* Layyah
* Lodhran
* Mandi Bahauddin
* Mianwali
* Murree
* Multan
* Muzaffargarh
* Nankana
* Narowal
* Okara
* Pakpattan
* Kasur
* Rahim Yar Khan
* Rajanpur
* Rawalpindi
* Sahiwal
* Sargodha
* Sheikhupura
* Sialkot
* Talagang
* Taunsa
* Toba Tek
* Vehari
* Wazirabad

Education|

* University of the Punjab

Sport|

* Gaddafi Stadium
* Iqbal Stadium
* Faisalabad Hockey Stadium

Major cities|

* Lahore
* Faisalabad
* Rawalpindi
* Gujranwala
* Multan
* Sialkot

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[Pop.]: Population
*[%]: percentage
*[±% p.a.]: Per annum growth rate