Representation of the People Act 1884

United Kingdom law reforming the electoral system

United Kingdom legislation

Representation of
the People Act 1884Act of Parliament

Parliament of the United Kingdom

Long title| An Act to amend the Law relating to the Representation of the People of the United Kingdom.
Citation| 48 & 49 Vict. c. 3
Introduced by| William Gladstone
Territorial extent | United Kingdom
Dates
Royal assent| 6 December 1884
Other legislation
Repealed by| Representation of the People Act 1918
Relates to| Redistribution of Seats Act 1885

Status: Repealed

William Ewart Gladstone in 1884.

In the United Kingdom under the premiership of William Gladstone, the Representation of the People Act 1884 (48 & 49 Vict. c. 3), also known informally as the Third Reform Act,[1] and the Redistribution Act of the following year were laws which further extended the suffrage in the UK after the Derby government's Reform Act 1867.[2] Taken together, these measures extended the same voting qualifications as existed in the towns to the countryside, more than doubling the electorate in the counties, and essentially established the modern one member constituency as the normal pattern for parliamentary representation.[3]

The bill was introduced by Gladstone on 28 February 1884. The Conservative-dominated House of Lords rejected the bill on 17 July but then passed it. It gained royal assent on 6 December of that year.[4]

The Act extended the 1867 concessions from the boroughs to the countryside. All men paying an annual rental of £10 and all those holding land valued at £10 now had the vote.[2] This significantly increased the electorate; in the 1880 general election, before the passing of the Act, 3,040,050 voters were registered, while in the 1885 general election, after the passing of the Act, there were 5,708,030 registered voters.[5] The bill was so objectionable to the House of Lords that Gladstone was forced to separate the legislation into two bills,[2] the second being the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, which redistributed constituencies in order to equalise representation within constituencies across the UK.[6]

The 1884 Reform Act did not establish universal suffrage: although the size of the electorate was increased considerably, all women and 40% of men were still without the vote.[7][8] Male suffrage varied throughout the kingdom, too: in England and Wales, two in three adult males had the vote; in Scotland, three in five did; but in Ireland, the figure was only one in two.[8]

## Key sections of the Act

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Section 2: This extended a uniform household (freeholder and leaseholder) franchise to all parliamentary boroughs and counties in the United Kingdom.

Section 3: Men inhabiting a dwelling-house as an employee, whose employer did not live there, were to be treated for franchise purposes as if they were occupying as tenants.

Section 4: Prohibition of multiplicity of votes. This was not to stop people acquiring multiple votes in different constituencies (plural voting was still permitted), but to restrict sub-division of one property to qualify multiple voters (so-called faggot voters).

Section 5a: A man who was a £10 occupier in a county or borough was to be a voter in that county or borough. This assimilated the previous county occupation franchise and borough occupation franchise into a uniform occupation franchise.

Section 6: Occupation in a borough was not to confer a county franchise.

## Effects

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As many crofters in the Scottish Highlands qualified as £10 occupiers, the Act empowered Scottish Gaels to take action against evictions and rent increases at the end of the Highland Clearances. Their votes led to the formation of the Crofters' Party and Highland Land League,[9] and eventually the passage of the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act 1886, which addressed many of their grievances and put an end to the Highland Clearances.[10]

## See also

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English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Representation of the People Act 1884

* Democracy in Europe
* Reform Acts
* Representation of the People Act
* Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918
* Medical Relief Disqualification Removal Act 1885

## References

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* The Statutes: Second Revised Edition, Vol. XVI 1884–1886, (printed by authority 1900)

1. ^ Hayes, William A. (1982). The Background and Passage of the Third Reform Act. Garland Pub. ISBN 978-0-8240-5156-3.
2. ^ a b c McKechnie, The reform of the House of Lords p.49
3. ^ Blackburn, Robert (February 2011). "Laying the Foundations of the Modern Voting System: The Representation of the People Act 1918: Laying the Foundations of the Modern Voting System". Parliamentary History. 30 (1): 33–52\. doi:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2010.00237.x.
4. ^ Jones, Andrew (2008). The politics of reform 1884. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-08281-5. OCLC 233543817.
5. ^ Craig, Fred W. S. (1989). British electoral facts, 1832–1987 (5th ed.). Aldershot, Hants., England: Parliamentary Research Services, Dartmouth. ISBN 0-900178-30-2. OCLC 20057069.
6. ^ Lowell, A. Lawrence (1912). The Government of England. Vol. 1\. London: Macmillan. p. 199.
7. ^ Pilkington, Colin (1999). The Politics today companion to the British Constitution. Manchester University Press. p. 134\. ISBN 978-0-7190-5303-0.
8. ^ a b Cook, Chris (2005). The Routledge Companion to Britain in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914. Routledge. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-415-35970-2.
9. ^ Crowley, D.W. "The Crofters' Party – 1885 to 1892 The first British independent common people's political party" (PDF). Retrieved 24 April 2017.
10. ^ Thomson, Derick S. (1983). The Companion to Gaelic Scotland. Basil Blackwater Publisher Lim., Àth nan Damh. p. 88\. ISBN 0-631-12502-7.

## External links

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Cunningham Glen, W (1885). The Representation of the People Act, 1884, with introduction notes and index. Shaw & Sons.

* Digital reproduction of the Original Act on the Parliamentary Archives catalogue

* v
* t
* e

Electoral reform in the United Kingdom

Representation of
the People Acts|

| Reform Acts|

* England and Wales, 1832
* Scotland, 1832
* Ireland, 1832
* England and Wales, 1867
* Scotland, 1868
* Ireland, 1868
* 1884

|

* 1918
* 1928
* 1948
* 1949
* 1969
* 1981
* 1983
* 1985
* 1989
* 1990
* 1991
* 1993
* 2000

Municipal Reform|

* Scotland, 1833
* England and Wales, 1835
* Ireland, 1840

Constituency reform|

* Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832
* Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act 1832
* Redistribution of Seats Act 1885
* Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918
* Government of Ireland Act 1920
* House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944
* House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949
* Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986
* Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011
* Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020

Other related Acts|

* Parliamentary Elections Act 1868
* Ballot Act 1872
* Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883
* European Assembly Elections Act 1978 (repealed)
* Registration of Political Parties Act 1998
* European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 (repealed)
* Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
* Electoral Administration Act 2006
* Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (repealed)
* Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013
* Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
* Elections Act 2022

Related topics|

* Chartism
* Unreformed House of Commons
* Rotten and pocket boroughs
* University constituency
* Women's suffrage
* Wales
* Historiography
* 2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum
* Elections in the United Kingdom
* Corrupt practices
* Boundary commissions
* Parliament in the Making
* Parliamentary franchise (1885–1918)

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