Republic of Acre

1899-1903 separatist republic in South America

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese.  (April 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions.

*   * Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
* Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,500 articles in the main category, and specifying`|topic=` will aid in categorization.
* Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
* You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is `Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:República do Acre]]; see its history for attribution.`
* You should also add the template `{{Translated|pt|República do Acre}}` to the talk page.
* For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

|

This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

|

Republic of Acre

Portuguese: República do Acre Spanish: República del Acre

1899 – 1900
1900 – 1900
1903 – 1903

Top: 1899-1900; bottom: 1903
Flag

Coat of Arms (1903)

Motto: "Patria e Liberdade"
Seal:

* * *

Location of Acre in present-day Brazil

Status| Unrecognized state
Capital| Cidade do Acre
Common languages| Portuguese
Other languages| Spanish (for native Peruvians and Bolivians)
Religion

| Roman Catholicism
Government| Presidential republic
President|

• 1899–1900

| Gálvez Rodríguez

• 1903

| Plácido de Castro
History|

• First Republic declared

| 14 July 1899

• Restored to Bolivia

| 15 March 1900

• Second Republic declared

| November 1900

• Second Republic suppressed

| 24 December 1900

• Third Republic declared

| 27 January 1903

• Treaty of Petrópolis

| 11 November 1903
Currency| Réis

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Bolivia

|

| Peru |

|

Brazil |
Today part of| Brazil

The Republic of Acre (Portuguese: República do Acre, Spanish: República del Acre) or the Independent State of Acre (Portuguese: Estado Independente do Acre, Spanish: Estado Independiente del Acre) were the names of a series of separatist governments in then Bolivia's Acre region between 1899 and 1903. The region was eventually annexed by Brazil in 1903 and is now the State of Acre.

## History[edit]

Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias

For forty years, after around 1860, Acre had been overrun by Brazilians, who made up the vast majority of the population.[1] The territory of Acre was assigned to Bolivia in 1867 by the Treaty of Ayacucho with Brazil. The rubber boom of the late 19th century attracted many Brazilian migrants to the region. In 1899–1900, the Spanish journalist and former diplomat Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias led an expedition that sought to seize control of what is now Acre from Bolivia. The expedition was secretly financed by the Amazonas state government and aimed to incorporate Acre into Brazil after its independence from Bolivia. Gálvez declared himself president of the First Republic of Acre on July 14, 1899, and set up his capital at Puerto Alonso, which he renamed Cidade do Acre. That first republic lasted until March 1900, when the Brazilian government sent troops to arrest Gálvez and give Acre back to Bolivia. Gálvez was deported to Spain and the inhabitants of Acre found themselves up against both Bolivia and Brazil.

In November 1900 an attempt was made at creating a Second Acre Republic with Rodrigo de Carvalho as president. Again the movement was suppressed, and Acre remained part of Bolivia until 1903.

José Plácido de Castro

After the failure of the second attempt of Acre to secede from Bolivia, a veteran soldier from Rio Grande do Sul who had fought in the Federalist Revolution of 1893, José Plácido de Castro, was approached by the Acrean Revolution leaders and offered the opportunity to lead the independence movement against the Bolivians. Plácido, who had been working in Acre since 1899 as a chief surveyor of a surveying expedition and was about to go back to Rio de Janeiro, accepted the offer. He imposed strict military discipline and reorganized the revolutionary army, which reached 30,000 men. The Acrean army won battle after battle and on January 27, 1903, José Plácido de Castro declared the Third Republic of Acre. President Rodrigues Alves of Brazil ordered Brazilian troops into Northern Acre in order to replace Plácido as the president of Acre. Through Barão do Rio Branco's most able ministerial diplomacy, the question was settled. After negotiations, a treaty was signed. The Treaty of Petrópolis, which was signed on November 11, 1903, gave Brazil Acre (191.000 km2) in exchange for lands in Mato Grosso, payment of two million pounds sterling and an undertaking to construct the Madeira-Mamoré Railroad that would allow Bolivia access to the outside world. On February 25, 1904, it was officially made a federal territory of Brazil.

* 1899 stamp of the Independent State of Acre

* Map of the Republic of Acre, it is kept in the national archive

## See also[edit]

* Acre (state)

## References[edit]

1. ^ Weinstein, Barbara (1983). The Amazon Rubber Boom, 1850–1920. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 205\. ISBN 0-8047-1168-2.

* Scheina, Robert L. (2003). Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899. Brassey's. pp. 7–9. ISBN 1-57488-452-2.
* "New Republic Founded: The Evolution of a South American No Man's Land," The Philadelphia Inquirer, Nov 12, 1899, p 7
* "Acre Seeks Recognition: New South American Republic Sends a Minister to This Country," The New York Times, Nov 24, 1900, p 1
* "Acre and Its Rubber: Cause of the Establishment of the New Republic," The New York Times, Nov 25, 1900, p 12
* "A Short-Lived Republic: Acre, the Land of Rubber, No Longer a Separate Country," The New York Times, Nov 30, 1900, p 1
* "Acre Belongs to Brazil: A Settlement of the 'Rubber Republic' Dispute," The Kansas City Star, Aug 12, 1903, p 4

## External links[edit]

* Evolution of the Acrean Flag

9°58′S 67°48′W﻿ / ﻿9.967°S 67.800°W﻿ / -9.967; -67.800