Republic of Mountainous Armenia

Unrecognized state in Caucasia (1921)

Republic of Mountainous Armenia

Լեռնահայաստանի Հանրապետութիւն (Armenian)

1921–1921

Flag

Coat of arms

Map from 1921

Status| Unrecognized state
Capital| Goris (de facto)[1]
Common languages| Armenian (de facto)
Demonym(s)| Armenian
Government| Republic
Prime Minister|

• 1921

| Garegin Nzhdeh

• 1921

| Simon Vratsian
History|

• February Uprising

| 18 Feb - 2 Apr 1921

• Declared

| 26 April 1921

• Disestablished

| 13 July 1921
ISO 3166 code| AM

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | First Republic of Armenia

|

| Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic |

|

Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic |
Today part of| Armenia
Azerbaijan

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Prehistory

* Shulaveri–Shomu culture
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Antiquity

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Middle Ages

* Emirate of Armenia
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Early modern age

* Iranian Armenia
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Modern age

* First Republic of Armenia
* Armenian S.S.R.
* Republic of Mountainous Armenia
* Contemporary Armenia
* Republic of Artsakh

Timeline • Origins • Etymology

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The Republic of Mountainous Armenia (Armenian: Լեռնահայաստանի Հանրապետութիւն, romanized: Leṙnahayastani Hanrapetut’yun), also known as simply Mountainous Armenia (Լեռնահայաստան, Leṙnahayastan), was an anti-Bolshevik Armenian state roughly corresponding with the territory that is now the present-day Armenian provinces of Vayots Dzor and Syunik, and some parts of the present-day Republic of Azerbaijan (in particular, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic) in the west.[2] It was established by military commander and Armenian political thinker Garegin Nzhdeh and his allies with the support of local guerrilla forces, following the suppression of the February Uprising in April 1921. It was not recognized by any country but existed until mid-July of the same year.

In 1920–1921, with an Armenian Citizen Army of around 15,000, General Nzhdeh and his highly motivated soldiers inflicted heavy casualties upon the Kemalist Turkish army of over 100,000 coming from the West (Ankara) and the Soviet Red Army with over 150,000 forces coming from the East (Baku).

## Background

[edit]

### Post World War I

[edit]

Following World War I, the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres, and in the ensuing peace negotiations in Paris, the Allies had vowed to punish the Young Turks and reward some, if not all, of the eastern provinces of the empire to the nascent Armenian Republic.[3] However, the Allies were more concerned with concluding the peace treaties with Germany and the other European members of the Central Powers. In matters related to the Near East, the principal western powers, Great Britain, France, Italy and the United States, had conflicting interests over the spheres of influence they were to assume. While there were crippling internal disputes between the Allies, the United States was reluctant to accept a mandate over Armenia. Meanwhile, the recently formed Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and Turkish National Movement had both set their sights on taking over the Caucasus, including Armenia.[4]: 20 The Bolsheviks sympathized with the Turkish Movement due to their mutual opposition to the western powers, or "Western Imperialism", as the Bolsheviks referred to it. The Soviet government allied with the Turkish nationalists and sent them gold and weapons. This proved disastrous for the Armenians, and eventually Western Armenia fell to the invading forces.[5]

### Sovietization of Armenia

[edit]

Main article: Red Army invasion of Armenia

The Soviet 11th Red Army entered Yerevan in 1920, effectively ending Armenian self-rule.

Armenia gave way to communist power in late 1920. The Soviet 11th Red Army's invasion of the First Republic of Armenia started on the 29 November 1920. The actual transfer of power took place on 2 December in Yerevan, when the Armenian leadership approved an ultimatum presented to it by the Soviet plenipotentiary Boris Legran. Armenia agreed to join the Soviet sphere, while Soviet Russia agreed to protect its remaining territory from the advancing Turkish army. The Soviets also pledged to take steps to rebuild the army, to protect the Armenians and not to persecute non-communists, although the final condition of this pledge was reneged when the Dashnaks were forced out of the country. The Soviet Government proposed the annexation of the Nagorno-Karabagh and Syunik regions of Armenia to Soviet Azerbaijan. This step was strongly rejected by Garegin Nzhdeh, who declared Syunik as a self-governing region on 25 December 1920. In January 1921, Drastamat Kanayan sent a telegram to Nzhdeh, suggesting allowing the sovietisation of Syunik, through which they could gain the support of the Bolshevik government in solving the problems of the Armenian lands. Nzhdeh did not depart from Syunik and continued his struggle against the Red Army and Soviet Azerbaijan.[6][unreliable source?]

## Declaration

[edit]

Garegin Nzhdeh was the leader of anti-Bolshevik resistance.

On 18 February 1921, the ARF led an anti-Soviet rebellion in Yerevan and seized power. The ARF controlled Yerevan and the surrounding regions for almost 42 days before being defeated by the numerically superior Red Army troops later in April 1921. The leaders of the rebellion then retreated into the Syunik region.

On 26 April 1921, the 2nd Pan-Zangezurian congress, held in Tatev monastery, announced the independence of the self-governing regions of Daralakyaz (Vayots Dzor), Zangezur, and Mountainous Artsakh, under the name of the Republic of Mountainous Armenia and later on 1 June 1921, it was renamed the Republic of Armenia.[7]

## See also

[edit]

* History of Nagorno-Karabakh
* List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Լեռնահայաստանի 85-ամյակը նշեցին միայն Սյունիքի մարզկերտում". Armtown.com. 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
2. ^ "Republic of Mountainous Armenia (26 April 1921, capital: Goris, including: Syunik, Vayots Dzor and parts of modern-day NKR)". Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
3. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. "The Allies and Armenia, 1915–18." Journal of Contemporary History. Vol. 3, No. 1 (Jan., 1968), pp. 145–168.
4. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. (1982). The Republic of Armenia: From Versailles to London, 1919–1920. Vol. 2\. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520041868.
5. ^ Hovannisian, Richard G. "Armenia and the Caucasus in the Genesis of the Soviet-Turkish Entente." International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 4, No. 2 (April, 1973), pp. 129–147.
6. ^ "Garegin Njdeh biography". Njdeh.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
7. ^ Mountainous Armenia

* Հայոց Գաղափարաբանության Հենասյուները[permanent dead link‍] from noravank.am
* Other Armenian States from freenet.am

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Armenian nationalism

Ideology|

* United Armenia
* Tseghakronism
* Miatsum

Organizations|

Active political parties
Adequate Party
Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar)
Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Dashnak)
Hosank
National Agenda Party
National Revival of Artsakh
Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party
Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hunchak)

Defunct parties
Armenakan Party
National United Party

Defunct militant organizations
Armenian fedayi
Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia
Army of Independence
New Armenian Resistance Group
Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide
Armenian Revolutionary Army

People|

Thinkers
Khachatur Abovian
Mikayel Nalbandian
Raffi
Mkrtich Khrimian
Shahan Natalie
Garegin Nzhdeh
Siamanto
Avetis Aharonian
Hayk Asatryan
Kevork Ajemian
Silva Kaputikyan
Rafayel Ishkhanian
Monte Melkonian

Militants and commanders
Arabo
Aghbiur Serob
Kevork Chavush
Andranik
Aram Manukian
Armen Garo
Garegin Nzhdeh
Hagop Hagopian
Movses Gorgisyan
Monte Melkonian
Vazgen Sargsyan
Jirair Sefilian

History|

* Armenian national awakening
* Armenian national movement
* Occupation of the Ottoman Bank
* Yıldız assassination attempt
* Battle of Sardarabad
* February Uprising
* Karabakh movement
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* Khojaly massacre
* Turkish consulate attack in Paris
* Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack
* 1983 Orly Airport attack

Political entities|

* Provisional Republic of Van
* First Republic of Armenia
* Republic of Mountainous Armenia
* Republic of Armenia
* Republic of Artsakh
* Western Armenia Government in Exile

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