Republic of Serbian Krajina

Proto-state in Croatia (1991–1995)

Republic of Serbian Krajina

Република Српска Крајина
Republika Srpska Krajina

1991–1995

Flag

Coat of arms

Motto: Samo sloga Srbina spasava
Само слога Србина спашава
"Only Unity Saves the Serbs"
Anthem: Bože Pravde
Боже правде
"God of Justice"

Unofficial anthem: Himna Krajini
Химна Крајини
"Anthem to Krajina"

The self-declared Republic of Serbian Krajina in 1991

Status| Unrecognized client state of Yugoslavia/Serbia[1]
Capital| Knin
Largest city| Vukovar
Common languages| Serbian
Religion

| Serbian Orthodox
Government| Semi-presidential republic
President|

• 1991–1992

| Milan Babić

• 1992–1993

| Goran Hadžić

• 1993–1994

| Milan Babić

• 1994–1995

| Milan Martić
Prime Minister|

• 1991–1992 (first)

| Dušan Vještica

• 1995 (last)

| Milan Babić
Legislature| National Assembly
Historical era| Yugoslav Wars

• Log Revolution

| 17 August 1990

• Constitution adopted

| 19 December 1991

• Operation Flash

| 3 May 1995

• Operation Storm

| 8 August 1995

• Erdut Agreement

| 12 November 1995
Area
1991[2]| 17,028 km2 (6,575 sq mi)
Population

• 1991[2]

| 286,716

• 1993[2]

| 435,595

• 1994

| 430,000
Currency| Krajina dinar (1992–1994)
Yugoslav dinar (1994–1995)

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Socialist Republic of Croatia

|

| SAO Krajina
| SAO Western Slavonia
| SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
| Croatia |

|

Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–1998) |
Today part of| Croatia

Area source: [3]
Population source: [3][4]

The Republic of Serbian Krajina or Serb Republic of Krajina (Serbo-Croatian: Република Српска Крајина / Republika Srpska Krajina or РСК / RSK, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sr̩̂pskaː krâjina]), known as the Serbian Krajina[a] (Српска Крајина / Srpska Krajina) or simply Krajina, was a self-proclaimed Serb proto-state,[5][6] a territory within the newly independent Republic of Croatia (formerly part of Socialist Yugoslavia), which it defied, and which was active during the Croatian War of Independence (1991–95). It was not recognized internationally. The name Krajina ("Frontier") was adopted from the historical Military Frontier of the Habsburg monarchy (Austria-Hungary), which had a substantial Serb population and existed up to the late 19th century. The RSK government waged a war for ethnic Serb independence from Croatia and unification with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Republika Srpska (in Bosnia and Herzegovina).[7]

The government of Krajina had de facto control over central parts of the territory while control of the outskirts changed with the successes and failures of its military activities. The territory was legally protected by the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR).

Its main portion was overrun by Croatian forces in 1995 and the Republic of Serbian Krajina was ultimately disbanded as a result; a rump remained in eastern Slavonia under UNTAES administration until its peaceful reintegration into Croatia in 1998 under the Erdut Agreement.

## Background

[edit]

The name Krajina (meaning "frontier") stemmed from the Military Frontier which the Habsburg monarchy carved out of parts of the crown lands of Croatia and Slavonia between 1553 and 1578 with a view to defending itself against the expansion of the Ottoman Empire.[8] The population was mainly Croats, Serbs and Vlachs[9][10][11] who immigrated from nearby parts of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Bosnia and Serbia) into the region and helped bolster and replenish the population as well as the garrisoned troops in the fight against the Ottomans. The Austrians controlled the Frontier from military headquarters in Vienna and did not make it a crown land, though it had some special rights in order to encourage settlement in an otherwise deserted, war-ravaged territory. The abolition of the military rule took place between 1869 and 1871. In order to attract Serbs to become part of Croatia, on 11 May 1867, the Sabor solemnly declared that "the Triune Kingdom recognizes the Serbs living in it as a nation identical and equal with the Croatian nation". Subsequently, the Military Frontier was incorporated into Habsburg Croatia on 1 August 1881[8] when the Ban of Croatia Ladislav Pejačević took over from the Zagreb General Command.[12]

Map of original Krajina, the Military Frontier

Following the end of World War I in 1918, the regions formerly forming part of the Military Frontier came under the control of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where they formed part of the Sava Banovina, along with most of the old Croatia-Slavonia. Between the two World Wars, the Serbs of the Croatian and Slavonian Krajina, as well as those of the Bosnian Krajina and of other regions west of Serbia, organized a notable political party, the Independent Democratic Party under Svetozar Pribićević. In the new state there existed much tension between the Croats and Serbs over differing political visions, with the campaign for Croatian autonomy culminating in the assassination of a Croatian leader, Stjepan Radić, in the parliament, and repression by the Serb-dominated security structures.

Between 1939 and 1941, in an attempt to resolve the Croat-Serb political and social antagonism in first Yugoslavia, the Kingdom established an autonomous Banovina of Croatia incorporating (amongst other territories) much of the former Military Frontier as well as parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1941, the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia and in the aftermath the Independent State of Croatia (which included the whole of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Serbia (Eastern Syrmia) as well) was declared. The Germans installed the Ustaše (who had allegedly plotted the assassination of the Serbian King Alexander I of Yugoslavia in 1934) as rulers of the new country; the Ustaše authorities promptly pursued a genocidal policy of persecution of Serbs, Jews and Croats (from opposition groups), leading to the deaths of over 300,000.[13][14] During this period, individual Croats coalesced around the ruling authorities or around the communist anti-fascist Partisans. Serbs from around the Knin area tended to join the Chetniks, whilst Serbs from the Banovina and Slavonia regions tended to join the Partisans. Various Chetnik groups also committed atrocities against Croats across many areas of Lika and parts of northern Dalmatia.[15]

At the end of World War II in 1945, the communist-dominated Partisans prevailed and the Krajina region became part of the People's Republic of Croatia until 7 April 1963, when the federal republic changed its name to the Socialist Republic of Croatia. Josip Broz Tito suppressed the autonomous political organizations of the region (along with other movements such as the Croatian Spring); however, the Yugoslav constitutions of 1965 and 1974 did give substantial rights to national minorities - including to the Serbs in SR Croatia.

The Serbian "Krajina" entity to emerge upon Croatia's declaration of independence in 1991 would include three kinds of territories:

* a large section of the historical Military Frontier, in areas with a majority Serbian population;
* areas such as parts of northern Dalmatia, that never formed part of the Frontier but had a majority or a plurality of Serbian population, including the self-proclaimed entity's capital, Knin;
* areas that bordered with Serbia and where Serbs formed a significant minority (Baranya, Vukovar).

Large sections of the historical Military Frontier lay outside of the Republic of Serbian Krajina and contained a largely Croat population - these including much of Lika, the area centered around the city of Bjelovar, central and south-eastern Slavonia.

## Creation

[edit]

See also: Croatian War of Independence

Serb-populated areas in Croatia (according to the 1981 census) Map of Serbian Krajina. Geographical regions, including main cities and towns, of Serbian Krajina.

The Serb-populated regions in Croatia were of central concern to the Serbian nationalist movement of the late 1980s, led by Slobodan Milošević. In September 1986 the Serbian Academy's memorandum on the status of Serbia and Serbs was partially leaked by a Serbian newspaper. It listed a series of grievances against the Yugoslav federation, claiming that the situation in Kosovo was genocide, and complained about alleged discrimination of Serbs at the hands of the Croatian authorities. Among the claims that it makes is that 'except for the time under the Independent State of Croatia, the Serbs in Croatia have never been as jeopardized as they are today'.[16] Tension was further fueled by the overthrow of Vojvodina and Montenegro's government by Milošević's loyalists, and the abrogation of Kosovo's and Vojvodina's autonomy in 1989, which gave Milošević 4 out of 8 votes on the Yugoslav Federal Presidency, thus gaining the power to block every decision made by the Presidency. Furthermore, a series of Serb nationalist rallies were held in Croatia during 1989, under pressure from Serbia. On 8 July 1989, a large nationalist rally was held in Knin, during which banners threatening JNA intervention in Croatia, as well as Chetnik iconography was displayed.[17] The Croatian pro-independence party victory in 1990 made matters more tense, especially since the country's Serb minority was supported by Milošević. At the time, Serbs comprised about 12.2% (581,663 people) of Croatia's population (1991 census).[18]

Serbs became increasingly opposed to the policies of Franjo Tuđman, elected president of Croatia in April 1990, due to his overt desire for the creation of an independent Croatia. On 30 May 1990, the Serb Democratic Party (SDS) of Jovan Rašković broke all ties to the Croatian parliament. The following June in Knin, the SDS-led Serbs proclaimed the creation of the Association of Municipalities of Northern Dalmatia and Lika. In August 1990, the Serbs began what became known as the Log Revolution, where barricades of logs were placed across roads throughout the South as an expression of their secession from Croatia. This effectively cut Croatia in two, separating the coastal region of Dalmatia from the rest of the country. The Constitution of Croatia was passed in December 1990, which reduced the status of Serbs from "constituent" to a "national minority" in the same category as other groups such as Italians and Hungarians. Some would later justify their claim to an independent Serb state by arguing that the new constitution contradicted the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution, because, in their view, Croatia was still legally governed by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, although this ignores the fact that Serbia's constitution, promulgated three months before Croatia's, also contained several provisions violating the 1974 Federal Constitution.[19]

Serbs in Croatia had established a Serbian National Council in July 1990 to coordinate opposition to Croatian independence. Their position was that if Croatia could secede from Yugoslavia, then the Serbs could secede from Croatia. Milan Babić, a dentist by profession from the southern town of Knin, was elected president. At his ICTY trial in 2004, he claimed that "during the events [of 1990–1992], and in particular at the beginning of his political career, he was strongly influenced and misled by Serbian propaganda, which repeatedly referred to the imminent threat of a Croatian genocide perpetrated on the Serbs in Croatia, thus creating an atmosphere of hatred and fear of Croats."[20] The rebel Croatian Serbs established a number of paramilitary militia units under the leadership of Milan Martić, the police chief in Knin.

In August 1990, a referendum was held in Krajina on the question of Serb "sovereignty and autonomy" in Croatia. The resolution was confined exclusively to Serbs so it passed by an improbable majority of 99.7%. As expected, it was declared illegal and invalid by the Croatian government, who stated that Serbs had no constitutional right to break away from Croatian legal territory - as well as no right to limit the franchise to one ethnic group.

Babić's administration announced the creation of a Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina (or SAO Krajina) on 21 December 1990. On 16 March 1991, another referendum was held which asked: "Are you in favor of the SAO Krajina joining the Republic of Serbia and staying in Yugoslavia with Serbia, Montenegro and others who wish to preserve Yugoslavia?". With 99.8% voting in favor, the referendum was approved and the Krajina assembly declared that "the territory of the SAO Krajina is a constitutive part of the unified state territory of the Republic of Serbia".[21][22][23] On 1 April 1991, it declared that it would secede from Croatia.[24] Other Serb-dominated communities in eastern Croatia announced that they would also join SAO Krajina and ceased paying taxes to the Zagreb government, and began implementing its own currency system, army regiments, and postal service.

Croatia held a referendum on independence on 19 May 1991, in which the electorate—minus many Serbs, who chose to boycott it—voted overwhelmingly for independence with the option of confederate union with other Yugoslav states - with 83 percent turnout, voters approved the referendum by 93 percent. On 25 June 1991, Croatia and Slovenia both declared their independence from Yugoslavia. As the JNA attempted unsuccessfully to suppress Slovenia's independence in the short Slovenian War, clashes between revolting Croatian Serbs and Croatian security forces broke out almost immediately, leaving dozens dead on both sides. Serbs were supported by remnants of the JNA (whose members were now only from Serbia and Montenegro), which provided them weapons. Many Croatians fled their homes in fear or were forced out by the rebel Serbs. The European Union and United Nations unsuccessfully attempted to broker ceasefires and peace settlements.

Change in the ethnic composition of Krajina from April 1991 to July 1992. Serbs increased from 52.3% to 88% of the total population

Around August 1991, the leaders of Serbian Krajina and Serbia allegedly agreed to embark on a campaign which the ICTY prosecutors described as a "joint criminal enterprise" whose purpose "was the forcible removal of the majority of the Croat and other non-Serb population from approximately one-third of the territory of the Republic of Croatia, an area he planned to become part of a new Serb-dominated state."[25] According to testimony given by Milan Babić in his subsequent war crimes trial, during the summer of 1991, the Serbian secret police (under Milošević's command) set up "a parallel structure of state security and the police of Krajina and units commanded by the state security of Serbia".[26] Paramilitary groups such as the Wolves of Vučjak and White Eagles, funded by the Serbian secret police, were also a key component of this structure.[27]

A wider-scale war was launched in August 1991. Over the following months, a large area of territory, amounting to a third of Croatia, was controlled by the rebel Serbs. The Croatian population suffered heavily, fleeing or evicted with numerous killings, leading to ethnic cleansing.[28] The bulk of the fighting occurred between August and December 1991 when approximately 80,000 Croats were expelled (and some were killed).[29] Many more died and or were displaced in fighting in eastern Slavonia (this territory along the Croatian/Serbian border was not part of the Krajina, and it was the JNA that was the principal actor in that part of the conflict). The total number of exiled Croats and other non-Serbs range from 170,000 (ICTY)[30] up to a quarter of a million people (Human Rights Watch).[31]

In the latter half of 1991, Croatia was beginning to form an army and their main defenders, the local police, were overpowered by the JNA military who supported rebelled Croatian Serbs. The RSK was located entirely inland, but they soon started advancing deeper into Croatian territory.[28] Among other places, they shelled the Croatian coastal town of Zadar killing over 80 people in nearby areas and damaging the Maslenica Bridge that connected northern and southern Croatia, in the Operation Coast-91. They also tried to overtake Šibenik, but the defenders successfully repelled the attack by JNA, in the Battle of Šibenik. The main city theatre was also bombed by JNA forces.[32] The city of Vukovar, however, was completely devastated by JNA attacks.[33] The city of Vukovar that warded off JNA attacks for months eventually fell, ending the Battle of Vukovar. 2,000 defenders of Vukovar and civilians were killed, 800 went missing and 22,000 were forced into exile.[34][35] The wounded were taken from Vukovar Hospital to Ovčara near Vukovar where they were executed.[36]

## Formal proclamations

[edit]

On 19 December 1991, the SAO Krajina proclaimed itself the Republic of Serbian Krajina. The Constitution of Serbian Krajina came into effect the same day.[37] On 26 February 1992, the SAO Western Slavonia and SAO Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia were added to the RSK, which initially had only encompassed the territories within the SAO Krajina. The Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (Srpska Vojska Krajine, SVK) was officially formed on 19 March 1992. The RSK occupied an area of some 17,028 km2 at its greatest extent.

## 1992 ceasefire

[edit]

War in former Yugoslavia, 1993

Under the Vance plan, signed in November 1991, Presidents Tuđman and Milošević agreed to a United Nations peace plan put forward by Cyrus Vance. A final ceasefire agreement, the Sarajevo Agreement, was signed by representatives of the two sides in January 1992, paving the way for the implementation of the Vance plan. Four United Nations Protected Areas (UNPAs) were established in Croatian territory which was claimed by RSK, and the plan called for the withdrawal of the JNA from Croatia and for the return of refugees to their homes in the UNPAs.

The JNA officially withdrew from Croatia in May 1992 but much of its weaponry and many of its personnel remained in the Serb-held areas and were turned over to the RSK's security forces. Refugees were not allowed to return to their homes and many of the remaining Croats and other nationalities left in the RSK were expelled or killed in the following months.[33][38] On 21 February 1992, the creation of the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was authorised by the UN Security Council for an initial period of a year, to provide security to the UNPAs.

The agreement effectively froze the front lines for the next three years. Croatia and the RSK had effectively fought each other to a standstill. The Republic of Serbian Krajina was not recognized de jure by any other country or international organization. Nevertheless, it gained support from Serbia's allies, like Russia.

## After the ceasefire

[edit]

UNPROFOR was deployed throughout the region to maintain the ceasefire, although in practice its light armament and restricted rules of engagement meant that it was little more than an observer force. It proved wholly unable to ensure that refugees returned to the RSK. Indeed, the rebel Croatian Serb authorities continued to make efforts to ensure that they could never return, destroying villages and cultural and religious monuments to erase the previous existence of the Croatian inhabitants of the Krajina.[33] Milan Babić later testified that this policy was driven from Belgrade through the Serbian secret police—and ultimately Milošević—who he claimed was in control of all the administrative institutions and armed forces in the Krajina.[39] This would certainly explain why the Yugoslav National Army took the side of the rebelled Croatian Serbs in spite of its claims to be acting as a "peacekeeping" force. Milošević denied this, claiming that Babić had made it up "out of fear".

The Army of Serbian Krajina frequently attacked neighboring Bihać enclave (then in the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina) with heavy artillery.[40]

Two proposed autonomous districts of Croatia are shown in dark green.

With the creation of new Croatian counties on 30 December 1992, the Croatian government also set aside two autonomous regions (kotar) for ethnic Serbs in the areas of Krajina:

* Autonomous District of Glina (Croatian: Autonomni kotar Glina, Serbian Cyrillic: Аутономни котар Глина)
* Municipalities de jure within the Autonomous District of Glina were Glina, Vrginmost, Hrvatska Kostajnica, Dvor and Vojnić.[41]
* Autonomous District of Knin (Croatian: Autonomni kotar Knin, Serbian Cyrillic: Аутономни котар Книн)

However, Serbs considered this too late, as it was not the amount of autonomy they wanted, and by now they had declared de facto independence.

The districts never actually functioned since they were located within the self-proclaimed Republic of Serbian Krajina. The existence of the Autonomous District of Glina was also provided in the draft of the Z-4 plan, that was rejected. After Operation Storm, the application of the law which allowed autonomy would be temporarily suspended.[42] In 2000 this part of the law was formally repealed.[43]

## Decline

[edit]

1992: RSK president Goran Hadžić.

The partial implementation of the Vance Plan drove a wedge between the governments of the RSK and Serbia, the RSK's principal backer and supplier of fuel, arms, and money. Milan Babić strongly opposed the Vance Plan but was overruled by the RSK's assembly.[33]

On 26 February 1992, Babić was deposed and replaced as President of the RSK by Goran Hadžić, a Milošević loyalist. Babić remained involved in RSK politics but as a considerably weaker figure.

The position of the RSK eroded steadily over the following three years. On the surface, the RSK had all the trappings of a state: army, parliament, president, government and ministries, currency and stamps. However, its economy was wholly dependent on support from the rump Yugoslavia, which had the effect of importing that country's hyperinflation.

The economic situation soon became disastrous. By 1994, only 36,000 of the RSK's 430,000 citizens were employed. The war had severed the RSK's trade links with the rest of Croatia, leaving its few industries idle. With few natural resources of its own, it had to import most of the goods and fuel it required. Agriculture was devastated, and operated at little more than a subsistence level.[4] Professionals went to Serbia or elsewhere to escape the republic's economic hardships. To make matters worse, the RSK's government was grossly corrupt and the region became a haven for black marketeering and other criminal activity. It was clear by the mid-1990s that without a peace deal or support from Yugoslavia the RSK was not economically viable.[44] This was especially evident in Belgrade, where the RSK had become an unwanted economic and political burden for Milošević. Much to his frustration, the rebel Croatian Serbs rebuffed his government's demands to settle the conflict.[33] In July 1992 the RSK issued its own currency, the Krajina dinar (HRKR), in parallel with the Yugoslav dinar. This was followed by the "October dinar" (HRKO), first issued on 1 October 1993 and equal to 1,000,000 Reformed Dinar, and the "1994 dinar", first issued on 1 January 1994, and equal to 1,000,000,000 October dinar. The RSK's weakness also adversely affected its armed forces, the Vojska Srpske Krajine (VSK). Since the 1992 ceasefire agreement, Croatia had spent heavily on importing weapons and training its armed forces with assistance from American contractors. In contrast, the VSK had grown steadily weaker, with its soldiers poorly motivated, trained and equipped.[33][45] There were only about 55,000 of them to cover a front of some 600 km in Croatia plus 100 km along the border with the Bihać pocket in Bosnia. With 16,000 stationed in eastern Slavonia, only about 39,000 were left to defend the main part of the RSK. Overall, only 30,000 were capable of full mobilization, yet they faced a far stronger Croatian army. Also, political divisions between Hadžić and Babić occasionally led to physical and sometimes even armed confrontations between their supporters; Babić himself was assaulted and beaten in an incident in Benkovac.[46][47]

In January 1993 the revitalized Croatian army attacked the Serbian positions around Maslenica in southern Croatia which curtailed their access to the sea via Novigrad.

In mid-1993, the RSK authorities started a campaign to formally create a United Serbian Republic.

In a second offensive in mid-September 1993, the Croatian army overran the Medak pocket in southern Krajina in a push to regain Serb-held Croatian territory. The rebel Croatian Serbs brought reinforcements forward fairly quickly, but the strength of the Croatian forces proved superior. The Croatian offensive was halted by a combination of a battalion of Canadian peacekeepers from the second battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) reinforced by a Company of French peacekeepers, combined with international diplomacy. Hadžić sent an urgent request to Belgrade for reinforcements, arms, and equipment. In response, around 4,000 paramilitaries under the command of Vojislav Šešelj (the White Eagles) and "Arkan" (the Serb Volunteer Guard) arrived to bolster the VSK.

General elections were held in the RSK on 12 December 1993, with a second round of the presidential election on 23 January 1994. Martić received 54,000 fewer votes than Babić in the first round, but went on to win the second round with 104,234 votes.[48][49][50][51][52]

## Operation Flash and Storm

[edit]

Main articles: Operation Flash and Operation Storm

The order to evacuate ethnic Serbs from RSK territory, issued by the Krajina Defence Council and signed by Milan Martić; 4 August 1995

Following the rejection by both sides of the Z-4 plan for reintegration, the RSK's end came in 1995, when Croatian forces gained control of SAO Western Slavonia in Operation Flash (May) followed by the biggest part of occupied Croatia in Operation Storm (August). The Krajina Serb Supreme Defence Council met under president Milan Martić to discuss the situation. A decision was reached at 16:45 to "start evacuating the population unfit for military service from the municipalities of Knin, Benkovac, Obrovac, Drniš and Gračac." The RSK was disbanded and most of its Serb population (from 150,000 to 200,000 people) fled.[33][53] Only 5,000 to 6,000 people remained, mostly the elderly.[54] Croatian historian Ivo Goldstein wrote, "The reasons for the Serb exodus are complex. Some had to leave because the Serb army had forced them to, while others feared the revenge of the Croatian army or of their former Croat neighbors, whom they had driven away and whose homes they had mostly looted (and it was later shown that this fear was far from groundless)".[54] Most of the refugees fled to today's Serbia, Bosnia, and eastern Slavonia. Some of those who refused to leave were murdered, tortured and forcibly expelled by the Croatian Army and police.[53]

## Later events

[edit]

Map of the remaining Krajina territory in eastern Croatia

The parts of the former RSK in eastern Croatia (along with the Danube) remained in place, in what was previously the SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia.

In 1995, Milan Milanović, formerly a Republic of Serbian Krajina official, signed the Erdut Agreement as a representative of the Serbian side. This agreement, co-signed by the representative of the Croatian Government, was sponsored by the United Nations, and it set up a transitional period during which the United Nations Transitional Authority for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (UNTAES) peacekeeping mission would oversee a peaceful reintegration of this territory into Croatia, starting on 15 January 1996. In 1998, the UNTAES mission was complete and the territory was formally returned to Croatia. Based on the Erdut Agreement, the Joint Council of Municipalities was established in the region in 1997.

After the peaceful reintegration, two Croatian islands on the Danube, the Island of Šarengrad and the Island of Vukovar, remained under Serbian military control. In 2004, the Serbian military was withdrawn from the islands and replaced with Serbian police. The islands remain an open question as the Croatian side insists on applying Badinter Arbitration Committee decisions.[55]

In 1995 a Croatian court sentenced former RSK president Goran Hadžić in absentia to 20 years in prison for rocket attacks on Šibenik and Vodice. In 1999 he was sentenced to an additional 20 years for war crimes in Tenja, near Osijek,[56] and in 2002 Croatia's state attorney brought another indictment against him for the murder of almost 1,300 Croats in Vukovar, Osijek, Vinkovci, Županja and elsewhere.[56] On 4 June 2004, the ICTY indicted him on 14 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity.[57] In 2011 he was arrested and extradited to the Hague, where his initial trial hearing was held on 25 July the same year.[58] In 2014 he was diagnosed with terminal brain cancer; he died two years later at the age of 57.[59] The ICTY trial was terminated upon his death.[60]

Former RSK president Milan Babić was indicted for war crimes by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) in 2004 and was the first ever indictee to plead guilty and enter a plea bargain with the prosecution, after which he was sentenced to 13 years in prison. He was charged with five counts of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws and customs of war. After he was sentenced in 2004, Babić was found dead in his prison cell in The Hague in March 2006, in an apparent suicide.[61]

Former RSK president Milan Martić was indicted for war crimes by the ICTY in 2005 was convicted of war crimes on 12 June 2007 and sentenced to 35 years in prison[62] where he was transferred to in 2009. He is serving his sentence in Estonia.[63] According to the ICTY, in the amended indictment, he "helped organize an ethnic cleansing campaign of Croats and other non-Serbs from Krajina and virtually the entire non-Serb population was forcibly removed, deported or killed".[64]

Between 2001 and 2012, the ICTY had prosecuted Croatian generals Ante Gotovina, Mladen Markač and Ivan Čermak in the Trial of Gotovina et al for their involvement in crimes committed during and in the aftermath of Operation Storm. The indictment and the subsequent trial on charges of crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war described several killings, widespread arson and looting committed by Croatian soldiers.[65] In April 2011, Gotovina and Markač were convicted and given prison sentences, while Čermak was acquitted.[65] Gotovina and Markač appealed the verdict and in November 2012 the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY overturned their convictions, acquitting them.[66][67] Both of them were accused of being part of the "criminal enterprise" but the Court concluded there was no such conspiracy.[68]

After the war, a number of towns and municipalities that had comprised the RSK were designated Areas of Special State Concern.

## Demographics

[edit]

According to the indictment of prosecutor Carla Del Ponte against Slobodan Milošević at the ICTY, the Croat and non-Serb population from the 1991 census was approximately as follows:[69]

Census (1991)  | Serbs | Croats | Others  | Total

|
|
|
|

Later RSK total | 245,800 (52.3%)  | 168,000 (35.8%)  | 55,900 (11.9%)  | 469,700
UNPA Sector North and South  | 170,100 (67%)  | 70,700 (28%)  | 13,100 (5%)  | 253,900
SAO Western Slavonia | 14,200 (60%)  | 6,900 (29%)  | 2,600 (11%)  | 23,700
SAO SBWS | 61,500 (32%)  | 90,500 (47%)  | 40,200 (21%)  | 192,200

Thus Serbs comprised 52.3% and Croats 35.8% of the population of SAO Krajina respectively in 1991.

According to data set forth at the meeting of the Government of the RSK in July 1992, its ethnic composition was 88% Serbs, 7% Croats, 5% others.[46] As of November 1993, less than 400 ethnic Croats still resided in UNPA Sector South,[70] and between 1,500 and 2,000 remained in UNPA Sector North.[71]

### Towns

[edit]

Towns which were at one point part of RSK or occupied by the RSK's army:[citation needed]

* Beli Manastir
* Benkovac
* Biskupija
* Boričevac
* Borovo
* Cetingrad
* Donji Lapac
* Drniš
* Dubica
* Dvor
* Erdut
* Ervenik
* Glina
* Gračac
* Gvozd
* Jagodnjak
* Jasenovac
* Kistanje
* Knin
* Korenica
* Kostajnica
* Krnjak
* Lovinac
* Majur
* Markušica
* Maslenica
* Negoslavci
* Nunić
* Obrovac
* Okučani
* Petrinja
* Plitvička Jezera
* Plaski
* Rakovica
* Saborsko
* Slunj
* Sveti Rok
* Šodolovci
* Strmica
* Sunja
* Topusko
* Trpinja
* Udbina
* Vojnić
* Vrhovine
* Vrlika
* Vukovar

## Status

[edit]

Serbian Krajina has been described as a "proto-state"[72][73] and "parastate".[74]

### Legal status

[edit]

Republic of Serbian Krajina documents

During its existence, this entity did not achieve international recognition. On 29 November 1991, the Badinter commission concluded that Yugoslavia was "in dissolution" and that the republics – including Croatia – should be recognized as independent states when they asked so.[75][76] They also assigned these republics territorial integrity. For most of the world, this was a reason to recognize Croatia. However, Serbia did not accept the conclusions of the commission in that period and recognized Croatia only after Croatian military actions (Oluja and Bljesak) and the Dayton agreement.

On 20 November 1991 Lord Carrington asked Badinter commission: "Does the Serbian population in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as one of the constituent peoples of Yugoslavia, have the right to self-determination?" The commission concluded on 11 January 1992 "that the Serbian population in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia is entitled to all the rights concerned to minorities and ethnic groups[...]" and "that the Republics must afford the members of those minorities and ethnic groups all the human rights and fundamental freedoms recognized in international law, including, where appropriate, the right to choose their nationality".[77]

Krajina dinar

### Support and funding

[edit]

Milan Babić, former President of Serbian Krajina, testified to the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) that Krajina was provided with weapons by Slobodan Milošević's government in Serbia, and that Krajina was economically and financially dependent upon Serbia.[78] Babić testified that Milošević held de facto control over both the Army of Serbian Krajina and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) during its actions in Krajina via an alternate chain of command through the Serbian police.

## Government

[edit]

### Presidents

[edit]

* Milan Babić (19 December 1991 – 16 February 1992)
* Mile Paspalj (16 February 1992 – 26 February 1992) (acting)
* Goran Hadžić (26 February 1992 – 12 December 1993)
* Milan Babić (12 December 1993 – 23 January 1994)
* Milan Martić (23 January 1994 – 7 August 1995)

### Prime Ministers

[edit]

* Dušan Vještica (19 December 1991 – 16 February 1992)
* Risto Matković [sr] (16 February 1992 – 26 February 1992) (acting)
* Zdravko Zečević (26 February 1992 – 21 April 1993)
* Đorđe Bjegović (21 April 1993 – 27 March 1994)
* Borislav Mikelić (27 March 1994 – 27 July 1995)
* Milan Babić (27 July 1995 – 7 August 1995)

### Speaker of the National Assembly

[edit]

* Mile Paspalj

## See also

[edit]

* Military of Serbian Krajina
* Republika Srpska
* Serbs of Croatia

## Annotations

[edit]

1. ^

The proper translation from Serbian Srpska Krajina is "Serb Krajina".[79]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Prosecutor v. Milan Martić Judgement Archived 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. p. 46. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 13 September 2009. (On 16 March 1991 another referendum was held which asked "Are you in favour of the SAO Krajina joining the Republic of Serbia and staying in Yugoslavia with Serbia, Montenegro and others who wish to preserve Yugoslavia?". With 99.8% voting in favour, the referendum was approved and the Krajina assembly declared that "the territory of the SAO Krajina is a constitutive part of the unified state territory of the Republic of Serbia".)
2. ^ a b "Croatia". Archived from the original on 15 September 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
3. ^ a b Klajn, Lajčo (2007). The Past in Present Times: The Yugoslav Saga. p. 199. University Press of America. ISBN 0-7618-3647-0.
4. ^ a b Svarm, Filip (15 August 1994). The Krajina Economy Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Vreme News Digest Agency. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
5. ^ "HIC: VJESNIK, Podlistak, 16 i 17. travnja 2005., VELIKOSRPSKA TVOREVINA NA HRVATSKOM TLU: IZVORNI DOKUMENTI O DJELOVANJU 'REPUBLIKE SRPSKE KRAJINE' (XXIX.)". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
6. ^ "Godišnjica Oluje: Hrvatska slavi, Srbija žali". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
7. ^ "DOKUMENTI INSTITUCIJA POBUNJENIH SRBA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ (siječanj – lipanj 1993.)", edicija "REPUBLIKA HRVATSKA I DOMOVINSKI RAT 1990.-1995. DOKUMENTI", Knjiga 7., str. 14-16, 21, 24, 35, 42, 52, 59, 103, 130, 155, 161, 180-182, 197, 351, 378, 414, 524, 605, 614, 632, 637
8. ^ a b Kolar-Dimitrijević, Mira (2018). "The history of Money in Croatia (1527-1941)". Croatian National Bank. p. 38.
9. ^ Frucht, Richard (2004). Eastern Europe, An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 422\. ISBN 1576078000.
10. ^ Stoianovich, Traian (1992). Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. Routledge. p. 152\. ISBN 1563240335.
11. ^ Hálfdanarson, Guðmundur (2003). Racial Discrimination and Ethnicity in European History. PLUS, Università di Pisa. ISBN 9788884922809.
12. ^ Horvat 1906, pp. 289–290.
13. ^ Ramet 2006, p. 114.
14. ^ Baker 2015, p. 18.
15. ^ Cooke, Philip; Shepherd, Ben H. (2013). European Resistance in the Second World War. Pen and Sword. p. 222\. ISBN 9781473833043.
16. ^ Glaurdic, Josip (2011). The Hour of Europe: Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia. London: Yale University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0300166293.
17. ^ Glaurdic, Josip (2011). The Hour of Europe: Western Powers and the Breakup of Yugoslavia. London: Yale University Press. p. 51\. ISBN 978-0300166293.
18. ^ Kovjanić, Aleksandar (2023). "Impact of the War in Croatia (1991-1995) on the Differentiation of Age Structure between Serbs and Croats: A Case Study of the Banija Region". Nationalities Papers. 51 (2). Cambridge University Press: AleksandarKovjanić: 370–386. doi:10.1017/nps.2021.72. S2CID 245363869.
19. ^ Ramet, Sabrina (2006). The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building And Legitimation, 1918-2005. Indiana University Press. pp. 383–384. ISBN 0253346568.
20. ^ Milan Babic – Sentencing Judgement Archived 12 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 8 July 2009.
21. ^ Prosecutor v. Milan Martić Judgement Archived 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. p. 46. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
22. ^ Prosecutor v. Milan Martić Judgement. p. 46. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Accessed 13 September 2009. (On 16 March 1991 another referendum was held which asked "Are you in favour of the SAO Krajina joining the Republic of Serbia and staying in Yugoslavia with Serbia, Montenegro and others who wish to preserve Yugoslavia?". With 99.8% voting in favour, the referendum was approved and the Krajina assembly declared that "the territory of the SAO Krajina is a constitutive part of the unified state territory of the Republic of Serbia".)
23. ^ Prosecutor v. Milan Martić Judgement Archived 4 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. p. 46. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
24. ^ Chuck Sudetic (2 April 1991). "Rebel Serbs Complicate Rift on Yugoslav Unity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
25. ^ Judge Rodrigues confirms Indictment charging Slobodan Milosevic with Crimes committed in Croatia Archived 27 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
26. ^ Judith Armatta. Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosevic. Duke University Press, 2010. Pp. 160–164.
27. ^ "ICTY - TPIY". Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
28. ^ a b ICTY evidence; Babic pleads guilty to crimes Archived 9 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
29. ^ Croatian refugees Archived 15 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
30. ^ Marlise Simons (10 October 2001). "Milosevic, Indicted Again, Is Charged With Crimes in Croatia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
31. ^ "Milosevic: Important New Charges on Croatia". Human Rights Watch. 21 October 2001. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.
32. ^ Sibenik theatre destroyed Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
33. ^ a b c d e f g Tanner, Marcus (1997) Croatia: A Nation Forged in War.
34. ^ "Institute for War and Peace Reporting". Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
35. ^ Croatia marks massacre in Vukovar Archived 17 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. BBC (18 November 2006). Retrieved 13 September 2009.
36. ^ Partos, Gabriel (13 June 2003). Vukovar massacre: What happened Archived 9 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. BBC. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
37. ^ Text of the Constitution Archived 13 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Serbian)
38. ^ "Babic admits persecuting Croats". BBC News. 27 January 2004. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
39. ^ "Institute for War and Peace Reporting". Archived from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
40. ^ "The Daily Gazette - Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 26 December 2014.
41. ^ Parliament of Croatia (3 June 1992). "Ustavni zakon o ljudskim pravima i slobodama i pravima etničkih i nacionalnih zajednica ili manjina u Republici Hrvatskoj". Narodne novine (in Croatian) (34/92). Zagreb. Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
42. ^ Parliament of Croatia (21 September 1995). "Ustavni zakon o privremenom neprimjenjivanju pojedinih odredbi Ustavnog zakona o ljudskim pravima i slobodama i o pravima etničkih i nacionalnih zajednica ili manjina u Republici Hrvatskoj". Narodne novine (in Croatian) (68/95). Archived from the original on 17 September 2014. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
43. ^ Parliament of Croatia (19 May 2000). "Ustavni zakon o izmjenama i dopunama Ustavnog zakona o ljudskim pravima i slobodama i o pravima etničkih i nacionalnih zajednica ili manjina u Republici Hrvatskoj". Narodne novine (in Croatian) (51/2000). Archived from the original on 20 January 2015. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
44. ^ Milosevic and the JNA http://hrw.org/reports/2006/milosevic1206/4.htm# Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
45. ^ Testimony from RSK generals http://www.nsf-journal.hr/issues/v3_n3-4/11.htm Archived 7 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
46. ^ a b Republika Hrvatska i Domovinski rat 1990. – 1995. dokumenti Archived 22 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine (in Croatian)
47. ^ Krušelj, Željko (22 October 2005). "U ljeto '91. pripremana i pobuna u Gorskom kotaru" (PDF). Vjesnik (in Croatian). Retrieved 5 August 2009.[permanent dead link]
48. ^ "Milan Babic: Croatian Serb leader". 6 March 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
49. ^ Logos, Aleksandar (2019). Istorija Srba 1 - Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5. Belgrade. p. 127\. ISBN 978-86-85117-46-6.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
50. ^ "1994/01/23 18:30 THE ELECTION SHOCK IN KRAJINA". www.aimpress.ch. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
51. ^ "January 17, 1994 Vreme News Digest Agency No 121". www.scc.rutgers.edu. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
52. ^ "Милан Мартић председник" (PDF). www.glassrpske.com. 27 January 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
53. ^ a b Amnesty International, Croatia: Operation "Storm" – still no justice ten years on Archived 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine , 04.08.2005
54. ^ a b Goldstein, Ivo (1999). Croatia: A History. p. 253–254. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 1-85065-525-1.
55. ^ "Ko muti Dunav". Večernje novosti (in Serbian). 12 December 2004. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
56. ^ a b "Hadžić ne može biti izručen Hrvatskoj" (in Croatian). Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty – Croatian edition. 21 July 2011. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
57. ^ "War crimes fugitive: Goran Hadzic". Setimes.com. 25 July 2008. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
58. ^ "Serb war crimes suspect appears at UN court". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
59. ^ "Goran Hadžić, last Yugoslav war fugitive arrested, dies". The Guardian. 13 July 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
60. ^ "Order terminating the proceedings" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
61. ^ "UN finds no foul play in Serb's death". The New York Times. 9 June 2006.
62. ^ "Serb leader jailed for war crimes". 12 June 2007. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
63. ^ "War criminal transferred to Estonia". www.baltictimes.com. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
64. ^ "Summary of Judgement for Milan Martić" (PDF)" (PDF). International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. 12 June 2007.
65. ^ a b Gotovina indictment http://www.un.org/icty/cases-e/cis/gotovina/cis-gotovina.pdf Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
66. ^ "Tribunal Overturns Convictions of Croat Generals". ABC News. Associated Press. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 20 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
67. ^ "Freed Croatian War Generals Return Home to Hero's Welcome - Businessweek". 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
68. ^ "Hague war court acquits Croat Generals Gotovina and Markac". BBC News. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
69. ^ The Prosecutor of the Tribunal Against Slobodan Milosevic Archived 15 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine. International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. Retrieved 13 September 2009.
70. ^ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE (31 January 1994), CROATIA HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES, 1993; Section 2, part d., archived from the original on 10 November 2012, retrieved 26 December 2010
71. ^ United Nations Economic and Social Council Commission on Human Rights, SITUATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA, Section J, Points 147 and 150, archived from the original on 26 April 2011, retrieved 26 December 2010
72. ^ B. Crawford (28 September 2007). Power and German Foreign Policy: Embedded Hegemony in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 84–. ISBN 978-0-230-59833-1.
73. ^ Roberta Cohen; Francis M. Deng (1 December 2010). The Forsaken People: Case Studies of the Internally Displaced. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 195–. ISBN 978-0-8157-1498-9.
74. ^ Norman L. Cigar; Paul Williams (June 2002). Indictment at the Hague: The Milosevic Regime and Crimes of the Balkan Wars. NYU Press. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-0-8147-1626-7.
75. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2008.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
76. ^ The Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee: A Second Breath for the Self-Determination of Peoples Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
77. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2011.`{{cite web}}`: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
78. ^ Judith Armatta. Twilight of Impunity: The War Crimes Trial of Slobodan Milosevic. Duke University Press, 2010. Pp. 160–163.
79. ^ Pavkovic 2000, Rašković 1998

## Sources

[edit]

Books

* Baker, Catherine (2015). The Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 9781137398994.
* Barić, Nikica (2005). Srpska pobuna u Hrvatskoj 1990-1995 (in Croatian). Zagreb: Golden marketing, Tehnička knjiga. ISBN 953-212-249-4.
* Dakić, M.; Macura, L.; Žutić, N. (1994). Српска Краjина: историjски темељи и настанак. Knin: Iskra. ISBN 86-82393-01-8.
* Horvat, Rudolf (1906). Najnovije doba hrvatske povijesti. Zagreb.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Ilić, Jovan (1995). The Serbian question in the Balkans. Faculty of Geography, University of Belgrade. ISBN 9788682657019.
* Krestić, V. (1996). "Republika Srpska Krajina". Državno i istorijsko pravo Hrvatske: koreni zla i sukoba sa Srbima. Topusko: SKD Sava Mrkalj. pp. 95–102.
* Novaković, Kosta (2009). Српска Краjина: (успони, падови уздизања). Knin: SKD Zora. ISBN 978-86-83809-54-7.
* Pavkovic, Aleksandar (2000). The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia: Nationalism and War in the Balkans. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-28584-2.
* Radan, Peter; Pavkovic, Aleksandar (2013). The Ashgate Research Companion to Secession. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-7652-8.
* Rašković, Jovo (1998). Srpska Krajina, avgust 1995, izgon : žrtve agresije Hrvatske vojske na Republiku Srpsku Krajinu (Oluja) Sjeverna Dalmacija, Lika, Banija, i Kordun [Serb Krajina, August 1995, exodus : victims of Croat aggression to the Republic of Serb Krajina (Operation "Storm"), North Dalmatia, Lika, Banija and Kordun]. Svetigora. ISBN 978-86-7092-003-3.
* Sekulić, Milisav (2000). Knin je pao u Beogradu. Nidda Verlag.
* Štrbac, Savo (2015). Gone with the Storm: A Chronicle of Ethnic Cleansing of Serbs from Croatia. Knin, Banja Luka, Beograd: Grafid, DIC Veritas. ISBN 9789995589806.

Journals

* Pavlaković, V. (2013). "Symbols and the culture of memory in Republika Srpska Krajina". Nationalities Papers. 41 (6): 893–909. doi:10.1080/00905992.2012.743511. S2CID 153965465.
* Kolstø, P.; Paukovic, D. (2014). "The Short and Brutish Life of Republika Srpska Krajina: Failure of a De Facto State". Ethnopolitics. 13 (4): 309–327. doi:10.1080/17449057.2013.864805. S2CID 144097806.
* Vego, Marko (October 1993). "The Army of Serbian Krajina". Jane's Intelligence Review. 5 (10): 493–.
* Cigar, N. (1993). "The Serbo-Croatian war, 1991: Political and military dimensions". The Journal of Strategic Studies. 16 (3): 297–338. doi:10.1080/01402399308437521.
* Grandits, H.; Leutloff, C. (2003). "Discourses, Actors, Violence: The Organisation of War-escalation in the Krajina region of Croatia 1990—91". Potentials of Disorder: Explaining Conflict and Stability in the Caucasus and in the Former Yugoslavia: 23–45.
* Doder, D. (1993). "Yugoslavia: new war, old hatreds". Foreign Policy. 91 (91): 3–23. doi:10.2307/1149057. JSTOR 1149057.
* Ashbrook, J.; Bakich, S. D. (2010). "Storming to Partition: Croatia, the United States, and Krajina in the Yugoslav War". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 21 (4): 537–560. doi:10.1080/09592318.2010.518852. S2CID 143824950.

Documents

* Jarčević, S., ed. (2005). Republika Srpska Krajina: državna dokumenta. Agencija "Miroslav"; Kosmos.
* "Final Report of the United Nations Commission of Experts, 28 December 1994: The military structure, strategy and tactics of the warring factions". UN. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012.

Cleanup

* "Operation Storm – Attack on the Krajina", Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 November 1995
* (in Serbian) Дакић М. Крајина кроз вијекове: из историjе политичких, националних и људских права српског народа у Хрватскоj. — Београд, 2002.
* (in Serbian) Радуловиħ С. Судбина Краjине. — Београд: Дан Граф, 1996. — 189 с.
* (in Serbian) Радослав И. Чубрило, Биљана Р. Ивковић, Душан Ђаковић, Јован Адамовић, Милан Ђ. Родић и др. Српска Крајина. — Београд: Матић, 2011. — 742 с.
* (in Serbian) Република Српска Краjина: десет година послиjе / [уредник Вељко Ђурић Мишина]. — Београд: Добра Вольа, 2005. — 342 с. — ISBN 86-83905-04-7
* (in Serbian) Република Српска Краjина: десет година послиjе. Књ. 2 / [уредник Вељко Ђурић Мишина]. — Београд: Добра Вольа, 2005. — 250 с. — ISBN 86-83905-05-5
* (in Serbian) Штрбац, Саво Рат и ријеч. — Бања Лука: Графид, 2011. — 190 с. — ISBN 9789993853749

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Republic of Serbian Krajina.

* The Homeland War
* (in Croatian) Slobodna Dalmacija Granić kaže da Haag nema dokumente o agresiji na Hrvatsku?
* (English) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations[permanent dead link] A/RES/49/43 The situation in the occupied territories of Croatia
* Map[permanent dead link] (from a site run by minister of intelligence of RSK)
* The Thorny Issue of Ethnic Autonomy in Croatia: Serb Leaders and Proposals for Autonomy, Nina Caspersen,[1] London School of Economics and Political Science (http://www.ecmi.de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2003/nr3/Focus3-2003_Caspersen.pdf)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ "Richardson Institute for Peace Studies at Lancaster University". Retrieved 26 December 2014.

* v
* t
* e

Presidents of the Republic of Serbian Krajina

* Milan Babić
* Mile Paspalj (acting)
* Goran Hadžić
* Milan Martić

* v
* t
* e

Prime ministers of the Republic of Serbian Krajina

* Dušan Vještica
* Risto Matković (acting)
* Zdravko Zečević
* Đorđe Bjegović
* Borislav Mikelić
* Milan Babić

* v
* t
* e

Serbs of Croatia

Cultural identity|

* List of Serbs of Croatia
* Serbian language in Croatia
* Flag of Serbs of Croatia
* Serbs of Zagreb
* Serbs of Vukovar

National
coordination|

* Serb National Council

Regional
coordination|

* Joint Council of Municipalities

Organizations|

* Association for Serbian language and literature in Croatia
* Archive of Serbs in Croatia
* Library of the Eparchy of Slavonia
* Privrednik
* SKD Prosvjeta
* Serb Democratic Forum

Media|

* Novosti magazine
* Radio Borovo
* Radio Television of Serbia
* Tragovi: Journal for Serbian and Croatian Topics

Education|

| Primary education
17 primary schools|

| Vukovar-Syrmia County|

* Ilača-Banovci
* Vinkovački Banovci
* Bobota
* Borovo
* Bršadin
* Dragutin Tadijanović
* Klisa
* Ludvinci
* Markušica
* Gaboš
* Ostrovo
* Nikola Tesla
* Negoslavci
* Nikola Antić
* Pačetin
* Siniša Glavašević
* Srijemske Laze
* Stari Jankovci
* Trpinja
* Vera

|

Osijek-Baranja County|

* Bijelo Brdo
* Bolman
* Dalj
* Dr. Franjo Tuđman
* Jagodnjak
* Tenja
* Uglješ

Secondary education
7 schools|

* Dalj High School
* Kantakuzina Katarina Branković Serbian Orthodox Secondary School
* Vukovar Gymnasium

Other|

* Cultural and Scientific Center "Milutin Milanković" (Dalj)
* Prosvjeta Summer School
* Peroj (since 1996)
* Prosvjeta Winter School
* Drežnica (since 1996)

Religion|

* Metropolitanate of Zagreb and Ljubljana
* Eparchy of Osječko polje and Baranja
* Eparchy of Gornji Karlovac
* Eparchy of Slavonia
* Eparchy of Dalmatia
* Eparchy of Srem
* Eparchy of Zahumlje and Herzegovina
* Churches and Monasteries in Croatia (list of churches)

Political parties|

* Democratic Alliance of Serbs
* Independent Democratic Serb Party

Symbols|

* Order of Kantakuzina Katarina Branković

History|

| Historical organizations
and institutions|

* Serbian Chancellery in Dubrovnik
* Croat-Serb Coalition
* Serb Independent Party
* Serb People's Radical Party
* Serb People's Party
* Dinara Division
* Museum of Serbs of Croatia
* Serbian Radical Party in the Republic of Serbian Krajina
* Serb Party of Socialists
* Party of Danube Serbs
* Serb People's Party
* Serb Democratic Party

|

Historical events|

* 1991 riot in Zadar
* 1997 Eastern Slavonia integrity referendum
* Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia

Historical documents|

* Varaždin Apostol (1454)
* Statuta Valachorum (1608–30)
* Vukovar resolution (1939)
* Open Letter on the Position and Status of Serbs in Croatia (2008)

World War II|

| General|

* Genocide of Serbs
* Yugoslav Partisans
* Croatian Orthodox Church
* Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustaše
* Srb uprising

|

Concentration
camps|

* Gospić concentration camp
* Slana concentration camp
* Jadovno concentration camp
* Jasenovac concentration camp
* Jastrebarsko concentration camp
* Sisak children's concentration camp
* Stara Gradiška concentration camp
* Kruščica concentration camp
* Lobor concentration camp

Massacres|

* Glina massacres
* Gudovac massacre
* Ivanci massacre
* Prebilovci massacre
* Veljun massacre
* Voćin massacre

Croatian War of Independence|

| Origins|

* Log Revolution (1990)

|

Military offensives|

* Operation Flash (May 1995)
* Operation Storm (August 1995)

Serbian regions|

* Republic of Serbian Krajina
* SAO Krajina
* SAO Western Slavonia
* SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
* Krajina dinar
* Flag
* 1993–94 general election
* Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–98)
* UNTAES

Serbian forces|

* Serbian Army of Krajina
* Main Staff
* Scorpions
* Serb Volunteer Guard
* White Eagles

Atrocities
against Serbs|

* Paulin Dvor massacre
* Murder of the Zec family
* Požega villages killings
* Marino Selo camp
* Sisak killings
* Pakračka Poljana camp
* Banija villages killings
* Korana bridge killings
* Gospić massacre
* Lora prison camp
* Varivode massacre
* Dvor massacre
* Medari massacre
* Grubori massacre
* Golubić killings
* Komić killings
* Gošić killings
* Kijani killings

Atrocities by
Serbian forces|

* Siege of Kijevo
* Bučje camp
* Baćin massacre
* Vukovar massacre
* Bruška massacre
* Dalj massacre
* Erdut killings
* Joševica massacre
* Knin camp
* Lovas killings
* Saborsko massacre
* Široka Kula massacre
* Škabrnja massacre
* Velepromet camp
* Voćin massacre
* Zagreb rocket attacks

Diplomacy|

* Vance plan (1991)
* Daruvar Agreement (1993)
* Z-4 Plan (1995)
* Erdut Agreement (1995)

* v
* t
* e

Yugoslav Wars

Wars and conflicts|

* Log Revolution (1990)
* Slovenian War of Independence (1991)
* Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
* Bosnian War (1992–1995)
* Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994)
* Kosovo War (1998–99)
* Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)
* 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia (2001)

Background|

* SFR Yugoslavia
* Breakup of Yugoslavia

Anti-war protests|

* Belgrade
* Sarajevo
* YUTEL for Peace

Successor states|

* Republic of Croatia
* Republic of Slovenia
* Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Republic of Macedonia
* Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY/SRJ)

Unrecognized entities|

* Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (HRHB)
* Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (APZB)
* Republic of Kosova

| Serb Autonomous Regions|

* Republic of Serbian Krajina (RSK)
* SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
* SAO Krajina
* SAO Western Slavonia
* Republika Srpska (RS)
* SAO Bosanska Krajina
* SAO Herzegovina
* SAO North-Eastern Bosnia
* SAO Romanija
* Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
* Dubrovnik Republic

|

United Nations protectorate|

* UNTAES
* UNMIK

Armies|

* Yugoslav People's Army (JNA)
* Yugoslav Territorial Defence (TO)
* Slovenian Territorial Defence (TORS)
* Yugoslav Army (VJ)
* Croatian Army (HV)
* BiH Territorial Defence (TORBIH)
* Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH)
* Army of Republika Srpska (VRS)
* Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina (SVK)
* Croatian Defence Council (HVO)
* Kosovo Liberation Army (UÇK in R. Serbia)
* National Liberation Army (UÇK in R. Macedonia)
* Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac (UÇPMB)

Military formations and volunteers|

* Croatian National Guard (ZNG)
* Croatian Defence Forces (HOS)
* White Eagles
* Serb Guard (SG)
* Serb Volunteer Guard (SDG)
* Scorpions
* Yellow Wasps
* Garda Panteri
* Dušan the Mighty
* Kninjas
* Serb Falcons [sr]
* Tobutski sokolovi
* Jackals
* Greek Volunteer Guard
* Wolves of Vučjak
* AKSH
* Green Berets (GB)
* Patriotic League (PL)
* Black Swans
* Bosnian mujahideen
* People's Defence of Western Bosnia (NOZB)

External factors|

* NATO
* IFOR
* SFOR
* KFOR
* EU (EUMM)
* United Nations (UN)
* UNPROFOR
* UNCRO

Politicians|

* Fikret Abdić
* Milan Babić
* Mate Boban
* Momir Bulatović
* Milo Đukanović
* Nijaz Duraković
* Vuk Drašković
* Goran Hadžić
* Alija Izetbegović
* Janez Janša
* Borisav Jović
* Mirko Jović
* Radovan Karadžić
* Vojislav Koštunica
* Momčilo Krajišnik
* Milan Kučan
* Ante Marković
* Milan Martić
* Stjepan Mesić
* Slobodan Milošević
* Ante Paradžik X
* Dobroslav Paraga
* Lojze Peterle
* Biljana Plavšić
* Jadranko Prlić
* Jovan Rašković †
* Ibrahim Rugova
* Vojislav Šešelj
* Haris Silajdžić
* Franjo Tuđman
* Krešimir Zubak

Top military commanders|

* Rahim Ademi
* Janko Bobetko
* Agim Çeku
* Wesley Clark
* Rasim Delić
* Sefer Halilović
* Veljko Kadijević
* Ratko Mladić
* Mile Novaković
* Dragoljub Ojdanić
* Života Panić
* Nebojša Pavković
* Momčilo Perišić
* Milivoj Petković
* Ridvan Qazimi †
* Martin Špegelj
* Gojko Šušak

Other notable commanders|

* Mehmed Alagić
* Tihomir Blaškić
* Đorđe Božović †
* Valentin Ćorić
* Jovan Divjak
* Atif Dudaković
* Ante Gotovina
* Zaim Imamović
* Adem Jashari †
* Blaž Kraljević X
* Vladimir Lazarević
* Veljko Milanković (DOW)
* Mile Mrkšić
* Naser Orić
* Arif Pašalić
* Slobodan Praljak
* Ivica Rajić
* Željko Ražnatović
* Ljubiša Savić
* Stjepan Šiber
* Veselin Šljivančanin
* Vukašin Šoškoćanin †
* Milan Tepić †
* Milorad Ulemek
* Dragan Vasiljković
* Blago Zadro †

Key foreign figures|

* Robert Badinter
* Lord Carrington
* Jimmy Carter
* Willy Claes
* Pieter Feith
* Richard Holbrooke
* Lord Owen
* Cyrus Vance
* Jacques Paul Klein
* Peter Galbraith
* Javier Solana
* Manfred Wörner

* v
* t
* e

Croatian War of Independence

Part of the Yugoslav Wars

Prelude|

* Log Revolution
* SAO Krajina

1991|

* Pakrac clash
* Plitvice Lakes incident
* Siege of Kijevo
* Battle of Borovo Selo
* 1991 riot in Zadar
* 1991 protest in Split
* SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia
* Killings of Serbs in Vukovar
* Sisak killings
* Tenja killings
* Operation Stinger
* Dalj massacre
* Operation Labrador
* SAO Western Slavonia
* Banija villages killings
* Battle of Vukovar
* Battle of Osijek
* Battle of Gospić
* Petrinja killings
* Berak killings
* Battle of Kusonje
* Četekovac massacre
* Battle of the Barracks
* Siege of Varaždin Barracks
* Siege of Bjelovar Barracks
* Battle of Zadar
* Battle of Šibenik
* 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia
* Korana bridge killings
* Tovarnik massacre
* Siege of Dubrovnik
* Novo Selo Glinsko massacre
* Bombing of Banski dvori
* Široka Kula massacre
* Lovas killings
* Gospić massacre
* Baćin massacre
* Saborsko massacre
* Požega villages massacre
* Operation Otkos 10
* Battle of Logorište
* Poljanak and Vukovići massacres
* Erdut killings
* Pula incident
* Battle of the Dalmatian channels
* Kostrići massacre
* Škabrnja massacre
* Vukovar massacre
* Novska murders
* Vance plan
* Murder of the Zec family
* Operation Whirlwind
* Paulin Dvor massacre
* Gornje Jame massacre
* Operation Orkan 91
* Voćin massacre
* Joševica massacre
* Operation Devil's Beam
* Bruška massacre
* Vrsar airport bombing

1992|

* Sarajevo Agreement
* 1992 European Community Monitor Mission helicopter downing
* Operation Baranja
* Operation Jackal
* Battle of the Miljevci Plateau
* Operation Tiger (1992)
* Operation Liberated Land
* Battle of Konavle
* Operation Vlaštica

1993-94|

* Operation Maslenica
* Daruvar Agreement
* Operation Backstop
* Operation Medak Pocket
* Z-4 Plan
* Operation Winter '94

1995|

* Operation Leap 1
* Operation Flash
* Medari massacre
* Zagreb rocket attack
* Operation Leap 2
* Operation Summer '95
* Operation Storm
* Kijani killings
* Golubić killings
* Uzdolje killings
* Bosanski Petrovac refugee column bombing
* Dvor massacre
* Komić killings
* Gošić killings
* Varivode massacre
* Operation Maestral 2

Timeline of the Croatian War of Independence

Internment camps|

* Begejci camp
* Bučje camp
* Kerestinec camp
* Knin camp
* Kuline prison camp
* Lora prison camp
* Marino Selo camp
* Ovčara camp
* Pakračka Poljana camp
* Sremska Mitrovica prison camp
* Stajićevo camp
* Velepromet camp

Other|

* Independence of Croatia
* Persecution of Croats in Serbia during the war in Croatia
* Erdut Agreement (UNTAES)

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Bosnian War

Part of the Yugoslav Wars

Belligerents|

|  Bosniak side|

* Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* 1st Corps
* 2nd Corps
* 3rd Corps
* 4th Corps
* 5th Corps
* 6th Corps
* 7th Corps
* Paramilitary
* Patriotic League
* Green Berets
* Croatian Defence Forces
* Bosnian mujahideen

|

Croat side|

* Croatian Defence Council
* 1OZ
* 2OZ
* 3OZ
* 4OZ
* Paramilitary
* Croatian Defence Forces
* Knights

Serb side|

* Army of Republika Srpska
* 1st Krajina Corps
* 2nd Krajina Corps
* 3rd Corps
* East Bosnia Corps
* Herzegovina Corps
* Sarajevo-Romanija Corps
* Drina Corps
* Paramilitary
* Wolves of Vučjak
* White Eagles
* Serb Volunteer Guard
* Scorpions
* Yellow Wasps

Western Bosnian side|

* National Defence of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia

Prelude|

* Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting
* Zulfikarpašić–Karadžić agreement
* RAM Plan
* Serb Autonomous Regions
* Bosanska Krajina
* Herzegovina
* North-East Bosnia
* Romanija
* Establishment of the Croatian Community of Herzeg Bosnia
* Establishment of Republika Srpska
* Bosnia and Herzegovina independence referendum
* Sarajevo wedding attack
* Declaration of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Battle of Bosanski Brod
* Sijekovac killings
* Bijeljina massacre
* 1992 anti-war protests in Sarajevo

1992|

* Battle of Kupres
* Siege of Sarajevo
* Kazani pit killings
* Foča ethnic cleansing
* Bosanski Šamac ethnic cleansing
* Siege of Srebrenica
* Zvornik massacre
* Doboj
* Snagovo massacre
* Prijedor ethnic cleansing
* Sarajevo column incident
* Siege of Goražde
* Graz agreement
* Glogova massacre
* Lašva Valley ethnic cleansing
* Tuzla column incident
* Zaklopača massacre
* Siege of Doboj
* Bradina massacre
* Sarajevo bread line massacre
* Bijeli Potok massacre
* Pionirska Street fire
* Operation Jackal
* Višegrad massacres
* Bosanska Jagodina
* Paklenik
* Barimo
* Sjeverin
* Čemerno massacre
* Siege of Bihać
* Ahatovići massacre
* Croat–Bosniak War
* Operation Vrbas '92
* Operation Corridor 92
* Bikavac fire
* Killings in Bratunac and Srebrenica
* Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
* Korićani Cliffs massacre
* Mičivode massacre
* Novoseoci massacre
* Gornja Jošanica massacre

1993|

* Kravica attack
* Duša killings
* Skelani massacre
* Štrpci
* Siege of Mostar
* Srebrenica shelling
* Ahmići massacre
* Trusina massacre
* Sovići and Doljani killings
* Zenica massacre
* Vranica case
* Dobrinja mortar attack
* Battle of Žepče
* Battle of Travnik (1993)
* Battle of Bugojno
* Operation Irma
* Operation Neretva '93
* Grabovica massacre
* Mokronoge massacre
* Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia
* Inter-Bosniak conflict in Bosanska Krajina
* Stupni Do massacre
* Operation Deny Flight
* Križančevo Selo killings

1994|

* Operation Tvigi 94
* First Markale massacre
* Banja Luka incident
* Washington Agreement
* Establishment of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Operation Bøllebank
* Attack on Spin magazine journalists
* Operation Tiger
* Operation "Breza '94"
* Battle of Kupres
* Operation Amanda
* Scandinavian Airlines System Flight 347
* Operation Spider
* Operation Winter '94

1995|

* Operation Vlašić
* Operation Leap 1
* Battle of Orašje
* Operation Leap 2
* Split Agreement
* Operation Summer '95
* Pale air strikes
* Tuzla shelling
* Battle of Vrbanja Bridge
* Srebrenica massacre
* Kravica
* Battle of Vozuća
* Operation Miracle
* Operation Storm
* Second Markale massacre
* NATO bombing campaign
* Operation Mistral 2
* Operation Sana
* Operation Una
* Operation Southern Move
* Exodus of Sarajevo Serbs
* Dayton Agreement
* Establishment of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Internment camps|

* Silos
* Manjača
* Liplje
* Luka
* Vilina Vlas
* Omarska
* Keraterm
* Trnopolje
* Sušica
* Čelebići
* Musala
* Batković
* Dretelj
* Uzamnica
* Heliodrom
* Gabela
* Vojno
* Kamenica camp

Aspects|

* Ethnic cleansing and massacres
* Bosnian genocide
* Bosnian genocide denial
* Internment camps
* Rape
* Peace plans
* NATO intervention
* Foreign support
* Foreign fighters

Timeline of the Bosnian War (Timeline of the Croat–Bosniak War)

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Breakup of Yugoslavia

Overview|

* Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991–1992)
* Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia (1980–2008)

Background|

* Josip Broz Tito (until 1980)
* Brotherhood and unity (until 1990)
* League of Communists of Yugoslavia (until 1990)
* Croatian Spring (1967–1971)
* 1981 protests in Kosovo
* Islamic Declaration (1983)
* SANU Memorandum (1986)
* Contributions to the Slovene National Program (1987)
* Slovene Spring (1987–1988)
* Agrokomerc Affair (1987)
* 8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (1987)
* JBTZ trial (1988)
* Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1980s)

Events and actors|

* Anti-bureaucratic revolution (1988–1989)
* Gazimestan speech (1989)
* 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1990)
* Independence of Croatia (1989–1992)
* Log Revolution (1990–1991)
* Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting (1991)
* RAM Plan (1991)
* Brioni Agreement (1991)
* Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia
* Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia (1991–1993)

* v
* t
* e

Independence referendums in Yugoslavia

Republics and provinces|

* Slovenia (1990)
* Croatia (1991)
* Macedonia (1991)
* Kosovo (1991)
* Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992)
* Montenegro (1992)
* Montenegro (2006)

Autonomy|

* SAO Krajina (1990)
* Sandžak (1991)
* Srpska (1991)
* Ilirida (1992)
* Eastern Slavonia (1997)
* Macedonia (2004)

Consequences|

* Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001)
* Ethnic cleansing
* Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
* Ten-Day War (1991)
* Bosnian War (1992–1995)
* Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–)
* Graz agreement (1992)
* Sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2001)
* Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–1994)
* Dayton Agreement (1996)
* Joint Criminal Enterprise
* Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control (1996)
* International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017)
* Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević (2000)

Nationalism|

* Greater Albania
* Greater Croatia
* United Macedonia
* Greater Serbia
* United Slovenia
* Anti-Serbian sentiment
* Islamophobia
* Albanian nationalism
* Bosniak nationalism
* Croatian nationalism
* Macedonian nationalism
* Montenegrin nationalism
* Serbian nationalism
* Serbian–Montenegrin unionism
* Slovenian nationalism
* Yugoslavism

* Category

* Category
* Commons

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* Czech Republic

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[DOW]: Died of wounds