Research stations in Antarctica

For analogous stations in the Arctic, see List of research stations in the Arctic.

Multiple governments have set up permanent research stations in Antarctica and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the drifting ice stations set up in the Arctic, the current research stations of the Antarctic are constructed either on rocks or on ice that are (for practical purposes) fixed in place.

Many of these stations are staffed throughout the year. Of the 56 signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, a total of 55 countries (as of 2023)[1] operate seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent. The number of people performing and supporting scientific research on the continent and nearby islands varies from approximately 4,800 during the summer to around 1,200 during the winter (June).[2] In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each summer to support specific projects.[3][dubious - discuss]

## History

[edit]

The first base on Antarctica of Carstens Borchgrevink's Southern Cross Expedition (1899). The hut (HSM 22) still stands and is located on Cape Adare, the cape where in 1895 Borchgrevnik participated in the first documented landing on Antarctica.

### First bases

[edit]

During the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration in the late 19th century, the first bases on the continent were established. In 1898, Carsten Borchgrevink, a Norwegian/British explorer, led the British Antarctic Expedition to Cape Adare, where he established the first Antarctic base on Ridley Beach. This expedition is often referred to now as the Southern Cross Expedition, after the expedition's ship name. Most of the staff were Norwegian, but the funds for the expedition were British, provided by Sir George Newnes. The 10 members of this expedition explored Robertson Bay to the west of Cape Adare by dog teams, and later, after being picked up by the ship at the base, went ashore on the Ross Ice Shelf for brief journeys. The expedition hut is still in good condition and is visited frequently by tourists.

The hut was later occupied by Scott's Northern Party under the command of Victor Campbell for a year in 1911, after its attempt to explore the eastern end of the ice shelf discovered Roald Amundsen already ashore preparing for his assault on the South Pole.

"Omond House", the oldest permanent base on an Antarctic island, constructed in 1903 by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, which is today Orcadas Base

In 1903, William S. Bruce's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition set off to Antarctica, with one of its aims to establish a meteorological station in the area. After the expedition failed to find land, Bruce decided to head back to Laurie Island in the South Orkneys and find an anchorage there.[4] The islands were well-situated as a site for a meteorological station, and their relative proximity to the South American mainland allowed a permanent station to be established.[5] Bruce instituted a comprehensive program of work, involving meteorological readings, trawling for marine samples, botanical excursions, and the collection of biological and geological specimens.[4]

The major task completed during this time was the construction of a stone building, christened "Omond House".[6] This was to act as living accommodation for the parties that would remain on Laurie Island to operate the proposed meteorological laboratory. The building was constructed from local materials using the dry stone method, with a roof improvised from wood and canvas sheeting. The completed house was 20 feet by 20 feet square (6m × 6m), with two windows, fitted as quarters for six people. Rudmose Brown wrote: "Considering that we had no mortar and no masons' tools it is a wonderfully fine house and very lasting. I should think it will be standing a century hence ..."[7]

Bruce later offered to transfer the station and instruments to Argentina on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission.[8] Bruce informed the British officer William Haggard of his intentions in December 1903, and Haggard ratified the terms of Bruce's proposition.[9]

The Scotia sailed back for Laurie Island on 14 January 1904, transporting Argentinean officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, National Meteorological Office, Ministry of Livestock and National Postal and Telegraphs Office. In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on the South Orkney Islands.

### Expansion

[edit]

Orcadas Base, c. 1927

Little happened for the following forty years.

The United States starting under the leadership of Admiral Richard E. Byrd constructed a series of five bases near the Bay of Whales named Little America between 1929 and 1958. All of them have now drifted off to sea on icebergs.[citation needed]

Before the start of the Second World War, German aircraft had dropped markers with swastikas across Queen Maud Land in an attempt to create a territorial claim (New Swabia).[10]

In 1943 the British launched Operation Tabarin, to establish a presence on the continent. The chief reason was to establish solid British claims to various uninhabited islands and parts of Antarctica, reinforced by Argentine sympathies toward Germany.

Led by Lieutenant James Marr, the 14-strong team left the Falkland Islands in two ships, HMS William Scoresby (a minesweeping trawler) and HMS Fitzroy, on Saturday, January 29, 1944. Marr had accompanied the British explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton on his final Antarctic expedition in 1921–22. Bases were established during February near the abandoned Norwegian whaling station on Deception Island, where the Union Flag was hoisted in place of Argentine flags, and at Port Lockroy (on February 11) on the coast of Graham Land. A further base was founded at Hope Bay on February 13, 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7, 1944. These were the first permanent bases to be constructed on the Antarctic mainland.[11]

Discovery Hut (1902) at Hut Point Peninsula of Ross Island, Antarctica, one of the earliest repeatedly temporarily used dwellings on Antarctica. In the background, McMurdo Station, the largest on Antarctica today, with cargo operations of the supply ship MV American Tern of Operation Deep Freeze 2007.

A massive expansion in international activity followed the war. Chile organized its First Chilean Antarctic Expedition in 1947–48. Among other accomplishments, it brought the Chilean president Gabriel González Videla to personally inaugurate one of its bases, thereby becoming the first head of state to set foot on the continent.[12] Signy Research Station (UK) was established in 1947, Australia's Mawson Station in 1954, Dumont d'Urville Station was the first French station in 1956. In that same year, the United States built McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the Soviet Union built Mirny Station.

### The Antarctic Treaty

[edit]

Main article: Antarctic Treaty System

The Antarctic Treaty, first signed on 1 December 1959 by 12 countries, stated that scientific investigations in research stations in Antarctica can continue, but all observations must be shared.[13] The Antarctic Treaty also stated that Antarctica can only be used for peaceful purposes and any exploitation of the continent such as mining is forbidden, thus scientific research is the only activity that may be performed on Antarctica.[14] As more countries established research stations on Antarctica, the number of signatories of the treaty increased, with 56 signatories as of 2023, 55 of whom utilize their rights and operate research stations in Antarctica.[13] 7 of the signatories also laid claims on Antarctica (and 4 reserved their rights to do so), with the intention of expanding research in those territories in the future. However, research facilities have also been established by countries in the claimed area of other countries.

## Permanent active stations

[edit]

The percentage of the summer Antarctic population (formed by Antarctic and Subantarctic research stations) each country makes up.[needs update]

1. United States (25.0%)
2. Argentina (12.7%)
3. Chile (9.87%)
4. United Kingdom (6.13%)
5. France (6.03%)
6. Australia (5.88%)
7. Russia (5.30%)
8. Japan (3.53%)
9. China (3.45%)
10. Italy (3.22%)
11. South Africa (2.86%)
12. South Korea (2.70%)
13. India (1.89%)
14. Germany (1.70%)
15. New Zealand (1.62%)
16. Spain (1.25%)
17. Norway (1.21%)
18. Other (5.72%)

The United States maintains the southernmost base, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the largest base and research station in Antarctica, McMurdo Station. The second-southernmost base is the Chinese Kunlun Station at 80°25′2″S during the summer season, and the Russian Vostok Station at 78°27′50″S during the winter season.[citation needed]

Name  | Location  | Country  | Administration  | Year est. | Max.
pers. | Summer
pop. | Winter
pop.  | UTC offset | Mean annual
temp.
(°C)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Amundsen–Scott South Pole | Geographical South Pole |  United States  | United States Antarctic Program | 1957  | 153  | 150  | 49  | +12[a] | −49.5
Arctowski | King George Island |  Poland  | Polish Academy of Sciences | 1977  | 40  | 40  | 16  | −3 | −1.6
Arrival Heights Laboratory[15] | Ross Island |  New Zealand  | Antarctica New Zealand | 1959  |  |  |  | +12[a] | −19.7
Artigas | King George Island |  Uruguay  | Uruguayan Antarctic Institute | 1984  | 60  | 9  | 8  | −3 | −0.9
Arturo Prat | Greenwich Island |  Chile  | Chilean Navy | 1947  | 30  | 30  | 8  | −3 | −2.0
Belgrano II | Coats Land |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino | 1979  | 20  | 24  | 19  | −3 | −13.3
Bellingshausen | King George Island |  Russia  | Russian Antarctic Expedition | 1968  | 40  | 40  | 20  | −3 | −2.3
Bharati | Larsemann Hills |  India  | National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research | 2012  | 47  | 46  | 23  | +5:30 | −10.2
Carlini | King George Island |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino | 1953  | 80  | 80  | 29  | −3 | −1.6
Casey | Vincennes Bay |  Australia  | Australian Antarctic Division | 1957  | 99  | 99  | 21  | +8[a] | −5.9
Comandante Ferraz | King George Island |  Brazil  | Brazilian Antarctic Program | 1984  | 64  | 35  | 15  | −3 | −1.8
Concordia | Dome C, Antarctic Plateau |  Italy
France  | National Antarctic Research Program, IPEV | 2005  | 80  | 70  | 13  | +8[a] | −51.7
Davis | Princess Elizabeth Land |  Australia  | Australian Antarctic Division | 1957  | 91  | 91  | 17  | +7 | −7.3
Dumont d'Urville | Adélie Land |  France  | IPEV | 1956  | 90  | 90  | 24  | +10 | −11.1
Eco-Nelson | Nelson Island |  Czech Republic  | Czech Antarctic Foundation  | 1988  | 8  | 5  | 5  | −3 | −2.3
Eduardo Frei and Villa Las Estrellas | King George Island |  Chile  | Chilean Air Force | 1969  | 150  | 150  | 80  | −3 | −2.3
Escudero | King George Island |  Chile  | Instituto Antártico Chileno | 1995  | 90  | 60  | 2  | −3 | −2.3
Esperanza | Hope Bay |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino | 1953  | 90  | 116  | 56  | −3 | −4.6
GARS | Cape Legoupil |  Germany  | German Aerospace Center | 1991  | 10  |  |  |  | −3.9
General Bernardo O'Higgins | Cape Legoupil |  Chile  | Chilean Army | 1948  | 60  | 52  | 24  | −3 | −3.9
Great Wall | King George Island |  China  | Polar Research Institute of China | 1985  | 60  | 60  | 13  | −3 | −2.5
Halley | Brunt Ice Shelf |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey[16] | 2013  | 52  | 70  | 17  | −3 | −18.5
Jang Bogo | Terra Nova Bay |  South Korea  | Korea Polar Research Institute | 2014  | 62  | 62  | 23  | +11 | −15.1
King Sejong | King George Island |  South Korea  | Korea Polar Research Institute | 1988  | 68  | 68  | 22  | −3 | −1.8
Maitri | Schirmacher Oasis |  India  | National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research | 1989  | 65  | 45  | 25  | +5:30 | −9.7
Marambio | Marambio Island |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino | 1969  | 165  | 165  | 70  | −3 | −8.1
Mawson | Mac Robertson Land |  Australia  | Australian Antarctic Division | 1954  | 53  | 53  | 15  | +6 | −8.3
McMurdo | Ross Island  |  United States  | United States Antarctic Program | 1956  | 1200  | 1000  | 153  | +12[a] | −17.3
Mirny | Davis Sea |  Russia  | Russian Antarctic Expedition  | 1956  | 50  | 50  | 25  | +6 | −11.3
Neumayer III | Atka Bay |  Germany  | Alfred Wegener Institute | 2009  | 60  | 60  | 9  | 0 | −16.0
Novolazarevskaya | Queen Maud Land  |  Russia  | Russian Antarctic Expedition  | 1961  | 70  | 70  | 40  | 0 | −10.3
Orcadas | Laurie Island, South Orkney Islands |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino, Argentine Navy | 1903  | 65  | 35  | 17  | −3 | −3.0
Palmer | Anvers Island |  United States  | United States Antarctic Program | 1968  | 46  | 44  | 13  | −3 | −1.8
Progress | Prydz Bay |  Russia  | Russian Antarctic Expedition  | 1988  | 50  | 50  | 25  | −5 | −9.4
Qinling[17] | Inexpressible Island, Terra Nova Bay |  China  | Polar Research Institute of China | 2024  | 80  | 80  | 30[18] | +12 |
Rothera[19] | Adelaide Island |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1975  | 136  | 160  | 27  | −3 | −5.3
San Martín | Barry Island |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino | 1951[b] | 21  | 19  | 21  | −3 | −4.6
SANAE IV | Vesleskarvet, Queen Maud Land  |  South Africa  | South African National Antarctic Programme | 1997  | 80  | 110  | 15  | +2 | −16.5
Scott Base | Ross Island  |  New Zealand  | Antarctica New Zealand  | 1957  | 86  | 78  | 11  | +12[a] | −19.6
Showa | East Ongul Island |  Japan  | National Institute of Polar Research | 1957  | 130  | 170  | 40  | +3 | −10.5
Troll | Queen Maud Land  |  Norway  | Norwegian Polar Institute | 1990  | 70  | 45  | 7  | 0 | −18.0
Vernadsky | Galindez Island |  Ukraine  | National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine | 1994  | 24  | 30  | 12  | −3 | −3.3
Vostok | Antarctic Ice Sheet |  Russia  | Russian Antarctic Expedition  | 1957  | 30  | 30  | 15  | +6 | −55.2
Zhongshan | Larsemann Hills, Prydz Bay |  China  | Polar Research Institute of China | 1989  | 60  | 60  | 17  | +7 | −11.2

### Subantarctic stations

[edit]

See also: Subantarctic region and List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands

The sub-Antarctic zone[21][22] is a physiographic region in the Southern Hemisphere, located immediately north of the Antarctic region.

Name  | Location  | Country  | Administration  | Year est. | Summer
pop. | Winter
pop.  | UTC
offset | Mean annual
temp.
(°C)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Alfred Faure | Île de la Possession |  France  | French Polar Institute | 1963  | 45  | 24  | +5 | 5.3
Bird[23] | Bird Island |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1957  | 10  | 4  | −2 | −0.2
Campbell | Campbell Island |  New Zealand  | MetService | 1946  | 0  | 0  | +12[a] | 7.0
Gough | Gough Island |  South Africa  | South African Weather Service | 1956  | 10  | 10  | 0 | 11.5
King Edward Point[24] | King Edward Point |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1950  | 22  | 12  | −2 | 1.6
Macquarie | Macquarie Island |  Australia  | Australian Antarctic Division | 1911  | 40  | 16  | +10[a] | 4.9
Marion | Prince Edward Islands |  South Africa  | South African National Antarctic Programme | 1948  | 18  | 18  | +3 | 5.5
Norvegia | Bouvet Island |  Norway  | Norwegian Polar Institute | 1927  | 6  | 0  |  | -1
Port-aux-Français | Kerguelen Islands |  France  | French Polar Institute | 1963  | 120  | 45  | +5 | 5.2

## Summer-only active stations

[edit]

Name  | Location  | Country  | Admin. | Year est. | Max. pers. | Summer pop. | UTC offset | Mean annual temp. (°C)

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Aboa | Queen Maud Land |  Finland  | Finnish Antarctic Research Program | 1988  | 17  | 13  |  | −15.3
Brown | Paradise Harbor |  Argentina  | Instituto Antártico Argentino  | 1951  | 12  | 12  | −3 | −2.4
Cámara | Half Moon Island |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino | 1953  | 22  | 20  | −3 | −2.4
Carvajal | Adelaide Island |  Chile  | Instituto Antártico Chileno | 1984  | 46  | 46  |  | −9.8
Collins | Fildes Peninsula |  Chile  | Instituto Antártico Chileno | 2006  |  | 6  |  |
Dallmann | Carlini Station |  Germany  | Alfred Wegener Institute | 1994  | 16  | 16  |  | −2.4
Deception | Deception Island |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino | 1948  | 36  | 18  | −3 | −3.0
Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory | Rothera Station |  Netherlands  | British Antarctic Survey, Netherlands Polar Programme | 2013  | 10  | 10  |  | −5.0
Dobrowolski | Bunger Hills, Wilkes Land |  Poland  | Polish Academy of Sciences | 1956  | 10  | 10  |  | −9.1
Elichiribehety | Hope Bay |  Uruguay  | Uruguayan Antarctic Institute | 1945  | 8  | 7  |  | −4.8
Gabriel de Castilla | Deception Island |  Spain  | Spanish National Research Council | 1989  | 36  | 33  |  | −0.7
Gondwana | Transantarctic Mountains |  Germany  | Alfred Wegener Institute | 1983  |  |  |  |
González Videla | Waterboat Point, Graham Land |  Chile  | Chilean Air Force | 1951  | 15  | 15  |  | −6.7
Guillermo Mann | Cape Shirreff |  Chile  | Instituto Antártico Chileno | 1991  | 8  | 8  |  | 0.4
Jinnah | Sør Rondane Mountains, Queen Maud Land  |  Pakistan  | Pakistan Antarctic Programme | 1991  |  |  |  |
Juan Carlos I | South Bay, Livingston Island |  Spain  | Spanish National Research Council | 1988  | 50  | 27  | −3 | −1.2
Julio Ripamonti | Ardley Island |  Chile  | Instituto Antártico Chileno | 1982  |  | 4  | -3 |
Kohnen | Queen Maud Land  |  Germany  | Alfred Wegener Institute | 2001  | 28  | 6  |  | −42.2
Kunlun | Dome A |  China  | Polar Research Institute of China | 2009  | 26  | 26  |  | −51.4
Law-Racoviță-Negoiță | Larsemann Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land |  Romania  | Romanian Polar Research Institute | 1986  |  | 13  |  |
Lenie | Admiralty Bay |  United States  | United States Antarctic Program | 1985  |  | 2  |  |
Machu Picchu | Admiralty Bay, King George Island |  Peru  | Instituto Antártico Peruano[25] | 1989  | 30  | 30  |  | −2.1
Maldonado | Greenwich Island |  Ecuador  | Instituto Antártico Ecuatoriano | 1990  | 34  | 32  |  |
Matienzo | Graham Land |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino | 1961  | 12  | 12  | −3 | −5.0
Melchior | Melchior Islands |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino | 1947  | 15  | 12  | −3 | −2.9
Mendel | James Ross Island |  Czech Republic  | Masaryk University | 2007  | 20  | 20  |  | −6.8
Molodyozhnaya | Thala Hills, East Antarctica |  Russia  | Russian Antarctic Expedition  | 1962  | 15  | 15  |  | −11.0
Petrel | Dundee Island |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino | 1967  | 45  | 25  | −3 | −7.1
Port Lockroy[26][27] | Goudier Island |  United Kingdom  | United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust | 1944  |  | 4  |  |
Primavera | Graham Land |  Argentina  | Instituto Antartico Argentino | 1977  | 18  | 18  | −3 | −3.0
Princess Elisabeth | Queen Maud Land  |  Belgium  | International Polar Foundation | 2007  | 40  | 22  |  | −18.0
Risopatrón | Robert Island |  Chile  | Instituto Antártico Chileno | 1949  |  | 6  |  | −2.3
Shirreff | Cape Shirreff |  United States  | National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | 1996  |  | 6  |  |
Signy[28] | Signy Island, South Orkney Islands |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1947  | 8  | 14  |  | −2.1
Sobral | Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf |  Argentina  | Instituto Antártico Argentino | 1965  | 7  | 6  | −3 |
St. Kliment Ohridski | Emona Anchorage, Livingston Island |  Bulgaria  | Bulgarian Antarctic Institute | 1988  | 22  | 22  | −3 | −1.0
Svea | Queen Maud Land  |  Sweden  | Swedish Polar Research Secretariat | 1988  |  | 5  |  |
Taishan[29] | Princess Elizabeth Land |  China  | Polar Research Institute of China | 2014  | 20  | 20  |  | −30.3
TARS | Horseshoe Island |  Turkey  | Turkish Polar Research Program  | 2019  | 50  | 26  |  |
Tor | Queen Maud Land  |  Norway  | Norwegian Polar Institute | 1993  |  | 7  |  |
Union Glacier | Union Glacier |  Chile  | Chilean Army, Chilean Navy, Chilean Air Force, Instituto Antártico Chileno | 2014  |  | 70  | −3 |
Vechernyaya[30] | Mount Vechernyaya, Thala Hills |  Belarus  | National Academy of Sciences of Belarus | 2007  | 12  | 11  |  |
Wasa | Queen Maud Land  |  Sweden  | Swedish Polar Research Secretariat | 1989  | 20  | 13  |  | −15.3
Yelcho | South Bay, Doumer Island |  Chile  | Instituto Antártico Chileno | 1962  | 28  | 28  |  | 2.0
Zucchelli | Terra Nova Bay |  Italy  | National Antarctic Research Program, ENEA, CNR | 1986  | 120  | 120  | +12[a][31] | −14.0

## Maps of active stations

[edit]

Pacific Ocean

Atlantic Ocean

Indian Ocean

Southern Ocean

Antarctic Peninsula

Chile

South Africa

India

New Zealand

Jinnah

Svea

Sobral

Tor

Dobrowolski

Signy

Law-
Racoviță

Kohnen

Taishan

Kunlun

Molodyozhnaya, Vechernyaya

Elisabeth

Nordenskiöld

Union Glacier

Zucchelli, Gondwana

Bird

King Edward Point

Belgrano

Vostok

Orcadas

Mawson

Troll

Mirny

Neumayer

Halley

Concordia

Qinling, Jang Bogo

Davis

Dumont d'Urville

SANAE

Casey

Novolazarevskaya,
Maitri

Showa

Amundsen–Scott

Progress,
Bharati,
Zhongshan

McMurdo, Scott

class=notpageimage|

Active research stations in Antarctica, except the Antarctic Peninsula. Red squares represent summer-only stations.

Southern Ocean

South Shetland Islands

Antarctic Peninsula

ECARE

Gerritsz

Matienzo

Melchior

Primavera

Mendel

Videla,
Brown

Yelcho, Lockroy

Petrel

TARS

Carvajal

San Martín

Vernadsky

Palmer

O'Higgins

Esperanza

Rothera

Marambio

class=notpageimage|

Active research stations on the Antarctic Peninsula, except the South Shetland Islands. Red squares represent summer-only stations.

Southern Ocean

Antarctic Peninsula

Risopatrón

Mann, Shirreff

Cámara

Maldonado

Juan Carlos, Ohridski

Castilla, Deception

Eco-Nelson

Prat

Arctowski

Ferraz

Sejong

Carlini

Frei,
Bellingshausen,
Escudero,
Artigas,
Great
Wall

class=notpageimage|

Active research stations in the South Shetland Islands. Red squares represent summer-only stations.

## Inactive stations

[edit]

Name  | Location  | Country  | Admin. | Year est. | Type  | UTC
offset | Mean annual
temp.
(°C)  | Year closed  | Status

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Aguirre Cerda | Deception Island |  Chile  | Instituto Antártico Chileno | 1955  | Summer  |  |  | 1967  | Destroyed
Arturo Parodi | Ellsworth Land |  Chile  | Instituto Antártico Chileno | 1999  | Summer  |  |  | 2014  | Dismantled
Asuka | Queen Maud Land  |  Japan  | National Institute of Polar Research | 1985  | Summer  |  |  | 1992  | Closed, under snow
Belgrano I | Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf |  Argentina  | Instituto Antártico Argentino | 1955  | Permanent  | −3 |  | 1980  | Abandoned, lost
Belgrano III | Berkner Island |  Argentina  | Instituto Antártico Argentino | 1980  | Permanent  | −3 |  | 1984  | Abandoned
Borga | Borg Massif |  South Africa  | South African National Antarctic Programme | 1969  | Summer  |  |  | 1976  | Closed
Brockton | Ross Ice Shelf  |  United States  | United States Navy | 1965  | Summer  |  |  | 1972  | Abandoned
Byrd | Marie Byrd Land |  United States  | United States Antarctic Program | 1957  | Summer  |  | −28.1  | 2005  | Abandoned
Charcot[32] | Adélie Land |  France  | French Polar Institute | 1957  | Permanent  |  |  | 1959  | Closed, abandoned
Dakshin Gangotri | Dakshin Gangotri Glacier |  India  | National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research | 1984  | Permanent  |  |  | 1990  | Closed, support base
Dome Fuji | Queen Maud Land  |  Japan  | National Institute of Polar Research | 1995  | Summer  |  | −54.3  | 2019  | Closed
Drescher | Queen Maud Land  |  Germany  | Alfred Wegener Institute | 1986  | Summer  |  |  | 2016  | Closed
Druzhba [ru] | Zavadovskiy Island |  Soviet Union  | Soviet Antarctic Expedition | 1960  | Winter  |  |  | 1960  | Closed
Druzhnaya I [ru] | Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf |  Soviet Union  | Soviet Antarctic Expedition | 1975  | Summer  |  |  | 1986  | Closed, lost
Druzhnaya II [ru] | Lassiter Coast |  Soviet Union  | Soviet Antarctic Expedition | 1982  | Summer  |  |  | 1986  | Closed
Druzhnaya III | Queen Maud Land  |  Soviet Union  | Soviet Antarctic Expedition | 1982  | Summer  |  |  | 1991  | Closed
Druzhnaya IV [ru] | Princess Elizabeth Land |  Russia  | Russian Antarctic Expedition | 1987  | Summer  |  |  | 2013  | Closed
East Base | Stonington Island |  United States  | United States Antarctic Service Expedition | 1941  | Permanent  |  |  | 1948  | Closed
Eights | Ellsworth Land[33] |  United States  | National Science Foundation | 1963  | Permanent  |  |  | 1965  | Closed
Ellsworth | Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf |  United States
Argentina  | United States Navy, Instituto Antártico Argentino | 1957  | Permanent  |  | −22  | 1962  | Closed, lost
Faraday[34] | Galindez Island |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1947  | Permanent  |  | −3.3  | 1996  | Closed, became Vernadsky
Filchner | Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf |  Germany  | Alfred Wegener Institute | 1982  | Summer  |  |  | 1999  | Abandoned, lost
Georg Forster [de] | Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf |  Germany  | Alfred Wegener Institute | 1976  | Permanent  |  |  | 1993  | Dismantled
Georg von Neumayer [de] | Princess Martha Coast |  Germany  | Alfred Wegener Institute | 1981  | Permanent  |  |  | 1993  | Closed, sunk in ice
Giacomo Bove[35] | Italia Valley |  Italy  | Renato Cepparo Expedition  | 1976  | Summer  |  |  | 1976  | Closed, sabotaged
Hallett | Hallett Peninsula |  United States
New Zealand  | International Geophysical Year | 1956  | Summer  |  |  | 1973  | Dismantled
King Baudouin [fr] | Princess Ragnhild Coast |  Belgium
Netherlands  | National Center for Polar Research | 1958  | Permanent  |  |  | 1967  | Closed, abandoned
Komsomolskaya | Queen Mary Land |  Soviet Union  | Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute | 1957  | Permanent  |  | −52  | 1962  | Abandoned
Lazarev [ru] | Lazarev Ice Shelf |  Soviet Union  | Soviet Antarctic Expedition | 1959  | Permanent  |  |  | 1961  | Closed, abandoned
Leningradskaya | Oates Coast, Victoria Land |  Russia  | Russian Antarctic Expedition | 1971  | Summer  |  | −14.2  | 2008  | Closed
Little America | Ross Ice Shelf  |  United States  | United States Navy | 1929  | Permanent  |  | −22  | 1987  | Lost
Little Rockford | Marie Byrd Land |  United States  | United States Navy | 1958  | Summer  |  |  | 1965  | Closed, abandoned
Maudheim [no] | Queen Maud Land  |  Norway
Sweden
United Kingdom  | Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition | 1950  | Permanent  |  |  | 1952  | Closed
Mir [ru] | Drygalski Island |  Soviet Union  | Soviet Antarctic Expedition | 1960  | Winter  |  |  | 1960  | Closed
Mizuho | Mizuho Plateau |  Japan  | National Institute of Polar Research | 1970  | Summer  |  |  | 1987  | Closed
Neumayer II | Queen Maud Land  |  Germany  | Alfred Wegener Institute | 1992  | Permanent  |  |  | 2009  | Dismantled
Norway [no] | Fimbul Ice Shelf |  Norway
South Africa  | Sixth Norwegian Antarctic Expedition | 1957  | Permanent  |  |  | 1960  | Closed
Oazis 2 [ru] | Bunger Hills |  Russia  | Russian Antarctic Expedition | 1987  | Summer  |  |  | 1995  | Closed
Pionérskaya [ru] | Queen Mary Land |  Soviet Union  | Soviet Antarctic Expedition | 1956  | Permanent  |  | −38  | 1959  | Closed
Plateau | Queen Maud Land  |  United States  | United States Navy, National Science Foundation | 1965  | Permanent  |  | −56.7  | 1969  | Closed
Pobeda [ru] | Queen Mary Land |  Soviet Union  | Soviet Antarctic Expedition | 1960  | Summer  |  |  | 1960  | Abandoned, lost
Pole of Inaccessibility | Kemp Land |  Soviet Union  | Soviet Antarctic Expedition | 1958  | Summer  |  | −58.2  | 1958  | Closed
Port Martin | Cape Margerie |  France  | French Antarctic Expedition | 1950  | Permanent  |  |  | 1952  | Partly destroyed in a fire, closed
Russkaya | Marie Byrd Land |  Russia  | Russian Antarctic Expedition | 1980  | Summer  | −6 | −12.4  | 1990  | Closed
SANAE I | Fimbul Ice Shelf |  South Africa  | South African National Antarctic Programme | 1960  | Permanent  |  |  | 1963  | Closed, abandoned
SANAE II | Fimbul Ice Shelf |  South Africa  | South African National Antarctic Programme | 1971  | Permanent  |  |  | 1979  | Closed, abandoned
SANAE III | Fimbul Ice Shelf |  South Africa  | South African National Antarctic Programme | 1979  | Permanent  |  |  | 1997  | Closed, abandoned
Sarie Marais | Ahlmann Ridge |  South Africa  | South African National Antarctic Programme | 1982  | Summer  |  |  | 2001  | Closed, decommissioned
Siple | Ellsworth Land |  United States  | Stanford University's STAR Lab | 1973  | Summer  |  |  | 1988  | Closed
Sodruzhestvo [ru] | Amery Ice Shelf |  Soviet Union  | Soviet Antarctic Expedition | 1971  | Summer  |  |  | 1974  | Closed
Sovetskaya | Kaiser Wilhelm II Land |  Soviet Union  | Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute | 1958  | Permanent  |  |  | 1959  | Closed, abandoned
Soyuz | Prince Charles Mountains |  Soviet Union  | Soviet Antarctic Expedition | 1982  | Permanent  | +5 |  | 2007  | Closed
Station B[36] | Deception Island |  United Kingdom  | Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition | 1944  | Permanent  |  |  | 1969  | Closed, abandoned
Station C[37] | Cape Geddes |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1946  | Summer  |  |  | 1947  | Closed, abandoned
Station D[38] | Hope Bay |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1945  | Permanent  |  |  | 1964  | Closed, became ECARE
Station E[39] | Stonington Island |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1946  | Permanent  |  |  | 1975  | Closed
Station G[40] | Admiralty Bay |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1947  | Permanent  |  |  | 1961  | Closed, demolished
Station J[41] | Prospect Point |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1957  | Permanent  |  |  | 1959  | Closed, removed
Station N[42] | Anvers Island |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1955  | Permanent  |  |  | 1971  | Destroyed in a fire, demolished
Station O[43] | Danco Island |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1956  | Permanent  |  |  | 1959  | Closed, demolished
Station T[44] | Adelaide Island |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1961  | Permanent  |  |  | 1977  | Closed, became Carvajal
Station V[45] | View Point |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1953  | Permanent  |  |  | 1963  | Closed, became Jorge Boonen
Station W[46] | Detaille Island |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1956  | Permanent  |  |  | 1959  | Closed
Station Y[47] | Horseshoe Island |  United Kingdom  | British Antarctic Survey | 1955  | Permanent  |  |  | 1960  | Closed
Vanda | Victoria Land |  New Zealand  | Antarctica New Zealand | 1969  | Summer  |  | −19.7  | 1995  | Closed
Vostok I [ru] | East Antarctica |  Soviet Union  | Russian Academy of Sciences | 1957  | Permanent  |  |  | 1957  | Closed, abandoned
Weddell 1 [ru] | Weddell Sea |  Russia
United States  | Russian Antarctic Expedition, National Science Foundation | 1992  | Summer  |  |  | 1992  | Evacuated
Wilkes | Clark Peninsula |  United States
Australia  | United States Navy
Australian Antarctic Division | 1957  | Permanent  | +8 |  | 1969  | Closed, partially abandoned[c]
World Park | Cape Evans |  International  | Greenpeace | 1987  | Permanent  |  |  | 1991  | Dismantled

## Impact and pollution

[edit]

Further information: Climate change in Antarctica

A C-130 airplane landing on an ice runway at Union Glacier (upper left), which causes black carbon concentrations to increase in the surrounding snow (right), as observed through sample collection (lower left)[49]

In 2023 a research report from an Australian team[50] found that the pollution left by international research stations was comparable to that seen in some of the busiest ports in the world.

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Observes daylight saving time.
2. ^ This base was closed in 1960 and reopened on 21 March 1976.[20]
3. ^ Transmitter hut used as field hut and temporary accommodation for nearby Casey Station.[48]

## See also

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scientific stations in Antarctica.

* Antarctic field camps
* Demographics of Antarctica
* Territorial claims in Antarctica
* List of airports in Antarctica
* List of research stations in the Arctic (for analogous stations in the Arctic)
* List of Antarctic expeditions
* Transport in Antarctica
* Time in Antarctica
* Winter-over syndrome
* Human outpost

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "01. Antarctic Treaty, done at Washington December 1, 1959". United States Department of State. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
2. ^ Silja Vöneky; Sange Addison-Agyei (May 2011). "Oxford Public International Law". Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law.
3. ^ "4.0 Antarctica - Past and Present". Archived from the original on 18 January 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
4. ^ a b Rudmose Brown, R. N.; Pirie, J. H.; Mossman, R. C. (2002). The Voyage of the Scotia. Edinburgh: Mercat Press. pp. 34–57\. ISBN 1-84183-044-5.
5. ^ Rudmose Brown, Pirie & Mossman 2002, p. 57.
6. ^ "Voyage of the Scotia 1902–04: The Antarctic". Glasgow Digital Library. Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
7. ^ Speak, Peter (2003). William Speirs Bruce: Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist. Edinburgh: NMS Publishing. p. 85\. ISBN 1-901663-71-X.
8. ^ Escude, Carlos; Cisneros, Andres. "Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica Argentina" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2012.
9. ^ Moneta, Jose Manuel (1954). Cuatro Años en las Orcadas del Sur (9th ed.). Ediciones Peuser.
10. ^ "HMS Carnarvon Castle 1943". Archived from the original on 6 July 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
11. ^ "Spirit of Scott 2012: Britain's polar interests lie under a cloud". The Daily Telegraph. 27 November 2012. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
12. ^ Antarctica and the Arctic: the complete encyclopedia, Volume 1, by David McGonigal, Lynn Woodworth, page 98
13. ^ a b "The Antarctic Treaty | Antarctic Treaty". www.ats.aq. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
14. ^ "Mineral resources". Discovering Antarctica. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
15. ^ "New Zealand". Antarctic Treaty. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
16. ^ "Halley VI Antarctic Research Station". Archello.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
17. ^ China opens first Antarctic research station due south of Australia and New Zealand ABC News, 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024
18. ^ Zhao Lei, China opens fifth Antarctic research station China Daily via Asia News Network, 8 February 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
19. ^ "Rothera Station R". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
20. ^ "San Martín Base" (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Fundación Marambio. 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
21. ^ BAS: World’s largest iceberg grounds near sub-Antarctic Island of South Georgia
22. ^ Editorial guidelines – sub-Arctic
23. ^ "Bird Island Station BI". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
24. ^ "King Edward Pont Station M". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
25. ^ "La Antartida". Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
26. ^ "Port Lockroy Diaries". United Kingdom Antarctic Heritage Trust. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.
27. ^ "History of Port Lockroy (Station A)". British Antarctic Survey. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
28. ^ "Signy Station H". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
29. ^ "中国正式建成南极泰山科考站". 8 February 2014. Archived from the original on 10 February 2014. Retrieved 10 February 2014.
30. ^ Varetto, Gianni (24 August 2017). "Belarusian Antarctic Research Vechernyaya Station (WAP BLR-New)". Worldwide Antarctic Program. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
31. ^ "Current Local Time in Mario Zucchelli Station, Antarctica". timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
32. ^ "Dumont d'Urville". Institute Polaire Français. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
33. ^ Dubrovin, L.I.; Petrov, V.N. (1971). Scientific Stations in Antarctica 1882-1963 [Nauchnye Stanstii V Antarktike 1882-1963] (PDF). Gidrometeorologicheskoe Izdatel'stvo. New Delhi: Indian National Scientific Documentation Center. pp. 327–329\. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
34. ^ "History of Faraday (Station F)". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
35. ^ Varetto, Gianni (2017). "Giacomo Bove Station". Worldwide Antarctic Program. Archived from the original on 8 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
36. ^ "Deception Island Station B". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
37. ^ "Sandefjord Bay Station C". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
38. ^ "Hope Bay Station D". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
39. ^ "Stonington Island Station E". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
40. ^ "Admiralty Bay Station G". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
41. ^ "Prospect Point Station J". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
42. ^ "Anvers Island Station N". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
43. ^ "Danco Island Station O". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
44. ^ "Adelaide Station T". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
45. ^ "View Point Station V". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
46. ^ "Detaille Island Station W". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
47. ^ "Horseshoe Island Station Y". British Antarctic Survey. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
48. ^ Australian Antarctic Division (August 2018). "Wilkes Station". Retrieved 13 October 2024.
49. ^ Cordero, Raúl R.; Sepúlveda, Edgardo; Feron, Sarah; Damiani, Alessandro; Fernandoy, Francisco; Neshyba, Steven; Rowe, Penny M.; Asencio, Valentina; Carrasco, Jorge; Alfonso, Juan A.; Llanillo, Pedro (22 February 2022). "Black carbon footprint of human presence in Antarctica". Nature Communications. 13 (1): 984. Bibcode:2022NatCo..13..984C. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28560-w. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 8863810. PMID 35194040.
50. ^ Antarctic pollution by researchers surfaces in new report Green Prophet, 10 September 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024

## External links

[edit]

* Antarctic Station Catalogue (PDF) (catalogue). Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs. August 2017. ISBN 978-0-473-40409-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
* Research stations
* COMNAP Antarctic Facilities, 2014, Excel file
* COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map, 2009 (Archived September 15, 2009, at the Wayback Machine)
* Antarctic Exploration Timeline, animated map of Antarctic exploration and settlement, showing where and when Antarctic research stations were established
* Antarctic Digital Database Map Viewer SCAR

Portals:

* Earth sciences
* Geography
* Lists

* v
* t
* e

Research stations in Antarctica

Year-round

| Argentina|

* Belgrano II
* Carlini
* Esperanza
* Marambio
* Orcadas
* San Martín

|

Australia|

* Casey
* Davis
* Mawson

Chile|

* Captain Prat
* General O'Higgins
* Presidente Frei
* Profesor Escudero

China|

* Great Wall
* Zhongshan
* Qinling

Europe|

* Czech Republic
* Eco-Nelson
* France
* Concordia
* Dumont d'Urville
* Germany
* Neumayer III
* Italy
* Concordia
* Norway
* Troll
* Poland
* Arctowski
* Ukraine
* Vernadsky
* United Kingdom
* Rothera

India|

* Bharati
* Maitri

Russia|

* Bellingshausen
* Mirny
* Novolazarevskaya
* Progress
* Vostok

South Korea|

* Jang Bogo
* King Sejong

United States|

* Amundsen-Scott
* McMurdo
* Palmer

Others|

* Brazil
* Comandante Ferraz
* Japan
* Showa
* New Zealand
* Scott
* South Africa
* SANAE IV
* Turkey
* TARS
* Uruguay
* Artigas

Summer

* Argentina
* Almirante Brown
* Cámara
* Decepción
* Matienzo
* Melchior
* Petrel
* Primavera
* Belarus
* Vechernyaya
* Belgium
* Princess Elisabeth
* Bulgaria
* St. Kliment Ohridski
* Chile
* Carvajal
* Collins
* González Videla
* Guillermo Mann
* Jorge Boonen
* Julio Ripamonti
* Risopatrón
* Union Glacier
* Yelcho
* China
* Kunlun
* Taishan
* Czech Republic
* Mendel
* Ecuador
* Maldonado
* Finland
* Aboa
* Germany
* Kohnen
* Gondwana
* Italy
* Zucchelli
* New Zealand
* Vanda
* Norway
* Tor
* Pakistan
* Jinnah
* Peru
* Machu Picchu
* Poland
* Dobrowolski
* Romania
* Law-Racoviță
* Russia
* Leningradskaya
* Molodyozhnaya
* Progress
* Russkaya
* Soyuz
* Spain
* Gabriel de Castilla
* Juan Carlos I
* Sweden
* Svea
* Wasa
* Turkey
* ITU PolReC
* United Kingdom
* Fossil Bluff
* Halley
* Signy
* United States
* Lenie
* Shirreff
* Uruguay
* Elichiribehety

Closed

* Argentina
* Belgrano I
* Belgrano III
* Ellsworth
* Sobral
* Australia
* Wilkes
* Belgium
* King Baudouin
* Chile
* Aguirre Cerda
* Arturo Parodi
* France
* Charcot
* Port Martin
* Germany
* Drescher Ice Camp
* Georg Forster
* Filchner
* Neumayer I [de]
* Neumayer II
* India
* Dakshin Gangotri
* Italy
* Giacomo Bove
* Japan
* Asuka
* Dome Fuji
* Mizuho
* New Zealand
* Hallett
* Vanda
* Norway
* Norway
* Maudheim
* Poland
* Dobrowolski
* South Africa
* Borga Base
* SANAE I
* SANAE II
* SANAE III
* Sarie Marais
* Soviet Union
* Druzhba [ru]
* Druzhnaya I
* Druzhnaya II
* Druzhnaya III
* Druzhnaya IV
* Komsomolskaya
* Lazarev
* Mir [ru]
* Oasis
* Pionerskaya
* Pobeda [ru]
* Pole of Inaccessibility
* Salyut [lv]
* Sodruzhestvo [ru]
* Sovetskaya
* Vostok I [es]
* United Kingdom
* South Ice
* Port Lockroy
* Station B
* Station C
* Station D
* Station E
* Station F
* Station G
* Station J
* Station N
* Station O
* Station P
* Station T
* Station V
* Station W
* United States
* Brockton
* Byrd
* East Base
* Eights
* Ellsworth
* Hallett
* Little America
* Little Rockford
* Plateau
* Siple
* Other
* World Park Base
* Joint Stations
* Weddell-1 [ru]

See also Antarctic field camps

* v
* t
* e

Antarctica

Geography|

* South Pole
* Antarctic sea ice
* Climate
* Climate change
* Heat waves
* Ice shelves
* Geology
* Glaciers
* Mountains
* Tundra
* Volcanoes

| Regions|

* Biogeographic realm
* Antarctic Peninsula
* East Antarctica
* ice sheet
* shield
* Extreme points
* Floristic kingdom
* Islands
* Ridge A
* South Pole (region)
* South magnetic pole
* West Antarctica
* ice sheet

|

Bodies of water|

* Antarctic/Southern Ocean
* Lake CECs
* Lake Mercer
* Lake Vostok
* List of rivers
* McMurdo Sound
* Ross Sea
* Weddell Sea

Life|

* Flora
* Microorganisms
* Wildlife
* Birds
* Mammals
* Krill

History|

* Expeditions
* Heroic Age
* World War II
* Colonization
* COVID-19 pandemic
* Years

Politics|

* Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
* Military activity
* National programs
* Territorial claims
* Treaty System

Society|

* Antarctica Day
* Antarctic English
* Crime
* Demographics
* Economy
* Field camps
* Firefighting
* Flags
* Food
* Gateway cities
* Midwinter Day
* Protected areas
* Religion
* Research stations
* Telecommunications
* Time
* Tourism
* Transport
* Women
* Antarctica Weather Danger Classification

Famous explorers|

* Roald Amundsen
* Richard E. Byrd
* Douglas Mawson
* Ui-te-Rangiora (legendary)
* James Clark Ross
* Robert Falcon Scott
* Ernest Shackleton

* Category
* Commons
* Index

* v
* t
* e

Polar exploration

Arctic

* Ocean
* History
* Expeditions
* Research stations

Farthest North
North Pole|

* Barentsz
* Heemskerck
* Hudson
* Marmaduke
* Carolus
* Parry
* North magnetic pole
* J. Ross
* J. C. Ross
* Abernethy
* Kane
* Hayes
* Polaris expedition
* Polaris
* C. F. Hall
* Bessels
* British Arctic Expedition
* HMS Alert
* Nares
* HMS Discovery
* Stephenson
* Markham
* Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
* Greely
* Lockwood
* Brainard
* Nansen's Fram expedition
* Fram
* Nansen
* Johansen
* Sverdrup
* Jason
* Amedeo
* Andrée's balloon expedition
* S. A. Andrée
* F. Cook
* SS Roosevelt
* Peary
* Henson
* Sedov
* Byrd
* Norge
* Amundsen
* Nobile
* Wisting
* Riiser-Larsen
* Ellsworth
* Italia
* Nautilus
* Wilkins
* ANT-25
* Chkalov
* Baydukov
* Belyakov
* Drifting ice stations
* NP-1
* Papanin
* Shirshov
* E. Fyodorov
* Krenkel
* NP-36
* NP-37
* Georgiy Sedov
* Badygin
* Wiese
* USS Nautilus
* USS Skate
* Plaisted
* Herbert
* NS Arktika
* Barneo
* Arktika 2007
* Mir submersibles
* Sagalevich
* Chilingarov

Iceland
Greenland|

* Pytheas
* Brendan
* Papar
* Vikings
* Naddodd
* Garðar
* Ingólfr
* Norse colonization of North America
* Gunnbjörn
* Snæbjörn galti
* Erik the Red
* Christian IV's expeditions
* J. Hall
* Cunningham
* Lindenov
* C. Richardson
* Danish colonization
* Egede
* Scoresby
* Jason
* Nansen
* Sverdrup
* Peary
* Rasmussen

Northwest Passage
Northern Canada|

* Cabot
* G. Corte-Real
* M. Corte-Real
* Frobisher
* Gilbert
* Davis
* Hudson
* Discovery
* Bylot
* Baffin
* Munk
* I. Fyodorov
* HMS Resolution
* J. Cook
* HMS Discovery
* Clerke
* Mackenzie
* Kotzebue
* J. Ross
* HMS Griper
* Parry
* HMS Hecla
* Lyon
* HMS Fury
* Hoppner
* Crozier
* J. C. Ross
* Coppermine expedition
* Franklin
* Back
* Dease
* Simpson
* HMS Blossom
* Beechey
* Franklin's lost expedition
* HMS Erebus
* HMS Terror
* Collinson
* Rae–Richardson expedition
* Rae
* J. Richardson
* Austin
* McClure expedition
* HMS Investigator
* McClure
* HMS Resolute
* Kellett
* Belcher
* Kennedy
* Bellot
* Isabel
* Inglefield
* 2nd Grinnell expedition
* USS Advance
* Kane
* Fox
* McClintock
* HMS Pandora
* Young
* Fram
* Sverdrup
* Gjøa
* Amundsen
* Rasmussen
* Karluk
* Stefansson
* Bartlett
* St. Roch
* H. Larsen
* Cowper

North East Passage
Russian Arctic|

* Pomors
* Koch boats
* Willoughby
* Chancellor
* Barentsz
* Heemskerck
* Mangazeya
* Hudson
* Poole
* Siberian Cossacks
* Perfilyev
* Stadukhin
* Dezhnev
* Popov
* Ivanov
* Vagin
* Permyakov
* Great Northern Expedition
* Bering
* Chirikov
* Malygin
* Ovtsyn
* Minin
* V. Pronchishchev
* M. Pronchishcheva
* Chelyuskin
* Kh. Laptev
* D. Laptev
* Chichagov
* Lyakhov
* Billings
* Sannikov
* Gedenshtrom
* Wrangel
* Matyushkin
* Anjou
* Litke
* Lavrov
* Pakhtusov
* Tsivolko
* Middendorff
* Austro-Hungarian Expedition
* Weyprecht
* Payer
* Vega Expedition
* A. E. Nordenskiöld
* Palander
* Jeannette expedition
* USS Jeannette
* De Long
* Melville
* Yermak
* Makarov
* Zarya
* Toll
* Kolomeitsev
* Matisen
* Kolchak
* Sedov
* Rusanov expedition
* Rusanov
* Kuchin
* Brusilov expedition
* Sv. Anna
* Brusilov
* Albanov
* Konrad
* Wiese
* Nagórski
* Taymyr / Vaygach
* Vilkitsky
* Maud
* Amundsen
* AARI
* Samoylovich
* Begichev
* Urvantsev
* Sadko
* Ushakov
* Glavsevmorput
* Schmidt
* Aviaarktika
* Shevelev
* A. Sibiryakov
* Voronin
* Chelyuskin
* Krassin
* Gakkel
* Nuclear-powered icebreakers
* Lenin
* Arktika-class icebreaker

Antarctic

* Continent
* History
* Expeditions

Antarctic/Southern Ocean|

* Roché
* Bouvet
* Kerguelen
* HMS Resolution
* J. Cook
* HMS Adventure
* Furneaux
* Smith
* San Telmo
* Vostok
* Bellingshausen
* Mirny
* Lazarev
* Bransfield
* Palmer
* Davis
* Weddell
* Morrell
* Astrolabe
* Dumont d'Urville
* United States Exploring Expedition
* USS Vincennes
* Wilkes
* USS Porpoise
* Ringgold
* Ross expedition
* HMS Erebus (J. C. Ross
* Abernethy)
* HMS Terror (Crozier)
* Cooper
* Challenger expedition
* HMS Challenger
* Nares
* Murray
* Jason
* C. A. Larsen

"Heroic Age"|

* Belgian Antarctic Expedition
* Belgica
* de Gerlache
* Lecointe
* Amundsen
* Cook
* Arctowski
* Racoviță
* Dobrowolski
* Southern Cross
* Southern Cross
* Borchgrevink
* Discovery
* Discovery
* Discovery Hut
* Gauss
* Gauss
* Drygalski
* Swedish Antarctic Expedition
* Antarctic
* O. Nordenskjöld
* C. A. Larsen
* Scottish Antarctic Expedition
* Bruce
* Scotia
* Orcadas Base
* Nimrod Expedition
* Nimrod
* French Antarctic Expeditions
* Pourquoi-Pas
* Charcot
* Japanese Antarctic Expedition
* Shirase
* Amundsen's South Pole expedition
* Fram
* Amundsen
* Framheim
* Polheim
* Terra Nova
* Terra Nova
* Scott
* Wilson
* E. R. Evans
* Crean
* Lashly
* Filchner
* Australasian Antarctic Expedition
* SY Aurora
* Mawson
* Far Eastern Party
* Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
* Endurance
* Shackleton
* Wild
* James Caird
* Ross Sea party
* Mackintosh
* Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
* Quest

IPY * IGY
Modern research|

* Christensen
* Byrd
* BANZARE
* BGLE
* Rymill
* New Swabia
* Ritscher
* Operation Tabarin
* Marr
* Operation Highjump
* Captain Arturo Prat Base
* British Antarctic Survey
* Operation Windmill
* Ketchum
* Ronne Expedition
* F. Ronne
* E. Ronne
* Schlossbach
* Operation Deep Freeze
* McMurdo Station
* Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
* Hillary
* V. Fuchs
* Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
* 1st
* Somov
* Klenova
* Mirny
* 2nd
* Tryoshnikov
* 3rd
* Tolstikov
* Antarctic Treaty System
* Transglobe Expedition
* Fiennes
* Burton
* Lake Vostok
* Kapitsa

Farthest South
South Pole|

* HMS Resolution
* J. Cook
* HMS Adventure
* Furneaux
* Weddell
* HMS Erebus
* J. C. Ross
* HMS Terror
* Crozier
* Southern Cross
* Borchgrevink
* Discovery
* Barne
* Nimrod
* Shackleton
* Wild
* Marshall
* Adams
* South magnetic pole
* Mawson
* David
* Mackay
* Amundsen's South Pole expedition
* Fram
* Amundsen
* Bjaaland
* Helmer
* Hassel
* Wisting
* Polheim
* Terra Nova
* Scott
* E. Evans
* Oates
* Wilson
* Bowers
* Cherry-Garrard
* Byrd
* Balchen
* McKinley
* Dufek
* Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
* Hillary
* V. Fuchs
* Pole of Cold
* Vostok Station
* Pole of inaccessibility
* Pole of Inaccessibility research station
* Tolstikov
* Crary
* A. Fuchs
* Messner

*[c.]: circa
*[est.]: established
*[pers.]: persons
*[pop.]: population
*[temp.]: temperature
*[Admin.]: Administration
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template