Reserve Bank of India

Central Bank of India

Reserve Bank of India
भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक
Seal of the Reserve Bank of India

Logo of the Reserve Bank of India

The RBI Tower in Mumbai, which serves as the RBI's headquarters

Headquarters| Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Coordinates| 18°56′00″N 72°50′11″E﻿ / ﻿18.93324°N 72.83646°E﻿ / 18.93324; 72.83646
Established| 1 April 1935 (90 years ago) (1935-04-01)
Governing body| Central Board of Directors.[1]
Governor| Sanjay Malhotra[2]
Key people|

* Sanjay Malhotra
(Governor)
* M. Rajeshwar Rao
(Deputy Governor)
* Swaminathan Janakiraman
(Deputy Governor)
* T. Rabi Sankar
(Deputy Governor)
* Poonam Gupta (Economist)
(Deputy Governor)

Central bank of|  India
Currency| Indian rupee (₹)
INR (ISO 4217)
Reserves|  $629.557 billion[a][3]
(as of 31 January 2025[update])
Bank rate| 5.5 %[4](as of 6 June 2025[update])
Interest on reserves| 3.35% (market determined)[4]
Website| website.rbi.org.in
Reserve Bank of India
Agency overview
Jurisdiction| Government of India
Child agency|

* Monetary Policy Committee

Key document|

* Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934

Reserve Bank of India, abbreviated as RBI, is the central bank of the Republic of India, regulatory body for the Indian banking system and Indian currency. Owned by the Ministry of Finance, Government of the Republic of India, it is responsible for the control, issue, and supply of the Indian rupee. It also manages the country's main payment systems.

The RBI, along with the Indian Banks' Association, established the National Payments Corporation of India to promote and regulate the payment and settlement systems in India. Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran (BRBNM) is a specialised division of RBI through which it prints and mints Indian currency notes (INR) in two of its currency printing presses located in Mysore (Karnataka; Southern India) and Salboni (West Bengal; Eastern India).[5] Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation was established by RBI as one of its specialized division for the purpose of providing insurance of deposits and guaranteeing of credit facilities to all Indian banks.

Until the Monetary Policy Committee was established in 2016,[6] it also had full control over monetary policy in the country.[7] It commenced its operations on 1 April 1935 in accordance with the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.[8] The original share capital was divided into shares of 100 each fully paid.[9] The RBI was nationalised on 1 January 1949, almost a year and a half after India's independence.[10]

The overall direction of the RBI lies with the 21-member central board of directors, composed of: the governor; four deputy governors; two finance ministry representatives (usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary); ten government-nominated directors; and four directors who represent local boards for Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, and Delhi. Each of these local boards consists of five members who represent regional interests and the interests of co-operative and indigenous banks.

It is a member bank of the Asian Clearing Union. The bank is also active in promoting financial inclusion policy and is a leading member of the Alliance for Financial Inclusion (AFI). The bank is often referred to by the name "Mint Street".[11]

## Preamble

[edit]

The preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the reserve bank as:[12]

> ...to regulate the issue of Bank notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage; to have a modern monetary policy framework to meet the challenge of an increasingly complex economy, to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth.

## History

[edit]

A 2010 stamp dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the Reserve Bank of India

(1928), which laid the groundwork for the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934, considered Ambedkar’s recommendations. His advocacy for a managed currency system and an independent central bank to regulate credit and control inflation influenced the RBI’s establishment in 1935.

Ambedkar was critical of British colonial financial policies, particularly the instability caused by the silver standard. He proposed a stable monetary framework and emphasized the need for financial inclusion, ensuring equitable access to banking services. His economic principles continue to influence India's financial policies and central banking regulations.

The Reserve Bank of India was established[13] in 1934, under the Reserve Bank of India Act.[14] Though privately owned initially, it was nationalised in 1949 and since then fully owned by the Ministry of Finance, Government of India (GoI).

### 1935–1949

[edit]

Reserve Bank of India-10 Rupees (1938), the first year of banknote issue

The Reserve Bank of India was founded on 1 April 1935 to respond to economic troubles after the First World War.[15] The bank was set up based on the recommendations of the 1926 Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, also known as the Hilton Young Commission.[16] Eventually, the Central Legislative Assembly passed these guidelines as the RBI Act 1934. India was the first colony to have its own central bank.[17]

The original choice for the seal of RBI was the East India Company Double Mohur, with the sketch of the Lion and swimming Tree. However, it was decided to replace the lion with the tiger, the national animal of India. The Preamble of the RBI describes its basic functions to regulate the issue of banknotes, keep reserves to secure monetary stability in India, and generally to operate the currency and credit system in the best interests of the country. The Central Office of the RBI was established in Calcutta (now Kolkata) but was moved to Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1937. The RBI also acted as Burma's (now Myanmar) central bank until April 1947 (except during the years of Japanese occupation (1942–45)), even though Burma seceded from the Indian Union in 1937. After the Partition of India in August 1947, the bank served as the central bank for Pakistan until June 1948 when the State Bank of Pakistan commenced operations. Though set up as a shareholders' bank, the RBI has been fully owned by the Government of India since its nationalisation in 1949.[18] RBI has a monopoly of note issue.

### 1950–1960

[edit]

In the 1950s, the Indian government, under its first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, developed a centrally planned economic policy that focused on the agricultural sector. The administration nationalised commercial banks[19] and established, based on the Banking Companies Act, 1949 (later called the Banking Regulation Act), a central bank regulation as part of the RBI. Furthermore, the central bank was ordered to support economic plan with loans.[20]

### 1961–1968

[edit]

As a result of bank crashes, the RBI was requested to establish and monitor a deposit insurance system. Meant to restore the trust in the national bank system, it was initialized on 7 December 1961. The Indian government founded the funds to promote the economy and used the slogan "Developing Banking". The government of India restructured the national bank market and nationalized a lot of institutes. As a result, the RBI had to play the central part in controlling and supporting this public banking sector.

### 1969–1984

[edit]

In 1969, the Indira Gandhi-headed government nationalised 14 major commercial banks. Upon Indira Gandhi's return to power in 1980, a further six banks were nationalised.[16] The regulation of the economy and especially the financial sector was reinforced by the Government of India in the 1970s and 1980s.[21] The central bank became the central player and increased its policies a lot for various tasks like interests, reserve ratio and visible deposits.[22] These measures aimed at better economic development and had a huge effect on the company policy of the institutes. The banks lend money in selected sectors, like agricultural business and small trade companies.[23] The Banking Commission was established on Wednesday, 29 January 1969, to analyse banking costs, effects of legislations and banking procedures, including non-banking financial intermediaries and indigenous banking on Government of India economy; with R.G. Saraiya as the chairman.[24][25][26]

The branch was forced to establish two new offices in the country for every newly established office in a town.[27] The oil crises in 1973 resulted in increasing inflation, and the RBI restricted monetary policy to reduce the effects.[28]

### 1985–1990

[edit]

Many committees analysed the Indian economy between 1985 and 1989. Their results had an effect on the RBI. The Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction, the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research and the Security & Exchange Board of India investigated the national economy as a whole, and the security and exchange board proposed better methods for more effective markets and the protection of investor interests. The Indian financial market was a leading example for so-called "financial repression" (Mckinnon and Shaw).[22] The Discount and Finance House of India began its operations in the monetary market in April 1988; the National Housing Bank, founded in July 1988, was forced to invest in the property market and a new financial law improved the versatility of direct deposit by more security measures and liberalisation.[29]

### 1991–1999

[edit]

The national economy contracted in July 1991 as the Indian rupee was devalued.[30] The currency lost 18% of its value relative to the US dollar, and the Narsimham Committee advised restructuring the financial sector by a temporal reduced reserve ratio as well as the statutory liquidity ratio. New guidelines were published in 1993 to establish a private banking sector. This turning point was meant to reinforce the market and was often called neo-liberal.[21] The central bank deregulated bank interests and some sectors of the financial market like the trust and property markets.[31] This first phase was a success and the central government forced a diversity liberalisation to diversify owner structures in 1998.[22]

The National Stock Exchange of India took the trade on in June 1994 and the RBI allowed nationalised banks in July to interact with the capital market to reinforce their capital base. The central bank founded a subsidiary company—the Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited—on 3 February 1995 to produce banknotes.[32]

### 2000 - 2009

[edit]

The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 came into force in June 2000. It should improve the item in 2004–2005 (National Electronic Fund Transfer).[33] The Security Printing & Minting Corporation of India Ltd., a merger of nine institutions, was founded in 2006 and produces banknotes and coins.[34]

The national economy's growth rate came down to 5.8% in the last quarter of 2008–2009[35] and the central bank promotes the economic development.[36]

### Since 2010

[edit]

In 2016, the Government of India amended the RBI Act to establish the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to set. This limited the role of the RBI in setting interest rates, as the MPC membership is evenly divided between members of the RBI (including the RBI governor) and independent members appointed by the government. However, in the event of a tie, the vote of the RBI governor is decisive.[7]

The same year, the RBI started issuing a new bond called the Sovereign Gold Bond, on behalf of the Government.[37] The intent behind the scheme was to reduce gold imports by shifting investments from physical gold into a bond that tracked the price of gold.[38] The bond also carried interest.

In April 2018, the RBI announced that "entities regulated by RBI shall not deal with or provide services to any individual or business entities dealing with or settling virtual currencies," including Bitcoin.[39] While the RBI later clarified that it "has not prohibited" virtual currencies,[40] a three-judge panel of the Supreme Court of India issued a ruling on 4 March 2020 that the RBI had failed to show "at least some semblance of any damage suffered by its regulated entities" through the handling of virtual currencies to justify its decision.[41] The court challenge was filed by the Internet and Mobile Association of India, whose members include some cryptocurrency exchanges whose businesses suffered following the RBI's 2018 order.[42][43][44]

## Structure

[edit]

RBI Monetary Museum in Mumbai was established by the bank under its educational programme in 2004.

The central board of directors is the main committee of the central bank. The Government of India appoints the directors for a four-year term. The board consists of a governor, and not more than four deputy governors; four directors to represent the regional boards;[45] two – usually the Economic Affairs Secretary and the Financial Services Secretary – from the Ministry of Finance and ten other directors from various fields. The Reserve Bank – under Raghuram Rajan's governorship – wanted to create a post of a chief operating officer (COO), in the rank of deputy governor and wanted to re-allocate work between the five of them (four deputy governor and COO).[46][47]

Two of the four deputy governors are traditionally from RBI ranks and are selected from the bank's executive directors. One is nominated from among the chairpersons of public sector banks and the other is an economist. An Indian Administrative Service officer can also be appointed as deputy governor of RBI and later as the governor of RBI as with the case of Y. Venugopal Reddy and Duvvuri Subbarao. Other persons forming part of the central board of directors of the RBI are Revathi Iyer, Sachin Chaturvedi, Satish Kashinath Marathe, Swaminathan Gurumurthy, Anand Gopal Mahindra, Venu Srinivasan, Pankaj Ramanbhai Patel, Ravindra H. Dholakia, Ajay Seth, and Vivek Joshi.[citation needed]

Executive Directors (ED) consist of M. Rajeshwar Rao, Lily Vadera, Rabi N. Mishra, Smt. Nanda S. Dave, Anil K. Sharma, S. C. Murmu, T. Rabi Sankar, Janak Raj, P Vijayakumar, Indrani Banerjee, O.P. Mall and Sudha Balakrishnan (Chief Financial Officer).[48]

Sudha Balakrishnan, a former vice-president at National Securities Depository Limited, assumed charge as the first chief financial officer (CFO) of the Reserve Bank on 15 May 2018; she was given the rank of an executive director.[49]

The bank's current governor is Sanjay Malhotra. There are currently four deputy governors Swaminathan J, M. Rajeshwar Rao,[50] Michael Patra[51][52][53] and T. Rabi Shankar.[54]

Organizational Structure RBI  Level  | Who  | Headcount  | Incumbent

|
|
|

1  | Central Board of Directors[55] | Multiple  |  | Sanjay Malhotra

T Rabi Shankar
Swaminathan J
Michael Patra
M. Rajeshwar Rao
Dilip Shanghvi
Revathy Iyer
Sachin Chaturvedi
Natarajan Chandrasekaran
Satish Kashinath Marathe
Swaminathan Gurumurthy
Debasish Panda
Tarun Bajaj
2  | Governor  | 1  | Sanjay Malhotra
3  | Deputy Governors  | 4  | T Rabi Shankar, Swaminathan J, Poonam Gupta and MR Rao.
4  | Executive Directors  | Multiple  |
5  | Principal Chief General Managers  | Multiple  |
6  | Chief General Managers  | Multiple  |
7  | General Managers  | Multiple  |
8  | Deputy General Managers  | Multiple  |
9  | Assistant General Managers  | Multiple  |
10  | Managers  | Multiple  |
11  | Assistant Managers  | Multiple  |
12  | Support Staff  | Multiple  |

## Branches and support bodies

[edit]

Reserve Bank of India headquarters, Mumbai[56] Reserve Bank of India regional building, seen from Chennai suburban railway lines

The RBI has four regional representations: North in New Delhi, South in Chennai, East in Kolkata and West in Mumbai. The representations are formed by five members, appointed for four years by the central government and with the advice of the central board of directors serve as a forum for regional banks and to deal with delegated tasks from the Central Board.[57]

RBI has 31 branches in India. Mostly all are in Capital cities, exceptions are the Nagpur Reserve Bank branch which is actually a Second capital of Maharashtra and the Ahmedabad Reserve Bank branch. Nagpur Reserve Bank was established in 1956, while the Ahmedabad branch was established in 1950.

It has 3 training colleges for its officers, viz. Reserve Bank Staff College Chennai, Reserve Bank of India Academy Mumbai, and Reserve Bank of India College of Agricultural Banking Pune. There are three autonomous institutions run by RBI namely National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM), Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research (IGIDR), Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT).[58] There are also four zonal training centres at Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, and New Delhi.

The Board of Financial Supervision (BFS), formed in November 1994, serves as a CCBD committee to control the financial institutions. It has four members, appointed for two years, and takes measures to strength the role of statutory auditors in the financial sector, external monitoring, and internal controlling systems. The Tarapore committee was set up by the Reserve Bank of India under the chairmanship of former RBI deputy governor S. S. Tarapore to "lay the road map" to capital account convertibility. The five-member committee recommended a three-year time frame for complete convertibility by 1999–2000.

On 8 December 2017, Surekha Marandi, executive director (ED) of Reserve Bank of India, said RBI will open an office in the north-eastern state of Arunachal Pradesh.[59]

## Subsidiaries

[edit]

### Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research

[edit]

Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research is an advanced research institution established by the RBI and a deemed to be university

### Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran

[edit]

BRBNM was established by RBI on 3 February 1995 to enable RBI to bridge the gap between maintain, demand and supply of Indian rupee notes in the country.

### Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation

[edit]

Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation was established by RBI for the purpose of providing insurance of deposits and guaranteeing of credit facilities to all Indian banks.

### Reserve Bank of India Information Technology

[edit]

It has been set up by RBI to serve its information technology and cybersecurity needs and to improve the cyber resilience of the Indian banking industry.

### Indian Financial Technology and Allied Services

[edit]

Indian Financial Technology and Allied Services[60] was established by RBI in February 2015, mandated to design, deploy and support IT-related services to all Banks and Financial Institutions in the country and also to the Reserve Bank of India. It manages and operates the Financial messaging platform (SFMS) that comprises Real-Time Gross Settlement and National Electronic Funds Transfer. INFINET is also managed by IFTAS. IFTAS has taken over the Indian FInancial NETwork (INFINET),[61] Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS) and the Indian Banking Community Cloud (IBCC) from the IDRBT, effective 1 April 2016.

### Reserve Bank of India Innovation Hub

[edit]

Shaktikanta Das inaugurated the Reserve Bank Innovation Hub (RBIH) on 24 March 2022 in Bengaluru as Section-8 company under Companies Act, 2013, with an initial investment of ₹100 crore to encourage and nurture financial innovation sustainably through an institutional set-up. RBIH meant to create an ecosystem that focuses on promoting access to financial services and products for the low-income groups in India. It will also help bring world class innovation to the financial sector. RBIH is to help in convergence among various stakeholders from BFSI sector, start-up ecosystem, regulators and academia in the financial innovation space.[62][63] RBIH is working on the blueprint of Digital Rupee.[64] Through the LF Decentralized Trust, the RBI is utilizing Linux Foundation's projects to build the Digital Rupee.[65]

## Functions

[edit]

Reserve Bank of India regional office, Delhi entrance with the Yakshini sculpture depicting "Prosperity through agriculture"[66] The regional office of RBI (right) in front of GPO (left) at Dalhousie Square, Kolkata

The central bank of any country executes many functions such as overseeing monetary policy, issuing currency, managing foreign exchange, working as a bank for government and as a banker of scheduled commercial banks. It also works for overall economic growth of the country. The purposes for which the RBI has been established as India’s central bank has been spelt out in the preamble to the RBI Act:[67]

> i) "to regulate the issue of banknotes and the keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage; and

>  (ii) that it is essential to have a modern monetary policy framework to meet the challenge of an increasingly complex economy and the primary objective of the monetary policy is to maintain price stability while keeping in mind the objective of growth" ...to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage.

### Financial supervision

[edit]

The primary objective of RBI is to undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising commercial banks, financial institutions, and non-banking finance companies.

The board is constituted by co-opting four directors from the Central Board as members for a term of two years and is chaired by the governor. The deputy governors of the reserve bank are ex-officio members. One deputy governor, usually the deputy governor in charge of banking regulation and supervision, is nominated as the vice-chairman of the board. The board is required to meet normally once every month. It considers inspection reports and other supervisory issues placed before it by the supervisory departments.

Board for Financial Supervision (BFS) through the Audit Sub-Committee also aims at upgrading the quality of the statutory audit and internal audit functions in banks and financial institutions. The audit sub-committee includes deputy governor as the chairman and two directors of the Central Board as members. The BFS oversees the functioning of the Department of Banking Supervision (DBS), the Department of Non-Banking Supervision (DNBS) and the Financial Institutions Division (FID) and gives directions on the regulatory and supervisory issues.

### Regulator and supervisor of the financial system

[edit]

Categories of

Financial risk
Credit risk

* Settlement risk
* Concentration risk
* Sovereign risk
* Default risk

Market risk

* Interest rate risk
* Inflation risk
* Currency risk
* Equity risk
* Commodity risk
* Volatility risk
* Systemic risk
* Systematic risk

Liquidity risk

* Refinancing risk
* Deposit risk
* Margining risk

Investment risk

* Model risk
* Execution risk
* Valuation risk

Business risk

* Reputational risk
* Operational risk
* Country risk
* Political risk
* Legal risk
* Moral hazard

Profit risk
Non-financial risk

* Stranded asset

* v
* t
* e

As a regulator and supervisor of the Indian banking system it ensures financial stability and public confidence in the banking system. It prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country's banking and financial system functions. Its objectives are to maintain public confidence in the system, protect depositors' interest and provide cost-effective banking services to the public. The Banking Ombudsman Scheme has been formulated by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for effective addressing of complaints by bank customers. The RBI controls the monetary supply, monitors economic indicators like the gross domestic product and has to decide the design of the rupee banknotes as well as coins.[68] RBI uses methods like on-site inspections, off-site surveillance, scrutiny and periodic meetings to supervise new bank licences, setting capital requirements and regulating interest rates in specific areas. RBI is currently focused on implementing norms.

### Regulator and supervisor of the payment and settlement systems

[edit]

Payment and settlement systems play an important role in improving overall economic efficiency. The Payment and Settlement Systems Act of 2007 (PSS Act)[69] gives the Reserve Bank oversight authority, including regulation and supervision, for the payment and settlement systems in the country. In this role, the RBI focuses on the development and functioning of safe, secure and efficient payment and settlement mechanisms. Two payment systems National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) and Real-Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) allow individuals, companies and firms to transfer funds from one bank to another. These facilities can only be used for transferring money within the country.

From 16 December 2019, one can transfer money online using the National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT) route 24x7, i.e., any time of the day and any day of the week. The Reserve Bank of India stated earlier in December 2019 that bank customers will be able to transfer funds through NEFT around the clock on all days including weekends and holidays from 16 December.[70] In RTGS, transactions are processed continuously 24x7.[71]

### Banker and debt manager to government

[edit]

Just as individuals need a bank to carry out their financial transactions effectively and efficiently, governments also need a bank to carry out their financial transactions. The RBI serves this purpose for the Government of India (GoI). The RBI is also a banker to the government and performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments. As a banker to the Government of India, the RBI maintains its accounts, receive payments into and make payments out of these accounts. The RBI also helps the GoI to raise money from the public via issuing bonds and government-approved securities. In September 2019, a decision at RBI directors meet was taken to change the RBI financial accounting year to March–April to align itself with the central government calendar instead of the current June–July year.[72]

RBI issue taxable bonds for investments. From 1 July 2020, RBI is offering Floating Rate Savings Bonds, 2020 (Taxable) – FRSB 2020 (T). The interest on the bonds is payable semi-annually on 1 January and 1 July every year. The coupon on 1 January 2021 shall be paid at 7.15%. The Interest rate for next half-year will be reset every six months, the first reset being on 1 January 2021. There is no option to pay interest on cumulative basis.[73]

### Managing foreign exchange

[edit]

The central bank manages to reach different goals of the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. Their objective is to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India.

With the increasing integration of the Indian economy with the global economy arising from greater trade and capital flows, the foreign exchange market has evolved as a key segment of the Indian financial market and the RBI has an important role to play in regulating and managing this segment. The RBI manages forex and gold reserves of the nation.

On a given day, the foreign exchange rate reflects the demand for and supply of foreign exchange arising from trade and capital transactions. The RBI's Financial Markets Department (FMD) participates in the foreign exchange market by undertaking sales/purchases of foreign currency to ease volatility in periods of excess demand for/supply of foreign currency.

### Issue of currency

[edit]

Other than the Government of India, the Reserve Bank of India is the sole body authorised to issue banknotes in India.

The bank also destroys banknotes when they are not fit for circulation. All the money issued by the central bank is its monetary liability, i.e., the central bank is obliged to back the currency with assets of equal value, to enhance public confidence in paper currency. The objectives are to issue banknotes and give the public adequate supply of the same, to maintain the currency and credit system of the country to utilise it in its best advantage, and to maintain the reserves.

The RBI maintains the economic structure of the country so that it can achieve the objective of price stability as well as economic development because both objectives are diverse in themselves.

For the printing of notes, RBI uses four facilities:[74]

* The Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited (SPMCIL), a wholly owned company of the Government of India, has printing presses at Nashik, Maharashtra and Dewas, Madhya Pradesh.
* The Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited (BRBNMPL), owned by the RBI, has printing facilities in Mysore, Karnataka and Salboni, West Bengal.

For the minting of coins, SPMCIL has four mints at Mumbai, Noida, Kolkata and Hyderabad for coin production.[74]

Whilst coins are minted by, and ₹1 notes are issued by the Government of India (GoI), the RBI works as an agent of GoI for the distribution and handling of coins. RBI also works to prevent counterfeiting of currency by regularly upgrading security features of currency.

The RBI is authorised to issue notes with face values of up to ₹10,000 and coins up to ₹1,000 rupees.

New ₹500 and ₹2,000 notes were issued on 8 November 2016. The old series of ₹1,000 and ₹500 notes were banned on 8 November 2016, and are no longer in use.

Earlier ₹1,000 notes have been discarded by the RBI.

On 19 May 2023 the Reserve Bank of India announced the discontinuation of the Rs 2,000 denomination banknotes from circulation.

This decision follows the cessation of its printing in 2018-19 due to the ample availability of other denominations and the note's limited use in transactions. This move aligns with the RBI's "Clean Note Policy," addressing the notes nearing the end of their lifespan and maintaining currency efficiency.[75]

### Bankers' bank

[edit]

Nagpur branch holds most of India's gold deposits.[76][77][78][79]

Reserve Bank of India also works as a central bank where commercial banks are account holders and can deposit money. RBI maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks.[80] Commercial banks create credit. It is the duty of the RBI to control the credit through the CRR, repo rate, and open market operations. As the bankers' bank, the RBI facilitates the clearing of cheques between the commercial banks and helps the inter-bank transfer of funds. It can grant financial accommodation to schedule banks. It acts as the lender of the last resort by providing emergency advances to the banks.

### Detection of fake currency

[edit]

Main article: Fake Indian currency note

[81]

On 22 January 2014; RBI gave a press release stating that after 31 March 2014, it will completely withdraw from circulation of all banknotes issued prior to 2005. From 1 April 2014, the public will be required to approach banks for exchanging these notes. Banks will provide exchange facility for these notes until further communication. The reserve bank has also clarified that the notes issued before 2005 will continue to be legal tender. This would mean that banks are required to exchange the notes for their customers as well as for non-customers. After 1 July 2014, to exchange more than 15 pieces of '500 and '1000 notes, non-customers must furnish proof of identity and residence as well as show aadhar to the bank branch in order to exchange the notes.

This move from the reserve bank is expected to unearth black money held in cash. As the new currency notes have added increased security features, they would help in curbing the menace of fake currency.[82]

### Developmental role

[edit]

The central bank has to perform a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives and industries.[20] The RBI faces a lot of inter-sectoral and local inflation-related problems. Some of these problems are results of the dominant part of the public sector.[83]

Key tools in this effort include Priority Sector Lending such as agriculture, micro and small enterprises (MSE), housing and education. RBI work towards strengthening and supporting small local banks and encourage banks to open branches in rural areas to include large section of society in banking net.

### Custodian to foreign exchange

[edit]

The Reserve Bank has custody of the country's reserves of international currency, and this enables the Reserve Bank to deal with crisis connected with adverse balance of payments position.

### CSD for G-Sec (government securities)

[edit]

Public Debt Office (PDO) acts as CSD (Central Securities Depository) for G-Sec.

### MIFOR (Mumbai interbank forward offer rate)

[edit]

With LIBOR cessation in 2021, RBI is set to replace MIFOR with a new benchmark. MIFOR has LIBOR as one of the components and used in interest rate swap (IRS) markets.

## Demonetisation

[edit]

### 2016 demonetisation

[edit]

People gathered at ATM of Axis Bank in Mehsana, Gujarat to withdraw cash following deposit of demonetised currency notes in bank on 15 November 2016.

Main article: 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation

On 8 November 2016, the Government of India announced the demonetisation of all ₹ 500 and ₹ 1,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series despite being warned by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).[84][85] The government claimed that the action would curtail the shadow economy and crack down on the use of illicit and counterfeit cash to fund illegal activity and terrorism.[86][87]

Long queue in front of SBI ATM at Paravur near the city of Kollam in Kerala, 19 November 2016

The Reserve Bank of India laid down a detailed procedure for the exchange of the demonetised banknotes with new ₹ 500 and ₹ 2,000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi New Series and ₹ 100 banknotes of the preceding Mahatma Gandhi Series. The key points were:

* Citizens had until 30 December 2016 to tender their old banknotes at any office of the RBI or any bank branch and credit the value into their respective bank accounts.
* Cash withdrawals from bank accounts were restricted to ₹10,000 (US$120) per day and ₹20,000 (US$240) per week per account from 10 to 13 November 2016. This limit was increased to ₹24,000 (US$280) per week from 14 November.[88][89]
* For immediate cash needs, the old banknotes could be exchanged for the new ₹500 and ₹2,000 banknotes as well as ₹100 banknotes over the counter of bank branches by filling up a requisition form along with a valid ID proof. It was announced that this facility would be available until 30 December 2016.
* Initially, the limit was fixed at ₹4,000 (US$47) per person from 8 to 13 November 2016.
* This limit was increased to ₹4,500 (US$53) per person from 14 to 17 November 2016.[88][89]
* The limit was reduced to ₹2,000 (US$24) per person from 18 November 2016.[90]
* All exchange of banknotes was abruptly stopped from 25 November 2016.[91]
* Initially, all ATMs were dispensing banknotes of only ₹ 50 and ₹100 denominations and cash withdrawals from ATMs were restricted to ₹2,000 (US$24) per day.[92] From 14 November onwards, ATMs were recalibrated to dispense new ₹500 and ₹2,000 notes and to allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,500 (US$30) per day, while other ATMs dispensing banknotes of only ₹50 and ₹100 denominations will allow a maximum withdrawal of ₹2,000 (US$24) per day.[88][89]

However, exceptions were given to petrol, CNG and gas stations, government hospitals, railway and airline booking counters, state-government recognised dairies and ration stores, and crematoriums to accept the old ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes until 11 November 2016, which was later extended to 14 November 2016 and once again to 24 November 2016.[93][94] International airports were also instructed to facilitate an exchange of notes amounting to a total value of ₹5,000 (US$59) for foreign tourists and outbound passengers.[95]

Under the revised guidelines issued on 17 November 2016, families were allowed to withdraw ₹250,000 (US$3,000) for wedding expenses from one account provided it was KYC compliant. The rules were also changed for farmers who are permitted to withdraw ₹25,000 (US$300) per week from their accounts against crop loan.[90][96]

### Cash crunch and demerits

[edit]

Queue at a Bank of Baroda's ATM for ₹100 banknotes in Howrah, on 8 November 2016, 22:23 (IST) People queue outside Axis Bank to deposit and exchange old ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes in Kolkata on 10 November 2016

The scarcity of cash due to demonetisation led to chaos, and most people holding old banknotes faced difficulties exchanging them due to endless lines outside banks and ATMs across India, which became a daily routine for millions of people waiting to deposit or exchange the ₹500 and ₹1,000 banknotes since 9 November.[97][98][99] ATMs were running out of cash after a few hours of being functional, and around half the ATMs in the country were non-functional.[98] Sporadic violence was reported in New Delhi, but there were no reports of any grievous injury,[100] people attacked bank premises and ATMs,[101][102][103] and a ration shop was looted in Madhya Pradesh after the shop owner refused to accept ₹500 banknotes.[104][105][106]

### Merits

[edit]

* It gave the country a ₹5 trillion advantage as there was a huge spike in country's tax base and addition of 100,000 more pan card holders.[107]
* There was a very big spike in digital transaction even small town and cities people adopted paying digitally for goods and services leading to sustained growth of non-cash payments.[108]

## Policy rates and reserve ratios

[edit]

Rates as of 9 April 2025[109][110] Policy rates

Policy repo rate | 6.0%
Reverse repo rate | 3.35%
Marginal standing facility rate | 6.25%
Bank rate | 6.25%
Reserve ratios
Cash reserve ratio (CRR) | 4.0%
Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) | 18.00%
Lending and deposit rates[111]
Base rate | 8.85%–10.10%
Marginal cost of funds-based overnight lending rate (MCLR) | 7.95%–8.35%
Savings deposit rate | 2.70%–3.00%
Term deposit rate for > 1 year | 6.00%–7.25%

### Repo rate

[edit]

Further information: Repurchase agreement

Repo (repurchase) rate also known as the benchmark interest rate is the rate at which the RBI lends money to the commercial banks for a short-term (a maximum of 90 days). When the repo rate increases, borrowing from RBI becomes more expensive. If RBI wants to make it more expensive for the banks to borrow money, it increases the repo rate similarly, if it wants to make it cheaper for banks to borrow money it reduces the repo rate. If the repo rate is increased, banks can't carry out their business at a profit whereas the very opposite happens when the repo rate is cut down. Generally, repo rates are cut down whenever the country needs to progress in banking and economy.

If banks want to borrow money (for short term, usually overnight) from RBI then banks have to charge this interest rate. Banks have to pledge government securities as collateral. This kind of deal happens through a re-purchase agreement. If a bank wants to borrow, it has to provide government securities at least worth ₹ 1 billion (could be more because of margin requirement which is 5%–10% of loan amount) and agree to repurchase them at ₹1.07 billion (US$13 million) at the end of borrowing period. So the bank has paid ₹65 million (US$770,000) as interest. This is the reason it is called repo rate.

The government securities which are provided by banks as collateral can not come from SLR quota (otherwise the SLR will go below 19.5% of NDTL and attract penalties).

To curb inflation, the RBI increases repo rate which will make borrowing costs for banks. Banks will pass this increased cost to their customers which make borrowing costly in the whole economy. Fewer people will apply for loans and aggregate demand will be reduced. This will result in inflation coming down. The RBI does the opposite to fight deflation. When the RBI reduces the repo rate, banks are not legally required to reduce their own base rate.

### Reverse repo rate (RRR)

[edit]

Further information: Repurchase agreement § Reverse repo

As the name suggest, reverse repo rate is just the opposite of repo rate. Reverse repo rate is the short-term borrowing rate in which commercial bank park their surplus in RBI. The reserve bank uses this tool when it feels there is too much money floating in the banking system. An increase in the reverse repo rate means that the banks will get a higher rate of interest from RBI. As a result, banks prefer to lend their money to RBI which is always safe instead of lending it to others (people, companies, etc.) which is always risky.

Repo rate signifies the rate at which liquidity is injected into the banking system by RBI, whereas reverse repo rate signifies the rate at which the central bank absorbs liquidity from the banks. Currently, reverse repo rate is 3.35%.[112]

### Statutory liquidity ratio (SLR)

[edit]

Further information: Reserve requirement

Apart from the CRR, banks are required to maintain liquid assets in the form of gold, cash and approved securities. Higher liquidity ratio forces commercial banks to maintain a larger proportion of their resources in liquid form and thus reduces their capacity to grant loans and advances, thus it is an anti-inflationary impact. A higher liquidity ratio diverts the bank funds from loans and advances to investment in government and approved securities.

In well-developed economies, central banks use open market operations—buying and selling of eligible securities by the central bank in the money market—to influence the volume of cash reserves with commercial banks and thus influence the volume of loans and advances they can make to the commercial and industrial sectors. In the open money market, government securities are traded at market-related rates of interest. The RBI is resorting increasing to open market operations in recent years. Generally, the RBI uses:

1. Minimum margins for lending against specific securities.
2. A ceiling on the amounts of credit for certain purposes.
3. The discriminatory rate of interest charged on certain types of advances.

Direct credit controls in India are of three types:

1. Part of the interest rate structure, i.e., on small savings and provident funds, are administratively set.
2. Banks are mandatory required to keep 18% of their NDTL (net demand and time liabilities) in the form of liquid assets.[109]
3. Banks are required to lend to the priority sectors to the extent of 40% of their advances.

The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain in safe and liquid assets, such as government securities, cash, and gold. Here it would be pertinent to mention the gold swap of July 2014.[113][114][79] The present SLR is 18.00%.

### Bank rate

[edit]

Further information: Bank rate

Bank rate is defined in Section 49 of the RBI Act of 1934 as the 'standard rate at which RBI is prepared to buy or rediscount bills of exchange or other commercial papers eligible for purchase'. When banks want to borrow long term funds from the RBI, it is the interest rate which the RBI charges to them. It is currently set to 6.50%.[109] The bank rate is not used to control money supply, but penal rates continue to be linked to the bank rate. If a bank fails to meet SLR or CRR requirements then the RBI will impose a penalty of 300 basis points above bank rate.

### Liquidity adjustment facility (LAF)

[edit]

Further information: Liquidity adjustment facility

Liquidity adjustment facility was introduced in 2000. LAF is a facility provided by the Reserve Bank of India to scheduled commercial banks to avail of liquidity in case of need or to park excess funds with the RBI on an overnight basis against the collateral of government securities.

RBI accepts applications for a minimum amount of ₹5 crore (US$590,000) and in multiples of ₹ 50 million thereafter.

### Cash reserve ratio (CRR)

[edit]

CRR refers to the ratio of bank's cash reserve balances with RBI with reference to the bank's net demand and time liabilities to ensure the liquidity and solvency of the scheduled banks. The share of net demand and time liabilities that banks must maintain as cash with the RBI. The RBI has set CRR at 4.0%[115] A 1% change in CRR affects the economy by ₹1.37 trillion.[115] An increase draw this amount from the economy, while a decrease injects this amount into the economy. So if a bank has ₹2 billion (US$24 million) of NDTL then it has to keep ₹80 million (US$950,000) in cash with RBI. RBI pays no interest on CRR.

Let's assume the economy is showing inflationary trends and the RBI wants to control this situation by adjusting SLR and CRR. If the RBI increases SLR to 50% and CRR to 20% then bank will be left only with ₹600 million (US$7.1 million) for operations. Now it will be very difficult for the bank to maintain profitability with such a small amount of capital. The bank will be left with no choice but to raise its interest rate which will make borrowing by its customers more costly. This will in turn reduce the overall demand and hence prices will eventually come down.

### Open market operation (OMO)

[edit]

Further information: Open market operation

Open market operation is the activity of buying and selling of government securities in open market to control the supply of money in banking system. When there is excess supply of money, central bank sells government securities thereby sucking out excess liquidity. Similarly, when liquidity is tight, RBI will buy government securities and thereby inject money supply into the economy.

On 23 March 2020, Reserve Bank of India infused ₹1 trillion (short scale) through term repo auction, a massive OMOs (open market operations) purchase of government securities. The Reserve Bank is monitoring the financial market conditions and liquidity situation in the economy as COVID-19 pandemic in India fears of a recession.[116]

### Marginal standing facility (MSF)

[edit]

This scheme was introduced in May 2011 and all the scheduled commercial bank can participate in this scheme. Banks can borrow up to 2.5%[117] per cent of their respective net demand and time liabilities. The RBI receives application under this facility for a minimum amount of ₹ 10 million and in multiples of ₹ 10 million thereafter.

The important difference from repo rate is that bank can pledge government securities from its SLR quota (up to one per cent). So even if SLR goes below 20.5%[118] by pledging SLR quota securities under MSF, the bank will not have to pay any penalty. The marginal standing facility rate currently stands at 4.25%.[109]

## Qualitative tools

[edit]

### Margin requirements

[edit]

Further information: Loan-to-value ratio

Loan-to-value (LTV) is the ratio of loan amount to the actual value of asset purchased.

The RBI regulates this ratio so as to control the amount a bank can lend to its customers. For example, an individual wants to buy a car using borrowed money and the car's value is ₹1 million. If the LTV is set to 70% he can borrow a maximum of ₹700,000.

The RBI can decrease or increase to curb inflation or deflation respectively.

### Selective credit control

[edit]

Under this measure, the RBI can specifically instruct banks not to give loans to traders of certain commodities e.g. sugar, edible oil, etc. This prevents the speculation/hoarding of commodities using money from banks.[citation needed]

### Moral suasion

[edit]

Further information: Moral suasion

Under this measure, the RBI try to persuade banks through meetings, conferences, media specific things under certain economic trends. For example, when the RBI reduces repo rate, it asks banks to reduce their base rate as well. Another example of this measure is to ask banks to reduce their non-performing assets.

## Limitations of monetary policy

[edit]

In developing countries like India, monetary policy fails to show immediate or no results because the following factors:

1. People do not employ alternative investment options. A large section of society still depends on saving accounts, fixed deposits, Public Provident Fund for investment. Commercial banks have large deposits. RBI is not the main or even prominent money supplier for these banks. So whatever monetary action central bank takes has little or late impact on the economy.
2. Many people in rural areas are out of the banking net and whatever the RBI does, has no impact on their financial activities.
3. Monsoon uncertainty adversely affects food production and thereby cause food inflation. Monetary policy has no impact on food inflation.

## RTGS and NEFT transactions' charges removal

[edit]

RBI decided to remove charges on RTGS (Real Time Gross Settlement System) and NEFT (National Electronic Funds Transfer).[119]

## Regulation of variable pay of bank management

[edit]

In November, RBI introduced a set of draft guidelines to regulate the variable pay of CEOs and top management at private banks. The new rules are in line with the Sound Compensation Practices issued by the Financial Stability Board in April 2009. The rules will apply to CEOs, wholetime directors, and material risk takers at private banks, small finance banks and domestic executives of foreign banks. As per the new rules at least 50% of the pay should be based on individual, unit, business and firm wide performance evaluation which will be capped at 300% of the fixed pay. In case of variable pay above 200% then at least 50% of this amount should be via non-cash instruments. Share linked instruments are included as part of variable pay. Guaranteed bonus should not be part of the compensation package except in case of joining bonus. The RBI also has put clauses in place to clawback/malus in case of deteriorating performance. The bank shall identify a representative set of conditions when the recovery clause for clawback /malus can be invoked.[120]

## Publications

[edit]

A report titled Trend and Progress of Banking in India is published annually, as required by the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. The report sums up trends and developments throughout the financial sector.[121] Starting in April 2014, the Reserve Bank of India publishes bi-monthly policy updates.[122]

## Committees set up by RBI

[edit]

### KV Kamath Committee

[edit]

In August 2020, RBI set up a five membered Committee under the chairmanship of KV Kamath, the former CEO of the ICICI bank in order to make recommendations on the norm for resolution of COVID-19 related stressed loans. In order to restructure the loans up to ₹150 billion, the expert Committee was tasked with coming up with a sector specific plan for successful resolution of the stressed loans. The parameters were to include aspects related to leverage, liquidity and debt serviceability.[123]

## Attempt to caution customers against virtual currencies

[edit]

In April 2018, RBI banned banks from supporting crypto transactions after cases of fraud through virtual currencies were reported. However, the Supreme Court struck down the ban in March 2020. Among the reasons cited was that cryptocurrencies were not illegal though unregulated in India.[124]

On June 30, 2025, the RBI directed all banks to use the Financial Fraud Risk Indicator (FRI), a tool developed by the Department of Telecommunications. The FRI flags mobile numbers linked to fraud in real time, helping banks prevent online financial scams.[125]

## Training academies

[edit]

* Reserve Bank Staff College,[126] Chennai
* Reserve Bank of India Academy,[127] Mumbai
* Reserve Bank of India College of Agricultural Banking,[128] Pune

The 3 training colleges of the Reserve Bank of India, train the officers of the Reserve Bank of India, and the banking industry.[129]

## Research Units

[edit]

* National Institute of Bank Management
* Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology
* Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research

## All India financial institutions separated from Reserve Bank of India

[edit]

Regulatory bodies:[130]

* Export-Import Bank of India
* National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
* Small Industries Development Bank of India
* National Housing Bank

## International collaboration

[edit]

### Project Nexus

[edit]

The Bank for International Settlements signed an agreement with Central Bank of Malaysia, Bank of Thailand, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, Monetary Authority of Singapore, and the Reserve Bank of India on 30 June 2024 as founding member of Project Nexus, a multilateral international initiative to enable retail cross-border payments. Bank Indonesia involved as a special observer. The platform, which is expected to go live by 2026, will interlink domestic fast payment systems of the member countries.[131]

## See also

[edit]

Portals:

* Banks
* Business and economics
* Numismatics
* India

* Inflation in India
* Financial risk management
* Risk management
* Consumer leverage ratio
* Core inflation
* Open market operation
* Dot-com bubble
* 2008 financial crisis
* Free banking
* Gold standard
* Government debt
* Digital rupee
* Cost-of-living index
* Wholesale price index
* Consumer price index
* Sovereign Gold Bond
* Outline of economics
* List of central banks
* Exchange rate history of the Indian rupee
* List of governors of the Reserve Bank of India
* List of deputy governors of the Reserve Bank of India

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Indian reports are released on a weekly basis rather than the traditional monthly basis with the figures being of the previous week, by Reserve Bank of India.

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79. ^ a b "Old gold lying in Nagpur may boost forex as RBI plans to swap the metal with purer stuff". 2 July 2014. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
80. ^ "Reserve Bank of India – India's Central Bank". rbi.org.in. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 8 February 2004.
81. ^ "RBI launches website to explain detection of fake currency". The Times of India. 8 July 2012. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
82. ^ "Reserve Bank of India". rbi.org.in. Archived from the original on 29 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
83. ^ Das, Samarjit; Bhattacharya, Kaushik (2008). "Price convergence across regions in India". Empirical Economics. 34 (2): 299–313\. doi:10.1007/s00181-007-0123-8. hdl:10419/22907. S2CID 6211348.
84. ^ PTI (11 March 2019). "RBI warned of demonetisation impact on Indian economy, no effect on black money". Livemint.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
85. ^ "Withdrawal of Legal Tender Status for ₹ 500 and ₹ 1000 Notes: RBI Notice (Revised)". Reserve Bank of India. 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 16 November 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
86. ^ "Here is what PM Modi said about the new Rs 500, Rs 2000 notes and black money". India Today. 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
87. ^ "Notes out of circulation". The Times of India. 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
88. ^ a b c "Finance Ministry has reviewed the position regarding availability and distribution of all denominations of bank notes" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
89. ^ a b c "Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of existing ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/- Bank Notes – Revision in limits". Reserve Bank of India. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
90. ^ a b "The Central Government takes several decisions to facilitate farmers, small traders, Group 'C' Employees of Central Government including equivalent levels in the Defence and Para Military Forces, Railways and Central Public Sector Enterprises in the aftermath of the cancellation of the legal tender character of the old Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 notes; Also decides to reduce the limit of exchange of old Rs. 500/- and Rs. 1000/- notes across the counter in banks from Rs. 4500/- to Rs. 2000/-with effect from 18th November, 2016" (PDF). Ministry of Finance, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
91. ^ Verma, Sunny (25 November 2016). "All note exchange stopped from today, PM Modi goes back on promise of hike after November 24". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
92. ^ "ATMs –Non-dispensing of Old High Denomination Notes – Closure of operations". Reserve Bank of India. 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
93. ^ "Govt extends old notes exemption deadline to midnight Nov 24". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 18 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
94. ^ "FAQs on Withdrawal of Legal Tender Character of the existing Bank Notes in the denominations of ₹ 500/- and ₹ 1000/-". Reserve Bank of India. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
95. ^ "Outlets that will accept Rs 1,000 and Rs 500 notes in next 72 hours". The Economic Times. 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
96. ^ "Demonetisation rule modified, families can withdraw Rs 2.5 lakh for weddings from one account". India Today. 17 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
97. ^ "India demonetisation: Chaos as ATMs run dry". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2016.
98. ^ a b "Demonetisation: Chaos grows, queues get longer at banks, ATMs on weekend". 12 November 2016. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
99. ^ "India: Demonetisation takes its toll on the poor". Al Jazeera. 16 November 2016. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
100. ^ "Demonetisation: Sporadic violence in Delhi, cops receive 4.5K calls". The New Indian Express. 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
101. ^ "Unrest erupts in UP towns as cashless crowds vent ire on bank staff". The Times of India. 20 November 2016. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
102. ^ "Demonetisation effect: ATM vandalism on rise". 18 November 2016. Archived from the original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
103. ^ "No cash: 'frustrated' man smashes ATM glass wall". The Hindu. 13 November 2016. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
104. ^ "Villagers loot fair price shop after dealer refuses scrapped banknotes". Hindustan Times. 12 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2018.
105. ^ Nerves snap in long cash wait, shop looted Archived 22 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. The Telegraph (Calcutta) (13 November 2016). Retrieved 26 December 2018.
106. ^ Demonetisation Fallout: Cashless Villagers Loot PDS Shop in MP's Chhatarpur Village Archived 5 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. News18.com (21 December 2018). Retrieved 26 December 2018.
107. ^ "PM Narendra Modi's demonetisation move gave economy Rs 5 lakh crore advantage". 25 May 2017. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 6 June 2020.
108. ^ Bhakta, Pratik (9 November 2018). "Bharat going digital". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
109. ^ a b c d "Reserve Bank of India". rbi.org.in. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
110. ^ Release, Press. "Rbi press release 9th april".
111. ^ "Lending and deposit rates". rbi.org.in. December 2018. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022.
112. ^ "RBI Governor announces extension of loan moratorium by 3 more months to August 31". Zee News. 22 May 2020. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
113. ^ "RBI initiates swap of old gold with new one – Times of India". The Times of India. 6 July 2014. Archived from the original on 7 July 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
114. ^ "Reserve Bank of India initiates swap of old gold with new one". 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
115. ^ a b "RBI cuts repo rate cut by 75 bps to 4.4%, CRR by 100 bps to 3%: Full statement". Zee News. 27 March 2020. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
116. ^ "Coronavirus scare: RBI announces OMOs purchase of Rs 1 lakh crore to boost liquidity". Business Today. 23 March 2020. Archived from the original on 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
117. ^ Reserve Bank of India – Notifications Archived 21 July 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Rbi.org.in. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
118. ^ RBI/2014-15/445 DBR.Ret.BC.70/12.02.001/2014-15, dt. 16 October 2016
119. ^ "RBI removes charges on NEFT, RTGS transactions". The Times of India. 6 June 2019. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
120. ^ "RBI Clamps Down on Variable Pay of Top Management at Private Banks". BloombergQuint. 4 November 2019. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
121. ^ C. R. L. Narasimhan (2 December 2013). "NPA reduction, a key issue". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
122. ^ "Maintaining the status quo". The Hindu. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
123. ^ Rebello, Joel. "RBI forms five member committee under KV Kamath, panel to recommend parameters for loan restructuring". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
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125. ^ Shivam (5 July 2025). "RBI Tells Banks to Use New Fraud Detection System". adda247. Retrieved 6 July 2025.
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128. ^ "Contact Us". College of Agriculture Banking. University Road, Pune: Reserve Bank of India. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
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131. ^ Kawale, Ajinkya (1 July 2024). "RBI, four Asean countries tie up for cross-border payments platform". Business Standard. Retrieved 2 July 2024.

## Further reading

[edit]

* S. L. N. Simha. History of the Reserve Bank of India, Volume 1: 1935–1951. RBI. 1970. ISBN 81-7596-247-X. (2005 reprint PDF)
* Reserve Bank of India: Functions and Working. RBI. 2005.(2005 reprint PDF)
* G. Balachandran. The Reserve Bank of India, 1951–1967. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-19-564468-9. (PDF)
* A. Vasudevan et al. The Reserve Bank of India, Volume 3: 1967–1981. RBI. 2005. ISBN 81-7596-299-2. (PDF)
* Roy, Tirthankar (2023). The Reserve Bank of India: Volume 5, 1997–2008. Vol. 5\. Cambridge University Press
* Cecil Kisch: Review "The Monetary Policy of the Reserve Bank of India" by K. N. Raj. In: The Economic Journal. Vol. 59, No. 235 (Sep. 1949), pp. 436–438.
* Findlay G. Shirras: The Reserve Bank of India. In The Economic Journal. Vol. 44, No. 174 (Jun. 1934), pp. 258–274.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reserve Bank of India.

* Official website
* FAQ answers and Guidelines on Reserve Bank of Indias
* What the FAQ just happened! All your questions about Rs 500–1000 notes answered, India Today, 8 November 2016
* Ministry of Finance, Government of India

* v
* t
* e

Reserve Bank of India

Regulation|

* Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
* Monetary Policy Committee

People|

* Governor of the Reserve Bank of India
* Deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India

Buildings|

* Reserve Bank of India Staff College
* RBI Monetary Museum

Subsidiaries|

* Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran
* Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India

* v
* t
* e

Governors of the Reserve Bank of India

* Sir Osborne Smith (1935–37)
* Sir James Braid Taylor (1937–43)
* Sir C. D. Deshmukh (1943–49)
* Sir Benegal Rama Rau (1949–57)
* K. G. Ambegaonkar (1957)
* H. V. R. Iengar (1957–62)
* P. C. Bhattacharya (1962–67)
* Lakshmi Kant Jha (1967–70)
* B. N. Adarkar (1970)
* Sarukkai Jagannathan (1970–75)
* N. C. Sen Gupta (1975)
* K. R. Puri (1975–77)
* M. Narasimham (1977)
* I. G. Patel (1977–82)
* Manmohan Singh (1982–85)
* Amitav Ghosh (1985)
* R. N. Malhotra (1985–90)
* S. Venkitaramanan (1990–92)
* C. Rangarajan (1992–97)
* Bimal Jalan (1997–2003)
* Y. V. Reddy (2003–08)
* Duvvuri Subbarao (2008–13)
* Raghuram Rajan (2013–16)
* Urjit Patel (2016–18)
* Shaktikanta Das (2018–24)
* Sanjay Malhotra (2024–present)

* v
* t
* e

Banking in India

Institutes|

| Central bank|

* v
* t
* e

Reserve Bank of India

Regulation|

* Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
* Monetary Policy Committee

People|

* Governor of the Reserve Bank of India
* Deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India

Buildings|

* Reserve Bank of India Staff College
* RBI Monetary Museum

Subsidiaries|

* Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran
* Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India

Think tanks|

* BBB
* BCSBI
* NPCI
* IBA
* IDRBT

Speciality banks|

* IFCI
* All India Financial Institutions :
* Exim Bank of India
* NABARD
* NHB
* SIDBI

Other|

* BIFR
* IBBI
* IBPS
* Deposit Insurance (DICGC)

Public-sector
banks|

* Bank of Baroda
* Bank of India
* Canara Bank
* Central Bank of India
* Indian Bank
* Indian Overseas Bank
* Jammu & Kashmir Bank
* Punjab & Sind Bank
* Punjab National Bank
* State Bank of India
* UCO Bank
* Union Bank of India

Private-sector
banks|

* Axis Bank
* Bandhan Bank
* CSB Bank
* City Union Bank
* DCB Bank
* Dhanlaxmi Bank
* Federal Bank
* HDFC Bank
* ICICI Bank
* IDBI Bank
* IDFC First Bank
* IndusInd Bank
* Karnataka Bank
* Karur Vysya Bank
* Kotak Mahindra Bank
* Nainital Bank
* RBL Bank
* South Indian Bank
* Tamilnad Mercantile Bank
* Yes Bank

Foreign banks|

| Foreign Bank Branches|

* Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank
* ANZ
* Bank Maybank Indonesia
* Bank of America
* Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait
* Bank of Ceylon
* Barclays
* Credit Suisse
* CTBC Bank
* Deutsche Bank
* HSBC
* Maybank
* MUFJ
* Rabobank
* Scotiabank
* SMBC
* Standard Chartered India

|

Wholly owned subsidiary (WOS)|

* DBS Bank
* State Bank of Mauritius
* Emirates NBD

Wound up/closed (or in process)|

* Antwerp Diamond Bank
* Citibank

Small finance banks|

* AU
* Fincare
* Capital
* ESAF
* Equitas
* Jana
* North East
* Suryoday
* Ujjivan

Payments banks|

* Airtel
* National Securities Depository
* India Post
* Jio
* Paytm

| Surrendered licencees
or wound up|

* Aditya Birla
* Vodafone M-Pesa
* Tech Mahindra

|

Cooperative
banks|

* Abhyudaya Co-operative Bank.
* Buldana Urban Cooperative Credit Society
* Cosmos Bank
* Dombivli Nagari Sahakari Bank
* Kerala Bank
* Mizoram Co-operative Apex Bank
* Punjab and Maharashtra Co-operative Bank
* Repco Bank
* Saraswat Bank
* Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank
* TNSC Bank

Regional rural banks|

* Assam Gramin Vikash Bank
* Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank
* Mizoram Rural Bank
* Paschim Banga Gramin Bank
* Puduvai Bharathiar Grama Bank
* Tamil Nadu Grama Bank
* Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank
* Uttarakhand Gramin Bank
* Vananchal Gramin Bank

| Andhra|

* Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank
* Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank

|

Kerala|

* Kerala Gramin Bank
* North Malabar Gramin Bank
* South Malabar Gramin Bank

Uttar Pradesh|

* Allahabad UP Gramin Bank
* Gramin Bank of Aryavart
* Sarva UP Gramin Bank

Defunct banks|

| Merged|

| PSB|

* New Bank of India
* Dena Bank
* Vijaya Bank
* Allahabad Bank
* Andhra Bank
* Corporation Bank
* Oriental Bank of Commerce
* United Bank of India
* Syndicate Bank

|

SBI|

* Bank of Bombay
* Bank of Calcutta
* Bank of Madras
* Imperial Bank of India
* State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur
* State Bank of Hyderabad
* State Bank of Indore
* State Bank of Mysore
* State Bank of Patiala
* State Bank of Saurashtra
* State Bank of Travancore
* Bharatiya Mahila Bank

Rescued|

* Global Trust Bank (OBC)
* Lakshmi Vilas Bank (DBS)
* Nedungadi Bank (PNB)
* United Western Bank (IDBI)
* United Industrial Bank (Allahabad Bank)
* Punjab and Maharashtra Co-operative Bank (Unity SFB)

Acquired|

* Bank of Madura
* Bank of Rajasthan
* Bengal Central Bank
* Centurion Bank of Punjab
* Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China
* Grindlays Bank
* National Bank of India
* ING Vysya Bank
* Mercantile Bank of India, London and China
* Lord Krishna Bank
* Suvarna Sahakari Bank
* Times Bank
* Vysya Bank

| PSB|

* Bharat Overseas Bank
* Pandyan Bank

|

Wound up|

* Bank of Chettinad
* Dass Bank

Failed|

* Alliance Bank of Simla
* Arbuthnot & Co
* Commercial Bank of India
* Exchange Bank of India & Africa
* (New) Oriental Bank Corporation
* Oudh Commercial Bank
* Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank

Liquidated|

* Bengal Bank (1784)
* Bank of Bombay (1720)
* Bank of Hindostan
* General Bank of India
* General Bank of Bengal and Bihar
* Nath Bank
* Palai Central Bank
* The Commercial Bank (1819)
* The Calcutta Bank (1824)
* The Union Bank (1828)
* The Government Savings Bank (1833)
* The Bank of Mirzapore (1835)
* Travancore National and Quilon Bank

Networks|

| Interbank networks|

* Cirrus
* NFS
* PLUS

|

ATM networks|

* BANCS
* Cashnet
* CashTree
* MITR

Cards|

* Mastercard
* Debit Mastercard
* Maestro
* RuPay
* Visa
* Visa Debit
* Visa Electron

Online transfers|

* AEPS
* BBPS
* BHIM
* IMPS
* NEFT
* RTGS
* UPI

Payment service
providers|

* Atom
* BHIM
* BillDesk
* CCAvenue
* Paytm
* Sarvatra Technologies
* Zeta India

| Digital wallets|

* Amazon Pay
* BharatPe
* Freecharge
* Google Pay
* Mobikwik
* Payoneer
* PayU
* Payworld
* PhonePe

|

Related topics|

* ATM usage fees
* Bank run
* Black money
* Counterfeit money
* De-materialisation (de-mat)
* Demonetisation
* 2016
* Low denomination coins
* Foreign exchange (ForEx)

* Lists:  List of banks
* List of oldest banks in India

| Protocol
and codes|

* Bharat Bill Payment System (BBPS)
* Indian Financial System Code (IFSC)
* National Unified USSD Platform (NUUP)
* Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS)

|

Rates &
ratios|

| Rates|

* Bank rate
* Mumbai Inter-Bank Bid Rate - MIBID/Mumbai Inter-Bank Offer Rate - MIBOR
* Mumbai Interbank Forward Offer Rate - MIFOR

|

Ratios|

* Capital Adequacy Ratio - CAR
* Statutory Liquidity Ratio - SLR
* Cash Reserve Ratio - CRR

Regulators|

* Insurance - IRDAI
* Banking - RBI
* Securities - SEBI
* Bankruptcy - IBBI

Insolvency,
bankruptcy and
reconstruction|

| Boards|

* BIFR
* IBBI
* CERSAI

|

Legislation|

* IBC
* SARFESI Act

Companies|

* ARCIL
* Edelweiss ARC
* IAMCL

Legislation|

* Banking Regulation Act, 1949
* Government Securities Act, 2006
* IBC, 2016
* RBI Act, 1934
* SARFESI Act, 2002
* Income-tax Act, 1961
* Companies Act, 2013
* Insurance Act, 1938
* FEMA, 1999
* RDDBFI, 1993

Tribunals|

* Company Law - NCLT
* Appellate - NCLAT
* Debt Recovery - DRT/Appellate - DRAT

Measures|

* Prompt Corrective Action

Other|

* Institute of Banking Personnel Selection
* Mumbai Consensus

* v
* t
* e

Economy of India

Companies|

* BSE SENSEX
* NIFTY 50
* NIFTY Next 50
* NIFTY 500
* GIFT Nifty

Governance|

* Ministry of Finance
* Finance ministers
* Ministry of Commerce and Industry
* Finance Commission
* Economic Advisory Council
* Central Statistical Office
* Securities and Exchange Board of India
* Enforcement Directorate
* External debt
* Foreign trade
* Foreign direct investment
* Foreign exchange reserves
* Remittances
* Taxation
* Subsidies
* Industrial licensing
* Voluntary guidelines
* NITI Aayog
* Make in India
* Atmanirbhar Bharat

Currency|

* Indian rupee
* Sign
* History
* Historical Forex
* Digital rupee
* Coinage
* Paisa
* Reserve Bank of India
* Governor
* Mint
* Inflation

Financial services|

* Banking
* Insurance
* Multi Commodity Exchange
* Bullion

History|

* Economic development
* Liberalisation
* Licence Raj
* Green revolution
* Government initiatives
* Numbering system

People|

* Billionaires
* Demography
* Income
* Poverty
* Labour law
* Pensions
* EPFO
* NPS
* PPF

By state|

* Andhra Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Delhi
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* Ladakh
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Mizoram
* Odisha
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Uttarakhand
* Uttar Pradesh
* West Bengal

Sectors|

* Agriculture
* Livestock
* Fishing
* Automotive
* Chemical
* Construction
* Defence
* Education
* Energy
* Electricity
* Nuclear
* Oil and gas
* Solar
* Wind
* Electronics and semiconductor
* Entertainment
* Forestry
* Gambling
* Healthcare
* Information technology
* Media
* Cinema
* FM Radio
* Television
* Printing
* Mining
* Coal
* Iron and Steel
* Pharmaceuticals
* Pulp and paper
* Retail
* Science and technology
* Biotechnology
* Space
* Telecommunications
* Textiles
* Tourism
* Transport
* Aviation
* Civil
* Ports
* Rail
* Roads
* Electricity
* Water

Regulator|

* IRDAI
* RBI
* SEBI
* IBBI

Other|

* NCLT
* NCLAT
* BIFR
* IBBI
* IBC
* SARFESI Act
* Income Tax Act
* Companies Act
* Banking Act
* Insurance Act
* FEMA
* Mumbai Consensus

* Category
* Commons
* Wikiquotes

* v
* t
* e

Mumbai topics

History|

* Timeline
* Shilahara dynasty
* Bombay Presidency
* Seven Islands of Bombay
* Elephanta Caves
* Banganga Tank
* Old Bombay
* Worli Fort
* Girangaon
* Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti
* Tanks
* Growth of Mumbai
* 1992–93 riots
* 1993 bombings
* 2008 attacks

Geography|

* Powai Lake
* Vihar Lake
* Tulsi Lake
* Thane Creek
* Mahim Bay
* Back Bay
* Mithi River
* Ulhas River
* Gilbert Hill
* Malabar Hill
* Salsette Island
* Mumbai Harbour
* Middle Ground
* Climate
* Beaches
* Eastern Suburbs
* Western Suburbs
* South Mumbai
* Neighbourhoods

Buildings|

* Architecture of Mumbai
* Gateway of India
* Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
* Naval Dockyard
* Bombay Stock Exchange
* Hutatma Chowk
* General Post Office
* Siddhivinayak Temple
* Regal Cinema
* Mount Mary's Church
* Haji Ali Dargah
* Flora Fountain
* David Sassoon Library
* Mumba Devi Temple
* Mahalaxmi Temple
* Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum)
* National Gallery of Modern Art
* The Asiatic Society of Mumbai
* Jehangir Art Gallery
* Gowalia Tank
* Shri Swaminarayan Mandir
* Mahim Church
* Usha Kiran Building
* Antilia

Transport|

* Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST)
* Mumbai Suburban Railway
* Central Line
* Harbour Line
* Port Line
* Trans-Harbour Line
* Western Line
* Central Railway
* Western Railway
* Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport
* Bandra Terminus and suburban station
* Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
* Dadar railway station and suburban station
* Lokmanya Tilak Terminus
* Mumbai Central railway station
* Mumbai Central ST Bus Stand
* Juhu Aerodrome
* Auto rickshaw
* Metro
* Line 1
* Line 2
* Line 3
* Line 4
* Line 5
* Line 6
* Line 7
* Line 8
* Line 9
* Line 10
* Line 11
* Line 12
* Line 13
* Monorail
* Skywalk
* Western railway elevated corridor
* Water transport
* Mumbai Bus Rapid Transit System
* Mumbai Urban Transport Project

Roads|

* Airoli Bridge
* Altamount Road
* Bandra–Worli Sea Link
* Carmichael Road
* Colaba Causeway
* Coastal Road (under construction)
* Currey Road Bridge
* Dadabhai Naoroji Road
* Eastern Express Highway
* Eastern Freeway
* Fashion Street
* Hughes Road
* Jeejabai Bhosle Marg
* JVLR
* Kalwa Bridge
* Linking Road
* Lady Jamshetjee Road
* LBS Marg
* Lamington Road
* Mahim Causeway
* Marine Drive
* MTHL
* Nepean Sea Road
* P D'Mello Road
* Pedder Road
* Princess Street
* SCLR
* SV Road
* Sahar Elevated Access Road
* Sion Panvel Highway
* Vashi Bridge
* Versova–Bandra Sea Link
* Veera Desai Road
* Western Express Highway

Economy|

* Bombay Stock Exchange
* National Stock Exchange of India
* Reserve Bank of India
* Mint
* Dalal Street
* Nariman Point

Education
and research|

| Universities
and colleges|

* University of Mumbai (MU)
* SNDT Women's University
* IIT Bombay (IIT-B)
* Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT)
* Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI)
* NITIE
* Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS)
* Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute
* SP Jain Institute of Management and Research
* Dr. Homi Bhabha State University
* Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE)
* NMIMS
* Mithibai College
* St. Xavier's College
* Sathaye College
* Ramnarain Ruia College
* D. G. Ruparel College
* Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics
* Mulund College of Commerce
* V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce
* Sir J. J. School of Art

|

Schools|

* Balmohan Vidyamandir
* Bombay Scottish School
* Campion School
* Cathedral and John Connon School
* Dhirubhai Ambani International School
* Don Bosco High School
* Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School
* Holy Family High School
* Lilavatibai Podar High School
* R. N. Podar School
* Sacred Heart Boys High School
* Jamnabai Narsee School
* Utpal Shanghvi Global School
* Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
* Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School)
* St. Theresa's Boys High School
* J.B. Petit High School for Girls

Institutes for science
and learning|

* Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)
* Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
* Nehru Planetarium
* Nehru Science Centre
* Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)
* Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS)

Civic|

* Mayor
* Police Commissioner
* Municipal Commissioner
* Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
* Greater Mumbai Police
* Wards
* Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport
* Demographics
* Water sources
* Bombay High Court
* Sheriff

Culture|

* Art Deco
* Marathi
* Mumbaiya/Bombaiya/Bambaiya
* Dabbawalas
* Mumbaikar
* Street food
* Vada pav
* Bhel puri
* Sev puri
* Dahi puri
* Panipuri
* Ragda pattice
* Cultural centres
* Cinemas
* Kala Ghoda festival
* Mumbai Marathon
* Tourist attractions
* Little Bombay, Jersey City, US

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Indian rupee (₹)

Subunits|

* Pie (obsolete)
* Anna (obsolete)
* Paisa

Coins|

| Present|

* 50
* ₹1
* ₹2
* ₹5
* ₹10
* ₹20

|

Obsolete|

* 1 paisa
* 2 paise
* 3 paise
* 5 paise
* 10 paise
* 20 paise
* 25 paise

Banknotes|

| Series|

* Lion Capital Series
* Mahatma Gandhi Series
* Mahatma Gandhi New Series
* Digital rupee (e₹)

|

Denominations|

* ₹1
* ₹5
* ₹10
* ₹20
* ₹50
* ₹100
* ₹200
* ₹500
* obsolete
* ₹2
* ₹1000
* ₹2000

Symbol|

* Indian rupee sign

Mints|

* India Government Mint
* Hyderabad Mint
* Kolkata Mint
* Mumbai Mint
* Noida Mint

Printers|

* SPMCIL
* Nashik
* Dewas
* BRBNML
* Mysore
* Salboni

Topics|

* Reserve Bank of India
* National Payments Corporation of India
* Economy of India
* 1978 demonetisation
* 2016 demonetisation

* v
* t
* e

Central banks by country

Africa|

* Central African States
* West African States
* Algeria
* Angola
* Botswana
* Burundi
* Cape Verde
* Comoros
* Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Eritrea
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Gambia
* Ghana
* Guinea
* Kenya
* Lesotho
* Liberia
* Libya
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigeria
* Rwanda
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Somalia
* Somaliland
* South Africa
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* China
* Hong Kong
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* South Korea
* North Korea
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Macao
* Malaysia
* Maldives
* Mongolia
* Myanmar
* Nepal
* Oman
* Pakistan
* Palestine
* Philippines
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* Timor-Leste
* Turkmenistan
* UAE
* Uzbekistan
* Vietnam
* Yemen

Europe|

* Eurosystem
* Abkhazia
* Albania
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Austria
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech
* Denmark
* Germany
* England
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Greece
* Hungaria
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* Norway
* North Macedonia
* Northern Cyprus
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Soviet Union
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine

North
America|

* Aruba
* The Bahamas
* Barbados
* Bermuda
* Canada
* Cuba
* Curaçao and Sint Maarten
* Eastern Caribbean
* Cayman Islands
* Dominican Republic
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Jamaica
* Mexico
* Nicaragua
* Trinidad and Tobago
* United States

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Vanuatu

South
America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Chile
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Names in italics indicate non-sovereign (dependent) territories, former countries, or states with limited recognition

* v
* t
* e

Central banks

Global|

* Bank for International Settlements
* Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
* Financial Stability Board

Policies|

* Basel Accords
* Capital control
* Capital requirement
* Reserve requirement
* Fractional-reserve banking
* Central bank independence
* Exchange rate regime
* Foreign exchange reserves
* List
* Forward guidance
* Impossible trinity
* Interest rates
* Bank rate
* List
* Discount rate
* IS–LM model
* Liquidity trap
* Prime rate
* Zero lower bound
* Inflation targeting
* Monetary policy
* Contractionary monetary policy
* Expansionary monetary policy
* Window guidance
* Monetary sovereignty
* Monetary system
* Bretton Woods system
* Fiat money
* Money creation
* Debt monetization
* Quantitative easing
* Quantitative tightening
* Helicopter money
* Seigniorage
* Money supply
* Currency in circulation
* Friedman's k-percent rule
* McCallum rule
* Monetary base
* Velocity of money
* Quantity theory of money
* Nominal income target
* Open market operation
* Price stability
* Sovereign wealth fund
* Yield curve control

Bretton Woods
system|

* International Monetary Fund
* Jamaica Accords
* World Bank Group
* International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
* International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
* International Development Association
* International Finance Corporation
* Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

Lists|

* List of central banks
* List of countries by inflation rate
* Consumer price index by country
* Central banks and currencies of Africa
* Central banks and currencies of Asia-Pacific
* Central banks and currencies of the Caribbean
* Central banks and currencies of Europe
* Central banks and currencies of the Americas

* v
* t
* e

Financial services in India

Banking

| Commercial
banking|

| Scheduled
banks|

| Commercial|

| Private|

* Axis
* Bandhan
* CSB
* City Union
* DCB
* Dhanlaxmi
* Federal
* HDFC
* ICICI
* IDBI
* IDFC First
* IndusInd
* Karnataka
* Karur Vysya
* Kotak Mahindra
* Nainital
* RBL
* South Indian
* Tamilnad Mercantile
* Yes

|

PSBs|

* Bank of Baroda
* Bank of India
* Canara Bank
* Central Bank of India
* Indian Bank
* Indian Overseas Bank
* Jammu & Kashmir Bank
* Punjab & Sind Bank
* Punjab National Bank
* State Bank of India
* UCO Bank
* Union Bank of India

Foreign|

| Branches|

* ABN AMRO
* Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank
* Antwerp Diamond Bank
* ANZ
* Bank Maybank Indonesia
* Bank of America
* Bank of Bahrain and Kuwait
* Bank of Ceylon
* Barclays
* Citibank
* Credit Suisse
* Deutsche Bank
* HSBC
* MUFG Bank
* Rabobank
* Royal Bank of Scotland
* Scotiabank
* Standard Chartered

|

Subsidiaries|

* DBS Bank
* State Bank of Mauritius

RRBs|

* Andhra Pradesh Grameena Vikas Bank
* Andhra Pragathi Grameena Bank
* Assam Gramin Vikash Bank
* Bangiya Gramin Vikash Bank
* Kerala Gramin Bank
* North Malabar Gramin Bank
* Mizoram Rural Bank
* Pallavan Grama Bank
* Pandyan Grama Bank
* Paschim Banga Gramin Bank
* South Malabar Gramin Bank
* Uttar Bihar Gramin Bank
* Uttarakhand Gramin Bank
* Vananchal Gramin Bank

Cooperative|

* District Co-operative Central Bank
* Buldhana Urban
* Cosmos Bank
* Mizoram Co-operative Apex Bank
* Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank
* Repco Bank
* Saraswat Bank
* Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank
* TNSC Bank
* Chennai Central Cooperative Bank

| Uttar Pradesh|

* Allahabad UP Gramin Bank
* Gramin Bank of Aryavart
* Sarva UP Gramin Bank

|

Niche
banks|

| SFBs|

* AU
* Capital
* ESAF
* Equitas
* Fincare
* Jana
* North East
* Suryoday
* Ujjivan

|

Payments
banks|

* Airtel
* Fino
* NSDL Payments Bank Limited
* India Post
* Jio
* Paytm

| Surrendered licencees|

* Sun Pharmaceuticals
* Tech Mahindra

|

Wound up|

* Aditya Birla

Defunct
banks|

| Merged|

| PSB|

* New Bank of India
* Dena Bank
* Vijaya Bank
* Allahabad Bank
* Andhra Bank
* Corporation Bank
* Oriental Bank of Commerce
* United Bank of India
* Syndicate Bank

|

SBI|

* Bank of Bombay
* Bank of Calcutta
* Bank of Madras
* Imperial Bank of India
* State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur
* State Bank of Hyderabad
* State Bank of Indore
* State Bank of Mysore
* State Bank of Patiala
* State Bank of Saurashtra
* State Bank of Travancore
* Bharatiya Mahila Bank

Rescued|

* Global Trust Bank
* Lakshmi Vilas Bank
* Nedungadi Bank
* United Western Bank
* United Industrial Bank

Acquired|

* Bank of Madura
* Bank of Rajasthan
* Bengal Central Bank
* Centurion Bank of Punjab
* Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China
* Grindlays Bank
* National Bank of India
* ING Vysya Bank
* Mercantile Bank of India, London and China
* Lord Krishna Bank

| PSB|

* Bharat Overseas Bank
* Pandyan Bank

|

Wound up|

* Bank of Chettinad
* Dass Bank

Failed|

* Alliance Bank of Simla
* Arbuthnot & Co
* Commercial Bank of India
* Exchange Bank of India & Africa
* (New) Oriental Bank Corporation
* Oudh Commercial Bank
* Madhavpura Mercantile Cooperative Bank

Liquidated|

* Bank of Hindostan
* Nath Bank
* Palai Central Bank

Networks|

| Interbank networks|

* Cirrus
* NFS
* PLUS

|

ATM networks|

* BANCS
* Cashnet
* CashTree
* MITR

Financial
technology|

| Online transfers|

* BBPS
* IMPS
* NEFT
* RTGS
* UPI
* AEPS
* BHIM

|

Cards|

* MasterCard
* Debit MasterCard
* Maestro
* RuPay
* Visa
* Visa Debit
* Visa Electron
* Visa payWave

Payment service|

* Atom
* BHIM
* BillDesk
* CCAvenue
* Google Pay
* Zeta India

Digital wallets|

* Amazon Pay
* Freecharge
* Mobikwik
* Payoneer
* Paytm
* PayU
* Payworld
* PhonePe

Other|

* ATM usage fees
* De-Materialisation (De-Mat)
* Foreign Exchange (ForEx)
* Indian Financial System Code (IFSC)
* List of banks
* National Unified USSD Platform (NUUP)

| Protocol|

* BBPS
* Structured Financial Messaging System (SFMS)

|

Investment
banking|

* A.K. Capital Services Ltd.
* Ambit Corporate Finance Pvt.Ltd.
* Anand Rathi Advisors Ltd.
* Ashika Capital Ltd.
* Avendus Capital Pvt.Ltd.
* Axis Bank Ltd.
* Axis Capital Ltd.
* Barclays Bank Plc
* Bcb Brokerage Pvt.Ltd.
* Birla Capital & Financial Services Ltd.
* BNP Paribas
* Bob Capital Markets Ltd.
* Boi Merchant Bankers Ltd.
* Canara Bank
* Central Bank Of India
* Centrum Capital Ltd.
* Chartered Finance Management Ltd.
* Choice Capital Advisors Pvt.Ltd.
* Citigroup Global Markets India Pvt.Ltd.
* Credit Suisse Securities (India) Pvt.Ltd.
* Deutsche Equities India Pvt.Ltd.
* DSP Merrill Lynch Ltd.
* Edelweiss Financial Services Ltd.
* Ernst & Young Merchant Banking Services Pvt.Ltd.
* HDFC Bank Ltd.
* HSBC Securities & Capital Markets (India) Pvt.Ltd.
* ICICI Securities Ltd.
* IDBI Capital Market Services Ltd.
* IDFC Securities Ltd.
* IIFL Holdings Ltd.
* Il&Fs Capital Advisors Ltd.
* Indian Overseas Bank
* Inga Capital Pvt.Ltd.
* Jefferies India Pvt.Ltd.
* JM Financial Institutional Securities Ltd.
* JP Morgan India Pvt.Ltd.
* Karvy Investor Services Ltd.
* Keynote Corporate Services Ltd.
* KJMC Corporate Advisors (India) Ltd.
* Kotak Mahindra Capital Co.Ltd.
* Lazard India Pvt.Ltd.
* Morgan Stanley India Co.Pvt.Ltd.
* Motilal Oswal Investment Advisors Pvt. Ltd.
* Munoth Financial Services Ltd.
* Pantomath Capital Advisors Pvt.Ltd.
* Religare Capital Markets Ltd.
* Rothschild (India) Pvt.Ltd.
* Saffron Capital Advisors Pvt.Ltd.
* SBI Capital Markets Ltd.
* SMC Capitals Ltd.
* Trust Investment Advisors Pvt.Ltd.
* UBS Securities India Pvt.Ltd.
* Union Bank Of India
* Vivro Financial Services Pvt.Ltd.
* Yes Bank Ltd.

Institutions|

* SIDBI
* NABARD
* EXIM
* IFCI

Asset management

| Hedge funds|

* True Beacon

|

Mutual funds|

* Axis
* Baroda Pioneer
* BNP Paribas
* BOI AXA
* Canara Robeco
* PGIM
* DHFL Pramerica
* DSP
* Edelweiss
* Escorts
* Franklin Templeton Investments
* Goldman Sachs
* HDFC AMC
* HSBC Global
* ICICI Prudential
* IDBI
* IDFC
* IIFCL Asset Management
* IIFL
* IL & FS Infra
* Indiabulls
* JM Financial
* Kotak
* LIC Nomura
* Mirae
* Nippon India
* Motilal Oswal
* Peerless
* PPFAS
* Quantum
* Religare
* Sahara
* SBI
* Shriram
* Sundaram
* Tata
* Taurus
* Union KBC
* Unit Trust of India

InvITs|

| REITs|

* Brookfield Real Estate Trust
* Mindspace Business Parks REIT
* IIFL Real Estate Investment Trust
* Embassy Office Parks REIT

|

Other|

| Telecom|

* Digital Fibre Infrastructure Trust
* Tower Infrastructure Trust

|

Energy|

* India Grid Trust
* India Infrastructure Trust
* POWERGRID Infrastructure Investment Trust

Roads|

* Indian Highway Concessions Trust
* IndInfravit Trust
* IRB Infrastructure
* IRB InvIT Fund
* MEP Infrastructure Investment Trust
* National Highways Infra Trust
* Oriental InfraTrust
* Roadstar Infra Investment Trust
* Shrem Invit

Insurance

| Companies|

| Agriculture|

* Agriculture Insurance Company of India

|

General|

| Private|

* Cholamandalam MS
* Edelweiss Group
* HDFC ERGO
* Future Generali
* ICICI Lombard
* Niva Bupa
* Kotak Mahindra
* Reliance
* Royal Sundaram
* SBI General
* TATA AIG

|

Govt|

* National Insurance
* New India Assurance
* Oriental Insurance
* United India
* Employees State Insurance (ESI)

Life|

* Canara HSBC OBC Life
* Edelweiss Group
* Exide Life
* HDFC Life
* ICICI Prudential
* LIC
* Max Life
* Peerless Group
* PNB MetLife
* Reliance
* Kotak
* SBI Life
* Shriram Life Insurance
* Tata AIA

Reinsurance|

* GIC-Re

Repository|

* CDSL
* NSDL

Policy|

* Agricultural insurance in India
* National Health Policy
* Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana
* Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana
* Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana
* Ayushman Bharat Yojana
* Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana
* Biju Swastya Kalyan Yojana

Other|

* CISR
* Insurance Institute of India

Financial markets

| Stock
exchanges|

| Functional|

| Bombay Stock Exchange|

* BSE

|

National Stock Exchange|

* NSE

India International Exchange|

* India INX

NSE International Exchange|

* NSE IX

Other exchanges|

* United Stock Exchange
* Metropolitan Stock Exchange

De-recognized|

* Ahmedabad
* Bangalore
* Calcutta
* Delhi
* Cochin
* Coimbatore
* Inter-connected
* Madhya Pradesh
* Madras
* Magadh
* Mangalore
* Saurashtra Kutch
* Bhubaneswar
* Gauhati
* Jaipur
* Ludhiana
* OTC
* Pune
* UP
* Vadodara
* Meerut
* Capital

Commodity
exchanges|

* India International Bullion Exchange
* Bharat Diamond Bourse
* Indian Energy Exchange
* International Pepper Exchange
* Multi Commodity Exchange
* National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange
* National Spot Exchange
* Surat Diamond Bourse
* Universal Commodity Exchange

Brokerages|

| Online|

* Angel
* Dhani
* Edelweiss
* FundsIndia
* Geogit
* HDFC
* India Infoline
* Kuvera.in
* Motilal Oswal
* Reliance
* Sharekhan

|

Other|

* Darashaw

Depositories|

* NSDL
* CDSL
* StockHolding Corporation of India
* Karvy Corporate

Rating
agencies|

| For companies|

* Acuite/SMERA
* Brickworks
* CARE Ratings
* CRISIL (S&P)
* Hunter (Experian)
* ICRA (Moody's)
* India Ratings & Research (Fitch)
* Infomerics Valuation
* ONICRA

|

For individuals|

* Equifax
* Experian
* Highmark
* TransUnion CIBIL

Financial
crime|

| Events|

* 1992 Indian stock market scam

|

People|

* Harshad Mehta
* Abdul Karim Telgi
* Ramalinga Raju
* Hasan Ali Khan
* Ketan Parekh

Other|

* CAMS
* CERSAI

Alternative financial services

| Digital lending|

* Hero FinCorp

|

Housing finance|

* Aavas Financiers
* DHFL
* Home First Finance
* HUDCO
* HDFC
* LIC Housing Finance
* National Housing Bank
* Odisha Rural Housing & Development Corporation
* PNB Housing Finance

Chit funds|

* Saradha Group financial scandal
* Rose Valley financial scandal

Microfinance|

* Bandhan Bank
* BASIX (India)
* Bharat Financial Inclusion
* ESAF Small Finance Bank
* Grama Vidiyal
* National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development
* Satin Creditcare Network Limited

Other|

* Peer-to-peer lending
* Kitty party

Angel investment, venture capital & private equity

| Angel investments|

* Indian Angel Network

|

Venture capital|

* Chiratae Ventures
* Embassy Group
* Indian Angel Network
* Unitus Seed Fund

Private equity|

* Kotak Private Equity
* Chrys Capital
* India Value Fund - True North
* Motilal Oswal Private Equity
* IDFC Private Equity Fund
* ICICI Venture Fund
* CX Partners
* Premji Invest
* Kedaara Capital
* JM Financial Private Equity

Legislation & regulation

| Banking|

| Authorities
& boards|

| Central bank|

* Reserve Bank of India

|

Other|

* IFSCA
* BBB
* BCSBI
* NPCI
* IBA
* IDRBT

Legislation|

| In force|

* Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934
* Government Securities Act, 2006
* The State Bank of India Act, 1955
* The Banking Companies (Acquisition And Transfer Of Undertakings) Act, 1970
* Banking Regulation Act, 1949
* International Financial Services Centres Authority Act, 2019

|

Repealed|

* Public Debt Act, 1944

Asset
management|

| Legislation|

* The Unit Trust of India Act, 1963
* Indian Registration Act, 1908

|

Other regulations|

* SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1993

Insurance|

| Authorities & boards|

* IRDAI
* Insurance Association of India
* Life Insurance Council
* General Insurance Council

|

Legislation|

| In force|

* Insurance Act, 1938
* Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956
* Life Insurance Corporation Act, 1956
* Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 1999
* The General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act, 1972

|

Repealed|

The British Insurance Act, 1870

Financial
markets|

| Authorities & boards|

* SEBI
* Securities commission
* Forward Markets Commission

|

Legislation|

| In force|

* SEBI, Act 1992
* Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1952
* The Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act, 1956

|

Alternative
financial
services|

| Authorities & boards|

* NHB

|

Legislation|

| Microfinance|

* Tamil Nadu Money-Lenders Act, 1957
* The Bombay Money-Lenders Act, 1946
* The Karnataka Money-Lenders Act, 1961
* The Kerala Money-Lenders Act, 1958
* Bengal Money-Lenders Act, 1940
* The Rajasthan Money-Lenders Act, 1963

|

Other|

* Multi-State Cooperative Legislation Act, 2002
* Mutually Aided Cooperative Acts
* The National Housing Bank Act, 1987
* The Chit Funds Act, 1982

Alternative
investment
funds|

| Authorities & boards|

* Indian Association of Alternative Investment Funds (IAAIF)

|

Legislation|

* Indian Trusts Act, 1882

Regulations|

* SEBI (Venture Capital Funds) Regulations, 1996
* SEBI AIF Regulations, 2012
* SEBI (Investment Advisers) Regulations 2013

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Japan
* Australia
* Czech Republic
* Norway
* Israel

Academics|

* CiNii

Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[SLR]: statutory liquidity ratio
*[NDTL]: net demand and time liabilities
*[CRR]: cash reserve ratio