Resource Prospector (rover)

Resource Prospector

Engineering prototype of the Resource Prospector
lunar rover undergoing tests

Mission type| Reconnaissance, ISRU technology
Operator| NASA
Website| www.nasa.gov/resource-prospector
Mission duration| 6 - 14 days (proposed)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type| Lunar rover
Launch mass| 5,000 kg (11,000 lb) [1]
Landing mass| 300 kg (660 lb)
Dimensions| 1.4 m × 1.4 m × 2 m
Power| 300 watts (solar array)
Start of mission
Launch date| 2022
Rocket| Falcon 9 Block 5 (suggested)
Launch site| Cape Canaveral
Contractor| SpaceX (suggested)
Moon rover
Landing site| Lunar polar region

Resource Prospector is a cancelled mission concept by NASA of a rover that would have performed a survey expedition on a polar region of the Moon. The rover was to attempt to detect and map the location of volatiles such as hydrogen, oxygen and lunar water which could foster more affordable and sustainable human exploration to the Moon, Mars, and other Solar System bodies.[2][3]

The mission concept was still in its pre-formulation stage,[2] when it was scrapped in April 2018.[4][5] The Resource Prospector mission was proposed to be launched in 2022.[4][5] Its science instruments will be flown on several commercial lander missions contracted with NASA's new Commercial Lunar Payload Services program. The VIPER rover is developed as a successor of Resource Prospector.

## Overview[edit]

In February 1976, the Soviet lander Luna 24 sent a sample of lunar soil to Earth, where it was found to contain about 0.1% water.[6][7] Data obtained by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), Chandrayaan-1, and the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), revealed that lunar water is distributed widely (if thinly) across the Moon's surface.[3][8]

The Resource Prospector mission concept proposes a NASA-led collaboration that seeks international space agencies and private industry partners to maximize the value.[2] However, it is unclear if the use of lunar resources is permitted under the 1967 Outer Space Treaty signed by the United States, Russia, and 90 other countries.[9]

Hydrogen and oxygen can be used to make vital consumables, but also, to make rocket fuel, and basic materials required for in-space manufacturing.[2] The technical process is called in situ resource utilization or ISRU. The rover would have used a drill to extract samples of the lunar soil from as deep as one meter below the surface.[2] The Taiwanese National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology was responsible for developing the rover's sensor system.[10]

In September 2015, the rover prototype underwent field testing,[11] and in May 2016, the prototype rover underwent thermal vacuum and thermal testing at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas.[12][9] Before its cancellation, NASA officials were exploring various launch options, including to fly it as a secondary payload on board the second flight of the Space Launch System, called the Artemis 2 in 2022.[9] Another reported launch option was the Falcon Heavy rocket.[9]

### Cancellation[edit]

The Resource Prospector team was notified on 23 April 2018 to cease all work on the project by the end of May 2018. The concept was going to be submitted for a major design review by the end of 2018 for funding, development and launch.[4][5] This rover was the only mission in conceptual development by NASA to explore the surface of the Moon in situ.[4] Apparently, the cancellation stemmed from the program being moved to another Division with an insufficient budget to fund this mission.[13][4] US$100 million were already spent on the rover's instruments over ten years.[14] Scientists involved in the Lunar Exploration Analysis Group sent a letter on 26 April 2018 to the NASA administrator, James Bridenstine laying their case to reverse the decision,[13] and remarked that other nations are preparing landers to stake claim on the natural resources on the south polar region of the Moon.[13]

In a 3 May 2018 statement, NASA officials explained that lunar surface exploration will continue in the future, but using commercial lander services under a new Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) program.[15][16] Some of these commercial landers will be equipped with the ice drill and scientific instruments developed for the Resource Prospector.[14][16] NASA officials stated that under this program, Resource Prospector instruments will go forward in an expanded lunar surface campaign, instead of the original two weeks.[17]

## Mission[edit]

Orbital survey of the Moon taken by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper instrument on India's Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft. Blue shows the spectral signature of hydroxide, green shows the brightness of the surface as measured by reflected infrared radiation from the Sun and red shows a mineral called pyroxene.

Preliminary studies call for a rover of about 300 kg (660 lb), that would measure 1.4 m x 1.4 m x 2 m.[1] It was suggested to be launched with a Falcon 9 rocket.[1] The mission life would have been between 6 and 14 Earth days.[1]

### Goal[edit]

The motivation and purpose of the mission was to characterize the nature and distribution of lunar water and other volatiles in lunar polar sub-surface materials, and to demonstrate in situ resource utilization (ISRU) processing of lunar soil by heating samples in an oven and isolating the resulting volatiles.[1]

## Conceptual payload[edit]

The conceptual payload includes:[9][1][18]

* Neutron Spectrometer System (NSS)
* Near InfraRed Volatiles Spectrometer System (NIRVSS)
* One meter long core drill
* Oven

The drill, NSS and NIRVSS spectrometers will be launched in 2022 on board the VIPER rover.

## See also[edit]

* Spaceflight portal

* Luna-Glob, a current Russian lander program
* Lunar Prospector, a lunar orbiter launched in 1998
* Prospector (spacecraft), a lander mission concept cancelled in 1962
* Lunar resources
* VIPER, a successor of Resource Prospector

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e f Resource Prospector: Evaluating the ISRU Potential of the Lunar Poles Anthony Colaprete NASA Ames Research Center 2 November 2016  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
2. ^ a b c d e Resource Prospector Advanced Exploration Systems, NASA 2017
3. ^ a b "NASA Looking to Mine Water on the Moon and Mars". Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute of NASA. Retrieved 2022-08-10. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
4. ^ a b c d e NASA scraps a lunar surface mission — just as it's supposed to focus on a Moon return Loren Grush, The Verge April 27, 2018
5. ^ a b c New NASA leader faces an early test on his commitment to Moon landings Eric Berger, ARS Technica 27 April 2018
6. ^ Akhmanova, M.; Dement'ev, B.; Markov, M. (1978). "Possible Water in Luna 24 Regolith from the Sea of Crises". Geochemistry International. 15 (166).
7. ^ Crotts, Arlin (2012). "Water on The Moon, I. Historical Overview". arXiv:1205.5597v1 [EP astro-ph. EP].
8. ^ Pieters, C. M.; Goswami, J. N.; Clark, R. N.; Annadurai, M.; Boardman, J.; Buratti, B.; Combe, J.-P.; Dyar, M. D.; Green, R.; Head, J. W.; Hibbitts, C.; Hicks, M.; Isaacson, P.; Klima, R.; Kramer, G.; Kumar, S.; Livo, E.; Lundeen, S.; Malaret, E.; McCord, T.; Mustard, J.; Nettles, J.; Petro, N.; Runyon, C.; Staid, M.; Sunshine, J.; Taylor, L. A.; Tompkins, S.; Varanasi, P. (2009). "Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H2O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1". Science. 326 (5952): 568–572. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..568P. doi:10.1126/science.1178658. PMID 19779151. S2CID 447133.
9. ^ a b c d e NASA's Resource Prospector Rover to Search for Lunar Volatiles Doug Messier, Parabolic Arc News 1 May 2017
10. ^ Logie, Linnea (21 August 2017). "U.S. and Taiwanese Scientists Collaborate on Earth to Explore the Moon". huffpost.com. Huffington Post. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
11. ^ Resource Prospector 2015 Field Testing Complete Erin Mahoney, NASA TV 29 September 2015  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
12. ^ Resource Prospector Progresses with Thermal Vacuum Testing Erin Mahoney, NASA TV 6 August 2017  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
13. ^ a b c LEAG Letter To NASA Administrator Bridenstine Regarding Resource Prospector Mission Lunar Exploration Analysis Group (LEAG) 26 April 2017
14. ^ a b NASA spent US$100 million on much-anticipated lunar rover before scrapping it in April Alex Stuckey, Chron 5 June 2018
15. ^ NASA argues Resource Prospector no longer fit into agency's lunar exploration plans Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 4 May 2018
16. ^ a b NASA emphasizes commercial lunar lander plans with Resource Prospector cancellation Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 28 April 2018
17. ^ New NASA boss Jim Bridenstine faces his first challenge: a balancing act between the moon and Mars Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 1 June 2018
18. ^ Resource Prospector: Evaluating the ISRU potential of the lunar poles Elphic, Richard; Colaprete, Anthony; Andrews, Daniel; 42nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly Held 14–22 July 2018, in Pasadena, California, U.S. Abstract id. B3.1-14-18 July 2018.

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Lunar rovers

Active|

* Yutu-2 (2019–present, on Chang'e 4)

Past|

| Lunokhod|

* Lunokhod 0 (1A)† (1969)
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|

Apollo|

* Lunar Roving Vehicle (1971, Apollo 15)
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CLEP|

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Chandrayaan|

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Rashid|

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Cancelled|

* Lunokhod 3 (1977)
* Resource Prospector

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CLPS|

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CLEP|

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Others|

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Proposed
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|

Crewed|

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Cancelled /
concepts|

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