Retransmission consent

Legal provision regarding U.S. cable television

Retransmission consent is a provision of the 1992 United States Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act that requires cable operators and other multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs) to obtain permission from commercial broadcasters before carrying their programming.

Under the provision, a broadcast station (or its affiliated/parent broadcast network) can ask for monetary payment or other compensation, such as carriage of an additional channel. If the cable operator rejects the broadcaster's proposal, the station can prohibit the cable operator from retransmitting its signal.[1]

In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulates this area of business and public policy pursuant to 47 U.S.C. Part II.[2]

## History

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Since the 1960s, the Federal Communications Commission had established must-carry rules, which required cable television operators to carry all significantly viewed local stations. In 1985 and 1987, the judiciary decided that the must-carry rules were in violation of the First Amendment rights of the cable operators.[3]

In response, the Congress passed the 1992 Cable Act, which established a combination of must-carry and retransmission consent provisions.[4] Stations were given the right to either require cable operators to carry their signal at no cost, or negotiate with cable operators for carriage fees that the latter could refuse.

Initially, cable carriers' reaction was to refuse to pay for broadcast programming.[5] John Malone, head of cable giant TeleCommunications Inc. refused to pay to carry broadcasters' content saying, "I don't intend to pay any money ... I will scratch backs."[5] Instead of monetary payment, some broadcast networks agreed to distribute secondary channels. America's Talking (now MSNBC), FX, and ESPN2 all originated through retransmission consent deals in the early 1990s. Many PBS stations received additional local channels.

However, in the mid-2000s, the stations succeeded in earning carriage fees from cable/satellite systems.[6]

### Legislative history

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Legislation governing the retransmission of broadcast television content by satellite companies is required to be renewed on a regular basis. As of 2018, the legislation has been enacted four times. These acts renewed statutory licenses that allow satellite TV companies to retransmit broadcast stations to their customers:

* 1999: Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act
* 2004: Satellite Home Viewer Extension and Reauthorization Act
* 2010: Satellite Television Extension and Localism Act
* 2014: STELA Reauthorization Act

## Debate

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Retransmission consent has drawn criticism from the cable operators who redistribute programming, and therefore must seek consent from the broadcasters for their program content. Cable programmers have argued that there is a "shift in leverage toward broadcasters" within the market since introduction of retransmission compensation.[7]

Broadcasters typically claim that the programming they provide costs money, and these retransmission fees allow them to provide this expensive programming. Further, the Cable Act created retransmission consent in order to fix a market imbalance and the marketplace and contract disputes should be addressed in the marketplace.

### Programming disruptions

[edit]

Cable operators typically claim during a carriage dispute that the broadcasters are forcing the viewing public to pay for content that is essentially given away for free to those who use an antenna to receive the station.[8]

Alternatively, broadcasters have argued that the free market approach discourages carriage disputes. In a 2013 op-ed, former FCC commissioner, Robert McDowell, argued:

> TV stations make more money as more people see their shows, thus creating an incentive to distribute their product as widely as possible. These same market forces also create a disincentive for broadcasters to withhold their signals from distributors like cable and satellite companies.[9]

## See also

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* Carriage dispute
* Fee-for-carriage \- a similar proposed policy supported by broadcasters in Canada
* Must-carry
* Significantly viewed

## References

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1. ^ "Retransmission Consent". FCC Encyclopedia. U.S. Federal Communications Commission. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
2. ^ See 47 USC § 531 - § 537 for relevant sections of the Communications Act of 1934, and FCC regulations promulgated pursuant to the Act at 47 CFR 76.56: Signal carriage obligations
3. ^ Must-Carry Rules \- Audrey Perry, The First Amendment Encyclopedia, Middle Tennessee State University
4. ^ "Federal Register, Volume 59 Issue 232 (Monday, December 5, 1994)". www.gpo.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
5. ^ a b Crawford, Susan P., Captive audience : the telecom industry and monopoly power in the new gilded age, p. 134, ISBN 9781491528747, OCLC 897512229
6. ^ Retransmission fee race poses questions for TV viewers \- Roger Yu, USA Today, 14 July 2013
7. ^ FCC MB Docket No. 17-179, Petition to Deny of American Cable Association [1]
8. ^ "Dish Solves Pending Channel Blackout By Giving Its Customers TV Antennas". Consumerist.com. 2017-08-17. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
9. ^ McDowell, Robert (2013-11-22). "Should the government try to 'fix' retransmission consent?".  The Hill. Retrieved 2018-04-16.

* v
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Federal Communications Commission

* Brendan Carr (since 2017)
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Chairs|

* Eugene O. Sykes (1934–35)
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Statutory
authority
(Title 47 USC)|

* Communications Act of 1934
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* Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
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Regulations
and policies
(Title 47 CFR)|

* Title 47 CFR Part 15
* Title 47 CFR Part 68
* Title 47 CFR Part 97

| Broadcast
licensing
and facilities|

* 1978 Broadcast Policy Statement on minority ownership
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|

Broadcasting
content and
programming|

* Actionable indecency
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Litigation|

| Supreme Court|

* FCC v. Sanders Brothers Radio Station (1940)
* National Broadcasting Co. v. United States (1943)
* United States v. Southwestern Cable Co. (1968)
* Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC (1969)
* FCC v. Pacifica Foundation (1978)
* CBS, Inc. v. FCC (1981)
* Sable Communications of California v. FCC (1989)
* Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC (1990)
* Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. v. FCC (1994)
* Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2002)
* Nixon v. Missouri Municipal League (2004)
* National Cable & Telecommunications Ass'n v. Brand X Internet Services (2005)
* FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2009)
* FCC v. AT&T Inc. (2011)
* FCC v. Fox Television Stations, Inc. (2012)
* FCC v. Prometheus Radio Project (2021)

|

Other
federal cases|

* Hush-A-Phone Corp. v. United States (1956)
* American Radio Relay League, Inc. v. FCC (1980)
* Schurz Communications, Inc. v. FCC (1992)
* Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod v. FCC (1998)
* SBC Communications, Inc. v. FCC (1998)
* Satellite Broadcasting & Communications Ass'n v. FCC (2001)
* United States Telecom Association v. FCC (2004)
* Comcast Corp. v. FCC (2010)
* Verizon Communications Inc. v. FCC (2014)
* Tennessee v. FCC (2016)
* Mozilla Corp. v. FCC (2019)
* Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC (2019)
* Consumers' Research v. FCC (2023)

Agency
publications|

* Report on Chain Broadcasting (1941)
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* FCC Record (1986–)

Advisory
committees|

* FCC Network Study Committee
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Predecessor
agencies|

* Interstate Commerce Commission
* Mann–Elkins Act
* Radio Act of 1912
* Kingsbury Commitment
* Willis Graham Act
* Federal Radio Commission
* Radio Act of 1927
* Davis Amendment
* General Order 32
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Related|

* AllVid
* Broadband.gov
* Broadcasting in the United States
* Radio
* FM broadcasting
* Television
* Cable television
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* Digital television transition
* High-definition television
* Multichannel television
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* Federal Communications Bar Association
* History of the telephone in the United States
* Howard Stern Show fines
* Internet in the United States
* Leased access
* Local franchise authority
* Media cross-ownership in the United States
* Modem tax
* National Exchange Carrier Association
* Net neutrality in the United States
* Open spectrum
* "PTV"
* RM-2493
* Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids
* Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy
* Telecommunications policy of the United States
* Telegraphy in the United States
* "Television and the Public Interest"
* Wireless Ship Act of 1910

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