Revisionism (Spain)

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Flag of the Second Spanish Republic

Revisionism is a term which emerged in the late 1990s and is applied to a group of historiographic theories related to the recent history of Spain.

According to users of the term, revisionists oppose what is presented as a generally accepted, orthodox view on the history of the Second Republic and the Civil War. Those who oppose the term view it as deprecatory and abusive.

Both advocates and opponents of the term accuse each other of pursuing a hidden political agenda; those dubbed revisionists are branded conservatives or post-Francoists, their opponents are branded progressists and left-wingers.

## History

[edit]

José María Aznar

Until the late 1990s in Spain the term revisionismo histórico was applied to various historiographic debates abroad, often though not always related to Nazism.[1] It was seldom used against the local background and its denotation could have varied, e.g. in 1988 the expression was employed to stand for scientific historiography.[2] According to scholars who later confronted revisionism, this general setting changed in the mid-1990s; the new government of José María Aznar launched a bid to revise the dominant historiographic view of the recent past.[3] In administrative terms the scheme was embodied e.g.[4] in Plan de Mejora de la Enseñanza,[5] a scheme aimed at re-design of the school curriculum, in 1997 proposed to the Cortes and eventually rejected.[6] In parallel the Right-wing administration mounted a public-discourse counter-offensive,[7] which climaxed in "Operación Moa".[8] Its supposed result was commercial success of 3 books[9] which appeared on the market between 1999 and 2003; written by an amateur historian and far-right propagandist Pio Moa, they focused on the Second Republic and the Civil War.[10]

Moa's books triggered adverse response. It was first embodied in a 1999 manifesto titled Combate por la historia; signed by historians, writers and public figures, it was the first to apply the term "revisionistas" to a group of unnamed Spanish historians, charged with distortions and falsifications.[11] In the early 21st century the name filtered into newspapers[12] and the phenomenon became a widely discussed topic, especially that also other books charged with revisionism were selling very well.[13] According to some scholars, the second term of the Aznar government reinforced the revisionist efforts,[14] expressed e.g. as another education plan advanced by Real Academia de Historia.[15] The anti-revisionist backlash climaxed in 2005–2006 as 3 books produced by professional historians and edited by Alberto Reig Tapia and Francisco Espinosa Maestre;[16] the volumes supposedly definitely dismantled the revisionist Moa narrative and at the time they were thought to have terminated the debate.[17]

Alberto Reig Tapia

Instead of dying out, after 2005 the debate on revisionism flamed on and was brought to another level. To some extent sustained by adoption of Ley de la Memoria Historica in 2007,[18] the discussion transformed when a group of professional historians challenged the anti-revisionists; from that moment onwards the conflict was no longer between amateurs[19] and scholars, but between the scholars themselves. It reached another milestone in 2010–2011, the years when Manuel Álvarez Tardío and Roberto Villa García published a general work on the Second Republic and when RAH-edited Diccionario Biográfico Español published a biography of Francisco Franco.[20] The latter caused heated controversy mostly in popular discourse; according to many, the biography was revisionist and scandalous. The former had a low-profile but more lasting effect, and became a negative point of reference for many works confronting revisionist historiography.[21] The discussion on revisionism kept escalating and assumed increasingly militant tone. The next milestone was reached when in 2014 Stanley G. Payne published his biography of Franco (co-authored by Jesús Palacios Tapias); at that point some concluded that revisionism was embraced by the world's most distinguished Hispanists.[22] Since then the debate has reached an unprecedented level and spilled over to global historiography.[23] It is also reflected in 2018 debates related to proposal of a new Ley de Memoria Histórica.[24]

## Name and beyond

[edit]

Renzo de Felice

Some scholars who confront the revisionist tide claim that the term "revisionism" as such is not by default deprecatory[25] and some authors considered champions of anti-revisionism declare themselves revisionists, naming skepticism a recommended historiographic approach.[26] They note that authors who strive to re-write history of Spain of the 20th century do not actually deserve the name of "revisionist" and should rather be called manipulators and liars; they are dubbed "self-proclaimed revisionists".[27] Others reserve the term for intellectuals like de Felice, Nolte, Lachmann or Furet and underline that the likes of Moa or Vidal are nowhere near their stature.[28] There are authors who agree that the name has been abused[29] and label their opponents rather as "pseudo-revisionists".[30] Finally, some scholars distinguish between "revisionism", the term reserved for amateurish writings of Moa or others, and "neo-revisionism", the term applied to scientifically grounded works pursuing similar yet not identical views.[31] Finally, few authors note that historiographic revision is generally welcome and needed, but "revisionism" by default stands for revision based on manipulation and has no place in the academic realm.[32]

Most authors who rebuke attempts to distort and falsify history do not go into such detail and refer to "revisionismo histórico" and "revisionistas". The name denotes an attempt to revise a generally accepted, proven scientific version of recent Spanish history and is applied to both "historiadores coyunturales" and "historiadores profesionales";[33] recently the term is applied not only to professionals in historiographic science but also to scholars who until their "enigmatic evolution" had been global icons of scientific Hispanism.[34] Sometimes in such cases the term is qualified as perfectly respectable scientific "revisionismo amable",[35] yet usually no such distinction is made. At times revisionism is divided into purist and comparative branches.[36] Sometimes two labels associated are "denialism"[37] and "negationism",[38] as the authors in question deny or negate generally accepted and supposedly proven historiographic concepts.

Ricardo de la Cierva

Though authors classified as revisionists are typically charged with nurturing post-Francoist, pro-Francoist, neo-Francoist, quasi-Francoist or plainly Francoist sentiments, some effort is made to distinguish between "Francoist historiography" and "revisionist historiography". The former is deemed actually orthodox in its Francoist set of old-style schemes and traits,[39] immune to discourse, straight continuation of pre-1975 narrative and represented by authors of older generation like Ricardo de la Cierva, Vicente Palacio Atard and Fernando Vizcaíno Casas.[40] The latter is deemed to be a confrontational response to historiographic vision generally agreed after 1975. It is at times pictured as a school represented by a new generation of authors[41] often armed with modern scientific tools, some of these authors skilled if not excelling – this is, until they embraced revisionism[42] \- in historiographic craft.[43] It is only recently that in course of increasingly heated debate less and less attention is paid to tell Francoist historians from revisionist historians. Both groups might be bundled together, many threads and motives are supposed to prove continuity of their historiographic vision, and revisionism is painted as "almost 'Blue'".[44] Some critics of revisionism go even further and claim that it is actually an orthodox Francoist reading of history.[45]

## Works questioned

[edit]

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There are some 10-15 books which come up repeatedly as negative points of reference of the anti-revisionist discourse, though further volumes might be referred less frequently or even occasionally. They roughly fall into two different categories.One is composed of loose essays, formatted for non-specialized reader and deprived of back matter, which usually forms part of scientific apparatus; this is the case of volumes published by Moa, Vidal, Martín Rubio or others. Another one is composed of fully fledged historiographic studies aimed for more experienced if not professional audience; this is the case of books published by Álvarez Tardío, Villa García, del Rey Reguillo or others.[citation needed] Works from both categories most frequently charged with revisionism are listed below, precedence given to volumes which stand most prominently as key vehicles of revisionist narrative.

30 works most often referred as revisionist

Pio Moa, Los mitos de la Guerra Civil, Madrid 2003, ISBN 9788497340939[46]
Manuel Álvarez Tardío, Roberto Villa García, El precio de la exclusión. La política durante la Segunda República, Madrid 2010, ISBN 9788499200309[47]
Stanley G. Payne, Jesús Palacios, Franco. A Personal and Political Biography, London 2014, ISBN 9780299302108[48]
Fernando del Rey Reguillo (ed.), Palabras como puños: la intransigencia política en la Segunda República Española, Madrid 2011, ISBN 9788430952175[49]
Alfonso Bullón de Mendoza, Luis Eugenio Togores (eds.), Revisión de la Guerra Civil Española, Madrid 2002, ISBN 9788497390002[50]
Manuel Álvarez Tardío, Fernando del Rey Reguillo (eds.), El laberinto republicano: la democracia española y sus enemigos (1931-1936), Madrid 2012, ISBN 9788490063576[51]
Gabriele Ranzato, La grande paura del 1936. Come la Spagna precipitó nella guerra civile, Bari 2011, ISBN 9788842096474[52]
César Vidal, Paracuellos Katyn. Un ensayo sobre el genocidio de la izquierda, Madrid 2005, ISBN 9788496088320[53]
Angel David Martín Rubio, Los mitos de la represión en la Guerra Civil, Baracaldo 2005, ISBN 9788496899636[54]
José Manuel Macarro Vera, Socialismo, república y revolución en Andalucia (1931-1936), Sevilla 2000, ISBN 9788447205998[55]
Roberto Villa García, Manuel Álvarez Tardío, 1936\. Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular, Madrid 2017, ISBN 9788467049466[56]
Stanley G. Payne. El colapso de la República. Los orígenes de la guerra civil (1933-1936), Madrid 2005, ISBN 9788497343275[57]
Manuel Álvarez Tardío, El camino a la democracia en España. 1931 y 1978, Madrid 2005, ISBN 9788493465834[58]
Fernando del Rey Reguillo, Paisanos en lucha. Exclusión política y violencia en la Segunda República española, Madrid 2008, ISBN 9788497429047[59]
Pio Moa, Los origines de la Guerra Civil Española, Madrid 1999, ISBN 9788474905267[60]
Julius Ruiz, The ‘Red Terror’ and the Spanish Civil War. Revolutionary Violence in Madrid, Cambridge 2014, ISBN 9781107682931[61]
César Vidal, Francisco Jiménez Losantos, Historia de España, vol. III: De la Restauración bórbonica hasta el primer franquismo, Barcelona 2010, ISBN 9788408094593
Angel David Martín Rubio, Paz, Perdón... y Verdad: La represión en la guerra civil. Una sintesis definitiva, Toledo 1999, ISBN 8488787162[62]
Gabriele Ranzato, El eclipse de la democracia. La Guerra Civil española (1936-1942), Madrid 2006, ISBN 9788432312489[63]
José María Marco, Una historia patriótica de España, Barcelona 2013, ISBN 9788408112150[64]
José Javier Esparza, El terror rojo en España, Madrid 2007, ISBN 9788496840041[65]
Mercedes Gutiérrez Sánchez, Diego Palacios Cerezales (eds.), Conflicto político, democracia y dictadura, Madrid 2007, ISBN 9788425913761[66]
Pio Moa, El derrumbe de la segunda república y la guerra civil, Madrid 2001, ISBN 9788474906257[67]
César Vidal, Checas de Madrid, Barcelona 2007, ISBN 9788467445640[68]
Bartolomé Bennassar, El infierno fuimos nosotros. La guerra civil española (1936-1942...), Madrid 2005, ISBN 9788430605873[69]
Alfonso Bullón de Mendoza, José Calvo Sotelo, Barcelona 2004, ISBN 9788434467187[70]
José María Zavala, Los gángsters de la Guerra Civil, Barcelona 2007, ISBN 9788483462881[71]
Juan Blazquez Miguel, España turbulenta: alteraciones, violencia y sangre durante la II República, Madrid 2007, ISBN 9788493299477[72]
Alfonso Bullón de Mendoza, Luis Eugenio Togores Sánchez (eds.), La República y la Guerra Civil setenta años después, Madrid 2008, ISBN 9788497390705[73]
Enrique Sacanell, El general Sanjurjo, héroe y victima. El militar que pudo evitar la dictadura franquista, Madrid 2004, ISBN 9788497342056[74]

## Charge: re-fried Francoist fables

[edit]

allegory of the Republic

The debate is centred on the Second Republic and to some extent on the Civil War, though occasionally also Restoration period[75] or Francoism[76] might come under scrutiny. A thesis initially advanced by anti-revisionist scholars was that after 1975 "mayoritario sector"[77] of Spanish historiography agreed a propaganda-free opinion on the Republic[78] and that in post-Francoist Spain there was no ideologically motivated "war of historians";[79] revisionists were marked as these who tried to open such a war. Recently this position has changed and some anti-revisionists admit that indeed there might be some "areas of contention"[80] and controversies,[81] embodied in a debate between these who denounce "false orthodox canon" and these who denounce "revisionism".[82] However, many authors keep flagging revisionism as a social rather than historiographic phenomenon.[83]

Revisionists are considered to be motivated by a desire to defame the Republic;[84] their key thesis is that the Civil War was caused by the Left.[85] This underlying bottom message is reportedly sustained by a number of more detailed concepts. One critic listed them in an ironic "decalogue of the revisionist": 1) pretend scientific neutrality; 2) disregard "structural history"; 3) try to demythologize the Republic; 4) present the Republic as exclusion; 5) blame the Left for radical revolutionism; 6) deny CEDA’s role of a Fascist Trojan horse; 7) claim that Bienio negro was not so black; 8) underline that violence was equal on both sides; 9) criticize memoria historica as having nothing to do with history; 10) glorify the transition, made possible by Francoism.[86]

Historians called revisionists are typically refused scientific credentials,[87] denied both to relatively young scholars[41] and to academic Hispanists who established their position during decades.[88] Some are presented as interested in selling books rather than in historical rigor.[89] The charge raised most frequently is that instead of establishing the truth their aim is to dismantle "liberal-left myths".[90] Since they are not honest[91] they do not qualify as scientists,[92] even though they very much pretend so[93] and constantly raise claims to a myth[94] of scientific "objectivity"[95] and "impartiality",[84] qualities which they are also denied.[95] The revisionists reportedly lack "modus operandi propiamente historiográfico",[45] fail "to provide a balanced assessment",[96] demonstrate bias,[97] distort history,[98] resort to "pseudo-scientific" methods, manipulation[99] and deliberate falsification,[100] create new myths,[39] tend to be hysterical[101] and cultivate their own "pedagogics of hate".[102] An index of manipulative techniques used by the revisionists contains 5 key methods: 1) use of logical fallacies;[103] 2) relativisation, reductionism and negationism; 3) mystification; 4) psychologization[104] and 5) mythologization.[105]

Rally of Falange in contemporary Spain

The revisionist authors are "in the service of the political aims of the present",[106] their goal identified as to "whitewash the history of the Spanish right"[107] and to cover up Nationalist crimes.[108] They are linked to a range of political options and might be dubbed "historiographic Right",[109] "conservatives",[101] "neo-Conservatives",[110] "theo-conservatives",[111] "ultraconservatives",[112] "conservative/neo-Francoist",[101] "pro-Francoists",[95] "filofranquistas",[113] "regime's panegyrists and ideologized 'historians'",[114] "Francoist apologists"[115] and "authoritarians".[116] They are charged with exalting "pure Francoism",[117] sustaining "canon neofranquista",[41] "peddling discredited historical narrative",[118] "repackaging the legends of Francoist ‘historiography’",[119] serving "re-fried Francoist fables",[118] "almost 'Blue'" myths[120] and even nurturing "filonazismo".[121] The charges are supposed proven by political membership of some historians,[122] their publications in right-wing periodicals[123] or publishing houses,[124] links to right-wing institutions,[125] their set of "ideological bedmates"[126] or who they dined with.[127] At times their presence in public discourse is cast against the background of Holocaust denial and revisionism being punishable by law in countries like Germany.[128][129]

## Key conflicting theories

[edit]

Thesis presented as:

"Orthodox"[130] | "Revisionist"[131] |
Second Republic was a standard parliamentary democratic regime of the time | Second Republic was tilted towards the Left, exclusive, and its democratic character was seriously flawed[132]
Republic was from the onset threatened principally by Right-wing conspiracy | during its lifetime Republic was assaulted by the Right and by the Left[133]
PSOE was one of major constitutional forces of the Republic | PSOE viewed the Republic as a transitory regime, to be followed by some sort of popular democracy[134]
CEDA was an authoritarian party bent on toppling the Republic | CEDA in principle remained loyal to the Republican regime[135]
republican politicians like Azaña by their moderate attitude contributed to stability of the regime | republican politicians like Azaña by their sectarian attitude contributed to deterioration of the regime[136]
radicalisation of politics during the Republic was caused principally by the Right-wing refusal to recognize the regime | radicalisation of politics during the Republic was caused principally by the Left-wing claim to ownership of the regime[137]
1934 rising in Asturias was directed against the Right and remained an uncontrolled outbreak of Left-wing violence | 1934 rising in Asturias was directed against the Republic and formed a revolutionary prelude to the Civil War[138]
1936 elections were clearly won by the Popular Front and minor irregularities had no tangible impact on the outcome[139] | 1936 elections were subject to serious fraud and manipulation, which might have given Popular Front the Cortes majority[140]
Popular Front government was like any other constitutional government | Popular Front government was a proto-revolutionary one[75]
until the July coup state structures operated as usual | following the 1936 elections state structures imploded[118]
there was no imminent threat of Left-wing revolution in the early summer of 1936 | in the early summer of 1936 the Republic was about to be converted into a revolutionary dictatorship[141]
Republic collapsed because it was assaulted by the Right | Republic collapsed because it was unable to provide political solution to Spanish structural problems[142]
July coup resulted from fundamental Right-wing refusal to recognize the Republic | July coup was provoked by the Left[143]
in July 1936 the military intended to topple the Republic and set up an authoritarian or totalitarian regime | in July 1936 the military intended to topple the Popular Front government and re-define the Republican regime
Republic continued to exist after the July coup | the regime which emerged after the July coup was no longer the Second Republic[144]
Spanish democracy endured until March 1939 | Spanish democracy collapsed in the spring of 1936
Left-wing violence during the Civil War was reactive, spontaneous, bottom-up and opposed by the state | Left-wing violence during the Civil War was heavily related to new format adopted by the state, it was largely organized and instigated by official structures[145]
Left-wing violence and Right-wing violence during the Civil War are uncomparable as they were distinct in structure and scale | Left-wing violence and Right-wing violence during the Civil War are comparable[146]
violence in the Republican zone was a measure of self-defense | violence in the Republican zone was a measure of revolutionary terror[147]
Nationalist regime emerging during the Civil War was a fascist one[148] | unqualified identification of the emerging Nationalist regime with fascism is an unacceptable oversimplification[149]
in essence, the Spanish Civil War was a struggle between democracy and dictatorship | in essence, the Spanish Civil War was a struggle between revolution and counter-revolution[150]

## Counter-charge: República no fue Caperucita Roja

[edit]

Pio Moa

Authors referred to as revisionists do not adopt a uniform stand. Some implicitly accept the label since they openly format their works as challenge to alleged "myths", reportedly prevailing in historiography.[151] Some joined the anti-revisionist campaign and turned from iconic revisionists to iconic anti-revisionists.[152] Some ignore the term and do not take part in direct polemics.[153] Some assumed a combative position and in numerous articles, press statements and books they confront their opponents. There are authors dubbed revisionists who deny having anything in common with other "revisionists" and treat them in a derogatory manner,[154] there are authors who admit sharing similar views.[155] In general, they question existence of an orthodox, generally accepted historiographic vision of the Republic[156] and claim that historiography is about debate and plurality of opinions.[157] On this basis they maintain that no such thing as revisionism exists,[158] that the term is artificial construction which bundles together various scholars and opinions, and that by means of similar arbitrary judgments even icons of anti-revisionism like Preston might be counted in.[159] A somewhat sympathetic term alternative to "revisionism" is "Moaist revolution".[160]

There is no name commonly applied to scholars who criticize supposed revisionism, though some coined the term "contrarrevisionismo".[161] They are at times referred to as "pequeño grupo de historiadores" who intend to monopolize the discourse by means of social, political and infrastructural network they had built.[162] To this end, they allegedly attempt to stigmatize all these who do not comply as pseudo-scientists, busy with dirty political agenda and not deserving a place in academic discourse. The anti-revisionist authors are presented as driven by their own prejudice,[163] ideologically motivated,[164] "politically committed"[165] and named "small group of historians determined to defend at all costs the vision of a sacred and ‘heroic’ republican democracy".[166] Their supposed political sympathies are clearly described as Left-wing, with references to "historiografía ‘progresista’",[167] "nueva [progressist] religión civil",[168] "anti-Fascist historiography",[169] "political correctness", "post-Marxist ideology",[168] "militant history"[170] and "anti-Francoist, progressive historians".[171] Their principal objective is described as further mythologization of the Republic; this stand is ironically referred by remarks that "Republic was not a Little Red Riding Hood".[172]

ridiculing counter-revisionists: the Right and the Spanish Republic?

Some revisionist authors take charges of their supposed Francoist sympathies very seriously. They demand from periodicals which published such opinions the right to reply and require individuals advancing such claims to retract them;[173] these demands usually produce no result except claims that by "threatening quasi-legal language" they intend to administratively limit free speech.[101] They also claim to have never endorsed the regime and diagnose that though there might have been a modest post-Francoist revival in some sectors of the Spanish media, all professional historians remained immune.[174] They reverse the charges and maintain that it is rather the "contrarrevisionistas" who demonstrate a Francoist heritage: unable of detaching science from politics, they reportedly view history in Manichean terms, refuse to acknowledge their analysis, and got locked in a schematic bi-polar logic.[175] These revisionists attempt to reverse also other charges directed at them and similarly denounce their opponents in terms who they dine with and where they publish,[176] e.g. by noting that one of the most militant anti-revisionists is related to a Trotskyite periodical.[177] They use anti-intellectualism to attempt to ridicule the pose of moral superiority, reportedly assumed by those lambasting revisionism,[178] and agonize about their alleged "personal smears".[179]

## Notable proponents

[edit]

Ángel Viñas currently active historians presented as:

| "orthodox" | "revisionist"
icon | Paul Preston[180] | Stanley G. Payne[181]
most combative, most often referred to | Alberto Reig Tapia [es][182]

Ángel Viñas Martín[183]

Francisco Espinosa Maestre [es][184]

Ricardo Robledo Hernández [es][185]

Chris Ealham[186]

Julián Casanova Ruiz[187]

Antonio Bernat Montesinos[188]

| Pio Moa Rodríguez[189]

Cesar Vidal Manzanares[190]

Fernando del Rey Reguillo [es][191]

Manuel Álvarez Tardío [es][192]

Roberto Villa García[193]

Julius Ruiz [es][194]

José María Marco[195]

also counted in |

Ignacio Peiró Martín [es][196]

Eduardo González Calleja[197]

Carlos Forcadell Álvarez[198]

Jorge Marco Carretero [es][199]

Alejandro Quiroga Fernández de Soto [es][200]

Francisco J. Rodríguez Jiménez[201]

Enrique Moradiellos García[202]

Michael Richards (es)[203]

Helen Graham[204]

Juan Carlos Losada[205]

Peter Anderson[206]

Joan Maria Thomàs[207]

José Luis Ledesma Vera[208]

Francisco Moreno Gómez [es][209]

José Luis Martín Ramos[210]

Julio Gil Pecharromán[211]

Francisco Sevillano Calero[212]

Diego Caro Cancela[213]

Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas[214]

Ismael Saz[215]

Samuel Pierce[216]

Borja de Riquer i Permanyer [es][217]

Gutmaro Gómez Bravo[218]

Sebastian Balfour[219]

Glicerio Sánchez Recio[220]

Francisco Sánchez Pérez[221]

Sergio Riesco Roche[222]

| Luis Arranz Notario[223]

Gabriele Ranzato [es][224]

Ángel María Martín Rubio[225]

Gerald Blaney Jr[226]

Nigel Townson [es][227]

José Manuel Macarro Vera[228]

Carlos Seco Serrano[229]

Cesar Alcala Giménez [es][230]

Michael Seidman [es][231]

Pedro Carlos González Cuevas [es][232]

Luis Eugenio Togores [es][233]

Robert Stradling[234]

José Antonio Parejo Fernández[235]

Richard A. Robinson[117]

Federico Jiménez Losantos[236]

César Alonso de los Ríos [es][237]

Bartolomé Bennassar[238]

José Javier Esparza Torres[239]

Enrique Sacanell Ruiz[240]

Luis Suárez Fernández[241]

José María Zavala [es][230]

Juan Avilés Farré[242]

Juan Blázquez Miguel[243]

Gabriel Tortella Casares [es][244]

Jan Kieniewicz[245]

Gustavo Morales Delgado[246]

Marek Jan Chodakiewicz,[247]

institutional outposts |

University of Zaragoza[248]

Hispania Nova[249]

El País[250]

Journal of Contemporary History[251]

| FAES[252]

La Ilustración liberal[253]

RAH[254]

Revista Hispano-Cubana[255]

Catoblepas[256]

Editorial Encuentro[255]

Cesar Vidal (in black hat)

## See also

[edit]

* Historiography on Spanish Civil War repressions (numbers)
* Second Spanish Republic
* Spanish Civil War
* Francoism
* Spanish transition to democracy
* Historical revisionism
* Historiography

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ see e.g. ABC 17.11.98, available here
2. ^ Carlos Seco, Un análisis objetivo del régimen de Franco, [in:] El País 23.07.88, available here
3. ^ Giovanni C. Cattini, Historical revisionism. The reinterpretation of history in contemporary political debate, [in:] Transfer 06 (2011), p. 32, and many other similar claims made by other authors. Also historians who try to stay neutral in the revisionist-antirevisionist debate and strive to take equidistant position versus both camps adhere to the view that Aznar's government intended to impose a right-wing historiographical perspective, see e.g. Antonio Cazorla-Sanchez, Memory and Cultural History of the Spanish Civil War, Boston 2014, ISBN 9789004259966, pp. 31, 38.
4. ^ other initiative supposed to derail public discourse was setting up FAES, Fabian Altemöller, Die spanische extreme Rechte zwischen Metapolitik und Politik: Eine Analyse der Situierung der Nueva Derecha und der Adaption der Nouvelle Droite, Berlin 2017, ISBN 9783643137579, p. 212, Xosé-Manoel Núñez Seixas, Andreas Stucki, Neueste Entwicklungen und Tendenzen der postdiktatorischen Geschichtskultur in Spanien, [in:] Stefan Troebst, Susan Baumgartl (eds.), Postdiktatorische Geschichtskulturen im Süden und Osten Europas, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 9783835306370, p. 216, Xosé-Manoel Núñez, Ein endloser Erinnerungskrieg? Bürgerkrieg, Diktatur und Erinnerungsdiskurs in der jüngsten spanischen Geschichtswissenschaft, [in:] Neue Politische Literatur 55 (2010), p. 40
5. ^ full name Plan de Mejora de la Enseñanza de las Humanidades en el Sistema Educativo Español
6. ^ Cattini 2011, p. 32
7. ^ apart from FAES, its vehicles were the radio broadcast station COPE, electronic bulletin Libertad Digital and privately held popular dailies ABC and El Mundo, Sebastian Balfour, El revisionismo histórico y la Guerra Civil, [in:] Pasajes: Revista de pensamiento contemporáneo 19 (2006), p. 61
8. ^ Eduardo González Calleja, La historiografía sobre la violencia política en la Segunda República española: una reconsideración, [in:] Hispania Nova 11 (2013), p. 26
9. ^ the most popular of them, Los mitos de la guerra civil, sold at least in 300,000 copies in Spain, see here. The result was typical for best-selling novels rather than for historiographic works, the latter sold at best in tens of thousands of copies. Mitos was also translated into a number of foreign languages and re-published in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2014 and 2018
10. ^ titled Los orígenes de la guerra civil española (1999), Los personajes de la República vistos por ellos mismos (2000) and especially Los mitos de la guerra civil (2003)
11. ^ see Combate por la historia, [in:] nodo50 service, available here
12. ^ see e.g. La Vanguardia 20.11.02, available here
13. ^ e.g. Paracuellos-Katyn of Cesar Vidal sold at least in 45,000 copies, Manuel Muñoz Navarrete, Revisando a los revisionistas, Dublin 2009, p. 4. Authors of books considered revisionist and published before 2010 were mostly non-professional historians, like Cesar Alcala, Federico Jimenez Losantos, José Javier Esparza or Jose María Zavala
14. ^ "coincidiendo con la segunda legislatura del Partido Popular (2000-2004) y en sintonía con el poder político se produjo un embate revisionista", Francisco Espinosa Maestre, El fenómeno revisionista o los fantasmas de la derecha española, Badajoz 2005, ISBN 9788488956682, cover page
15. ^ Cattini 2011, p. 33, Antonio Bernat Montesinos, Estrategias de revisionismo histórico y pedagogía del odio, [in:] Annuario de Pedagogía 9 (2007), p. 77
16. ^ Francisco Espinosa Maestre, El fenómeno revisionista o los fantasmas de la derecha española (2005), Alberto Reig Tapia, Anti-Moa (2006), Alberto Reig Tapia, Revisionismo y política. Pío Moa revisitado (2008)
17. ^ Edward Malefakis, La Segunda República y el revisionismo, [in:] El País 12.01.11, available here
18. ^ Enrique Moradiellos, Revisión histórica crítica y pseudo-revisionismo político presntista: el caso de la Guerra Civil Española, Badajoz 2011, p. 13. The law triggered another historiographic protest manifesto, titled Manifiesto por la Verdad Histórica and signed among others by Federico Jiménez, César Vidal, José María Marco, Pedro Schwartz, Ricardo de la Cierva and Jesús Palacios, Montesinos 2007, p. 55
19. ^ "aparte de Stanley Payne, no les respaldó ningún historiador profesional importante", Malefakis 2011
20. ^ some scholars claim that publication of the biogram exposed "the limits of post-Francoist democratization", Chris Ealham, The Emperor's New Clothes: 'Objectivity' and Revisionism in Spanish History, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 48/1 (2012), p. 192
21. ^ especially the 2012 volume En el combate por la historia, edited by Angel Viñas, see Ealham 2012, pp. 193-194, Peter Anderson, Knowing and Acknowledging Spain’s Dark Civil War Past, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 52/1 (2017), p. 135
22. ^ even junior students with no previous scientific contribution do not hesitate to assert that since the late 1990s Payne's "credibility started to decline", that he turned into "almost an apologist of the Franco regime", that his stature "has plummeted from a respectful and significant historian to an almost apologist", and that due to his "propaganda-like work" Payne "has no objectivity"; the MA hopeful then proceeds to lecture Payne and other scholars how a properly written historiographic work should look like, Ascenett Martinez-Lopez, The Spanish Predisposition. Biases within the Historiography and Memory of the Spanish Civil War [MA thesis University of Newcastle], Newcastle 2017, pp. 8 and passim. The thesis was supervised by one of the anti-revisionists, Alejandro Quiroga
23. ^ the debate on revisionism was taken up mostly by British and American scholars, compare contributions of Peter Anderson, Sebastian Balfour, Gerard Blaney Jr., Cathie Carmichael, Chris Ealham, Helen Graham, Stanley G. Payne, Samuel Pierce, Paul Preston, Tim Rees, Michael Richards, Richard A. Robinson, Michael Seidman, Robert Stradling, Nigel Townson and Mary Vincent, see e.g. sections in Journal of Contemporary History or European History Quarterly in issues from 2006 to 2017. Beyond the English-speaking world the topic is barely present though noticed, see especially Fabian Altemöller, Die spanische extreme Rechte zwischen Metapolitik und Politik, Berlin 2017, ISBN 9783643137579, and Gabriele Ranzato, Il passato di bronzo: L'eredità della guerra civile nella Spagna democratica, Bari 2014, ISBN 9788858118627
24. ^ for the draft version of the law see here. The authors claim that new regulations are "moral duty" towards victims of the war and Francoism. The opponents claim that the proposal advances "soviet-style regulations". Many revisionist authors (Payne, Martin Rubio, Palacios, Togores, Seidman, Gonzalez Cuevas, Moa) signed a protest letter against the draft, see La Gaceta 15.03.2018, available here
25. ^ Ricardo Robledo, Historia científica vs. historia de combate en la antesala de la Guerra Civil, [in:] Studia historica. Historia contemporánea 32 (2014), p. 77
26. ^ Alvaro Morales, Paul Preston: "Los historiadores serios siempre estamos haciendo revisionismo", [in:] El Día 12.10.06, available here
27. ^ Morales 2006
28. ^ Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, ¿Revisionismo histórico en España?, [in:] El Catoblepas 82 (2008), p. 14, available here
29. ^ Moradiellos 2011, p. 3
30. ^ González Cuevas 2008, p. 14
31. ^ the reported difference is that neo-revisionism does not advance catastrophist perspective, and that it falls into 2 streams: "purist" (which assaults the Republic altogether) and "comparative" (which denigrates the Republic by comparing its output with results of the peaceful transition of the 1970s, Malefakis 2011
32. ^ Bernat Montesinos 2007, p. 52
33. ^ Moradiellos 2009, p. 3, Eduardo González Calleja, La historiografía sobre la violencia política en la Segunda República española: una reconsideración, [in:] Hispania Nova 11 (2013), p. 25
34. ^ Ricardo Robledo, De leyenda rosa e historia científica: notas sobre el último revisionismo de la Segunda República, [in:] Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine 2 (2015), p. 6
35. ^ Julio Gil Pecharromán, Revisionismo amable, [in:] Revista de Libros 11.11.14, p. 1
36. ^ Malefakis 2011
37. ^ Ismael Saz, Va de revisionismo, [in:] Historia del Presente 17 (2011), p. 164
38. ^ González Calleja 2013, p. 27
39. ^ a b Bernat Montesinos 2007, p. 53
40. ^ Moradiellos 2009, p. 17
41. ^ a b c Robledo 2015, p. 4
42. ^ one anti-revisionist scholar examines the life and work of Stanley G. Payne to verify whether his "prestige was matched with an exemplary professional praxis" and concluded that it was not, see Francisco J. Rodriguez Jiménez, Stanley G. Payne, ¿Una trayectoria academica ejamplar? [in:] Angel Viñas (ed.), Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova], 2015, pp. 183-210
43. ^ "el revisionismo prosperó ... hasta 2006, cuando sus argumentos principales quedaron desacreditados" by literature commemorating 70th anniversary of the war and 75h anniversary of proclamation of the Republic, Malefakis 2011, see also González Calleja 2013, p. 27
44. ^ see Chris Ealham, "Myths" and the Spanish Civil War: Some Old, Some Exploded, Some Clearly Borrowed and Some Almost "Blue", [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 42/2 (2007), pp. 365-376. The blue color is supposed to indicate Francoist leaning, as the Francoist Falange sported blue shirts
45. ^ a b Moradiellos 2009, p. 4
46. ^ Carmen González Martínez, ’El pasado no está muerto ni es pasado’: historiografiá de la Guerra Civil y revisionismo en el año de la memoria histórica, [in:] Gonzalo Capellán de Miguel, Julio Pérez Serrano (eds.), Sociedad de masas, medios de comunicación y opinión pública, Madrid 2008, vol. 1, ISBN 9788496637498, p. 59, Bernat 2007, p. 55, Rodrigo 2004, p. 185, Sevillano 2007, p. 183
47. ^ Ealham 2012, p. 191, Pierce 2011, p. 176-178, Robledo 2014, p. 77, Robledo 2015, p. 9, Sánchez Pérez 2015, p. 90, Luis Carlos Navarro Pérez, El largo Carnaval de 1936 en un pueblo del Sur. Una reflexión sobre las causas de la violencia, [in:] Rafael Quirosa-Cheyrouze Muñoz, Mónica Fernández Amador (eds.), Miradas al pasado reciente: de la II República a la Transición, Almeria 2014, ISBN 9788416027736, p. 103. For a review which agrees that according to the authors the Republic was not "democracia auténticamente liberal y plural" yet which hails the authors for their rigorous work see e.g. Julio de la Cueva Merino, Reseña: El precio de la exclusión, [in:] Historia Contemporánea 44 (2012), pp. 371-374
48. ^ Viñas 2017, p. 124, Angel Viñas (ed.), Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova] 2015,
49. ^ Robledo 2014, p. 77, Robledo 2015, p. 11, Navarro Pérez 2014, p. 103, José Luis Ledesma, Franco y las violencias de la guerra civil, [in:] Angel Viñas, Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova] 2015, p. 160, Chris Ealham, La historia social, el (neo-) revisionismo y el mapa de la izquierda española de los años 30, [in:] Historia Social 86 (2016), p. 142
50. ^ Angel Ramón del Valle Calzado, Los orígenes del conflicto. El problema de la tierra en Castilla-La Mancha, [in:] Francisco Alía Miranda, Angel Ramón del Valle Calzado, Olga M. Morales Encinas (eds.), La guerra civil en Castilla-La Mancha, 70 años después: actas del Congreso Internacional, Cuenca 2008, ISBN 9788484275558, p. 190, Juan Andrés Blanco Rodríguez, La historiografía de la guerra civil española, [in:] Hispania Nova 7 (2007), p. 26, Javier Rodrigo, Los mitos de la derecha historiográflca. Sobre la memoria de la guerra civil y el revisionismo a la española, [in:] Historia del presente 3 (2004), p. 188, Hugo García, La historiografía de la Guerra Civil en el nuevo siglo, [in:] Ayer 62 (2006), p. 287, Francisco J. Rodríguez Jiménez, Aproximación a la historiografía estadounidense sobre la Guerra Civil Española, [in:] Studia historica. Historia contemporánea 32 (2014), p. 474, Ricardo Robledo, El giro ideológico en la historia contemporánea española: “Tanto o más culpables fueron las izquierdas”, [in:] Carlos Forcadell, Ignacio Peiró, Mercedes Yusta (eds.), El pasado en construcción. Revisionismos históricos en la historiografía contemporánea, Zaragoza, 2015, ISBN 9788499113364, p. 323
51. ^ Ealham 2012, p. 191, Quiroga 2013, p. 519-522, Gonzalez Calleja 2013, p. 16, Robledo 2014, p. 77, Robledo 2015, p. 9, Ledesma 2015, p. 160
52. ^ Gonzalez Calleja 2013, p. 15, Robledo 2015, p. 11, Ledesma 2015, p. 160
53. ^ Bernat 2007, p. 61, Sevillano 2007, p. 185, Muñoz Navarrete 2009, pp. 6, 28-30, Xosé-Manoel Núñez Seixas, Andreas Stucki, Neueste Entwicklungen und Tendenzen der postdiktatorischen Geschichtskultur in Spanien, [in:] Stefan Troebst, Susan Baumgartl (eds.), Postdiktatorische Geschichtskulturen im Süden und Osten Europas, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 9783835306370, p. 217
54. ^ González Martínez 2008, p. 59, Xosé-Manoel Núñez, Ein endloser Erinnerungskrieg? Bürgerkrieg, Diktatur und Erinnerungsdiskurs in der jüngsten spanischen Geschichtswissenschaft, [in:] Neue Politische Literatur 55 (2010), p. 41
55. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 5, Gonzalez Calleja 2013, p. 21, Riesco Roche 2015, pp. 118, 123
56. ^ Eduardo González Calleja, Francisco Sánchez Pérez, Revisando el revisionismo. A propósito del libro 1936. Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular, [in:] Historia Contemporánea 58 (2018), pp. 851-881, Diego Caro Cancela, El canon del revisionismo y la historia local. A propósito de "1936.Fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular", [in:] Academia service (2017), available here, Angel Luis Lopez Villaverde, Lo que la ‘verdad’ esconde. A propósito de fraudes y violencias en 1936, [in:] ctxt service 03.05.2017, available here, Agustin Moreno, Reino de España: El retorno de los mitos franquistas, [in:] SinPermiso service 23.04.2017, available here. For overview of what is presented as insults directed at the authors see Insultos en las redes contra el libro ‘1936: Fraude y Violencia, [in:] InterEconomia service 15.03.2017, available here
57. ^ González Martínez 2008, p. 59, Ealham 2007, pp. 365-370, Robledo 2015, p. 11, Ealham 2015, p. 137
58. ^ Robledo 2014, p. 78
59. ^ Robledo 2014, p. 77, Robledo 2015, p. 10, Gonzalez Calleja 2013, p. 21. Riesco Roche 2015, p. 124, Navarro Pérez 2014, p. 103, Ledesma 2015, p. 160
60. ^ Rodrigo 2004, p. 185, Sevillano 2007, p. 183
61. ^ Thomas 2017, p. 145, Marco 2017, p. 161, Ealham 2007, p. 365, Richards 2007, p. 10
62. ^ González Martínez 2008, p. 64
63. ^ Gonzalez Calleja 2013, p. 15
64. ^ Robledo 2015, pp. 4, 11
65. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 12, Moradiellos 2009, p. 12
66. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 11, Ledesma 2015, p. 160
67. ^ Richards 2007, p. 10, Rodrigo 2004, p. 185, Sevillano 2007, p. 183
68. ^ Núñez Seixas, Stucki 2010, p. 217
69. ^ "a veces bastante ‘revisionista’", Delaunay 2014, p. 440, Gonzalez Calleja 2013, p. 11
70. ^ referred as revisionist in Núñez Seixas, Stucki 2010, p. 217
71. ^ Thomas 2017, p. 146, Robledo 2015, p. 12
72. ^ Ledesma 2015, p. 160
73. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 323, Núñez 2010, p. 41
74. ^ Gonzalez Calleja 2013, p. 27
75. ^ a b Ealham 2007, p. 368, Ealham 2012, p. 195
76. ^ see e.g. Robledo 2015, p. 8
77. ^ Gil Pecharromán 2014, p. 2
78. ^ "consenso que existía", Ricardo Robledo, El giro ideológico en la historia contemporánea española: “Tanto o más culpables fueron las izquierdas”, [in:] Carlos Forcadell, Ignacio Peiró, Mercedes Yusta (eds.), El pasado en construcción. Revisionismos históricos en la historiografía contemporánea, Zaragoza, 2015, ISBN 9788499113364, p. 304
79. ^ which allegedly renders the Spanish historiographic debate different from the German one, compared to ideologically-driven "war of historians", Julian Casanova, Republic, Civil War and Dictatorships: The Peculiarities of Spanish History, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 52/1 (2017), p. 149
80. ^ one scholars lists 5 "areas of contention": explanation for the failure of the Second Republic, 2) responsibilities for the Civil War, 3) reasons for Franco’s victory, 4) nature and size of repression during the war and afterwards, 5) Franco’s role in modernization of Spain, Angel Viñas, On the 80th Anniversary of the Spanish Civil War. [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 52/1 (2017), p. 123
81. ^ Francisco Sevillano Calero, El revisionismo historiográfico sobre el pasado reciente en España, [in:] Pasado y Memoria 6 (2007), p. 189
82. ^ Casanova 2017, p. 149
83. ^ the reasons supposedly responsible for emergence of revisionism in Spain are 1) use of the past for political militancy of the left, 2) generational change, 3) new international background, especially the fall of communism,, 4) idealisation of the Republic; 5) partial militancy of Movimiento para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica, Moradiellos 2009, pp. 17-25
84. ^ a b Robledo 2014, p. 76
85. ^ Chris Ealham, Social history, (Neo-)revisionism and mapping the 1930s Spanish left, [in:] Labor history 58 (2017), pp. 245-270, available here
86. ^ Robledo 2014, pp. 92-94
87. ^ they are at best admitted to cultivate "self-proclaimed 'science'" Robledo 2014, p. 76
88. ^ Stanley G. Payne, who has been contributing to historiography on contemporary Spain for 5 decades, is ridiculed that "the reader may wonder whether they [Payne and authors of recommended latest studies] even refer to the same country", Viñas 2017, p. 123. Also a veteran French Hispanist Bartolomé Bennassar found himself under fire for revisionist flavor of his recent work, "a veces bastante ‘revisionista’", Jean-Marc Delaunay, Miradas francesas sobre la Guerra Civil, [in:] Studia Histórica. Historia contemporánea 32 (2014), p. 440, similar hints in Gonzalez Calleja 2013, p. 11. A vastly experienced Polish Hispanish, Jan Kieniewicz, was charged with sustaining revisionist concepts by Olga Glondys, Entre la propaganda y la verdad: cambios del paradigma en el discurso polaco sobre la guerra civil española, [in:] Studia Histórica 32 (2014), p. 509
89. ^ Roberto Villa García, The Second Republic: Myths and Realities, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 51/2 (2016), p. 421
90. ^ Ealham 2007, p. 372
91. ^ Manuel Álvarez Tardío, ¿Para cuando un debate histórico sin prejuicios? A propósito de la reseña de Samuel Pierce sobre El Precio de la Exclusión. La política durante la Segunda República, [in:] Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies 36/1 (2011), p. 156
92. ^ they are referred to as "historians" in quotation marks, Ealham 2007, p. 366
93. ^ "pretendiamente objetivas y equilibradas" but in fact "escribiendo el libro negro de la República", Robledo 2015, p. 2
94. ^ "objective" history is ridiculed as a "nineteenth-century belief", made outdated by "hermeneutics, epistemology and their implications for historiography", Chris Ealham, “Cry babies” or authoritarians? An investigation into the inability of Spain’s historical revisionists to accept criticism [working paper in progress], p. 1, available here
95. ^ a b c Ealham 2013, p. 193
96. ^ Samuel Pierce, Review: Manuel Álvarez Tardío and Roberto Villa García, El precio de la exclusión: la política durante la Segunda República, [in:] Bulletin for Spanish and Portuguese Historical Studies 35/1 (2011), p. 178
97. ^ Gary Raymond, The Spanish Holocaust by Paul Preston, [in:] Wales Arts Review 2012, available here
98. ^ Ealham 2017, p. 245
99. ^ Bernat Montesinos 2007, pp. 47, 52
100. ^ González Calleja 2013, p. 25
101. ^ a b c d Ealham [ongoing], p. 2
102. ^ Bernat Montesinos 2007, p. 94
103. ^ e.g. "ad populum" or "post hoc ergo propter hoc"
104. ^ "psicologización de la responsabilidad", Bernat Montesinos 2007, p. 65
105. ^ Bernat Montesinos 2007, pp. 56-69
106. ^ Ealham 2007, p. 367; "perhaps it would be more ‘honest’ if would-be ‘objective’ historians came clean about their political agenda", Ealham 2012, p. 197
107. ^ Ealham 2012, p. 202
108. ^ the intention to cover up Nationalist crimes is posed as attempt not to "re-open the wounds", Robledo 2015, p. 2; the same declaration is held tantamount to refusal to investigate, incompatible with historian’s craft, Anderson 2017, p. 130, Maria Thomas, Political Violence in the Republican Zone of Spain during the Spanish Civil War: Evolving Historiographical Perspectives, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 52/1 (2017), p. 147
109. ^ Javier Rodrigo, Los mitos de la derecha historiográflca. Sobre la memoria de la guerra civil y el revisionismo a la española, [in:] Historia del presente 3 (2004), p. 185
110. ^ Ealham 2007, p. 370 Ealham 2007, p. 370
111. ^ Ealham 2013, p. 194
112. ^ Francisco Sánchez Pérez, El ‘heroe’ frente a la maligna república, [in:] Hispania Nova 2015 (extraordinary issue), p. 92
113. ^ Moradiellos 2009, p. 14
114. ^ Ealham 2007, p. 366
115. ^ Álvarez Tardío 2011, p. 156
116. ^ Ealham [ongoing], p. 1
117. ^ a b Robledo 2015, p. 5
118. ^ a b c Ealham 2007, p. 367
119. ^ Ealham 2007, pp. 367-368
120. ^ Ealham 2007, p. 365
121. ^ the charge of nurturing "filonazismo" is perhaps the most far-reaching one presented in the scholarly realm (anonymous cyberspace excluding). It was put forward by Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas, Los vencedores vencidos: la peculiar memoria de la División Azul, 1945-2005, [in:] Pasado y memoria: Revista de historia contemporánea 4 (2005), p. 96. Perhaps to avoid legal action, the charge was addressed to an unnamed group of "young historians"
122. ^ revisionists are even more damned as the parties they engage have reportedly never condemned Francoism, Robledo 2014, p. 80
123. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 5, Ealham 2012, p. 198, Robledo 2014, p. 79
124. ^ like Editorial Encuentro
125. ^ for FAES see Robledo 2015, p. 2, Robledo 2014, p. 79, for RAH as "thoroughly undemocratic" institution "unrepresentative of Spanish historical profession", see Ealham 2012, p. 192
126. ^ Chris Ealham, The Emperor’s New Clothes: ‘Objectivity’ and Revisionism in Spanish History, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 48/1 (2013), p. 192
127. ^ see e.g. comments on Payne dining with Moa, Robledo 2015, p. 6
128. ^ Sebastian Balfour, The concept of historical revisionism: Spain since the 1930s, [in:] International Journal of Iberian Studies 21/3 (2008), pp. 179-18
129. ^ Sevillano Calero 2007, p. 187, Richard J. Evans, Debate – Public Memory, Political Violence and the Spanish Civil War, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 52/1 (2017), p. 118. While scholarly periodicals maintain some restraint, in some popular media a thesis that the Spanish revisionists are Holocaust-deniers is advanced almost openly, compare "„perpetran en España algunos historiadores de mentira que de un tiempo a esta parte publican con éxito versiones actualizadas de los infundios de la propaganda franquista; o lo de quienes, digamos, aseguran que Auschwitz fue en realidad un balneario con fines benéficos”, Javier Cercas, Revisar la revision, [in:] El País 31.05.07
130. ^ for a concise, scholarly, recently published, all-round "orthodox" vision of the Republic and the Civil War see Julian Casanova, A Short History of the Spanish Civil War, New York 2013, ISBN 9780857733047; it was re-printed a number of times, with recent edition in 2019
131. ^ for a concise, scholarly, recently published, all-round "revisionist" vision of the Republic and the Civil War see Stanley G. Payne, The Spanish Civil War, London 2012, ISBN 9781139536240; it was re-printed a number of times, with recent edition in 2019
132. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 6, Ealham 2007, p. 367, Ealham 2012, p. 195, Robledo 2014, p. 92, Blaney 2017, p. 418, Viñas 2017, pp. 123–124
133. ^ González Calleja 2013, p. 35, Robledo 2014, p. 93, Sevillano Calero 2007, p. 186, Viñas 2017, pp. 123-124
134. ^ Robledo 2014, pp. 92–3, Blaney 2017, p. 413, Alvarez Tardio 2016, p. 426
135. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 3, Ealham 2007, p. 369, González Cuevas 2008, Viñas 2017, pp. 123–124
136. ^ Robledo 2014, pp. 86, 89
137. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 3, Pierce 2011, p. 177, Ealham 2007, p. 367, Robledo 2014, p. 93
138. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 3, Bernat Montesinos 2007, p. 54
139. ^ José Luis Martín Ramos, Mucho ruido y pocas nueces. La falsedad del fraude del Frente popular, [in:] Mucho ruido y pocas nueces. La falsedad del fraude del Frente popular, [in:] Nuestra Historia: revista de Historia de la FIM 3 (2017), pp. 142-162
140. ^ Manuel Álvarez Tardío, Roberto Villa García, 1936, fraude y violencia en las elecciones del Frente Popular, Barcelona 2017, ISBN 9788467049466
141. ^ Ealham 2007, p. 367, Viñas 2017, pp. 123-124
142. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 3, Casanova 2017, p. 149
143. ^ Ealham 2007, p. 367, Sevillano Calero 2007, p. 183, Viñas 2017, pp. 123-124
144. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 6
145. ^ „In contrast, the repression in the Republican zone was hot-blooded and reactive”, Spanish Holocaust xii-xiii, same opinion in Cathie Carmichael, The Need to Record the Past, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 51/2 (2016), p. 438, Anderson 2017, p. 134, Julián Casanova, Santos Juliá Díaz (ed.), Victimas de la guerra civil, Madrid 1999, p. 132, Javier Tusell, Historia de España en el siglo XX, vol. II, Madrid 1998, ISBN 9788430606306
146. ^ "todos fueron culpables", González Calleja 2013, p. 35, Anderson 2017, p. 134, Thomas 2017, p. 145
147. ^ for a review from a revisionist perspective see Julius Ruiz, Seventy Years On: Historians and Repression During and After the Spanish Civil War, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 44/3 (2009), pp. 449–472
148. ^ a very peculiar and far-reaching theory, based on this understanding, is "that the Spanish state [i.e. the one defined in the 1978 constitution and functional in 2020] is postfascist", Ignasi Bernat, David Whyte, Postfascism in Spain: the struggle for Catalonia, [in:] Critical Sociology 46 (2020), p. 761
149. ^ both schools discussed briefly in Glicerio Sánchez Recio, En torno a la dictadura franquista, [in:] Angel Viñas (ed.), Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova], 2015, p. 244
150. ^ thesis attributed in particular to Payne, who in turn is deemed influenced by Burnett Bolloten, compare e.g. Ángel Viñas, Cómo dar gato por liebre a base de banalidades, [in:] Angel Viñas (ed.), Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova], 2015, p. 16, Rodríguez Jiménez 2015, p. 34
151. ^ Roberto Villa García, The Second Republic: Myths and Realities, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 51/2 (2016), p. 422
152. ^ the case of Edward Malefakis, initially charged with revisionism. Before death he vehemently condemned "franquismo-moaismo"
153. ^ the case of Stanley G. Payne. Though he has been charged with revisionism at least since 2007, he has been steering clear of revisionism-related debates. He has not resigned from scientific council of Journal of Contemporary History, the periodical which a number of times published contributions which deny him scientific credentials and allude to his Francoist sympathies. His only voice on revisionism identified is that "para los historiadores de izquierda del siglo XXI hay una verdad inamovible, que no se puede cambiar y nadie puede cuestionar. Han adquirido la misma postura que la antigua Iglesia católica. Son los nuevos católicos españoles del siglo XVII", Cesar Cervera, Stanley G. Payne: «La resistencia de España es impresionante, los españoles lo han soportado todo», [in:] ABC 22.02.17
154. ^ some claim to have "absolutamente nada" in common with Moa, Fernando del Rey, Por la República. La sombra del franquismo en la historiografía ‘progresista’, [in:] Studia historica. Historia contemporánea 33 (2015), p. 307
155. ^ see e.g. Federico Sesia, A conversation with Stanley G. Payne, [in:] Identita Nazionale service, available here
156. ^ "nunca ha existido consenso en la historiografía académica sobre la República", Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 308
157. ^ Rey Reguillo 2015, pp. 303-305
158. ^ Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 306
159. ^ one scholar notes that since Preston wrote a highly critical book on Santiago Carillo he might be classified as the one who unduly shifts attention from Nationalist crimes away to the Republican ones, Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 310
160. ^ Rob Stradling, Moaist Revolution and the Spanish Civil War: ‘Revisionist’ History and Historical Politics, [in:] English Historical Review CXXII/496 (2007), pp. 442-457
161. ^ González Cuevas 2008, similar term used also with reference to popular culture in Marie Guiribitey, Soldados de Salamina (2001): Cercas en busca de un héroe con el instinto de la virtud,, [in:] The Coastal Review 2/1 (2008), p. 2
162. ^ Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 302
163. ^ Álvarez Tardío 2011, pp. 153-157
164. ^ Manuel Alvarez Tardio, When Ideology Takes Precedence over Historical Understanding: The Role of the ‘Right’ in the Spanish Interwar Crisis, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 51/2 (2016), p. 426
165. ^ Fernando del Rey, The Spanish Second Republic and Political Violence, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 51/2 (2016), pp. 432-433
166. ^ del Rey 2015, p. 432
167. ^ Rey Reguillo 2016, p. 301
168. ^ a b González Cuevas 2008
169. ^ Antonio Cazorla-Sánchez, ‘Beyond They Shall Not Pass. How the Experience of Violence Re-shaped Political Values in Franco’s Spain, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 40/3 (2005), pp. 503–520
170. ^ Ruiz 2012, p. 201
171. ^ Nigel Townson, Preface, [in:] Manuel A lvarez Tardıo, Roberto Villa García, El precio de la exclusión: La política durante la Segunda Republica, Madrid, 2010, ISBN 9788499200309, p. viii
172. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 84
173. ^ e.g. Rey and Tardio demanded that Alejandro Quiroga retracts his references to their pro-Francoist sympathies, accusations, made in European History Quarterly, Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 305
174. ^ del Rey 2016, p. 432
175. ^ Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 321, del Rey 2016, p. 433
176. ^ Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 313
177. ^ Chris Ealham used to publish in International Review, a periodical issues by Socialist Workers’ Party, Roberto Villa García, The Second Republic: Myths and Realities, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 51/2 (2016), p. 423
178. ^ Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 304
179. ^ Gerald Blaney, Violence, Continuity, and the Spanish State: Some Considerations, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 51/2 (2016), p. 416
180. ^ Preston point of reference - Bernat Montesinos 2007, p. 56, Ealham 2007, p. 370, Ealham 2012, p. p 198, Viñas 2017, p. 126, Anderson 2017, p. 137-138, Thomas 2017, pp. 142-3, Casanova 2017, pp. 155-6, "autor por excelencia del contrarrevisionismo español ha sido –y es– el historiador británico Paul Preston", González Cuevas 2008, juxtaposed against revisionist bias, Raymond 2012, also himself lambasting Moa and Vidal as propagandists, who brought disrepute to the name of historian, Alvaro Morales, Paul Preston: "Los historiadores serios siempre estamos haciendo revisionismo", [in:] El Día 12.10.06, available here, Preston's work "has become a weapon in the Spanish ‘memory wars’", del Rey 2016, p. 431
181. ^ Robledo 2015, pp. 5-7, Bernat Montesinos 2007, p. 55, Ealham 2007, p. 367, Ealham 2012, p. 192, Gil Pecharromán 2014, p. 1, Moradiellos 2009, p. 9, González Calleja 2013, pp. 26-27, Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 306, Jorge Marco, Francoist Crimes: Denial and Invisibility, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 52/1 (2017), p. 161, and especially the entire volume dedicated to repudiate Payne, Angel Viñas, Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova], 2015
182. ^ Bernat Montesinos 2007, p. 54, González Cuevas 2008. Position of Reig Tapia as chief anti-revisinist is secured by 3 volumes he published, all dedicated exclusively to dismantle revisionist myths and published between 2008 and 2017
183. ^ Viñas Martin 2012, Viñas Martin 2015, Viñas Martin 2017. By opponents Viñas is considered the most dogmatic leader of "contrarrevisionistas", who customarily dismisses any disagreement as "revisionismo neofranquista", Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, José Carlos Mainer Baqué: Falange y literatura, [in:] La Razón Histórica 29 (2015), p. 166
184. ^ Espinosa Maestre 2005, Espinosa Maestre 2012, González Cuevas 2008
185. ^ Robledo 2014, Robledo 2015, also Ricardo Robledo Hernández, Entorn del revisionisme sobre la segona República, [in:] L' Avenç 399 (2014), pp. 6-7, Ricardo Robledo Hernández, El giro ideológico en la historia contemporánea española: "tanto o más culpables fueron las izquierdas", [in:] Carlos Forcadell Álvarez, Mercedes Yusta Rodrigo, Ignacio Peiró Martín (eds.), El pasado en construcción: revisionismos históricos en la historia, Madrid 2015, ISBN 9788499113364, pp. 303-338
186. ^ compare Ealham 2007, Ealham 2012, Ealham 2017, Ealham ongoing
187. ^ in the 1999 Combate manifiesto he was counted among "mandarines de la Historia Oficial", Moradiellos 2009, p. 11. Later he assumed anti-revisionist stand. In 2017 he posed as impartial scholar in-between these fighting "false orthodox canon" and "revisionism", yet Journal of Contemporary History published his piece among others assaulting the revisionists and Casanova placed himself among those who "have proved" that "the Civil War was not caused by the Republic", Casanova 2017, p. 149. He also admitted that to him, revisionist authors are neo-Francoists, Yo no los llamo revisionistas, sino neofranquistas, [in:] menéame service, available here. See also Julian Casanova: una intrevista, [in:] antoncastro service, available here
188. ^ Bernat Montesinos 2007
189. ^ Cattini 2011, p. 34, Robledo 2015, p. 4, Pierce 2011, p. 177, Bernat Montesinos 2007, p. 53, Ealham [ongoing], p. 1, Ealham 2007, p. 367, Ealham 2012, p. 193, Gil Pecharromán 2014, p. 1, Javier Tusell, El revisionismo histórico español, [in:] El País 08.07.04, González Calleja 2013, p. 26, Robledo 2014, p. 79, Rodrigo 2004, p. 185, Sevillano Calero 2007, p. 183, Espinosa Maestre 2005, p. 5, Balfour 2006, p. 61, Eduardo González Calleja, Récupération de la mémoire et législation en Espagne. Chronique des controverses politiques et académiques, [in:] Matériaux pour l’histoire de notre temps 111-112 (2013), p. 10 [furtherly referred as González Calleja 2013b]
190. ^ Cattini 2011, p. 34, Bernat Montesinos 2007, p. 53, Tusell 2004, González Calleja 2013, p. 26, Balfour 2006, p. 61, Sevillano Calero 2007, p. 183, Espinosa Maestre 2005, p. 5, González Calleja 2013b, p. 10, Vicent Sampedro Ramo, Fueron los primeros: la ejecucción de Loreto Apellániz y la brigada del SIM en Valencia el 3 de Abril de 1939, [in:] Gabriel Sansano, Isabel Marcillas Piquer, Juan-Boris Ruiz-Núñez (eds.), Història i poètiques de la memòria: la violència política en la representació del franquisme, Alicante 2017, ISBN 9788416724369, p. 290
191. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 4, Ealham 2012, p. 193, González Calleja 2013, p. 29, Robledo 2014, p. 77, Sánchez Pérez 2015, p. 107, Marco 2017, p. 161, Espinosa Maestre 2005, p. 5, Ignacio Olábarri Gortázar, La historiografía contemporánea en construcción, [in:] Memoria y civilización 19 (2016), p. 473
192. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 4, Pierce 2011, p. 177, Ealham [ongoing], p. 1, Ealham 2012, p. 192, González Calleja 2013, p. 31, Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 306, Robledo 2014, p. 79, Sánchez Pérez 2015, p. 90, Marco 2017, p. 161, Espinosa Maestre 2005, p. 5, Olábarri Gortázar 2016, p. 473, Balfour 2006, p. 63
193. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 4, Pierce 2011, p. 177, Ealham [ongoing], p. 2, Ealham 2012, p. 193, Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 306, Robledo 2014, p. 79, Sánchez Pérez 2015, p. 90, Marco 2017, p. 161, Espinosa Maestre 2005, p. 5, Olábarri Gortázar 2016, p. 473
194. ^ Ealham 2007, pp. 374-375, Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 306, Sánchez Pérez 2015, p. 64, Marco 2017, p. 161, Espinosa Maestre 2005, p. 5, Olábarri Gortázar 2016, p. 473, Richards 2007, p. 6
195. ^ Cattini 2011, p. 34, Robledo 2015, p. 4, Bernat Montesinos 2007, p. 53, Tusell 2004, González Calleja 2013, p. 26, Robledo 2014, p. 79, Sánchez Pérez 2015, p. 84
196. ^ see his notes on Spanish "revisionismo soft", Ignacio Peiró Martín, Historiadores en España: historia de la historia y memoria de la profesión, Zaragoza 2013, ISBN 9788415770442, p. 272, and Carlos Forcadell Álvarez, Mercedes Yusta Rodrigo, Ignacio Peiró Martín (eds.), El pasado en construcción: revisionismos históricos en la historia, Madrid 2015, ISBN 9788499113364
197. ^ see especially Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, La historia de las derechas a la luz del revisionismo histórico, [in:] Memoria y civilización 12 (2010), pp. 77, also González Calleja 2013, Olábarri Gortázar 2016, p. 471, Robledo 2015, p. 304 and passim, Robledo 2014, p. 78
198. ^ Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 303
199. ^ Marco 2017, Jorge Marco, Excepcionalidad y cainismo: los nudos de la memoria en España, [in:] Letra
200. ^ see his damning review of scholars considered revisionists in Alejandro Quiroga, Book Reviews, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 43/3 (2013), pp. 519-522, and the response of Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 305
201. ^ Francisco J. Rodriguez Jiménez, Stanley G. Payne, ¿Una trayectoria academica ejamplar? [in:] Angel Viñas (ed.), Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova], 2015, pp. 24-54
202. ^ Moradiellos 2009, Enrique Moradiellos, Critical Historical Revision and Political Revisionism: the Case of Spain, [in:] Journal of Iberian Studies 21/3 (2008), pp. 219-229, Constenla 2012
203. ^ his highly critical account of Francoist historiography in Michael Richards, After the Civil War. Making Memory and Re-making Spain since 1936, Cambridge 2013, ISBN 9780521728188, also Michael Richards, The limits of quantification: Francoist repression and historical methodology, [in:] Hispania Nova 7 (2007). Richards has not explicitly taken part in debate on revisionism, yet is fairly often quoted by anti-revisionists as an example of high-quality, rigorous work, and confronted with low-quality revisionist works, compare e.g. Reig Tapia 2015, p. 63
204. ^ for her chief critique of revisionism see Helen Graham, From memory wars to history wars: revisionism in the twenty-first-century Academy in Spain, [in:] Helen Graham (ed.), Interrogating Francoism: History and Dictatorship in Twentieth-Century Spain, London 2015, ISBN 9781472576361, pp. 10-13. In what other scholars describe as "politically uncompromising introduction", Graham allegedly "launches a wide attack on many Spanish historians" and "she divides us [historians] into just two groups: people who think like her - which I must assume to be both progressive and true democrats - and the more or less openly pro-Franco "revisionists"', Antonio Cazorla Sanchez, Interrogating Francoism [review], [in:] Journal of Modern History 90 (2018), pp. 220-221. For her positive lecture see also e.g. Helen Graham, Breve Historia de la Guerra Civil, Madrid 2006, ISBN 9788467020151; she is quoted by chief anti-revisionist as a model of unbiased synthesis and juxtaposed against unreliable revisionist production, Ealham 2007, pp. 365-376
205. ^ Juan Carlos Losada, La consipiración y la Guerra Civil para Payne y Palacios, [in:] Angel Viñas (ed.), Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova], 2015, pp. 136-149
206. ^ Anderson 2017, Peter Anderson, Miguel Ángel del Arco Blanco, Mass Killings and Violence in Spain, 1936-1952: Grappling with the Past, New York 2014, ISBN 9781135114855
207. ^ Thomas 2017
208. ^ Francisco Espinosa, José Ledesma, La violencia y sus mitos, [in:] Ángel Viñas (ed.), En el combate por la historia, Madrid 2012, ISBN 9788493914394, pp. 475-497
209. ^ Francisco Moreno Gómez, La gran acción represiva de Franco que se quiere ocultar, [in:] Angel Viñas (ed.), Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova], 2015, pp. 183-210
210. ^ José Luis Martín Ramos, Mucho ruido y pocas nueces. La falsedad del fraude del Frente popular, [in:] Nuestra Historia: revista de Historia de la FIM 3 (2017), pp. 142-162
211. ^ an example of relatively moderate anti-revisionist, who refrains from advancing charges of politically-driven agenda, Francoist legacy or manipulation, see Gil Pecharromán 2014. For his own vision see Julio Gil Pecharroman, Conservadores subversivos. La derecha radical alfonsina, 1913-1936, Madrid 1994, ISBN 9788477541578
212. ^ Sevillano Calero 2007
213. ^ see his El canon del revisionismo y la historia local, published in numerous internet websites, also in Academia service
214. ^ Núñez Seixas 2005, Núñez Seixas, Stucki 2010, Núñez 2010
215. ^ Saz 2011, Robledo 2015, p. 5
216. ^ Álvarez Tardío 2011, p. 155
217. ^ see La larga sombra del franquismo historiográfico, [in:] El Pais 11.05.12
218. ^ emphasis on parallels between Francoist Spain, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy as demonstrated by "Casanova, Gomez and Marco is an uncomfortable reality for the ‘truth’ of the revisionists", Ealham 2012, p. 201
219. ^ Sebastian Balfour, El revisionismo histórico y la Guerra Civil, [in:] Pasajes: Revista de pensamiento contemporáneo 19 (2006), pp. 61-65
220. ^ see e.g. Sánchez Recio 2015, where the author strives to dismantle Payne and Palacios’ biography of Franco as erroneous because of "ideological and historiographic interests of the two biographers"
221. ^ see his article, co-written with Gonzalez Calleja, Revisando el revisionismo, [in:] Historia contemporánea 58 (2018), pp. 851-881
222. ^ see e.g. Riesco Roche 2015, where the author intends to prove that in their biography of Franco both Payne and Palacios consciously disregarded historiographic works which did not fit their pre-adopted thesis
223. ^ historian of an older generation, Arranz is presented as intellectual master to some young revisionists, see e.g. Robledo 2015, pp. 5-7. See also Ealham 2012, p. 197, Quiroga 2013, p. 520
224. ^ Initially Ranzato was considered an impartial, objective historian, compare e.g. Ealham 2007, p. 371, or "acertada posición guardada por el autor respecto de lo que en esta misma revista se ha denominado ‘revisionaismo a la española’", José Luis Ledesma, Ranzato, Gabriele, L’eclissi della democracia [review], [in:] Historia del presente 6 (2005), p. 235. Things changed following publication of La grande paura del 1936. Come la Spagna precipitó nella guerra civila, Bari 2011, ISBN 9788842096474. Ranzato delivered also a pamphlet aimed against perceived anti-revisionist assault on history in Il passato di bronzo. L'eredità della guerra civile nella Spagna democratica, Roma 2006, ISBN 9788842080589. For samples of criticism directed at Ranzato on part of Spanish anti-revisionists see e.g. Robledo 2015, p. 5, Sánchez Pérez 2015, p. 107.
225. ^ Moradiellos 2009, p. 3, Sánchez Pérez 2015, p. 84, El fenómeno revisonista en España: en torno a Pio Moa, [in:] Minucias públicas, available here. One scholar refers to Moa and Martin Rubio as "cabeza de fila del revisionismo", Alberto Reig Tapia, La crítica de la crítica: Inconsecuentes, insustanciales, impotentes, prepotentes y equidistantes, Madrid 2017, ISBN 9788432318795
226. ^ Ealham 2012, p. 198-199, Robledo 2014, p. 82
227. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 8, Ealham 2012, p. 196, Octavio Ruiz-Manjon, La Segunda Republica espanola. Balance historiografico de una experiencia democratizadora, [in:] Ayer 63 (2006), p. 296
228. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 5, González Calleja 2013, p. 31, González Calleja 2013b, p. 10, Robledo 2015, p. 85, Quiroga 2013, p. 519, Sergio Riesco Roche, De omisiones relevantes: Franco, la cuestión agrarie y las controrsiones de Stanley G. Payne, [in:] Angel Viñas (ed.), Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova], 2015, pp. 118, 121, 123
229. ^ Robledo 2014, p. 83, Robledo 2015, p. 5
230. ^ a b Moradiellos 2009, p. 3, Sampedro Ramo 2017, p. 290, El fenómeno revisonista en España: en torno a Pio Moa, [in:] Minucias públicas, available here
231. ^ Robledo 2014, p. 79, Olábarri Gortázar 2016, p. 473
232. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 5, Ealham 2012, p. p 198, Espinosa Maestre 2005, p. 5, Olábarri Gortázar 2016, p. 473
233. ^ Moradiellos 2009, p. 3, González Calleja 2013, p. 27, El fenómeno revisonista en España: en torno a Pio Moa, [in:] Minucias públicas, available here
234. ^ see notes on Stradling allegedly using fallacy arguments and taking part in "revisionist crusade", Richards 2007, p. 10. Stradling countered that "a diminishing band of historians defends the reputation of the ‘beautiful maiden’ who symbolised the least honest democracy in modern history", Rob Stradling, Review: The Spanish Second Republic Revisited: From Democratic Hopes to Civil War (1931–1936), [in:] The English Historical Review 130/542 (2015), p. 237
235. ^ Ealham 2012, p. p 198
236. ^ Cattini 2011, p. 34, Robledo 2015, p. 4, Ealham 2012, p. p 198, Moradiellos 2009, p. 3, Robledo 2014, p. 79, Sánchez Pérez 2015, p. 82, Balfour 2006, p. 61, González Calleja 2013b, p. 10,
237. ^ Cattini 2011, p. 34
238. ^ Delaunay 2014, p. 440, Gonzalez Calleja 2013, p. 11
239. ^ Moradiellos 2009, p. 3
240. ^ González Calleja 2013, p. 27; his key revisionist work is supposed to be Enrique Sacanell, El general Sanjurjo, héroe y victima. El militar que pudo evitar la dictadura franquista, Madrid 2004, ISBN 9788497342056
241. ^ Terexa Constenla, Historiadores contra revisionistas, [in:] El País 07.04.12, available here
242. ^ Robledo 2014, referred after Rey Reguillo 2015, p. 306
243. ^ José Luis Ledesma, Franco y las violencias de la guerra civil, [in:] Angel Viñas, Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova] 2015, p. 160, Reig Tapia 2015, p. 57. Blazquez Miguel is criticized as a revisionist on basis of his two works, España turbulenta: alteraciones, violencia y sangre durante la II República (2007) and Auténtico Franco. Trayectoria militár, 1907-1939 (2009)
244. ^ Antonio Rodriguez Rodriguez, El revisionismo histórico, [in:] El Pais 22.05.01, available here
245. ^ "otro célebre hispanista, Jan Kieniewicz, cobra tintes de una postura cuasi «revisionista», puesto que abunda en algunas de las más discutibles tesis de los 'Mitos de la Guerra Civil', de Pío Moa", Olga Glondys, Entre la propaganda y la verdad: cambios del paradigma en el discurso polaco sobre la guerra civil española, [in:] Studia Histórica 32 (2014), p. 509
246. ^ Núñez 2010, p. 41
247. ^ Núñez Seixas, Stucki 2010, p. 215, Núñez 2010, p. 42. According to Núñez-Seixas Chodakiewicz earned his revisionist credentials thanks to booklet Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, Zagrabiona pamięć. Wojna w Hiszpanii (1936-1939), Warszawa 1997
248. ^ five Zaragoza academics are among key anti-revisionists: Carlos Forcadell Álvarez, Antonio Bernat Montesinos, Ignacio Peiró Martín, Julián Casanova Ruiz and José-Carlos Mainer Baqué
249. ^ the electronic journal Hispania Nueva fairly often publishes anti-revisionist articles and issued an extraordinary issue dedicated exclusively to criticise Franco's biography by Stanley G. Payne. One of its two editors-in-chief is an anti-revisionist, Eduardo González Calleja
250. ^ among mainstream dailies El País is perhaps the most anti-revisionist one, compare Javier Tusell, El revisionismo histórico español (08.07.04), Julián Casanova, Mentiras convincentes (14.06.05), Enrique Moradiellos, Uso y abuso de la historia. La Guerra Civil (31.10.05), Ludger Mees, El pasado que no quiere pasar (15.09.06), Javier Pradera, Revisionismo histórico (23.03.05), José María Ridao, El revisionismo ataca (18.07.06), Javier Cercas, Revisar la revision (31.05.07), José Vidal Beneyto, Los codiciados frutos del olvidos (20.01.08), Terexa Constenla, Franco, ese (no tan mal) hombre (30.05.11), Tereixa Constenla, Historiadores contra revisionistas (07.04.12), Jorge M. Reverte, Manual de combate (14.04.12), Borja de Riquer, La larga sombra del franquismo historiográfico (11.05.12), Manuel Rodriguez Rivero, El pasado es impredecible (29.07.17). However, there are also authors who present El País as merely offshoot of Francoism, see Sebastiaan Faber, Memory Battles of the Spanish Civil War: History, Fiction, Photography, Nashville 2018, ISBN 9780826521798, esp. pages 138-139
251. ^ Journal published the most vehemently anti-revisionist article which appeared in the scientific realm, penned by Ealham in 2012. It took demands backed by legal arguments before historians lambasted in Ealham's review were allowed to reply, though their responses were paired with one more article, which suggested that the authors did not realize what "the duty of the historian" is, Carmichael 2016, p. 438. A year later Journal allowed double that amount of space to a new spate of anti-revisionist articles. Moreover, the chief editor of Journal dismissed the revisionists as not adhering to the point and discussed their work against the background of revisionism being illegal in Germany, Evans 2017, p. 119
252. ^ Robledo 2015, p. 2, Robledo 2014, p. 79
253. ^ directed by Jimenez Losantos, Robledo 2015, p. 9
254. ^ "thoroughly undemocratic" institution "unrepresentative of spanish historical profession", Ealham 2012, p. 192
255. ^ a b Robledo 2014, p. 79
256. ^ Edurne Valle, El Catoblepas: revista falangista, [in:] Antifeixistes 12.04.09, available here[usurped]

## Further reading

[edit]

* Francisco Espinosa Maestre, El fenómeno revisionista o los fantasmas de la derecha española, Badajoz 2005, ISBN 9788488956682
* Carlos Forcadell, Ignacio Peiró, Mercedes Yusta (eds.), El pasado en construcción. Revisionismos históricos en la historiografía contemporánea, Zaragoza, 2015, ISBN 9788499113364
* Forum, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 51/2 (2016), pp. 412–438
* Debate, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 52/1 (2017), pp. 118–163
* Enrique Moradiellos, Revisión histórica crítica y pseudo-revisionismo político presentista: el caso de la Guerra Civil Española, Badajoz 2011
* Alberto Reig Tapia, Anti-Moa, Madrid 2008, ISBN 9788466628099
* Alberto Reig Tapia, La crítica de la crítica: Inconsecuentes, insustanciales, impotentes, prepotentes y equidistantes, Madrid 2017, ISBN 9788432318795
* Alberto Reig Tapia, Revisionismo y política. Pío Moa revisitado, Madrid 2008, ISBN 9788496797109
* Michael Richards, After the Civil War. Making Memory and Re-making Spain since 1936, Cambridge 2013, ISBN 9780521728188,
* Ángel Viñas (ed.), Sin respeto por la historia [extraordinary issue of Hispania Nova] 2015
* Ángel Viñas (ed.), En el combate por la historia, Madrid 2012, ISBN 9788493914394