Right-wing dictatorship

Authoritarian regime

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A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist (including pro-Western) ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process), Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, Indonesia's New Order regime by Suharto, in South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee, and Chun Doo-hwan, a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War,[1] and those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.

## Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship

[edit]

### Military dictatorship

[edit]

Main article: Military dictatorship

In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America.[according to whom?] Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there.[citation needed] Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.

### Religion and the government

[edit]

Main article: Clerical fascism

Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso. Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were openly hostile to certain religions.[2]

## Right-wing dictatorships by region

[edit]

The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.

Cases supported by various sources and definitions will be presented below:

### Europe

[edit]

Main article: Fascism in Europe

See also: European interwar dictatorships

The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.

List of European right-wing dictatorships
Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Albania |

* Albanian Republic (1925–1928)
* Albanian Kingdom

* Conservative Party
* House of Zogu

* 1925–1928
* 1928–1939

* Ahmet Zogu
* Zog[4]

Austria |

* First Austrian Republic
* Federal State of Austria

| Fatherland Front |

* 1932–1934
* 1934–1938

* Engelbert Dollfuss
* Kurt Schuschnigg

Bulgaria | Kingdom of Bulgaria |

* Democratic Alliance
* Zveno[5]
* House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry

* 1923–1926
* 1934–1935
* 1935–1943

* Aleksandar Tsankov[6]
* Kimon Georgiev
* Boris III[7][8]

Estonia | Republic of Estonia[9] | Patriotic League |  1934–1938 | Konstantin Päts
Germany |

* German Empire
* German Reich

[need quotation to verify][10][11][12] |

* Military
* National Socialist German Workers' Party

[13][14] |

* 1916–1918
* 1933–1945

* Wilhelm II, Erich Ludendorff
* Adolf Hitler

[15][16]
Greece |

* Second Hellenic Republic
* Kingdom of Greece
* Kingdom of Greece

* Military
* 4th of August Regime[17][18]
* Regime of the Colonels[19]

* 1925–1926
* 1936–1941
* 1967–1974

* Theodoros Pangalos[20]
* Ioannis Metaxas[21]
* Georgios Tsolakoglou,[22] Konstantinos Logothetopoulos,[23] Ioannis Rallis[24]
* Georgios Papadopoulos[25]

Hungary | Kingdom of Hungary | Unity Party | 1920–1944 | Miklós Horthy[26]
Italy | Kingdom of Italy[27][28] | National Fascist Party[29][30] | 1922–1943 | Benito Mussolini[31][32]
Latvia | Republic of Latvia[citation needed] | Latvian Farmers' Union[citation needed] (disbanded after coup) | 1934–1940 | Kārlis Ulmanis[33]
Lithuania | Republic of Lithuania[34] | Lithuanian Nationalist Union[35] | 1926–1940 | Antanas Smetona[36][37]
Ottoman Empire |

* Sublime Ottoman State
* Sublime Ottoman State

* House of Osman
* Committee of Union and Progress[citation needed]

* 1878–1908
* 1913–1918

* Abdul Hamid II[citation needed]
* The Three Pashas[citation needed]

Portugal |

* Portuguese First Republic
* Portuguese First Republic
* Ditadura Nacional[38]
* Estado Novo[39]

* Military
* National Republican Party
* Military
* National Union[40]

* 1915
* 1917–1918
* 1926–1933
* 1933–1974

* Joaquim Pimenta de Castro
* Sidónio Pais[41]
* Óscar Carmona
* António de Oliveira Salazar,[42] Marcelo Caetano

Romania |

* Kingdom of Romania
* National Legionary State
* Kingdom of Romania

* National Renaissance Front[43]
* Military with the Iron Guard
* Military

* 1938–1940
* 1940–1941
* 1941–1944

* Carol II[44]
* Ion Antonescu[45] with Horia Sima[46]
* Ion Antonescu

Russia |

* Russian State
* Russian Federation

* White movement[47]
* United Russia/All-Russia People's Front[48]

* 1918–1920
* 1999–present

* Alexander Kolchak[49]
* Vladimir Putin,[50][51] Dmitry Medvedev

San Marino | Republic of San Marino[52] | Sammarinese Fascist Party | 1923–1943 | Giuliano Gozi
Spain |

* Kingdom of Spain[53]
* Spanish State[54]

* Spanish Patriotic Union[55]
* Falange[56][57]

* 1923–1930
* 1939–1975

* Miguel Primo de Rivera[58]
* Francisco Franco[59]

Ukraine |  Ukrainian State[60] | Ukrainian People's Hromada  | 1918 | Pavlo Skoropadskyi
Yugoslavia | Kingdom of Yugoslavia[61] |

* Yugoslav National Party
* Yugoslav Radical Union[62]

* 1929–1934
* 1934–1941

* Alexander I[63]
* Milan Stojadinović,[64] Dragiša Cvetković

### Asia

[edit]

Main article: Fascism in Asia

Right-wing dictatorships in Asia emerged during the early 1930s,[65] as military regimes seized power from local constitutional democracies and monarchies. The phenomenon soon spread to other countries with the military occupations driven by the militarist expansion of the Empire of Japan. After the end of World War II, Asian right-wing dictatorships took on a decidedly anti-communist role in the Cold War, with many being backed by the United States.

List of Asian right-wing dictatorships

This table possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Afghanistan |  Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | Taliban |

* 1996–2001
* 2021–present

* Mullah Omar
* Hibatullah Akhundzada

[66][67][68][69]
Azerbaijan |  Republic of Azerbaijan | New Azerbaijan Party |

* 1993–2003
* 2003–present

* Heydar Aliyev
* Ilham Aliyev

[70]
Bangladesh |  People's Republic of Bangladesh |

* Military[71][72] with the Bangladesh Nationalist Party[73]
* Military[74] with the Jatiya Party

[75] |

* 1977–1981
* 1982–1990

* Ziaur Rahman
* Hussain Muhammad Ershad[76]

Cambodia |

* Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)
* Khmer Republic
* Kingdom of Cambodia

* Sangkum[77][78]
* Social Republican Party
* Cambodian People's Party

* 1955–1970
* 1970–1975
* 1998\- present

* Norodom Sihanouk
* Lon Nol
* Hun Sen, Hun Manet[79]

China |  Empire of China[80] | Military | 1915–1916 | Yuan Shikai
Cyprus | Republic of Cyprus | EOKA B[81] | 1974 | Nikos Sampson[82]
Indonesia |  Republic of Indonesia | New Order under Golkar[83][84] | 1966–1998 | Suharto[85][86][87]
Iran |

* Imperial State of Iran
* Islamic Republic of Iran

[88][89] |

* Military
* Military
* Military with the Iran Novin Party
* Military with the Rastakhiz Party
* Military
* Islamic Republican Party
* Principlists

* 1925–1941
* 1941–1963
* 1963–1975
* 1975–1978
* 1979
* 1979–1989
* 1989–present

* Reza Shah
* Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
* Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
* Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
* Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
* Ruhollah Khomeini
* Ali Khamenei

Iraq |

* Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq
* Republic of Iraq

* Golden square with the Party of National Brotherhood
* Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region

* 1941
* 1979–2003

* Rashid Ali al-Gaylani[90]
* Saddam Hussein

[91]
Kazakhstan |  Republic of Kazakhstan[92][93][94] | Amanat | 1999–2019 | Nursultan Nazarbayev
South Korea |

* Republic of Korea[95]
* Republic of Korea[96]
* Republic of Korea
* Republic of Korea[97]
* Republic of Korea

* Liberal Party[98]
* Military
* Democratic Republican Party[99]
* Democratic Republican Party
* Democratic Justice Party[100]

* 1948–1960
* 1961–1963
* 1963–1972
* 1972–1979
* 1980–1987

* Syngman Rhee[101]
* Park Chung Hee[102]
* Park Chung-hee[103]
* Park Chung-hee[97]
* Chun Doo-hwan[104]

Laos |  Kingdom of Laos[105] | Military with the Committee for the Defence of National Interests | 1959–1960 | Sounthone Pathammavong
Malaysia |  Malaysia[106][107] | UMNO | 1981–2003 | Mahathir Mohamad
Manchuria, China |  Manchukuo | Concordia Association[108][109] | 1932–1945 | Puyi with Zheng Xiaoxu and Zhang Jinghui
Myanmar |

* State of Burma
* Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
* Union of Myanmar
* Republic of the Union of Myanmar

* Military[110]
* Military[111] with the Union Solidarity and Development Association
* Military

* 1943–1944
* 1962– 1988
* 1988–2010
* 2021–present

* Ba Maw
* Ne Win
* Than Shwe[112]
* Min Aung Hlaing

Pakistan |  Islamic Republic of Pakistan |

* Military[113] with the Pakistan Muslim League
* Military[114][115] with the Pakistan Muslim League
* Military with the Pakistan Muslim League

* 1958–1971
* 1977–1988
* 1999–2008

* Ayub Khan, Yahya Khan
* Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
* Pervez Musharraf

Philippines |

* Dictatorial Government
* Second Philippine Republic
* Republic of the Philippines

* Military
* Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas[116]
* Kilusang Bagong Lipunan[117][118]

* 1898
* 1943–1945
* 1972–1986

* Emilio Aguinaldo[citation needed]
* Jose P. Laurel
* Ferdinand Marcos[119][120]

Singapore |  Republic of Singapore[121] | People's Action Party | 1965–1990 | Lee Kuan Yew
Syria |  Syrian Republic[122][123] | Military with the Arab Liberation Movement | 1951–1954 | Adib Shishakli
Tajikistan |  Republic of Tajikistan | People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan | 1994–present | Emomali Rahmon[124][125][126]
China (1928–1949)
Taiwan (1945–1987) |

* Republic of China[127]
* Republic of China
* Republic of China[128]

| Right-wing Kuomintang[129] |

* 1928–1949
* 1940–1945
* 1949–1987

* Chiang Kai-shek[a]
* Wang Jingwei, Chen Gongbo
* Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Ching-kuo

Thailand |  Kingdom of Thailand[133][134] |

* People's Party
* Seri Manangkhasila Party
* National Socialist Party
* United Thai People's Party
* Military with the National Council for Peace and Order and United Thai Nation Party

* 1933–1938
* 1938–1957
* 1959–1963
* 1963–1973
* 2014–2023

* Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena
* Plaek Phibunsongkhram
* Sarit Thanarat
* Thanom Kittikachorn
* Prayut Chan-o-cha

Turkey |

* Republic of Turkey
* Republic of Turkey

* Military[135]
* Justice and Development Party[136][137][138]

* 1980–1989
* 2016–present

* General Kenan Evren[139]
* Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[140][141][142][143]

Turkmenistan |  Turkmenistan[144] | Democratic Party of Turkmenistan |

* 1991–2006
* 2006–2022
* 2022–Present

* Saparmyrat Nyýazow
* Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow
* Serdar Berdimuhamedow

Uzbekistan |  Republic of Uzbekistan[145][146][147] | Uzbekistan Liberal Democratic Party |

* 1991–2016
* 2016–Present

* Islam Karimov
* Shavkat Mirziyoyev

Southern Vietnam |  Republic of Vietnam[148][149][150] |

* Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party
* Military
* Military
* Military
* National Social Democratic Front

* 1956–1963
* 1963–1964
* 1964
* 1965–1967
* 1967–1975

* Ngo Dinh Diem
* Dương Văn Minh
* Nguyễn Khánh
* Dương Văn Minh
* Nguyễn Văn Thiệu

### Latin America and the Caribbean

[edit]

Right-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[151] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups. Many right-wing dictatorships in South America were established through Operation Condor in which left-wing governments in the region were replaced with right-wing military regimes through us-backed coups.

List of Latin American and Caribbean right-wing dictatorships
Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Northern Argentina |  Argentine Confederation[152] | Military with the Federalist Party |

* 1829–1832
* 1835–1852

| Juan Manuel de Rosas
Argentina |

* Argentine Republic[153][154]
* Argentine Republic
* Argentine Republic[155]
* Argentine Republic

[156][157][158][159][160] |

* Military with the Nationalist Liberation Alliance
* Concordanica
* Concordanica
* Concordanica
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military
* Military

* 1930–1932
* 1932–1938
* 1938–1942
* 1940–1942
* 1943
* 1943–1944
* 1944–1946
* 1955–1958
* 1966–1970
* 1970–1971
* 1971–1973
* 1976–1981
* 1981
* 1981–1982
* 1982–1983

* José Félix Uriburu
* Agustín Pedro Justo
* Roberto María Ortiz
* Ramón Castillo
* Arturo Rawson
* Pedro Pablo Ramírez
* Edelmiro Julián Farrell
* Pedro Eugenio Aramburu
* Juan Carlos Onganía
* Roberto Marcelo Levingston
* Alejandro Agustín Lanusse
* Jorge Rafael Videla
* Roberto Eduardo Viola
* Leopoldo Galtieri
* Reynaldo Bignone

Bolivia |

* Republic of Bolivia
* Republic of Bolivia

[161][162][163][164][165] |

* Military with the Popular Christian Movement
* Military
* Military with the Nationalist Union of the People
* Military
* Military
* Military

* 1966–1969
* 1971–1978
* 1978
* 1979
* 1980–1981
* 1981–1982

* René Barrientos
* Hugo Banzer
* Juan Pereda[166]
* Alberto Natusch[167]
* Luis García Meza
* Celso Torrelio[168]

Brazil |

* Republic of the United States of Brazil
* Republic of the United States of Brazil
* Federative Republic of Brazil

[169][170][171] |

* None
* Military with the National Renewal Alliance
* Military with the National Renewal Alliance
* Military with the National Renewal Alliance
* Military with the National Renewal Alliance
* Military with the National Renewal Alliance

* 1937–1945
* 1964–1967
* 1967–1969
* 1969–1974
* 1974–1979
* 1979–1985

* Getúlio Vargas
* Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco
* Artur da Costa e Silva
* Emílio Garrastazu Médici
* Ernesto Geisel
* João Figueiredo

Chile |

* Republic of Chile
* Republic of Chile
* Republic of Chile

[172][173][174][175] | Military |

* 1924–1925
* 1927–1931
* 1973–1990

* Luis Altamirano
* Carlos Ibáñez del Campo
* Augusto Pinochet

Colombia |  Republic of Colombia[176][177] |

* Colombian Conservative Party
* Military

* 1950–1953
* 1953–1957

* Laureano Gómez
* Gustavo Rojas Pinilla

Costa Rica |  Republic of Costa Rica[178][179] | Military with the Peliquista Party[180] | 1917–1919 | Federico Tinoco Granados
Cuba |  Republic of Cuba |

* Liberal Party of Cuba
* Military with the Progressive Action Party

* 1927–1933
* 1952–1959

* Gerardo Machado
* Fulgencio Batista

[181][182]
Dominican Republic |

* Third Dominican Republic
* Dominican Republic

* Military with the Dominican Party
* Military with the Dominican Party
* Social Christian Reformist Party

[183][184] |

* 1930–1961
* 1961
* 1966–1978

* Rafael Trujillo
* Ramfis Trujillo
* Joaquín Balaguer

[185]
Ecuador |  Republic of Ecuador[186] |

* Military
* Velaquista National Federation

* 1963–1966
* 1970–1972

* Ramón Castro Jijón[187]
* José María Velasco Ibarra

El Salvador |  Republic of El Salvador[188] |

* Military with the National Pro Patria Party
* Military with the Social Democratic Unification Party
* Military with the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification[189]
* Military with the Revolutionary Party of Democratic Unification
* Military with the National Coalition Party
* Military with the National Coalition Party
* Military with the National Coalition Party
* Military with the National Coalition Party
* Nuevas Ideas

* 1931–1944
* 1945–1948
* 1948–1956
* 1956–1960
* 1962–1967
* 1967–1972
* 1972–1977
* 1977–1979
* 2019– present

* Maximiliano Hernández Martínez[190][191][192][193]
* Salvador Castaneda Castro[194]
* Óscar Osorio
* José María Lemus
* Julio Adalberto Rivera Carballo
* Fidel Sánchez Hernández
* Arturo Armando Molina
* Carlos Humberto Romero
* Nayib Bukele[195][196][197]

Grenada |  Grenada[198][199][200] | Grenada United Labour Party | 1974–1979 | Eric Gairy
Guatemala |  Republic of Guatemala |

* Military with the Liberal Party[201]
* Progressive Liberal Party
* Military with the National Liberation Movement
* Military with the National Liberal Movement
* Military

* 1921–1926
* 1931–1944
* 1954–1957
* 1970–1974
* 1982–1983

* José María Orellana
* Jorge Ubico[202][203]
* Carlos Castillo Armas
* Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio
* Efraín Ríos Montt

[204][205]
Haiti |

* Republic of Haiti
* Republic of Haiti

[206][207][208][209] |

* National Unity Party
* National Unity Party
* Military

* 1957–1971
* 1971–1986
* 1991–1994 [210][211]

* François Duvalier[212]
* Jean-Claude Duvalier
* Raoul Cédras

Honduras |  Republic of Honduras | Military with the National Party |

* 1933–1949
* 1963–1975

* Tiburcio Carías Andino
* Oswaldo López Arellano

Mexico |

* Mexican Republic
* United Mexican States
* Mexican Republic
* United Mexican States

[213][214][215][216][217] |

* Military with the Conservative Party
* Military with the Conservative Party
* Military with the Conservative Party
* Military with the National Porfirist Party
* Military with the National Porfirist Party
* Military with the National Porfirist Party
* Military

* 1839–1839
* 1845–1846
* 1853–1855
* 1876
* 1877–1880
* 1884–1911
* 1913–1914

* Antonio López de Santa Anna
* Mariano Paredes
* Antonio López de Santa Anna
* Porfirio Díaz
* Porfirio Díaz
* Porfirio Díaz
* Victoriano Huerta

Nicaragua |  Republic of Nicaragua[218] | Nationalist Liberal Party |

* 1936–1956
* 1956–1967
* 1967–1979

* Anastasio Somoza García
* Luis Somoza Debayle
* Anastasio Somoza Debayle

Panama |  Republic of Panama[219] | Panameñista Party | 1949–1951 | Arnulfo Arias
Paraguay |

* Republic of Paraguay
* Republic of Paraguay

[220][221] |

* Military
* Military with the Colorado Party

* 1940–1948
* 1954–1989

* Higinio Morínigo
* Alfredo Stroessner

Peru |

* Peruvian Republic[222]
* Peruvian Republic[223]
* Republic of Peru[224][225]
* Republic of Peru

[220] |

* Revolutionary Union
* Revolutionary Union
* Military
* Military
* Cambio 90
* Vamos Vecino

* 1930
* 1931–1933
* 1933–1939
* 1948–1956
* 1975–1980
* 1992–2000

* Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
* Óscar R. Benavides
* Manuel A. Odría
* Francisco Morales Bermúdez
* Vladimiro Montesinos with Alberto Fujimori

Uruguay |

* Oriental Republic of Uruguay[226]
* Oriental Republic of Uruguay

[227][228][229][230] |

* Colorado Party
* Military with the Colorado Party
* Military with the Colorado Party
* Military with the National Party
* Military

* 1934–1938
* 1973–1976
* 1976
* 1976–1981
* 1981–1985

* Gabriel Terra
* Juan María Bordaberry
* Alberto Demicheli
* Aparicio Méndez
* Gregorio Conrado Álvarez

Venezuela |

* United States of Venezuela
* United States of Venezuela
* Republic of Venezuela

[231][232][233][234] | Military |

* 1908–1913
* 1922–1929
* 1931–1935
* 1948–1950
* 1952–1958

* Juan Vicente Gómez
* Juan Vicente Gómez
* Juan Vicente Gómez
* Carlos Delgado Chalbaud
* Marcos Pérez Jiménez

### Africa

[edit]

Africa has experienced several military dictatorships which makes up the majority of right-wing dictatorships that have existed.[citation needed] [235] Dictatorships like the hereditary dictatorship in Togo (especially under Gnassingbé Eyadéma) had strong anti-communist and pro-western stances which is in contrast to left-wing governments that existed in other African nations around the time.[citation needed] [236] Regimes like Zaire and Rwanda under Habyarimana have sometimes been called fascist. Zaire featured what their dictator called a "neither right nor left" position but was recognized by historians as a right-wing regime and its state ideology of mobutism has sometimes been seen as third position.[237][238][239][240][241] Rwanda under Habyarimana has been compared to fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany for their hutu supremacist policies against the tutsi's as well as the Rwandan genocide that occurred after the assassination of Habyarimana sometimes being compared to the holocaust. [citation needed] [242]

List of African right-wing dictatorships
Country  | Historical name(s)  | Movement(s)  | Years of rule  | Dictator(s)

|
|
|
|

Burundi |  Republic of Burundi[243][244] | National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy |

* 2005–2020
* 2020–Present

* Pierre Nkurunziza
* Évariste Ndayishimiye

Cameroon |  Republic of Cameroon[245] | Cameroon People's Democratic Movement | 1982–Present | Paul Biya
Chad |  Republic of Chad[246][247][248][249] |

* National Union for Independence and Revolution
* Military with the Patriotic Salvation Movement
* Military with the Patriotic Salvation Movement

* 1982–1990
* 1991–2021
* 2022–present

* Hissène Habré
* Idriss Déby
* Mahamat Déby

Democratic Republic of the Congo |  Republic of Zaire[250] | Military with the Popular Movement of the Revolution | 1965–1997 | Mobutu Sese Seko
Egypt |  Arab Republic of Egypt[251] | Nation's Future Party | 2014–Present | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
Gabon |  Gabonese Republic[252] | Gabonese Democratic Party |

* 1967–2009
* 2009–2023

* Omar Bongo[253]
* Ali Bongo[254]

Gambia |  Republic of the Gambia[255] | Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction | 1996–2017 | Yahya Jammeh
Guinea |  Republic of Guinea[256][257] | Military with the Unity and Progress Party | 1984–2008 | Lansana Conté
Equatorial Guinea |  Republic of Equatorial Guinea[258] |

* Military
* Military
* Democratic Party of Equatorial Guinea

* 1979–1982
* 1982–1987
* 1987–Present

| Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
Kenya |  Republic of Kenya[259][260] | Kenya African National Union |

* 1964–1978
* 1978–2002

* Jomo Kenyatta
* Daniel arap Moi

Liberia |  Republic of Liberia[261] | Military with the National Democratic Party of Liberia | 1986–1990 | Samuel Doe
Malawi |  Republic of Malawi[262] | Malawi Congress Party | 1966–1994 | Hastings Banda
Mauritania |  Islamic Republic of Mauritania[263][264] |

* Military with the Republican Party for Democracy and Renewal
* Military with the Union for the Republic

* 1984–2005
* 2009–2019

* Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya
* Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz

Niger |  Republic of the Niger[265] | Military with the National Movement for the Society of Development | 1987–1993 | Ali Saibou
Rwanda |  Rwandese Republic[266][267][268] |

* Parmehutu
* Military with the National Revolutionary Movement for Development

* 1962–1973
* 1973–1994

* Grégoire Kayibanda[269]
* Juvénal Habyarimana

South Africa |  Union of South Africa[270][271] | National Party | 1948–1994 |

* D. F. Malan
* J. G. Strijdom
* Hendrik Verwoerd
* John Vorster
* P. W. Botha
* F. W. de Klerk

Sudan |  Republic of the Sudan[272] | Military with the National Congress Party | 1989–2019 | Omar al-Bashir
Togo |  Togolese Republic[273][274][236][275] |

* Military with the Rally of the Togolese People
* Union for the Republic

* 1967–2005
* 2005–present

* Gnassingbé Eyadéma
* Faure Gnassingbé

Uganda |

* Second Republic of Uganda
* Republic of Uganda

[276][277][278] |

* Military
* National Resistance Movement

* 1971–1979
* 2006–present

* Idi Amin
* Yoweri Museveni

Zimbabwe |  Republic of Rhodesia[279] | Rhodesian Front | 1964–1979 | Ian Smith

## See also

[edit]

* Authoritarian capitalism
* Authoritarian conservatism
* Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships
* Military government
* Police state
* Operation Condor

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Whether Chiang Kai-shek's early rule can be seen as a 'right-wing' dictatorship is debatable. During the 1920s and early 1930s, Chiang and supporters was seen as a 'centrist'[130][131] among 'right-wing' Hu Hanmin supporters and 'left-wing' Wang Jingwei supporters, but the Chinese Communist Party (or Maoism) later emerged as the main rival of the KMT, making Chiang's rule a 'right-wing' dictatorship. Other historians argue that Chiang's ideology differed from 'right-wing' dictators of the 20th century and that he did not espouse the ideology of fascism.[132]

## References

[edit]

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## Bibliography

[edit]

* Schmitz, David F. (1999). Thank God They're on Our Side: The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1921-1965. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807847739. OCLC 901305850.
* Schmitz, David F. (2006). The United States and Right-wing Dictatorships, 1965-1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521678536. OCLC 61295816.

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