Ring (diacritic)

Diacritic sign

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
Find sources: "Ring" diacritic – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)

|

◌̊ ◌̥

Ring

A ring diacritic may appear above or below letters. It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts.

## Rings

[edit]

### Distinct letter

[edit]

The character Å (å) is derived from an A with a ring. It is a distinct letter in the Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, Finnish, Walloon, and Chamorro alphabets. For example, the 29-letter Swedish alphabet begins with the basic 26 Latin letters and ends with the three letters Å, Ä, and Ö.

### Overring

[edit]

Street name U Úlů ("At the beehives") in Roudnice nad Labem in the Czech Republic

The character Ů (ů) a Latin U with overring, or kroužek is a grapheme in Czech preserved for historic reasons, and represented a vowel shift. For example, the word for "horse" used to be written kóň, which evolved, along with pronunciation, into kuoň. Ultimately, the vowel [o] disappeared completely, and the uo evolved into ů, modern form kůň. The letter ů now has the same pronunciation as the letter ú (long [uː]), but changes to a short o when a word is morphed (e.g. nom. kůň → gen. koně, nom. dům → gen. domu), thus showing the historical evolution of the language. Ů can only occur in medial position, while ú occurs almost exclusively in initial position or at the beginning of a word root in a compound. These characters are used also in Steuer's Silesian alphabet. The [uo] pronunciation has prevailed in some Moravian dialects, as well as in Slovak, which uses the letter ô instead of ů.

The ring is used in some dialects of Emilian and Romagnol to distinguish the sound /ʌ/ (å) from /a/ (a).

ů was used in Old Lithuanian in Lithuania Minor from the 16th till the beginning of the 20th century and for a shorter time in 16th-century Lithuania Major for diphthong [uo].

The ring was used in the Lithuanian Cyrillic alphabet promoted by Russian authorities in the last quarter of the 19th century with the letter У̊ / у̊  used to represent the /wɔ/ diphthong (now written uo in Lithuanian orthography).

ẘ and ẙ are used in the ISO 233 romanization of the Arabic alphabet. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨ﻭ⟩ (wāw) with a sukūn (ـَوْ) is romanized as aẘ. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨ﻱ⟩ (yā’) with a sukūn over it (ـَيْ) is romanized as aẙ.

Ring upon e (e̊) is used by certain dialectologists of Walloon (especially Jean-Jacques Gaziaux) to note the /ə/ vowel typically replacing /i/ and /y/ in the Brabant province central Walloon dialects. The difficulty of type-writing it has led some writers to prefer ë for the same sound.

## Unicode

[edit]

Many more characters can be created in Unicode using the combining character U+030A ◌̊ COMBINING RING ABOVE, including the above-mentioned у̊ (Cyrillic у with overring) or ń̊ (n with acute and overring).

The standalone (spacing) symbol is U+02DA ˚ RING ABOVE. The unrelated, but nearly identical degree symbol is U+00B0 ° DEGREE SIGN.

Although similar in appearance, it is not to be confused with the Japanese handakuten (U+309A ◌゚ COMBINING KATAKANA-HIRAGANA SEMI-VOICED SOUND MARK), a diacritic used with the kana for syllables starting with h to indicate that they should instead be pronounced with [p]. In Japanese dialectology, handakuten is used with kana for syllables starting with k to indicate their consonant is [ŋ], with syllables starting with r to indicate their consonant is l though this does not change the pronunciation, with kana u to indicate its morph into kana n, and with kana i to indicate the vowel is to be said as [ɨ].

In Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics, there are two ring characters: ᐤ (Cree and Ojibwe final w, or Sayisi o) and ᣞ (Cree and Ojibwe final w or final y). This second smaller ring can combine as a diacritic ring above in Moose Cree and Moose-Cree influenced Ojibwe as a final y; in Inuktitut, the ring above the /_i/ character turns it into a /_aai/ character. In Western Cree, /_w_w/ sequence is represented as ᐝ.

In addition to the combining character option, Unicode has some precomposed characters:

* U+00C5 Å LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
* U+00E5 å LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE
* U+016E Ů LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE
* U+016F ů LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH RING ABOVE
* U+01FA Ǻ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE AND ACUTE
* U+01FB ǻ LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING ABOVE AND ACUTE
* U+1E98 ẘ LATIN SMALL LETTER W WITH RING ABOVE
* U+1E99 ẙ LATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH RING ABOVE
* U+212B Å ANGSTROM SIGN

* U+1402 ᐂ CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAI
* U+1430 ᐰ CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAAI
* U+144D ᑍ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAAI
* U+146C ᑬ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAAI
* U+148A ᒊ CANADIAN SYLLABICS CAAI
* U+14A4 ᒤ CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAAI
* U+14C1 ᓁ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAAI
* U+14D4 ᓔ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAAI
* U+14EE ᓮ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAAI
* U+1527 ᔧ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAAI
* U+1545 ᕅ CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAAI
* U+1554 ᕔ CANADIAN SYLLABICS FAAI
* U+157E ᕾ CANADIAN SYLLABICS QAAI
* U+158E ᖎ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NGAAI
* U+18B0 ᢰ CANADIAN SYLLABICS OY
* U+18B1 ᢱ CANADIAN SYLLABICS AY
* U+18B2 ᢲ CANADIAN SYLLABICS AAY
* U+18B3 ᢳ CANADIAN SYLLABICS WAY
* U+18B4 ᢴ CANADIAN SYLLABICS POY
* U+18B5 ᢵ CANADIAN SYLLABICS PAY
* U+18B6 ᢶ CANADIAN SYLLABICS PWOY

* U+18B7 ᢷ CANADIAN SYLLABICS TAY
* U+18B8 ᢸ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KAY
* U+18B9 ᢹ CANADIAN SYLLABICS KWAY
* U+18BA ᢺ CANADIAN SYLLABICS MAY
* U+18BB ᢻ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NOY
* U+18BC ᢼ CANADIAN SYLLABICS NAY
* U+18BD ᢽ CANADIAN SYLLABICS LAY
* U+18BE ᢾ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SOY
* U+18BF ᢿ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SAY
* U+18C0 ᣀ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHOY
* U+18C1 ᣁ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHAY
* U+18C2 ᣂ CANADIAN SYLLABICS SHWOY
* U+18C3 ᣃ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YOY
* U+18C4 ᣄ CANADIAN SYLLABICS YAY
* U+18C5 ᣅ CANADIAN SYLLABICS RAY

|
|

### Underring

[edit]

This page uses notation for orthographic or other linguistic analysis. For the meaning of how `⟨ ⟩`, `| |`, `/ /`, and `[ ]` are used here, see this page.

The underring is used in IPA to indicate voicelessness, and in Indo-European studies or in Sanskrit transliteration (IAST) to indicate syllabicity of sonorants.

Unicode encodes the underring as a combining character at U+0325 ◌̥ COMBINING RING BELOW. Unicode also has precomposed characters for the letters ⟨A⟩ and ⟨a⟩ with undering (U+1E00 Ḁ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW and U+1E01 ḁ LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RING BELOW). Precomposed character encodings for 'R with ring below', 'L with ring below', 'R with ring below and macron', and 'L with ring below and macron' were proposed, because of their use in Sanskrit transliteration and the CSX+ Indic character set.[1] This proposal was rejected, because they are already encoded as combining character sequences.[2]

#### Pashto

[edit]

In Pashto romanization, ⟨ḁ⟩ is used to represent /ə/.[3]

#### Emilian

[edit]

In Emilian, ⟨e̥⟩ can be used to represent unstressed /ə/ in very accurate transcriptions.[citation needed]

#### Romagnol

[edit]

In Romagnol, ⟨e̥⟩ is used to represent /ə/ in diphthongs, e.g. Santarcangelo dialect ame̥ig [aˈməiɡ] 'friend', ne̥ud [ˈnəud] 'naked'.[citation needed]

### Half rings

[edit]

See also: Modifier letter left half ring and Modifier letter right half ring

Half rings also exist as diacritic marks; these are characters U+0351 ◌͑ COMBINING LEFT HALF RING ABOVE and U+0357 ◌͗ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING ABOVE. These characters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, respectively for mediopalatal pronunciation and strong-onset vowels. These characters may be used in the International Phonetic Alphabet, denoting less and more roundedness, as alternatives to half rings below U+031C ◌̜ COMBINING LEFT HALF RING BELOW and U+0339 ◌̹ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING BELOW. They are here given with the lowercase a: a͑ and a͗, a̜ and a̹.

U+1E9A ẚ LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH RIGHT HALF RING is similar in appearance but differs from a͗ because its compatibility decomposition uses U+02BE ʾ MODIFIER LETTER RIGHT HALF RING instead of U+0357 ◌͗ COMBINING RIGHT HALF RING ABOVE.

Other, similar signs are in use in Armenian: the U+0559 ◌ՙ ARMENIAN MODIFIER LETTER LEFT HALF RING and the U+055A ◌՚ ARMENIAN APOSTROPHE.

Breve and inverted breve are also shaped like half rings, respectively, the bottom and top half of a circle.

### Other uses

[edit]

The ring is used in the transliteration of Abkhaz to represent the letter ҩ. It may also be used in place of the abbreviation symbol ॰ when transliterating the Devanagari alphabet.

## Letters with ring

[edit]

* Ring ◌̊ ◌̥    Å å
* Ǻ ǻ
* Å̂ å̂
* Å̃ å̃
* Å̄ å̄
* Å̆ å̆
* Ā̊ ā̊
* Ą̊ ą̊
* Å̱ å̱
* Ḁ ḁ
* Ḁ̂ ḁ̂
* D̊ d̊
* E̊ e̊
* E̊̄ e̊̄
* G̊ g̊
* I̊ i̊
* J̊ j̊
* L̥ l̥
* L̥̄ l̥̄
* O̊ o̊
* Ō̊ ō̊
* Q̊ q̊
* R̥ r̥
* R̥̄ r̥̄
* S̊ s̊
* S̥ s̥
* Ů ů
* Ů́ ů́
* Ů̃ ů̃
* Ũ̊ ũ̊
* Ū̊ ū̊
* V̊ v̊
* W̊ ẘ
* X̊ x̊
* Y̊ ẙ
Cyrillic: А̊ а̊
* У̊ у̊

## Similar marks

[edit]

The ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the dot or U+0366 ◌ͦ COMBINING LATIN SMALL LETTER O diacritic marks, or with the degree sign °.

The half ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the comma or ogonek diacritic marks.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Proposal to Encode Latin Letters for the Transliteration of Indic Vocalic Letters" (PDF). unicode.org. 2013-10-28.
2. ^ "Draft Minutes of UTC Meeting 137". unicode.org. 2013-11-25.
3. ^ "Grammar of the Pḁṣ̌tō or Language of the Afghāns: Compared with the Īrānian". J.J. Heckenhauer. 1873.

## External links

[edit]

* Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents

* v
* t
* e

Diacritics

In Latin, Cyrillic and Greek|

*   ◌́   ◌̋  acute and Roman apex, double acute
*   ◌̆   ◌̑  breve, inverted breve
*   ◌̌  caron, háček
*   ◌̧  cedilla
*   ◌̂  circumflex
*   ◌̈  diaeresis, umlaut, other
*   ◌̇   ◌̣  dot
*   ◌̀   ◌̏  grave, double grave
*   ◌̉  hook above
*   ◌̡   ◌̢  palatal hook, retroflex hook
*   ◌̛  horn
*   ◌ͅ  iota subscript
*   ◌̄  macron
*   ◌̨  ogonek, nosinė
*   ◌̊   ◌̥  overring, underring
*   ◌͂  perispomene
*   ◌͗  sicilicus
*   ◌̃  tilde
*   ◌᷃  Vietnamese tilde
*   ◌῾   ◌᾿  rough breathing, smooth breathing

In Early Cyrillic|

*   ◌҄  palatalization mark
*   ◌҇  pokrytie
*   ◌҃  titlo

In Indic|

*   ं   ং   ଂ   ം  anusvara
*   ऽ   ঽ   ଽ   ఽ   ഽ   ྅  avagraha
*   ँ   ఁ   ྃ  chandrabindu
*   ़  nuqta
*   ्   ്   ్   ್   ්   ်  virama
*   ः   ঃ   ଃ   ஃ  visarga

In other scripts|

* Arabic diacritics
* Greek diacritics
* Gurmukhī diacritics
* Hebrew diacritics
* diacritics in IPA
* Japanese kana diacritics
*   ◌゙   ◌゚  dakuten, handakuten

* Khmer diacritics
* Syriac diacritics
* Thai diacritics

Marks used as diacritics|

*   ’  apostrophe
*   /  bar
*   :  colon
*   ,  comma
*   .  full stop/period
*   ˗  hyphen
*   ′  prime

Non-diacritic uses|

*   ^  caret (computing)
*   °  degree symbol
*   ~  tilde § Mathematics

In Unicode|

*   ◌  dotted circle (placeholder glyph character)
* combining character § Unicode ranges

See also:

* English terms with diacritical marks
* Metal umlaut
* Punctuation marks
*  Category: Diacritics

* v
* t
* e

Latin script

* History
* Spread
* Romanization
* Roman numerals
* Ligatures

Alphabets (list)|

* Classical Latin alphabet
* ISO basic Latin alphabet
* Phonetic alphabets
* International Phonetic Alphabet
* X-SAMPA
* Spelling alphabet

Letters (list)|

Letters of the ISO basic Latin alphabet

Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm  | Nn | Oo | Pp | Qq | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz

Additional Latin letters

Æ æ | Ɑ ɑ | Ʌ ʌ | Ꞵ ꞵ | Ð ð | Ɛ ɛ | Ə ə | Ǝ ə | Ɣ ɣ | Ƣ ƣ | Ɩ ɩ | Ɥ ɥ | Ꟛ ꟛ | Ŋ ŋ  | Œ œ | Ɔ ɔ | Ɤ ɤ | Kʼ ĸ | Ʀ ʀ | ẞ ß | Ʃ ʃ | Ɯ ɯ | Ʊ ʊ | Ꞷ ꞷ | Ʋ ʋ | Ƿ ƿ
Ȝ ȝ | ϴ θ | Ʒ ʒ | Ƹ ƹ | Þ þ | Ȣ ȣ | Ꭓ ꭓ | Ɂ ʔ ɂ | ʕ | ǀ | ǁ | ǂ | ǃ | ʘ | ʻ | ˀ | ʼ | Ꞌ ꞌ | ᴬ | ᴮ | ꟲ | ᴰ | ᴱ | ꟳ | ᴳ | ᴴ
ᴵ | ᴶ | ᴷ | ᴸ | ᴹ | ᵃ | ᵉ | ᵋ | ʰ | ⁱ | ᶤ | ⁿ | ᵒ | ᵓ | ᵘ | ᶶ | ᵛ | ʷ | ʸ | ᶻ | ᶿ | Ꜣ ꜣ | Ꜥ ꜥ | 3 | Ꜫ ꜫ | Ꜭ ꜭ
7 | ⁷ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Letters using ring sign ( ◌̊, ◌̥ )

Åå  | Ḁḁ  | Ůů  | W̊ẘ  | Y̊ẙ |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |

Multigraphs|

| Digraphs|

* Ch
* Dz
* Dž
* Gh
* IJ
* Lj
* Ll
* Ly
* Nh
* Nj
* Ny
* Sh
* Sz
* Th

|

Trigraphs|

* dzs
* eau

Tetragraphs|

* ough

Pentagraphs|

tzsch

Keyboard layouts (list)|

* QWERTY
* QWERTZ
* AZERTY
* Dvorak
* Colemak
* BÉPO
* Neo

Historical Standards|

* ISO/IEC 646
* Western Latin character sets

Current Standards|

* Unicode
* DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe

Lists|

* Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode
* Letters used in mathematics
* List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks

* Diacritics
* Palaeography

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template