Robert O. Collins

American historian

Robert O. Collins

Born|

Robert Oakley Collins

(1933-04-01)April 1, 1933

Waukegan, Illinois

Died| April 11, 2008(2008-04-11) (aged 75)

Santa Barbara, California

Nationality| U.S. American
Occupation| Historian

Robert Oakley Collins (April 1, 1933 – April 11, 2008) was an American historian of East Africa and Sudan. He published numerous articles and thirty-five books, including Shadows in the Grass: Britain in the Southern Sudan (Yale, 1983), which was awarded the John Ben Snow Foundation prize for the best book in British History and the Social Sciences written by a North American. He worked as an adviser for Southern Sudan's High Executive Council (HEC) Regional Government in the early 1970s, Chevron Overseas Petroleum in 1981 to 1991,[note 1] and the US Government.[1] Collins authored many background papers on Sudan and the Middle East aimed at policymakers and, in 1981, he testified before the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs.[1][2][note 2] In 1980 he was awarded the Order of Sciences, Arts and Art, Gold Class, by Gaafar Nimeiry, the President of Sudan, for his long service to scholarship on the Upper Nile.[3]

Robert O. Collins was Professor of History at the University of California, Santa Barbara, from 1965 to 1994.[4] Among a wider public, he is probably best known for a book co-authored with J. Millard Burr, Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World (CUP, 2006). In 2007, to avoid a libel suit from the Saudi billionaire Khalid bin Mahfouz, Cambridge University Press agreed to remove Alms for Jihad from circulation in British libraries and to destroy existing copies.[5]

## Biography[edit]

### Early life and education[edit]

Robert O. Collins was born in Waukegan, Illinois, in 1933. His father, William George Collins, was a ceramics engineer and worked for Johns Manville. His mother, Louise Van Horsen Jack, was a nurse. Robert's elder brother, Jack Gore Collins (1930–2010), was Assistant Attorney for the United States Department of Justice in Portland, Oregon. His younger brother, George William Collins II (1937–2013), was an astronomer who taught at Ohio State University and, later, Case Western Reserve University.[6]

Robert entered Dartmouth College in 1950, where he developed an interest in African history while browsing in the library there.[7] In 1954, he completed his senior history thesis, Emin Pasha in Equatoria, 1876–1889, and won a Marshall Scholarship for study at Oxford University.[8] In 1955, while a Masters student at Balliol College, Oxford, he obtained a research grant from the Ford Foundation, which enabled him to undertake work on his thesis on the Equatoria Province. He first traveled to Sudan in 1956,[7] arriving a few months after the county's independence,[9] to carry out research in the National Records Office of Sudan. He obtained an MA in History at Oxford University during that year, and entered Yale in 1957. Collins was awarded a PhD in 1959. His dissertation, The Mahdist invasions of the Southern Sudan, 1883–1898 (1959) was based on his MA research and published "virtually unrevised"[8] as The Southern Sudan, 1883–1898. A struggle for control by Yale University Press in 1962.

### Academic career[edit]

After intervals at Williams College (1959–1965) and Columbia University (1962–1963), Collins moved to the University of California, Santa Barbara where he worked for the remainder of his career as a Professor of History (1965–1994). His colleagues there included C. Warren Hollister, Wilbur Jacobs, and Roderick Nash. He also served as Dean of UCSB's Graduate Division (1970–1980), the Director of the Center for Developing Nations (1968–1969), and the Director of the University of California's Washington Center in Washington, DC. (1992–1994). In 1972, Collins chaired the University of California Library Task Force and wrote the committee's report, which led to the establishment of the Division of Library Automation and the  Melvyl system.[10][2] He retired from the University of California Santa Barbara in 1994.[4] He continued to teach, write, and mentor students after his retirement.[2] Collins collected documents, pamphlets, photographs, books, and other materials related to Sudan and East Africa;[11] and, in 1997, he donated his substantial library and primary research materials to Durham University's Sudan Archive.[1] Collin donated his diary relating to his work as a professor and university administrator to the library at the University of California, Santa Barbara. It describes the Isla Vista riots that followed the denial of tenure to Bill Allen, a popular Professor of Anthropology.[12][note 3]

### Southern Sudan historical retrieval project[edit]

Main article: National Archives of South Sudan

Collins made an important contribution to the National Archives of South Sudan by providing an early inventory of district files and filing systems.[13] Following the Addis Ababa Agreement (1972), Enoch Mading de Garang, the Regional Minister of Information, Culture, Youth and Sports in Southern Sudan's High Executive Council (HEC) government, began work on an archive of Southern Sudanese political movements.[14] In 1976, Robert Collins traveled with his wife, Janyce, to southern Sudan, after being invited there by E.M. Garang to compile a report on ways to collect and preserve materials related to Southern Sudan's recent history as part of the Southern Sudan Historical Retrieval Project. Collins consulted scholars and officials, visited the proposed sites for the University of Juba and parliament buildings in Juba, and made an inspection of files in Juba, Yei, Maridi, Rumbek, Gogrial, Aweil, Tonj, Yirol, Wau, and Malakal.[1] Robert and Janyce were forced to remain several weeks in Malakal by an outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in the Nzara cotton factory, which spread to other parts of southern Sudan.[1][15] Upon his return to Juba, Collins recommended that E.M. Garang expand the archives to include Southern Sudan's administrative records.[14]

### Alms for Jihad controversy[edit]

Main article: Alms for Jihad

Collins co-authored  Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World (Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2006) with J. Millard Burr, a former State Department Officer who worked as a logistics coordinator for Operation Lifeline Sudan and, later, as a consultant for the U.S. Committee for Refugees (USCR).[16] In 2007, to avoid a libel suit from the Saudi billionaire Khalid bin Mahfouz, Cambridge University Press agreed to remove Alms for Jihad from circulation in British libraries and to destroy existing copies.[5] Khalid bin Mahfouz had threatened the suit on the grounds that the book falsely charged him with channeling money to al-Qaeda. Cambridge University Press sent letters to libraries around the world requesting that they destroy copies of the book or insert an errata sheet, pulped 2,340 copies of Alms for Jihad, issued a public apology to bin Mahfouz on its web site stating that claims against Mahfouz were "defamatory and false",[17] and paid costs and damages.[18] The actions of CUP attracted wide attention, contributing to the book's wide readership.[17][19]

Many scholars have criticized the book for relying on tenuous evidence and an overly-broad and deeply political definition of "terrorism", which portrayed the entire Islamic charitable sector as a conduit or "golden chain"[20] for terrorist financing.[21][22][23]

## Reception[edit]

Robert O. Collins work has been influential in the study of Sudanese and Middle East history.[2] He was an immensely talented writer,[24] raconteur,[2] and a well-respected figure in the historiography of Sudan and southern Sudan.[8] Contemporary scholars, who have turned their attention to  South Sudan's interconnected regional histories, ordinary people, and the political-economic structures within which their lives unfold,[25][26] often place Collins in the tradition of slightly older historians and authors like A.J. Arkell (1898–1980), Peter Holt (1918–2006) and  Alan Moorehead (1910–1983), partly to imply that his approach to history is now a bit old-fashioned.[2]

> In [Egypt and the Sudan (1967)] and the countless others on Sudanese history, great men (though few women) determined the outcome of events, almost always as they wanted, usually in the face of daunting odds. Bob was no leftist historian, nor was he an individual steeped in Marxist theories and rhetoric. He luxuriated in the narrative and was remarkably good at it.[8]

Collins worked closely with former British colonial officials and civil servants, and was "unabashed in his enthusiasm for the contributions that the British had made to the lives of colonial people."[8] Describing the misconduct of Chevron's British contractors toward southern Sudanese, he wrote, nostalgically: "These are not the Gentlemen from Oxbridge with whom we associate the British."[27]

## Private life[edit]

Robert ("Bob") Collins owned a yellow Beetle.[2] In 1972, he married Janyce Hutchins (1934–2005), a university administrator and "gifted astrologer."[28] They traveled frequently together in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe.[29][28]

## Bibliography[edit]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (June 2017)

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Collins wrote 35 books, numerous encyclopedia entries, and more than one hundred scholarly articles and book chapters. He also frequently collaborated with other authors, most notably Francis Deng and J. Millard Burr.

### Books[edit]

* — (2008). A History of the Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* — (2007). A History of Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* — (2006). Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster. Markus Wiener.
* — (2005). Africa: A Short History. Markus Wiener.
* — (2005). Civil Wars and Revolution in the Sudan: Essays on the Sudan, Southern Sudan, and Darfur, 1962-2004. Tsehai Publishers.
* — (2002). The Nile. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300097641.
* — (1999). Africa's Thirty Years' War: Chad, Libya, and the Sudan, 1963-1993. Westview.
* — (1996). Problems in Modern Africa. Marcus Wiener.
* — (1990). The Waters of the Nile: Hydropolitics and the Jonglei Canal, 1900-1988. Clarendon.
* — (1983). Shadows in the Grass: Britain in the Southern Sudan, 1918-1956. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300029222.
* — (1971). Land Beyond the Rivers: The Southern Sudan, 1898-1918. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300014068.
* — (1968). King Leopold, England, and the Upper Nile, 1899-1909. Yale University Press.
* — (1962). The Southern Sudan 1883-1898: A Struggle for Control. Yale University Press.

### Co-authored and co-edited books[edit]

* — with Burr, Millard (2006). Alms for Jihad: Charities and Terrorism in the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
* — with Burr, Millard (2003). Revolutionary Sudan: Hasan al-Turabi and the Islamist State, 1989-2000. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
* — with Burr, Millard (1999). Africa's Thirty Years War: Chad, Libya, and the Sudan, 1963-1993. Westview.
* — with Burr, Millard (1994). Requiem for the Sudan: War, Drought and Disaster Relief, 1983-1993. Westview. ISBN 9780183321215.
* — with Deng, Francis M. (1984). The British in the Sudan, 1898— 1956: The Sweetness and the Sorrow. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
* — with Tignor, Robert L. (1967). Egypt and the Sudan. Prentice-Hall.

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Collins was not altogether uncritical of Chevron's activities in southern Sudan. However, as Douglas Johnson somewhat wryly notes of J. Millard Burr and Robert O Collins' Requiem for the Sudan: War, Drought, and Disaster Relief on the Nile (1995), the book "makes no mention of the oil controversy as a contributory cause to the war. Chevron's contribution to famine relief is mentioned (pp.129-30), but not its support to local militias who helped cause famine. This admission is all the more surprising, considering that one of the authors was an adviser to Chevron for much of the 1980s and early 1990s." Johnson, Douglas H. (2011). The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce. Boydell & Brewer. p. 46\. ISBN 978-1847010292. For a discussion of Chevron's support for militias and other human rights violations in Sudan, see Rone, Jemera (2003). Sudan, Oil, and Human Rights. Human Rights Watch. pp. 143–144.
2. ^ For example, he authored a policy paper titled The United States and the Sudan: a policy proposal, which was subsequently issued by the Center for Racial Equality and Democratic Opportunity (CREDO), an organization founded to "train black South Africans for diplomatic career[s] and to contribute to [the] development of local and regional governmental structures." See Ann McKinstry Micou (1993). The U.S. Independent Sector as it relates to South African Initiatives: A Directory (PDF) (Report). Institute of International Education. Retrieved 28 June 2017. And see "Robert Oakley Collins". reed.dur.ac.uk. Durham University Library Special Collections Catalogue. 1997. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
3. ^ For an account of the Isla Vista riots, see Preston, Ben (13 August 2008). "Year of Rebellion: The 1970 Isla Vista Riots, Photography by Joe Melchione". Santa Barbara Independent. Santa Barbara, California. Retrieved 25 June 2017.

## References[edit]

1. ^ a b c d e "Robert Oakley Collins". reed.dur.ac.uk. Durham University Library Special Collections Catalogue. 1997. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
2. ^ a b c d e f g Stiansen, Endre (2008). "Robert Collins (1933-2008) An Appreciation". Sudan Studies. 38: 4–6.
3. ^ "University People-Awards and Honors". University Bulletin: A Weekly Bulletin for the Staff of the University of California. 28 (26): 103. 24 March 1980.
4. ^ a b "Robert O. Collins UCSB Department of History". Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
5. ^ a b Howard, Jennifer (23 April 2010). "British Libel Law Chills U.S. Scholars' Speech, but Change Is Afoot". Chronicle of Higher Education. 56 (32).
6. ^ Pesch, Peter (2013). "George W. Collins II (1937 - 2013)". Bulletin of the AAS. American Astronomical Society (AAS). 47 (1).
7. ^ a b Stewart, Jocelyn Y. (25 April 2008). "UC scholar studied Upper Nile Valley". L.A. Times. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
8. ^ a b c d e Tignor, Robert L. (2004–2010). "Recollections of Robert O. Collins". Northeast African Studies. 11 (1): 141–144. doi:10.1353/nas.2004.0027. S2CID 143865510.
9. ^ Collins, Robert O. (2008). A History of the Modern Sudan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10. ^ "Report of the Library Policy Task Force University of California Library Policy to 1980-81". www.lib.berkeley.edu. University of Berkeley. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
11. ^ "Professor Robert O. Collins (1933-2008)". uib.no/en. Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, University of Bergen, Norway. 7 August 2015.
12. ^ "Preliminary Guide to the Robert O. Collins Diary". www.oac.cdlib.org. UC Santa Barbara: Special Collections. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
13. ^ Johnson, Douglas H. (2011). "The Revival of the Southern Sudan's Archives". Sudan Studies (43): 28–36.
14. ^ a b Tounsel, Christopher Gallien (2015). 'God will crown us': The Construction of Religious Nationalism in Southern Sudan, 1898-2011 (PDF) (PhD dissertation (History)). University of Michigan.
15. ^ World Health Organization (1978). "Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 56 (2): 247–270. PMC 2395561. PMID 307455.
16. ^ "Testimony of J. Millard Burr, Consultant, U.S. Committee for Refugees on The Crisis Against Humanity in Sudan". www.occasionalwitness.com. 27 May 1999. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
17. ^ a b Mawer, William T.; Hicks, G. Jane. "Academic Journals and the Management of Defamation and Plagiarism" (PDF). Southern Law Journal. 88 (18).
18. ^ Collins, Robert O. (9 September 2007). "The Saudi Billionaire vs. Cambridge University Press". historynewsnetwork.org. The George Washington University. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
19. ^ Conrad, Eileen (13 September 2005). "UC Santa Barbara Historian Awarded Distinguished Professorship, Publishes Groundbreaking Book on Islamist Terrorism". Santa Barbara Current. Santa Barbara, California. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
20. ^ Collins, Robert O.; with Burr, Millard (2006). Alms for Jihad: Charities and Terrorism in the Islamic World. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
21. ^ Benthall, Jonathan; Bellion-Jourdan, Jerome (2008). The Charitable Crescent: Politics of Aid in the Muslim World. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781845118990.
22. ^ Meijer, Roel (2008). "Review of J. Millard Burr and Robert O. Collins, Alms for Jihad: Charity and Terrorism in the Islamic World". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 40 (3): 526–528. doi:10.1017/s0020743808081294. S2CID 145307825.
23. ^ Benthall, Jonathan (2007). "The Overreaction against Islamic Charities" (PDF). ISIM Review. 20: 6–7.
24. ^ Erlich, Haggai (2010). "review of A History of Modern Sudan by Robert O. Collins". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 42 (1): 176–177. doi:10.1017/s0020743809990766. S2CID 162811614.
25. ^ Leonardi, Cherry (2010). "review of A History of Modern Sudan by Robert O. Collins". The Journal of Modern African Studies. 48 (3): 517–519. doi:10.1017/s0022278x1000039x. S2CID 153452122.
26. ^ Johnson, Douglas H. (1981). "The Future of the Southern Sudan's Past". Africa Today. 28 (2): 33–41.
27. ^ Patey, Luke A. (2014). The New Kings of Crude: China, India, and the Global Struggle for Oil in Sudan and South Sudan. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 40\. ISBN 9781849042949.
28. ^ a b "COLLINS, Janyce H." Santa Barbara News Press. Santa Barbara, California. 29 May 2005. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
29. ^ Collins, Robert O.; Francis M., Deng, eds. (1984). The British in the Sudan, 1898— 1956: The Sweetness and the Sorrow. Palgrave Macmillan UK.

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