Rockefeller family

American industrial, political and banking family

This article is about the family. For the name in general, see Rockefeller.

Rockefeller family

John D.
Rockefeller

John D. Rockefeller Jr.

Nelson Rockefeller

Current region| New York, U.S.
Place of origin| Rhineland, Germany
Founded|

* 1723, Philadelphia
* 302 years ago

Founder| Johann Peter Rockefeller
Titles|

List

* Vice President of the United States
* Governor (of New York, West Virginia, and Arkansas) Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas
* United States Senator (West Virginia)

Connected families| Aldrich family
McCormick family
Stillman family
Estate(s)| Kykuit
The Casements
Rockwood Hall
Tryon Hall

The Rockefeller family (/ˈrɒkəfɛlər/ ROCK-ə-fell-ər) is an American industrial, political, and banking family that owns one of the world's largest fortunes. The fortune was made in the American petroleum industry during the late 19th and early 20th centuries by brothers John D. Rockefeller and William A. Rockefeller Jr., primarily through Standard Oil (the predecessor of ExxonMobil and Chevron Corporation).[1] The family had a long association with, and control of, Chase Manhattan Bank.[2] By 1987, the Rockefellers were considered one of the most powerful families in American history.[3]

The Rockefellers originated in the Rhineland in Germany and family members moved to the Americas in the early 18th century, while through Eliza Davison, with family roots in Middlesex County, New Jersey, John D. Rockefeller and William A. Rockefeller Jr. and their descendants are also of Scots-Irish ancestry.[4]

## Background

[edit]

The Rockefeller brothers

John D. Rockefeller Sr.

William A. Rockefeller Jr.

The Rockefeller family traces their origin to the now abandoned German village Rockenfeld in the early 17th century. The American family branch is descended from Johann Peter Rockefeller (1681-1763), who migrated from the Rhineland to Philadelphia in the Province of Pennsylvania around 1723. In the US, he became a plantation owner and landholder in Somerville, and Amwell, New Jersey.[5][6][7] One of the first members of the Rockefeller family in New York was businessman William A. Rockefeller Sr.,[8] who was born to a Protestant family in Granger, New York. He had six children with his first wife Eliza Davison, a daughter of a Scots-Irish farmer,[4] the most prominent of whom were oil tycoons John D. Rockefeller and William A. Rockefeller Jr., the co-founders of Standard Oil. John D. Rockefeller (known as "Senior", as opposed to his son John D. Rockefeller Jr., known as "Junior") was a devout Northern Baptist, and he supported many church-based institutions.[9][10][11] While the Rockefeller family are mostly Baptists,[12][13] some of the Rockefellers were Episcopalians.[14]

## Wealth

[edit]

The combined wealth of the family—their total assets and investments plus the individual wealth of its members—has never been known with any precision. The records of the family archives relating to both the family and individual members' net worth are closed to researchers.[15]

From the outset, the family's wealth has been under the complete control of the male members of the dynasty, through the family office. Despite strong wives who had influence over their husbands' decisions—such as the pivotal female figure Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, wife of John D. Rockefeller Jr.—in all cases they received allowances only and were never given even partial responsibility for the family fortune.[16]

Much of the wealth has been locked up in the family trust of 1934 (which holds the bulk of the fortune and matures on the death of the fourth generation) and the trust of 1952, both administered by Chase Bank, the corporate successor to Chase Manhattan Bank. These trusts have consisted of shares in the successor companies to Standard Oil and other diversified investments, as well as the family's considerable real estate holdings. They are administered by a trust committee that oversees the fortune.

Management of this fortune today also rests with professional money managers who oversee the principal holding company, Rockefeller Financial Services, which controls all the family's investments. The present chairman of the Rockefeller Center is David Rockefeller Jr.

In 1992, it had five main arms:

* Rockefeller & Co. (money management: universities have invested some of their endowments in this company);
* Venrock Associates (venture capital: an early investment in Apple Computer was one of many it made in Silicon Valley entrepreneurial start-ups);
* Rockefeller Trust Company (manages hundreds of family trusts);
* Rockefeller Insurance Company (manages liability insurance for family members);
* Acadia Risk Management (insurance broker: contracts out policies for the family's vast art collections, real estate and private planes).[17]

## Real estate and institutions

[edit]

Rockefeller Center at night, December 1934 John D. Rockefeller Jr., the first president of the Rockefeller Foundation

The family was heavily involved in numerous real estate construction projects in the U.S. during the 20th century.[18] Chief among them:

* Rockefeller Center, a multi-building complex built at the start of the Depression in Midtown Manhattan. The construction of Rockefeller Center was financed solely by the family
* International House of New York, New York City, 1924 (John Jr.) {involvement: John III, Abby Aldrich, David & Peggy, David Jr., Abby O'Neill}
* Wren Building, College of William and Mary, Virginia, from 1927 (renovation funded by Junior)
* Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia, from 1927 onwards (Junior), Abby Aldrich, John III and Winthrop, historical restorationColonial Williamsburg
* Museum of Modern Art, New York City, from 1929 (Abby Aldrich, John Jr., Blanchette, Nelson, David, David Jr., Sharon Percy Rockefeller)
* Riverside Church, New York City, 1930 (John Jr.)
* The Cloisters, New York City, from 1934 (John Jr.)
* Rockefeller Apartments, New York City, 1936 (John Jr., Nelson)[19]: 333–334
* The Interchurch Center, New York City, 1948 (John Jr.)
* Asia Society (Asia House), New York City, 1956 (John III)
* One Chase Manhattan Plaza, New York City, 1961 (David)
* Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York, 1962 (Nelson)
* Lincoln Center, New York City, 1962 (John III)
* World Trade Center Twin Towers, New York City, 1973–2001 (David and Nelson)
* Embarcadero Center, San Francisco, 1974 (David)
* Council of the Americas/Americas Society, New York City, 1985 (David)
* Major housing developments:
* Forest Hill Estates, Cleveland, Ohio
* City Housing Corporation's efforts, Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, New York City
* Thomas Garden Apartments, The Bronx, New York City
* Paul Laurence Dunbar Housing, Harlem, New York City
* Lavoisier Apartments, Manhattan, New York City
* Van Tassel Apartments, Sleepy Hollow, New York (formerly North Tarrytown)
* A development in Radburn, New Jersey[20][21]
* A further project involved David Rockefeller in a major middle-income housing development when he was elected in 1947 as chairman of Morningside Heights, Inc., in Manhattan by fourteen major institutions that were based in the area, including Columbia University. The result, in 1951, was the six-building apartment complex known as Morningside Gardens.[22]
* Senior's donations led to the formation of the University of Chicago in 1889; the Central Philippine University in the Philippines (the first Baptist university and second American university in Asia); and the Chicago School of Economics.[23] This was one instance of a long family and Rockefeller Foundation tradition of financially supporting Ivy League and other major colleges and universities over the generations—seventy-five in total. These include:
* Brown University
* Case Western Reserve University
* Columbia University
* Cornell University
* Dartmouth College
* Harvard University
* Massachusetts Institute of Technology
* Princeton University
* Spelman College
* Stanford University
* Tufts University
* University of California, Berkeley
* University of Pennsylvania
* Yale University
* Institutions overseas such as the London School of Economics and University College London, among many others.[24]
* Rockefeller UniversitySenior (and Junior) also created
* Rockefeller University in 1901
* General Education Board in 1902, which later (1923) evolved into the International Education Board
* Rockefeller Sanitary Commission in 1910
* Bureau of Social Hygiene in 1913 (Junior)
* International Health Division in 1913
* China Medical Board in 1915.
* Rockefeller Museum, British Mandate of Palestine, 1925–30
* In the 1920s, the International Education Board granted important fellowships to pathbreakers in modern mathematics, such as Stefan Banach, Bartel Leendert van der Waerden, and André Weil, which was a formative part of the gradual shift of world mathematics to the US over this period.
* To help promote cooperation between physics and mathematics Rockefeller funds also supported the erection of the new Mathematical Institute at the University of Göttingen between 1926 and 1929
* The rise of probability and mathematical statistics owes much to the creation of the Institut Henri Poincaré in Paris, partly by the Rockefellers' finances, also around this time.[25]
* John D. Jr. established International House at Berkeley.
* Junior was responsible for the creation and endowment of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, which operates the restored historical town at Williamsburg, Virginia, one of the most extensive historic restorations ever undertaken.

## Residences

[edit]

Over the generations, the family members have resided in some historic homes. A total of 81 Rockefeller residences are on the National Register of Historic Places.[26] Not including all homes owned by the five brothers, some of the more prominent of these residences are:

* One Beekman Place \- The residence of Laurance in New York City.
* 10 West 54th Street \- A nine-story single-family home, the former residence of Junior before he shifted to 740 Park Avenue, and the largest residence in New York City at the time, it was the home for the five young brothers; it was later given by Junior to the Museum of Modern Art.[27]
* 13 West 54th Street \- A four-story townhouse used by Junior and Abby between 1901[28] and 1913.[27]
* 740 Park Avenue \- Junior and Abby's famed 40-room triplex apartment in the luxury New York City apartment building, which was later sold for a record price.
* Bassett Hall \- The house at Colonial Williamsburg bought by Junior in 1927 and renovated by 1936, it was the favourite residence of both Junior and Abby and is now a house museum at the family-restored Colonial Revival town.
* The Casements \- A three-story house at Ormond Beach in Florida, where Senior spent his last winters, from 1919 until his death.
* The Eyrie \- A sprawling 100-room summer holiday home on Mount Desert Island in Maine, demolished by family members in 1962.
* Forest Hill \- The family's country estate and a summer home in Cleveland, Ohio, for four decades; built and occupied by Senior, it burned down in 1917.
* Golf House at Lakewood, New Jersey \- The former three-story clubhouse for the elite Ocean County Hunt and Country Club, which Senior bought in 1902 to play golf on its golf course.
* Kykuit, also known as the John D. Rockefeller Estate - The landmark six-story, 40-room home on the vast Westchester County family estate, home to four generations of the family.
* The JY Ranch \- The landmark ranch in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, the holiday resort home built by Junior and later owned by Laurance, which was used by all members of the family and had many prominent visitors, including presidents until Laurance donated it to the federal government in 2001.
* The Rocks \- 1940 Shepard Street NW and 2121 Park Road NW, Washington, DC - The 12,000 square foot house sits on 15.9 acres bordering Rock Creek Park; and is the largest residential property in the District of Columbia. Built by Daisy Blodgett for her daughter Mona in 1927, the name refers to its location, not the current owner. The property was purchased by Jay Rockefeller in 1984 when he became US Senator for West Virginia. He and his wife, Sharon Percy Rockefeller continue to live there.[29]
* Rockwood Hall \- The former home of William Rockefeller Jr. (demolished in the 1940s).
* Rockefeller Guest House \- The guest house of Blanchette Ferry Rockefeller.[19]

* Kykuit, the landmark family home in Sleepy Hollow, New York

* The Casements, the family's former winter residence in Florida

* Rockwood Hall, Mount Pleasant, New York

* Rockefeller Guest House, New York City

## Politics

[edit]

Prominent banker David Rockefeller Sr. was the family patriarch until his death in 2017. In 1960, when his brother Nelson Rockefeller was governor of New York, David Sr. successfully pressed for a repeal of a New York state law that restricted Chase Manhattan Bank from operating outside the city. David Sr. was twice offered the post of Treasury secretary by President Richard M. Nixon, but declined on both occasions. In 1979, he used his high-level contacts to bring Mohammad Reza Shah of Iran, who had been overthrown in the Iranian Revolution and was in poor health, for medical treatment in the United States. In 1998, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton for his work on International Executive Service Corps.[30]

### Political offices held

[edit]

Nelson Rockefeller

Winthrop Rockefeller

John D. Rockefeller IV

* Nelson Rockefeller (1908–1979)
* 1st Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs, 1944–1945
* 1st Under Secretary Health, Education and Welfare, 1953–1954
* Governor of New York, 1959–1973
* U.S. Vice President, 1974–1977
* Winthrop Rockefeller (1912–1973)
* Governor of Arkansas, 1967–1971
* John Davison Rockefeller IV (b. 1937)
* Member of West Virginia House of Delegates, 1966–1968
* Secretary of State of West Virginia, 1969–1973
* Governor of West Virginia, 1977–1985
* U.S. Senator from West Virginia, 1985–2015
* Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (1948–2006)
* Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas, 1996–2006

## Legacy

[edit]

A trademark of the dynasty over its 140-plus years has been the remarkable unity it has maintained, despite major divisions that developed in the late 1970s, and unlike other wealthy families such as the Du Ponts and the Mellons. A primary reason has been the lifelong efforts of "Junior" to not only cleanse the name from the disgrace stemming from the ruthless practices of Standard Oil but his tireless efforts to forge family unity even as he allowed his five sons to operate independently. This was partly achieved by regular brothers and family meetings, but it was also because of the high value placed on family unity by first Nelson and John III, and later especially with David.[31]

Regarding achievements, in 1972, on the 100th anniversary of the founding of Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy, the Carnegie Corporation, which has had a long association with the family and its institutions, released a public statement on the influence of the family on not just philanthropy but encompassing a much wider field. Summing up a predominant view among the international philanthropic world, albeit one poorly grasped by the public, one sentence of this statement read: "The contributions of the Rockefeller family are staggering in their extraordinary range and in the scope of their contribution to humankind."[32]

John D. Rockefeller gave away US$540 million over his lifetime (in dollar terms of that time), and became the greatest lay benefactor of medicine in history.[33] His son, Junior, also gave away over $537 million over his lifetime, bringing the total philanthropy of just two generations of the family to over $1 billion from 1860 to 1960.[34] Added to this, The New York Times declared in a report in November 2006 that David Rockefeller's total charitable benefactions amount to about $900 million over his lifetime.[35]

The combined personal and social connections of the various family members are vast, both in the United States and throughout the world, including the most powerful politicians, royalty, public figures, and chief businessmen. Figures through Standard Oil alone have included Henry Flagler and Henry H. Rogers. Contemporary figures include Henry Kissinger, Richard Parsons (chairman and CEO of Time Warner), C. Fred Bergsten, Peter G. Peterson (Senior Chairman of the Blackstone Group), and Paul Volcker.

In 1991, the family was presented with the Honor Award from the National Building Museum for four generations worth of preserving and creating some of the U.S.'s most important buildings and places. David accepted the award on the family's behalf.[36] The ceremony coincided with an exhibition on the family's contributions to the built environment, including John Sr.'s preservation efforts for the Hudson River Palisades, the restoration of Williamsburg, Virginia, construction of Rockefeller Center, and Governor Nelson's efforts to construct low- and middle-income housing in New York state.[37]

The Rockefeller name is imprinted in numerous places throughout the United States, including within New York City, but also in Cleveland, where the family originates:

* Rockefeller Center \- A landmark 19-building 22-acre (89,000 m2) complex in Midtown Manhattan established by Junior: Older section constructed from 1930 to 1939; Newer section constructed during the 1960s-1970s;
* Rockefeller Apartments \- An apartment building in Midtown Manhattan
* Rockefeller University \- Renamed in 1965, this is the distinguished Nobel prize-winning graduate/postgraduate medical school (formerly the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, established by Senior in 1901);
* Rockefeller Foundation \- Founded in 1913, this is the famous philanthropic organization set up by Senior and Junior;
* Rockefeller Brothers Fund \- Founded in 1940 by the third-generation's five sons and one daughter of Junior;
* Rockefeller Family Fund \- Founded in 1967 by members of the family's fourth-generation;
* Rockefeller Group \- A private family-run real estate development company based in New York that originally owned, constructed and managed Rockefeller Center, it is now wholly owned by Mitsubishi Estate Co. Ltd;
* Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors \- is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that advises donors in their philanthropic endeavours throughout the world;
* Rockefeller Research Laboratories Building \- A major research centre into cancer that was established in 1986 and named after Laurance, this is located at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center;
* Rockefeller Center \- Home of the International Student Services office and department of philosophy, politics and law at the State University of New York at Binghamton;
* Rockefeller Chapel \- Completed in 1928, this is the tallest building on the campus of the University of Chicago, established by Senior in 1889;
* Rockefeller Hall \- Established by Senior in 1906, this building houses the Case Western Reserve University Physics Department;
* Rockefeller Hall \- Established by Senior and completed in 1906, this building houses the Cornell University Physics Department;[38]
* Rockefeller Hall \- Established by Senior in 1887, who granted Vassar College a $100,000 ($2.34 million in 2006 dollars) allowance to build additional, much needed lecture space. The final cost of the facility was $99,998.75. It now houses multi-purpose classrooms and departmental offices for political science, philosophy and math;
* Rockefeller Hall \- Established by Senior and completed in 1886, this is the oldest building on the campus of Spelman College;
* Rockefeller College \- Named after John D. Rockefeller III, this is a residential college at Princeton University;
* Michael C. Rockefeller Arts Center \- Completed in 1969 in memory of Nelson Rockefeller's son, this is a cultural centre at the State University of New York at Fredonia;
* The Michael C. Rockefeller Collection and the Department of Primitive Art \- Completed in 1982 after being initiated by Nelson, this is a wing of the Metropolitan Museum of Art;
* David and Peggy Rockefeller Building \- A tribute to David's wife, Peggy Rockefeller, this is a new (completed in 2004) six-story building housing the main collection and temporary exhibition galleries of the family's Museum of Modern Art;
* Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden \- Completed in 1949 by David, this is a major outdoor feature of the Museum of Modern Art;
* Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum \- Opened in 1957 by Junior, this is a leading folk art museum just outside the historic district of Junior's Colonial Williamsburg;
* Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Hall \- The freshman residence hall on the campus of Spelman College;
* Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial Building \- Completed in 1918, it is among other things a student residence hall at Spelman College, after the wife of Senior and after whom the college was named;
* Rockefeller State Park Preserve \- Part of the 3,400-acre (14 km2) family estate in Westchester County, this 1,233-acre (5 km2) preserve was officially handed over to New York State in 1983, although it had previously always been open to the public;
* Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park \- Established as a historical museum of conservation by Laurance during the 1990s.
* John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway \- Established in 1972 through Congressional authorization, connecting Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks;
* Rockefeller Forest \- Funded by Junior, this is located within Humboldt Redwoods State Park, California's largest redwood state park;
* Either of two US congressional committees {in 1972 - John D. III and 1975 - Nelson dubbed the Rockefeller Commission}.
* Rockefeller Park, a scenic park featuring gardens dedicated to several world nations along Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd. between University Circle and Lake Erie in Cleveland.
* Winthrop Rockefeller Institute of the University of Arkansas System was established in 2005 with a grant from the Winthrop Rockefeller Charitable Trust. The educational center with conference and lodging facilities is located on Petit Jean Mountain near Morrilton, Arkansas, on the original grounds of Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller's model cattle farm.
* David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies at Harvard University.
* Rockefeller Quad at the Loomis Chaffee School
* Rockefeller Complex library at Niels Bohr Institute, Nørrebro, Copenhagen Municipality in Denmark

John Jr., through his son Nelson, purchased and then donated the land upon which sits the United Nations headquarters, in New York, in 1946. Earlier, in the 1920s, he had also donated a substantial amount towards the restoration and rehabilitation of major buildings in France after World War I, such as the Rheims Cathedral, the Fontainebleau Palace and the Palace of Versailles, for which he was later (1936) awarded France's highest decoration, the Grand Croix of the Legion d'Honneur (subsequently also awarded decades later to his son, David Rockefeller).

He also funded the excavations at Luxor in Egypt, as well as establishing a Classical Studies School in Athens. In addition, he provided the funding for the construction of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in East Jerusalem \- the Rockefeller Museum.[39]

### Conservation

[edit]

Beginning with John D. Rockefeller Sr., the family has been a major force in land conservation.[40] Over the generations, it has created more than 20 national parks and open spaces, including the Cloisters, Acadia National Park, Forest Hill Park, the Nature Conservancy, the Rockefeller Forest in California's Humboldt Redwoods State Park (the largest stand of old-growth redwoods), and Grand Teton National Park, among many others. John Jr., and his son Laurance (and his son Laurance Jr. aka Larry) were particularly prominent in this area.

The family was honoured for its conservation efforts in November 2005, by the National Audubon Society, one of the United States' largest and oldest conservation organizations, at which over 30 family members attended. At the event, the society's president, John Flicker, stated: "Cumulatively, no other family in America has made the contribution to conservation that the Rockefeller family has made".[40]

In 2016 fifth-generation descendants of John Sr. criticized ExxonMobil, one of the successors to his company Standard Oil, for their record on climate change. The Rockefeller Brothers Fund and the Rockefeller Family Fund both backed reports suggesting that ExxonMobil knew more about the threat of global warming than it had disclosed. David Kaiser, grandson of David Rockefeller Sr. and president of the Rockefeller Family Fund, said that the "...company seems to be morally bankrupt." Valerie Rockefeller Wayne, daughter of former Senator Jay Rockefeller, said, "Because the source of the family wealth is fossil fuels, we feel an enormous moral responsibility for our children, for everyone -- to move forward."[41] The Rockefeller Brothers Fund announced it was divesting from fossil fuels in September 2014, the Rockefeller Family Fund announced plans to divest in March 2016, and the Rockefeller Foundation pledged to dump their fossil fuel holdings in December 2020.[42][43][44] With a $5 billion endowment, the Rockefeller Foundation was "the largest US foundation to embrace the rapidly growing divestment movement." CNN writer Matt Egan noted, "This divestment is especially symbolic because the Rockefeller Foundation was founded by oil money."[44] In May 2021 Rockefeller descendants Rebecca Rockefeller Lambert and Peter Gill Case announced a ten-year funding initiative, the Equation Campaign, to fight new fossil fuel development.[45]

### The archives

[edit]

The Rockefeller family archives are held at the Rockefeller Archive Center in Pocantico Hills, North Tarrytown, New York.[46] At present, the archives of John D. Rockefeller Sr. William Rockefeller, John D. Rockefeller Jr., Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, Abby Rockefeller Mauzé, John D. Rockefeller III, Blanchette Rockefeller, and Nelson Rockefeller are processed and open by appointment to readers in the Archive Center's reading room. Processed portions of the papers of Laurance Rockefeller are also open. In addition, the Archive Center has a microfilm copy of the Winthrop Rockefeller papers, the originals of which are held at the University of Arkansas, Little Rock. The papers of the family office, known as the Office of the Messrs. Rockefeller, are also open for research, although those portions that relate to living family members are closed.[47]

## Members

[edit]

### Ancestors

[edit]

* Godfrey Lewis Rockefeller (1783–1857) (m. 1806) Lucy Avery (1786–1867) (ten children)
* William Avery Rockefeller Sr.[48] (1810–1906) (m. 1837) Eliza Davison (1813–1889) (eight children)
* Lucy Rockefeller (1838–1878) (m. 1856) Pierson D. Briggs
* Clorinda Rockefeller (c. 1838–?, died young) (daughter from Nancy Brown)
* John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (1839–1937) (m. 1864) Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman (1839–1915)
* Cornelia Rockefeller (c. 1840–?) (daughter from Nancy Brown)
* William Avery Rockefeller Jr. (1841–1922) (m. 1864) Almira Geraldine Goodsell
* Mary Ann Rockefeller (1843–1925) (m. 1872) William Cullen Rudd
* Franklin "Frank" Rockefeller (1845–1917) (m. 1870) Helen Elizabeth Scofield
* Frances Rockefeller (1845–1847)
* William W. Rockefeller (1788–1851) (m. early 19th century) Eleanor Kisselbrack (1784–1859)

### Descendants of John Davison Rockefeller Sr.

[edit]

The total number of blood relative descendants as of 2006 was about 150.[citation needed]

* Elizabeth "Bessie" Rockefeller (1866–1906) (m.1889) Charles Augustus Strong (1862–1940)
* Margaret Rockefeller Strong (1897–1985) (m. 1st 1927) George de Cuevas (1885–1961), (m. 2nd 1977) Raimundo de Larrain
* Alice Rockefeller (1869–1870)
* Alta Rockefeller (1871–1962) (m.1901) Ezra Parmelee Prentice (1863–1955)
* John Rockefeller Prentice (1902–1972) (m. 1941) Abra Cantrill (1912–1972)
* Abra Prentice Wilkin (born 1942)
* Mary Adeline Prentice Gilbert (1907–1981) (m. 1937) Benjamin Davis Gilbert (1907–1992)
* Spelman Prentice (1911–2000) (m. 3rd 1972) Mimi Walters (four children)
* Peter Spelman Prentice (born 1940)
* Alexandra Sartell Prentice (born 1962)
* Michael Andrew Prentice (born 1964)
* Edith Rockefeller (1872–1932) (m. 1895) Harold Fowler McCormick
* John Rockefeller McCormick (1896–1901)
* Editha McCormick (1897–1898)
* Harold Fowler McCormick Jr. (1898–1973) (m. 1931) Anne "Fifi" Potter (1879–1969)
* Muriel McCormick (1902–1959) (m. 1931) Elisha Dyer Hubbard (1906)
* Mathilde McCormick (1905–1947) (m. 1923) Max Oser (1877–1942) (one child)
* John Davison Rockefeller Jr. (1874–1960) (m. 1st 1901) Abigail Greene "Abby" Aldrich (1874–1948)
* Abigail Aldrich "Babs" Rockefeller (1903–1976) (m. 1st 1925, div. 1954) David M. Milton (1900–1976) (m. 2nd 1946, d. 1949) Irving H. Pardee (1892–1949) (m. 3rd 1953, d. 1974) Jean Mauzé (1903–1974) (two children)
* Abigail Rockefeller "Abby" "Mitzi" Milton O'Neill (1928-2017) m. George Dorr O'Neill Sr. (six children; eighteen grandchildren)
* Marilyn Ellen Milton (1931–1980) (two children)
* John Davison Rockefeller III (1906–1978) (m. 1932) Blanchette Ferry Hooker (four children)
* Sandra Ferry Rockefeller (1935-2024)[49]
* John Davison "Jay" Rockefeller IV (born 1937) (m. 1967) Sharon Percy (four children)
* John Davison Rockefeller V (born 1969) m. Emily Tagliabue
* John Davison Rockefeller VI (born 2007)[50]
* Laura Rockefeller (born 2000)[50][51][52]
* Sophia Percy Rockefeller[50][53]
* Justin Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1979) m. Indré Vengris
* Valerie Rockefeller Wayne
* Hope Aldrich Rockefeller (born 1938) (three children)
* Alida Ferry Rockefeller Messinger (born 1949) (m. 1st 1978–1986) Mark Dayton (m. 2nd) William Messinger (three children)
* Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908–1979) (m. 1st 1930–1962) Mary Todhunter Clark (m. 2nd 1963) Margaretta Large "Happy" Fitler (1926–2015) (seven children)
* Rodman Clark Rockefeller (1932–2000) (m. 1st 1953–1979) Barbara Ann Olsen (m. 2nd 1980) Alexandra von Metzler (four children)
* Meile Rockefeller (born 1955)
* Peter C. Rockefeller (m. 1987) Allison Whipple Rockefeller[54]
* Steven Clark Rockefeller (born 1936)
* Mary Clark Rockefeller (born 1938) m. 1st (1961–1974) William J. Strawbridge (three children)
* Michael Clark Rockefeller (1938–1961)
* Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller Jr. (born 1964)
* Mark Fitler Rockefeller (born 1967)
* Laurance Spelman Rockefeller (1910–2004) (m. 1934) Mary French
* Laura Spelman Rockefeller Chasin (1936–2015)
* Marion French Rockefeller (born 1938)
* Dr. Lucy Rockefeller Waletzky (born 1941)
* Laurance Rockefeller Jr. (born 1944) (m. 1982) Wendy Gordon (two children)[55]
* Winthrop Rockefeller (1912–1973) (m. 1st 1948, div. 1954) Jievute "Bobo" Paulekiute (1916–2008) (m. 2nd 1956, div. 1971) Jeannette Edris (1918–1997)
* Winthrop Paul Rockefeller (1948–2006) (m. 1st 1971, div. 1979) Deborah Cluett Sage (m. 2nd 1983) Lisenne Dudderar (seven children)
* Andrea Davidson Rockefeller (b. 1972)
* Katherine Cluett Rockefeller (b. 1974)
* Winthrop Paul Rockefeller Jr. (b. 1976)
* William Gordon Rockefeller
* Colin Kendrick Rockefeller (b. 1990)
* John Alexander Camp Rockefeller
* Louis Henry Rockefeller
* David Rockefeller (1915–2017) (m. 1940) Margaret McGrath (1915–1996)
* David Rockefeller Jr. (born 1941) (m. 1st divorced) Diana Newell-Rowan (m. 2nd 2008) Susan Cohn (two children)
* Ariana Rockefeller (born 1982) (m. 1st 2010, div. 2019) Matthew Bucklin[56]
* Camilla Rockefeller (born 1984)[57][58]
* Abigail Rockefeller (born 1943)
* Neva Goodwin Rockefeller (born 1944) (m. 1st divorced) Walter J. Kaiser[59] (m. 2nd) Bruce Mazlish (1923–2016)[60]
* David Kaiser (1969–2020)[61]
* Margaret Dulany "Peggy" Rockefeller[62] (born 1947)
* Richard Gilder Rockefeller (1949–2014);[63][64] married to Nancy King[62] (two children, two step-children)[62][63]
* Clayton Rockefeller
* Rebecca Rockefeller
* Eileen Rockefeller[62] (born 1952) m. Paul Growald (two children)

### Descendants of William Avery Rockefeller Jr.

[edit]

An article in The New York Times in 1937 stated that William Rockefeller had, at that time, 28 great-grandchildren.[65]

* Lewis Edward Rockefeller (1865–1866)
* Emma Rockefeller McAlpin (1868–1934)
* William Goodsell Rockefeller (1870–1922) (five children)
* William Avery Rockefeller III (1896–1973) (three children)
* Elsie Rockefeller m. William Proxmire
* Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller (1899–1983) (seven children)
* Godfrey Anderson Rockefeller (1924–2010)
* James Stillman Rockefeller (1902–2004) (four children)
* Georgia Rockefeller Rose
* Andrew Carnegie Rose
* Louisa d'Andelot du Pont Rose
* John Davison Rockefeller II (1872–1877)
* Percy Avery Rockefeller (1878–1934) m. Isabel Goodrich Stillman (five children)
* Isabel Stillman Rockefeller (1902–1980) m. Frederic Walker Lincoln IV
* Isabel Lincoln (1927-2016) m. Basil Beebe (Stephen Basil) Elmer Jr. (1924-2007)
* David Basil Elmer
* Lucy Lincoln Elmer
* Monica Elmer
* Veronica Hoyt Elmer m. Clinton Richard Kanaga
* Anthony Kanaga
* Joshua Kanaga
* Lindsey Kanaga
* Calista Lincoln (1930-2012) m. Henry Upham Harder (1925-2004)
* Frederic Walker Lincoln Harder (b. 1953) m. Karin J. E. Bolang (b. 1954)
* Frederic Harder
* Calista Harder
* Gertrude Upham Lincoln Harder (b. 1955) m. James Briggs
* Alexander Briggs
* George Briggs
* Holly Briggs
* Katherine Briggs
* Calista Harder (b. 1957) m. Jan Hollyer
* Elsa Hollyer
* Ian Hollyer
* Holly Harris Harder (b. 1961) m. Bruce Kenneth Catlin (b. 1956)
* Augustus Attilio Catlin (b. 1997)
* Nickolas Charles Catlin (b. 2000)
* Caroline Catlin
* Henry Upham Harder Jr. (b. 1965) m. Natalie Rae Borrok (b. 1965)
* Haley Rae Harder (b. 1997)
* Henry Rolston Harder (b. 1999)
* Charles Lincoln Harder (b. 2003)
* Percilla Avery Lincoln (1937-2019) m. William Blackstone Chappell Jr. (1935-2017)
* Richard Blackstone Chappell (1964-2014)
* Avery Lincoln Chappell (1966-2005) m. J. Kevin Smith
* Ellery Smith
* Emeline Smith
* Stillman Smith
* Florence Philena Lincoln (b. 1940) m. Thomas Lloyd Short
* Avery Rockefeller (1903–1986) m. 1923 Anna Griffith Mark (three children)
* Faith Rockefeller Model (1909–1960)
* Robert Model (born 1942)
* Geraldine Rockefeller Dodge (1882–1973) m. Marcellus Hartley Dodge Sr.
* Marcellus Hartley Dodge Jr. (1908–1930)

### Spouses

[edit]

* Laura Celestia "Cettie" Spelman (1839–1915) – John D. Rockefeller Sr.
* Abby Greene Aldrich (1874–1948) – John D. Rockefeller Jr.
* Martha Baird Allen (1895–1971) – John D. Rockefeller Jr.
* Mary Todhunter Clark "Tod" (1907–1999) – Nelson Rockefeller
* Margaretta "Happy" Fitler (1926–2015) – Nelson Rockefeller
* Anne Marie Rasmussen – Steven Clark Rockefeller
* Blanchette Ferry Hooker (1909–1992) – John D. Rockefeller III
* Sharon Lee Percy – John D. Rockefeller IV
* Mary French (1910–1997) – Laurance Rockefeller
* Wendy Gordon – Laurance "Larry" Rockefeller Jr.
* Jievute "Bobo" Paulekiute (1916–2008) – Winthrop Rockefeller
* Jeannette Edris (1918–1997) – Winthrop Rockefeller
* Deborah Cluett Sage – Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
* Lisenne Dudderar – Winthrop Paul Rockefeller
* Margaret "Peggy" McGrath (1915–1996) – David Rockefeller
* Diana Newell Rowan – David Rockefeller Jr.
* Nancy King – Richard Gilder Rockefeller.
* Sarah Elizabeth "Elsie" Stillman (1872–1935) – William Goodsell Rockefeller
* Isabel Goodrich Stillman (1876–1935) – Percy Avery Rockefeller

Family tree

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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | John D. Rockefeller| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | William Rockefeller| | Frank Rockefeller
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| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Elizabeth Rockefeller Strong| | Alta Rockefeller Prentice| | Edith Rockefeller McCormick| | John D. Rockefeller Jr.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | William Goodsell Rockefeller| | | | | | Percy Avery Rockefeller| | Geraldine Rockefeller Dodge
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Abby Rockefeller Mauzé| | John D. Rockefeller III| | | | | | | | | | Nelson Rockefeller| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Laurance Rockefeller| | | | | | Winthrop Rockefeller| | | | | | | | | | David Rockefeller| | | | | | William Avery Rockefeller III| | Godfrey Stillman Rockefeller| | James Stillman Rockefeller| | Isabel Rockefeller Lincoln| | Avery Rockefeller|
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Jay Rockefeller| | Hope Aldrich Rockefeller| | Alida Rockefeller Messinger| | Rodman Rockefeller| | Steven Clark Rockefeller| | Michael Rockefeller| | Mark Rockefeller| | Laura Rockefeller Chasin| | Marion Rockefeller Weber| | Lucy Aldrich Rockefeller| | Laurance Rockefeller Jr.| | Winthrop Paul Rockefeller | | David Rockefeller Jr.| | Neva Goodwin| | Peggy Dulany| | Richard Rockefeller| | Eileen Rockefeller Growald| | Godfrey A. Rockefeller
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Justin Rockefeller| | | | | | | | | | Meile Rockefeller

## Network

[edit]

### Associates

[edit]

The following is a list of figures closely aligned with or subordinate to the Rockefeller family.

* Gianni Agnelli[66][additional citation(s) needed]
* Nelson W. Aldrich
* John Dustin Archbold
* Jabez A. Bostwick
* Benjamin Brewster
* Samuel P. Bush
* Duncan Candler
* Daniel O'Day
* C. Douglas Dillon
* J. Richardson Dilworth
* Samuel Calvin Tate Dodd
* William Lukens Elkins[67]
* Henry Morrison Flagler
* Simon Flexner
* Henry Clay Folger
* Joseph B. Foraker
* Raymond B. Fosdick
* Herman Frasch
* Frederick Taylor Gates
* Jerome Davis Greene
* Harkness family
* Mark Hanna[68][69][70][71]
* William Rainey Harper
* E.H. Harriman[72][additional citation(s) needed]
* Wallace Harrison
* Oliver Burr Jennings
* William Lyon Mackenzie King
* Henry Kissinger
* Ivy Lee
* John J. McCloy
* McCormick family
* Charles Edward Merriam
* William S. Paley
* Richard Parsons
* Oliver H. Payne
* Charles H. Percy
* Peter G. Peterson
* Pratt family
* Matthew Quay
* Eddie Rickenbacker[73][74]
* Henry H. Rogers
* Beardsley Ruml[75]
* John D. Ryan
* Jacob Schiff[citation needed]
* Louis Severance
* James Stillman
* Feargus B. Squire
* Walter Teagle
* Henry Morgan Tilford
* Paul Volcker
* John C. Whitehead

### Businesses

[edit]

The following is a list of businesses in which the Rockefeller family have held a controlling or otherwise significant interest.

* Allegheny Transportation Company
* American Smelting & Refining Company
* Anaconda Copper
* Apple Computer, Inc.[76]
* Arabian-American Oil Company
* Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway[77][78]
* Atlantic Petroleum[79]
* Baltimore & Ohio Railroad[80]
* Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company
* Buckeye Steel Castings
* Chase Manhattan Bank[81]
* Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad[82]
* Chrysler Corporation[83]
* Clivus Multrum, Inc.[84]
* Colorado Fuel and Iron[85]
* Consolidation Coal Company[86]
* Consolidated Edison, Inc.[87][88][89]
* Continental Oil[79]
* Cranston Print Works[90]
* Cushman & Wakefield, Inc.[91]
* Duluth, Missabe & Northern Railway[92]
* Eastern Air Lines[93]
* Intel Corporation[76]
* Intercontinental Rubber Company of New York[94]
* International Basic Economy Corporation[95]
* Itek
* Kyso[79]
* Marquardt Corporation
* McDonnell Aircraft Corporation[96][97]
* Mutual Alliance Trust Company
* Ohio Oil Company[98][79]
* National City Bank of New York
* Paravel
* Piasecki Helicopter
* Public Service Corporation of New Jersey[99]
* Reaction Motors[100]
* RKO Pictures[101]
* Rockefeller Apartments
* Rockefeller Capital Management
* Rockefeller Group
* RockResorts
* Santa Fe Reporter[102]
* Schroder, Rockefeller & Company[103]
* Socal[98]
* Socony-Vacuum Oil[98]
* South Penn Oil Company[104]
* Sohio[105]
* Standard Oil Company, Inc.
* Standard Oil of Indiana[98]
* Standard Oil of New Jersey[98][105]
* Union Sulphur Company
* Union Tank Car Company
* United Gas Improvement Corporation[67]
* U.S. Steel (1901–1911)[106][107]
* Venrock
* Western Maryland Railway[108][67][109]
* Wheeling & Lake Erie Railway[110][109]

### Philanthropies and Miscellaneous Nonprofit Organizations

[edit]

The following is a list of philanthropies and other non-profit institutions which were created by or have otherwise been closely tied to the Rockefeller family.

* Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum
* Asia Society
* Central Philippine University
* China Medical Board
* Council of the Americas
* Council on Foreign Relations
* David Rockefeller Center for Latin American Studies
* General Education Board
* Group of 30
* Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc.
* Institute for Pacific Relations
* International House of New York
* International Rice Research Institute
* Jackson Hole Preserve, Inc.
* John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library
* John D. Rockefeller III College
* Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
* K.W. Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity & Eugenics
* Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial
* Maine Coast Heritage Trust
* Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
* Michael Rockefeller Wing of the Met
* Museum of Automobiles
* Museum of Modern Art
* Nelson A. Rockefeller College of Public Affairs & Policy
* New York Cancer Hospital
* Population Council
* Rockefeller Archeological Museum
* Rockefeller Archive Center
* Rockefeller Brothers Fund
* Rockefeller Foundation
* Rockefeller Institute of Government
* Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors
* Rockefeller University
* Sleepy Hollow Restorations
* Social Science Research Council
* Spelman College
* Trilateral Commission
* United Nations Association[citation needed]
* University of Chicago
* Winrock International
* Winthrop Rockefeller Institute

## Buildings, estates and historic sites

[edit]

* Bassett Hall
* Colonial Williamsburg
* The Casements
* The Cloisters
* Eliza Davison House
* Elm Tree House[111]
* Embarcadero Center
* The Eyrie Summer Home
* First Baptist Church of Tarrytown
* Forest Hill
* Forest Hill Park (Ohio)
* Giralda Farms
* Grand Teton National Park
* Great Smoky Mountains National Park
* Greenacre Park
* Headquarters of the United Nations
* The Interchurch Center
* JY Ranch
* Kykuit
* Lincoln Center
* Marsh-Billings-Rockefeller National Historical Park
* Mount Hope Farm[112]
* Ocean County Park
* One Chase Manhattan Plaza
* Overhills[113]
* Riverside Church
* Rockefeller Center
* Rockefeller Chapel
* Rockefeller Golf House
* Rockefeller Guest House
* Rockefeller State Park Preserve
* The Rocks [29]
* Rockwood Hall
* Strong House (Vassar College)
* Standard Oil Building
* Villa Le Balze
* Virgin Islands National Park
* William Murray Residences
* World Trade Center (1973–2001)

## See also

[edit]

* Gilded Age

## References

[edit]

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ World's largest private fortune - see Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr., London: Warner Books, 1998. (p.370)
2. ^ The Political Economy of Third World Intervention: Mines, Money, and U.S. Policy in the Congo Crisis, David N. Gibbs, University of Chicago Press 1991, page 113
3. ^ The Rockefeller inheritance, Alvin Moscow, Doubleday 1977, page 418
4. ^ a b Chernow, Ron (1998). Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller. New York: Vintage Books. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4000-7730-4. "[William Rockefeller Sr.] met his future wife, Eliza Davison, at her father's farmhouse.... A prudent, straitlaced Baptist of Scottish-Irish descent, deeply attached to his daughter, John Davison must have sensed the world of trouble that awaited Eliza..."
5. ^ Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (p. 3). 2007
6. ^ John Thomas Flynn, God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His Times (p. 9). 1933
7. ^ Henry Oscar Rockefeller, Benjamin Franklin Rockefeller. The Transactions of the Rockefeller Family Association for 1905. Knickerbocker Press, 1915
8. ^ Rockefeller family association. [from old catalog]; Rockefeller, Henry Oscar; Rockefeller, Benjamin Franklin; Rockefeller, Claudius (1910). The transactions of the Rockefeller family association for ... 1905-. University of Wisconsin - Madison. New York, The Knickerbocker press.
9. ^ Martin, Albro (1999), "John D. Rockefeller", Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 23
10. ^ Chernow 1998, p. 52
11. ^ "The 9 most amazing facts about John D. Rockefeller". Oil Patch Asia. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014.
12. ^ Alsop, Stewart (2016). Nixon & Rockefeller: A Double Portrait. Open Road Media. ISBN 9781480446007. "Although the Nixon family was Quaker and the Rockefeller family Baptist"
13. ^ Schmiesing, Kevin (2016). Merchants and Ministers: A History of Businesspeople and Clergy in the United States. Lexington Books. p. 115\. ISBN 9781498539258.
14. ^ W. Williams, Peter (2016). Religion, Art, and Money: Episcopalians and American Culture from the Civil War to the Great Depression. University of North Carolina Press. p. 176\. ISBN 9781469626987. "The names of fashionable families who were already Episcopalian, like the Morgans, or those, like the Fricks, who now became so, goes on interminably: Aldrich, Astor, Biddle, Booth, Brown, Du Pont, Firestone, Ford, Gardner, Mellon, Morgan, Procter, the Vanderbilt, Whitney. Episcopalians branches of the Baptist Rockefellers and Jewish Guggenheims even appeared on these family trees."
15. ^ "Rockefeller Archive Center "Family, JDR"". Rockarch.org. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
16. ^ Women in the family with no control over the family fortune—see Bernice Kert, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House, 1993. (p.100)
17. ^ Managing the family wealth, 1992 New York Times article Rockefeller Family Tries to Keep A Vast Fortune From Dissipating (see External Links). (Note: The names and nature of these departments may have changed since 1992.)
18. ^ The Edifice Complex: The Architecture of Power, By Deyan Sudjic, Penguin, April 7, 2011, page 245–255
19. ^ a b White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
20. ^ "Rockefeller Archive Center "Family, OMR"". Rockarch.org. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
21. ^ "John D. Rockefeller Jr. and the Van Tassel Apartments, Rockefeller Archive Newsletter, Fall 1997" (PDF). Retrieved February 19, 2013.
22. ^ The Morningside Heights housing project - see David Rockefeller, Memoirs, New York: Random House, 2002. (pp.385-87).
23. ^ "UChicago.edu, "News, Nobel"". News.uchicago.edu. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
24. ^ Funded colleges and Ivy League universities - see Robert Shaplen, Toward the Well-Being of Mankind: Fifty Years of the Rockefeller Foundation, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1964. (passim)
25. ^ Siegmund-Schultze, Reinhard (April 1, 2003). Google Books: Rockefeller and the Internationalization of Mathematics. Springer. ISBN 9783764364687. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
26. ^ Gregor, Sharon (2006). Amazon Books: Forest Hill. Arcadia. ISBN 0738540943.
27. ^ a b Gray, Christopher (May 22, 1994). "Streetscapes/The Rockefeller City House; Pied-a-Terre Off Fifth for a Parsimonious Billionaire". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
28. ^ "New Home for John D. Rockefeller Jr". The New York Times. September 26, 1901. p. 16. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
29. ^ a b Elliot Carter (October 16, 2016). "Check Out The Rockefeller Mansion in Rock Creek Park". Architect of the Capital.org.
30. ^ Smith, Timothy R. "David Rockefeller Sr., steward of family fortune and Chase Manhattan Bank, dies at 101". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2017.
31. ^ Family unity maintained over the decades - see John Ensor Harr and Peter J. Johnson, The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988. (pp.370-71, passim); David's unifying influence - see Memoirs (pp.346-7)
32. ^ Carnegie.Org "Rockefellers" Archived August 31, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
33. ^ Greatest benefactor of medicine in history - see Ron Chernow, Titan: op.cit. (p.570)
34. ^ "Rockefeller Archive Center "JDR Jr"". Rockarch.org. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
35. ^ New York Times, November 21, 2006
36. ^ Barbara Gamarekian (March 15, 1991). "Museum Honors All Rockefellers and Gifts". The New York Times.
37. ^ Jene Stonesifer (March 14, 1991). "Rockefellers and Design". The Washington Post.
38. ^ Cornell.Edu "Infobase" Retrieved January 30, 2007.
39. ^ Restorations and constructions in France, Egypt, Greece and Jerusalem - see Memoirs, (pp.44-48).
40. ^ a b Depalma, Anthony (November 15, 2005). "They Saved Land Like Rockefellers". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2008.
41. ^ "Rockefeller descendants speak out against company to which they owe their prosperity". CBS News. December 2, 2016. Retrieved February 7, 2018.
42. ^ Schwartz, John (September 21, 2014). "Rockefellers, Heirs to an Oil Fortune, Will Divest Charity of Fossil Fuels". The New York Times. Retrieved September 23, 2014.
43. ^ Wade, Terry; Driver, Anna (March 24, 2016). "Rockefeller Family Fund hits Exxon, divests from fossil fuels". Reuters. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
44. ^ a b Egan, Matt (December 18, 2020). "Exclusive: A $5 billion foundation literally founded on oil money is saying goodbye to fossil fuels". CNN.com. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
45. ^ "Heirs to Rockefeller fortune launch effort to slow oil and gas growthg". The Hill. May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
46. ^ Haskell, Mary B. (Winter 1996). "Brother, Can You Share a Dime?: The Rockefeller Family and Libraries". Libraries & Culture. 31 (1): 130–143\. JSTOR 25548427.
47. ^ "DIMES: Online Collections and Catalog of Rockefeller Archive Center". dimes.rockarch.org. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
48. ^ Chernow, R. (1998). Titan: The life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr.
49. ^ Boston Globe/Legacy obituary
50. ^ a b c Virginian, Misty Poe | Times West (December 31, 2014). "Rockefeller finds purpose in 'people of the state I love so dearly'". Times West Virginian. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
51. ^ "Laura Rockefeller". SFS - School of Foreign Service - Georgetown University. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
52. ^ "2004 Rockefeller family holiday card - John D. Rockefeller | WVU Libraries". rockcards.lib.wvu.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
53. ^ "2004 Rockefeller family holiday card - John D. Rockefeller | WVU Libraries". rockcards.lib.wvu.edu. Retrieved March 18, 2025.
54. ^ "Allison H. Whipple, Broker, Marries Peter C. Rockefeller". The New York Times. December 20, 1987. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
55. ^ Deutsch, Claudia H. (January 15, 2006). "AT LUNCH WITH: WENDY GORDON; Living Green, but Allowing for Shades of Gray". The New York Times.
56. ^ Sipher, Devan (September 18, 2010). "Ariana Rockefeller and Matthew Bucklin". The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
57. ^ "World's Richest Heirs | Mom.com". mom.com. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
58. ^ Conley, Kevin (May 11, 2016). "How the Name Rockefeller Came to Mean More Than Just Wealth". Town & Country. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
59. ^ "Neva Rockefeller Engaged to Wed Walter J. Kaiser; Niece of Governor Will Be Bride of Professor at Harvard, Author". The New York Times. October 18, 1966. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
60. ^ Vitello, Paul (November 29, 2016). "Bruce Mazlish, Who Fused Psychoanalysis and History in His Books, Dies at 93". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
61. ^ Schwartz, John (July 16, 2020). "David Kaiser, Rockefeller Heir Who Fought Exxon Mobil, Dies at 50". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
62. ^ a b c d Berger, Joseph, "A Rockefeller Known Not for Wealth but for His Efforts to Help", New York Times, June 23, 2014. Retrieved June 24, 2014.
63. ^ a b Santora, Marc, "Richard Rockefeller Killed in New York Plane Crash", New York Times, June 13, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
64. ^ Fallows, James, "Richard Rockefeller, MD What would you do, if you could do anything? An inspiring answer to that question.", June 14, 2014. Retrieved June 14, 2014.
65. ^ "Rockefeller Archive Center "Family, JDR"". Rockarch.org. Retrieved February 19, 2013. [verification needed]
66. ^ Association with David Rockefeller – see his Memoirs, New York: Random House, 2002 (pp. 208, 479, 481)
67. ^ a b c Flynn, John T. (1932). God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His Times. Quinn & Boden Company. p. 347\. ISBN 978-1-61016-411-5. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
68. ^ Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (1976). The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. New York City, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 11–12\. ISBN 0-03-008371-0. "[John D. Rockefeller] had few friends in Cleveland's Central High School...although he did form a lasting bond with classmate Mark Hanna, later to be a U.S. senator, presidential kingmaker, and political fixer for the Standard Oil trust."
69. ^ Chernow 1999, p. 332.
70. ^ Chernow 1999, p. 388.
71. ^ Chernow 1999, p. 508.
72. ^ Josephson, Matthew (October 27, 2015) [1934]. The Robber Barons: The Classic Account of the Influential Capitalists Who Transformed America's Future. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 432–433\. ISBN 978-0-15-676790-3. "...[T]he various invasions of Harriman would have been impossible without tremendous draughts upon the reservoir of money at 26 Broadway. Else he could not have seized and rebuilt so quickly the Union Pacific; nor added to this Colis Huntington's huge Southern Pacific…To carry these enterprises, Harriman's biographer tells us, the men of the Standard Oil family ' gave Harriman financial support when he needed tens of millions of dollars, in credit or cash'."
73. ^ Daly Bednarek, Janet Rose; Launius, Roger D. (2003). Reconsidering a Century of Flight. UNC Press Books. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-8078-5488-4. Retrieved August 1, 2014.
74. ^ Chernow 1999, pp. 658–659.
75. ^ Domhoff, G.William (1996). State Autonomy or Class Dominance?: Case Studies on Policy Making In America. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. pp. 60–61\. ISBN 0-202-30512-0.
76. ^ a b Winks 1997, p. 55.
77. ^ Bryant Jr., Keith L.; Frailey, Fred W. (2020). History of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. University of Nebraska Press. p. 185\. ISBN 9781496214102.
78. ^ White, Leslie A. (2016). Modern Capitalist Culture. New York City, NY: Routledge. p. 379\. ISBN 978-1-59874-157-5.
79. ^ a b c d Auzanneau, Matthieu (2018) [2015]. Oil, Power and War: A Dark History. Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 80\. ISBN 978-1-60358-743-3. "The dismantling of Standard Oil appears to have been only a formality. The subsidiaries sold their products under the same brand and divided the sales territories; during the next two or three decades, there was virtually no perceptible competition between them...¶Above all, the main shareholders remained the same as before, beginning with John D. Rockefeller, who retained about one-quarter of the shares of each of the thirty-three companies created after the Supreme Court ruling."
80. ^ Chernow 1999, p. 373.
81. ^ Caro, Robert (1975) [1974]. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. Random House, Inc. p. 1067\. ISBN 0-394-72024-5. "There is scarcely a bank in New York State with which the Rockefellers do not have some link, direct or hidden. As for the state's largest bank, the Chase Manhattan Bank that is probably the most powerful financial institution anywhere on earth, Chase is, as [Theodore H.] White notes, 'the last great bank controlled by an individual family—the Rockefellers."
82. ^ "Who Built the Roads? A Modern Parable". The Railroad Telegrapher: Volume 39, Part 2. Order of Railroad Telegraphers. 1922. pp. 937–938. Retrieved March 4, 2023. "William Rockefeller, brother of John D., died a few weeks ago in his palatial home on the Hudson."
83. ^ “Nomination of Nelson A. Rockefeller to be Vice President of the United States” Hearings before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, Ninety-Third Congress, Second Session, November 21, 1974, (Serial No. 45), p.1069. "As for the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, in 1972 more than half of the 15 persons listed as trustees were members of the [Rockefeller] Family's investment counselors...[T]he Fund portfolio's largest holdings are in Exxon, Standard Oil of California, Chase Manhattan Bank, and Rockefeller Center, all considered controlled by, or heavily influenced by, the Rockefeller Family. The next largest holding is in the Chrysler Corporation where in the period 1966-1970, they held 80,000 shares of Chrysler common stock plus $1.6 million in notes of the Chrysler Financial and Realty Corporation. Remember that J.Richardson Dilworth has been a director of Chrysler since 1962, when the Rockefellers bought a major stock position in that company."
84. ^ McCandlish, Laura (May 22, 2005). "Indoor composting toilets waste not, want not". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 29, 2021.
85. ^ Chernow 1999, p. 571.
86. ^ "Rockefellers in the Consolidation Coal Co". The Big Sandy News. Louisa, KY. February 2, 1917. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
87. ^ Groner, Alex (1972). The American Heritage History of American Business & Industry. American Heritage Publishing Company. p. 213\. ISBN 0070011567.
88. ^ U.S. Congress House Committee on the Judiciary (1974). Nomination of Nelson A. Rockefeller to be Vice President of the United States: Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 665. Retrieved March 3, 2024. "Consolidated Edison—[Nelson] Rockefeller's conflict of interest statement on file with the N.Y. Secretary of State, shows the [Rockefeller] family ownership of this big utility. With ownership goes control, of course."
89. ^ Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (1976). The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 389\. ISBN 0-03-008371-0. "Nelson [Rockefeller] and Laurance's Great-Uncle William Rockefeller had been, in fact, one of the original owners of Con Ed, and based on figures Junior had given TNEC investigators in 1937, the [Rockefeller] family's current holdings would amount to better than $10 million."
90. ^ "Godfrey S. Rockefeller, Dies; Executive in Textiles Was 83". The New York Times. February 25, 1983. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
91. ^ Dorfman, Dan (July 29, 1985). "Trustbusters Named Rockefeller?". New York Magazine. New York Media. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
92. ^ Drury 2007, p. 398.
93. ^ Kaufman, Michael T. (July 11, 2004). "Laurance Rockefeller, Venture Capitalist and Philanthropist, Dies at 94". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved May 26, 2021. "In the late 1930's, [Laurance Rockefeller] provided much of the capital to help Capt. Eddie Rickenbacker, the World War I fighter pilot, start Eastern Airlines and was for many years the airline's largest stockholder."
94. ^ Hart, John Mason. Empire and Revolution: The Americans in Mexico since the Civil War. Berkeley: University of California Press 2002, pp. 183–84.
95. ^ Schroy, John Oswin. "The International Basic Economy Corporation, IBEC, CRESCINCO, Nelson Rockefeller, and the Brazilian Capital Market". www.capital-flow-analysis.com.
96. ^ Chernow 1999, p. 659.
97. ^ Kaufman, Michael T. (July 11, 2004). "Laurance Rockefeller, Venture Capitalist and Philanthropist, Dies at 94". The New York Times. Retrieved March 3, 2023.
98. ^ a b c d e White, Leslie A. (2016). Modern Capitalist Culture. New York City, NY: Routledge. p. 379\. ISBN 978-1-59874-157-5. "The Rockefeller family owned enough stock in five of the 200 largest non-financial corporations to insure virtual control over them. They were: (1) Standard Oil Company (New Jersey) of whose stock 13.5 percent was owned by members of the Rockefeller family and by family foundations; this was by far the largest block of stock extant. (2) Socony Vacuum Oil Company, Inc, 16.3 percent of whose common stock was owned by members of the Rockefeller family; (3) Standard Oil (Indiana), 11.4 percent of common stock owned by family and foundations; (4) Standard Oil Company of California, 11.9 percent of common stock held by family, 0.5 percent by foundations; (5) Ohio Oil Company, family held 9.5 percent, foundations held 9.1 percent of common stock; family and foundations each owned about 10 percent of the preferred stock"
99. ^ Shannon, David A. (1977). Twentieth Century America, Volume I: The Progressive Era. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally College Publishing Company. pp. 73–74.
100. ^ Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (1976). The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. New York City, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 296\. ISBN 0-03-008371-0.
101. ^ Lasky, Betty (1984). RKO, The Biggest Little Major of Them All. Prentice Hall, Inc. p. 55\. ISBN 0-13-781451-8.
102. ^ "Wrestling toward the Truth". Santa Fe Reporter. June 25, 2014. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
103. ^ "ROCKEFELLER KIN IN BANKING FIELD; Avery, Grandson of William Rockefeller, a Founder of New Investment Concern. A PRINCIPAL STOCKHOLDER Schroder, Rockefeller & Co., Inc., Will Do Underwriting and Securities Business". The New York Times. July 9, 1936. Retrieved February 16, 2023.
104. ^ Ansell, Martin R. (1998). Oil Baron of the West - Edward L. Doheny and the Development of Petroleum Industry in California and Mexico. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University. ISBN 0-8142-0749-9.
105. ^ a b Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (1976). The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 389\. ISBN 0-03-008371-0. "The [Standard Oil] trust was dead, but Rockefeller continued to hold controlling interest[s] in the constituent companies. As late as 1931, he had some 23 percent of Standard Oil of New Jersey, 18 percent of Standard of Ohio, 15 percent of Standard Oil of California, and 10 percent Standard of Indiana"
106. ^ Chernow 1999, pp. 392–393.
107. ^ Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (1976). The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 389\. ISBN 0-03-008371-0. "[Rockefeller's] agreement with Morgan on the Mesabi property had made him the largest stockholder in U.S. Steel and given him a seat on the board of directors."
108. ^ United States Congress Joint Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce (1918). Interstate and Foreign Transportation: Hearings Before the Joint Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Congress of the United States, Pursuant to Public J. Res. 25, a Joint Resolution Creating a Joint Subcommittee from the Membership of the Senate Committee on Interstate Commerce and the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce to Investigate the Conditions Relating to Interstate and Foreign Commerce, and the Necessity of Further Legislation Relating Thereto, and Defing the Powers and Duties of Such Subcommittee, Volume 4, Parts 13-14 (Report). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 2109. Retrieved February 28, 2024.
109. ^ a b Grant, H. Roger (2019) [2004]. "Follow the Flag": A History of the Wabash Railroad Company. Northern Illinois University Press. p. 265\. ISBN 978-1-5017-4777-9.
110. ^ Price & Spillane 1917, p. 455.
111. ^ "Mrs. E. Parmalee Prentice Dies; Daughter of J.D. Rockefeller Sr" (PDF). The New York Times. June 22, 1962. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
112. ^ "J. R. Prentice Dies; Cattle Breeder, 69". The New York Times. June 16, 1972. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
113. ^ Irwin, Jeffrey D.; O'Shea, Kaitlin (2008). Overhills. Arcadia Publishing. pp. 8–9\. ISBN 978-0-7385-5433-4.

### Other sources

[edit]

* Chernow, Ron (1999). Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller Sr. New York City, United States: Vintage Books; Random House, Inc. ISBN 0-679-75703-1.
* Depalma, Anthony, They Saved Land Like Rockefellers, The New York Times Archive, November 15, 2005.
* Drury, George H. (2007). "Duluth, Missabe & Iron Range Railway". In Middleton, William D.; Smerk, George M.; Diehl, Roberta L. (eds.). Encyclopedia of North American Railroads. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 398–399\. ISBN 978-0-253-34916-3.
* O'Connell, Dennis, Top 10 Richest Men Of All Time, AskMen.com, undated.
* Price, Theodore H.; Spillane, Richard, eds. (1917). "The Economic Panorama of the Week". Commerce and Finance, Volume 6. pp. 452–457. Retrieved February 29, 2024.
* Rose, Kenneth W., Select Rockefeller Philanthropies, Booklet (pdf, 23 pages) of the Rockefeller Archive Center, 2004.
* Strom, Stephanie, Manhattan: A Rockefeller Plans a Huge Bequest, The New York Times Archive, November 21, 2006.
* Winks, Robin W. (1997). Laurance S. Rockefeller: Catalyst For Conservation. Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-547-9.
* Origin of Rockenfeld, in German
* Descendants of Goddard Rockenfeller
* Listing of University of Chicago Nobel Laureates, News Office, University of Chicago website, undated.
* Carnegie Corporation of New York, Celebrating 100 years of Andrew Carnegie's Philanthropy - awarding the inaugural Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy to David and Laurance Rockefeller, 2001.
* The Rockefeller Archive Center, John D. Rockefeller, Junior, 1874–1960, Overview of his life and philanthropy, 1997.

### Further reading

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* Abels, Jules. The Rockefeller Billions: The Story of the World's Most Stupendous Fortune. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1965.
* Aldrich, Nelson W. Jr. Old Money: The Mythology of America's Upper Class. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988.
* Allen, Gary. The Rockefeller File. Seal Beach, California: 1976 Press, 1976.
* Boorstin, Daniel J. The Americans: The Democratic Experience. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.
* Brown, E. Richard. Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
* Caro, Robert (1974). The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-48076-3. OCLC 834874.
* Chernow, Ron. Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. London: Warner Books, 1998.
* Collier, Peter; Horowitz, David (1976). The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty. New York City, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-008371-0.
* Elmer, Isabel Lincoln. Cinderella Rockefeller: A Life of Wealth Beyond All-Knowing. New York: Freundlich Books, 1987.
* Ernst, Joseph W., editor. "Dear Father"/"Dear Son:" Correspondence of John D. Rockefeller and John D. Rockefeller Jr. New York: Fordham University Press, with the Rockefeller Archive Center, 1994.
* Flynn, John T. God's Gold: The Story of Rockefeller and His Times. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1932.
* Fosdick, Raymond B. John D. Rockefeller Jr.: A Portrait. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
* Fosdick, Raymond B. The Story of the Rockefeller Foundation. New York: Transaction Publishers, Reprint, 1989.
* Gates, Frederick Taylor. Chapters in My Life. New York: The Free Press, 1977.
* Gitelman, Howard M. Legacy of the Ludlow Massacre: A Chapter in American Industrial Relations. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988.
* Gonzales, Donald J., Chronicled by. The Rockefellers at Williamsburg: Backstage with the Founders, Restorers and World-Renowned Guests. McLean, Virginia: EPM Publications, Inc., 1991.
* Hanson, Elizabeth. The Rockefeller University Achievements: A Century of Science for the Benefit of Humankind, 1901-2001. New York: The Rockefeller University Press, 2000.
* Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Century: Three Generations of America's Greatest Family. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1988.
* Harr, John Ensor, and Peter J. Johnson. The Rockefeller Conscience: An American Family in Public and in Private. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1991.
* Hawke, David Freeman. John D.: The Founding Father of the Rockefellers. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.
* Hidy, Ralph W. and Muriel E. Hidy. Pioneering in Big Business: History of Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), 1882-1911. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1955.
* Jonas, Gerald. The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science. New York: W.W.Norton and Co., 1989.
* Josephson, Emanuel M. The Federal Reserve Conspiracy and the Rockefellers: Their Gold Corner. New York: Chedney Press, 1968.
* Josephson, Matthew. The Robber Barons. London: Harcourt, 1962.
* Kert, Bernice. Abby Aldrich Rockefeller: The Woman in the Family. New York: Random House, 2003.
* Klein, Henry H. Dynastic America and Those Who Own It. New York: Kessinger Publishing, [1921] Reprint, 2003.
* Kutz, Myer. Rockefeller Power: America's Chosen Family. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974.
* Lundberg, Ferdinand. America's Sixty Families. New York: Vanguard Press, 1937.
* Lundberg, Ferdinand. The Rich and the Super-Rich: A Study in the Power of Money Today. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1968.
* Lundberg, Ferdinand. The Rockefeller Syndrome. Secaucus, New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1975.
* Manchester, William R. A Rockefeller Family Portrait: From John D. to Nelson. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1959.
* Moscow, Alvin. The Rockefeller Inheritance. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1977.
* Nevins, Allan. John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940.
* Nevins, Allan. Study In Power: John D. Rockefeller, Industrialist and Philanthropist. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1953.
* Okrent, Daniel. Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center. New York: Viking Press, 2003.
* Ratto, Pietro. Rockefeller e Warburg. Le famiglie più potenti della terra. Bologna: Arianna Editrice [it], 2019. ISBN 978-88-6588-209-2.
* Reich, Cary. The Life of Nelson A. Rockefeller: Worlds to Conquer 1908-1958. New York: Doubleday, 1996.
* Roberts, Ann Rockefeller. The Rockefeller Family Home: Kykuit. New York: Abbeville Publishing Group, 1998.
* Rockefeller, David. Memoirs. New York: Random House, 2002.
* Rockefeller, Henry Oscar, ed. Rockefeller Genealogy. 4 vols. 1910 - ca.1950.
* Rockefeller, John D. Random Reminiscences of Men and Events. New York: Doubleday, 1908; London: W. Heinemann. 1909; Sleepy Hollow Press and Rockefeller Archive Center, (Reprint) 1984.
* Roussel, Christine. The Art of Rockefeller Center. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2006.
* Scheiffarth, Engelbert. Der New Yorker Gouverneur Nelson A. Rockefeller und die Rockenfeller im Neuwieder Raum Genealogisches Jahrbuch, Vol 9, 1969, p16-41.
* Sealander, Judith. Private Wealth and Public Life: Foundation Philanthropy and the Reshaping of American Social Policy, from the Progressive Era to the New Deal. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
* Siegmund-Schultze, Reinhard. Rockefeller and the Internationalization of Mathematics Between the Two World Wars: Documents and Studies for the Social History of Mathematics in the 20th Century. Boston: Birkhauser Verlag, 2001.
* Stasz, Clarice. The Rockefeller Women: Dynasty of Piety, Privacy, and Service. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.
* Tarbell, Ida M. The History of the Standard Oil Company. New York: Phillips & Company, 1904.
* Winks, Robin W. Laurance S. Rockefeller: Catalyst for Conservation, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 1997.
* Yergin, Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991.
* Young, Edgar B. Lincoln Center: The Building of an Institution. New York: New York University Press, 1980.

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