Roja (film)

1992 Indian romantic thriller film by Mani Ratnam

Roja

Theatrical release poster

Directed by| Mani Ratnam
Written by| Sujatha (dialogues)
Screenplay by| Mani Ratnam
Story by| Mani Ratnam
Produced by| K. Balachander
Starring| Arvind Swamy
Madhubala
Cinematography| Santosh Sivan
Edited by| Suresh Urs
Music by| A. R. Rahman

Production
company

Kavithalayaa Productions

Distributed by| GV Films

Release date

* 15 August 1992 (1992-08-15)

Running time

| 137 minutes[1]
Country| India
Language| Tamil

Roja is a 1992 Indian Tamil-language romantic thriller film directed and co-written by Mani Ratnam. The film stars Arvind Swamy and Madhoo (credited as Madhubala). The film was produced by K. Balachander under his Kavithalayaa Productions and distributed by G. Venkateswaran. The film's cinematography was handled by Santhosh Sivan, music by A. R. Rahman in his debut and editing done by Suresh Urs.

It follows a simple girl from a village in Tamil Nadu, making desperate efforts to find her husband after he is kidnapped by militants during a secret undercover mission in Jammu and Kashmir.

The film released on 15 August 1992, to positive reviews, receiving praise for its patriotic theme and critically acclaimed soundtrack. It was featured in the Indian panorama section of the 24th IFFI.

Roja won three National Film Awards, including Best Film on National Integration, catapulting Ratnam to national acclaim. The film also gained international acclaim with its nomination for Best Film at the 18th Moscow International Film Festival. The film was re-released for international audiences in light of the growing fear of terrorist attacks across the world. It is the first in Mani Ratnam's trilogy of films, preceding Bombay (1995) and Dil Se.. (1998), that depict human relationships against a background of Indian politics.

A. R. Rahman debuted as a composer with this film.[2] He won the National Film Award for Best Music Direction, Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil and the Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director for his work.

## Plot

[edit]

In Srinagar, a Kashmiri terrorist, Wasim Khan, is captured by a team led by Colonel Rayappa. In Tamil Nadu, 18-year old[3] Roja is a simple village girl born and brought up in Sundarapandiapuram in Tenkasi district. Roja fervently wishes that her sister Shenbagam's marriage proposal with Rishikumar, a cryptologist working with the R.A.W. agency of Indian Intelligence, goes smoothly. Unknown to her and her family, Shenbagam is in love with the son of her maternal uncle.

When Rishi wishes to speak to Shenbagam alone, she gathers enough courage to convey this and politely asks him to reject her in front of her parents, to which he obliges. To everyone's surprise, Rishi requests Roja's hand in marriage instead. Being unaware of Shenbagam's love affair, Roja is not willing to accept Rishi's proposal as she believes that he is the best match for Shenbagam but she marries Rishi, and the couple go to live in Madras while Shenbagam marries her cousin.

Initially, Roja does not like what Rishi did, but when she learns of Shenbagam's love story and consequent rejection of Rishi, she apologises and starts seeing him in a new light. Love blossoms and life is blissful for the couple for a short while. Meanwhile, due to the illness of his Chief, Rishi is assigned to an army communications centre in Baramulla to intercept military intelligence. The couple finds themselves in a beautiful yet alien land. Roja's world turns upside down when Rishi is kidnapped by terrorists whose agenda is to separate Kashmir from India and free their leader, Wasim Khan, from judicial custody.

Faced with the daunting task of rescuing her husband, Roja runs from pillar to post, pleading with politicians and the military for help. Further complicating matters is the language barrier: she cannot speak their language, and they cannot speak hers. Meanwhile, Rishi, held captive by a group of terrorists led by Liaqat, an associate to Wasim Khan, tries to reason with the terrorists, about their misdirected motive for the liberation of Kashmir. Liaqat's sister shows a little compassion towards him. Initially, when Roja's efforts fail, the Indian government denies any negotiations with the terrorists for the release of Rishi in the media.

The angered terrorists attempt to burn an Indian flag. Rishi risks his life to put out the fire and shows the terrorist how much the country means to him, a regular citizen. When Liaqat's younger brother, who with a few other youths from his village was sent across the border to Pakistan for training, is shot by the Pakistan Army, Liaqat's strong belief is shaken, but he still manages to convince himself of the cause. Consequently, Roja's efforts to apprise the politicians of her suffering and pain are successful as a minister pities her and offers to help.

Much to the chagrin of Rayappa, the government decides to release Wasim Khan in exchange for Rishi. Rishi, not wanting to be used as a pawn to release a dangerous terrorist, gets help from the sympathetic Liaqat's sister and escapes — with Liaqat and his men chasing him. Rayappa, Roja, and other army officers get to the hostage exchange spot with Wasim Khan, but Liaqat does not show up. The Army locks Wasim Khan up in the prison.

Rishi has managed to get close to the exchange spot on his own after evading the terrorists. During his escape, Rishi subdues two terrorists. Liaqat catches up with him and holds him at gunpoint. Rishi reasons with Liaqat further and convinces him that his war is immoral. Liaqat lets Rishi go and he goes to the exchange spot. Liaqat escapes from the Indian Army while Rishi and Roja are united once again.

## Cast

[edit]

* Arvind Swamy as Rishi Kumar
* Madhubala as Roja
* Nassar as Colonel Rayappa[4]
* Janagaraj as Achu Maharaj
* Pankaj Kapur as Liaqat
* Shiva Rindani as Wasim Khan[5]
* Vaishnavi Aravind as Shenbagam[6]
* C. K. Saraswathi as one of the village seniors
* Vijaya Chandrika as Roja's mother
* Sathyapriya as Rishi's mother
* Vatsala Rajagopal as Roja's paternal grandmother
* Sujitha as Chinna Ponnu
* S. V. Venkatraman as Chandramoorthy, Rishikumar's chief and RAW official
* Nirmala Periyasamy as Newsreader
* Rangammal
* Manikandan. G. as Liaqat's brother
* Padmini as Liaqat's sister
* Raju Sundaram (special appearance in the song "Rukmini")[7]

## Production

[edit]

### Development

[edit]

On 28 June 1991, K. Doraiswamy, an executive of the Indian Oil Corporation, was kidnapped by Kashmiri militants and put in captivity for two months.[8][9] This inspired Mani Ratnam to make the film Roja.[10][11] Doraiswamy's wife was fighting for his release, and according to Ratnam, it was her plight that the film was based on.[12]

During the making of Anjali (1990), Ratnam told actor and director Kitty the outline of Roja and offered him to direct the film. Kitty declined, as he wanted to do something of his own. As Ratnam was telling him the outline, the subject became more crystallised. Kitty did not pick it up and when filmmaker K. Balachander asked Ratnam, he told him the outline. All the developments happened after that.[13] It was Balachander who approached Ratnam to make a film for his banner. As Balachander was the inspiration and the reason for Ratnam entering Tamil films, when he asked him to make a film for his banner, Ratnam wanted it to be one of the best films they had produced. Ratnam was keen that it needed to be of Balachander's standard.[8] Balachander instantly approved the outline of the film when Ratnam narrated. However, he disliked the title Roja (Rose) as he felt it sounded similar to the name of a brand of crushed betel nut. Ratnam thought the title represented Kashmir because "the rose is something beautiful but with thorns". To satisfy Balachander, he suggested another title Irudhi Varai (Till the end), but Balachander preferred Roja, which was finalised.[14]

Roja was the first film for which Ratnam used a Steadicam, in the shot that introduces the terrorists' hideout to the audiences.[15] The film was made on a shoestring budget. The technicians worked for less money with the understanding that the film would also be sold for less money. It was not thought of as something that would work on a big scale. The film was composed mostly of newcomers, a new music director, and it was about Kashmir which, according to Ratnam, not much was known to Tamil people at that time. He called the film "a bit of an experiment".[16] It is also the first in Ratnam's trilogy of films that depict human relationships against a background of Indian politics, including Bombay (1995) and Dil Se.. (1998).[17] Roja is a contemporary adaptation of the story of Savitri and Satyavan.[18][19] According to Ratnam, it was not originally planned as a political film: "It was a phase India was going through and these things affected me and found their way into my work."[20]

### Casting

[edit]

Arvind Swamy was signed on to play the lead role in Roja after Rajiv Menon declined.[21][22] Aishwarya and Ayesha Jhulka were initial choices for the female lead, but declined due to date issues; the role went to Madhoo, credited as Madhubala.[23][24] Aishwarya later revealed that she deeply regretted her decision, which was made by her grandmother against her will, for a Telugu film which was later cancelled.[25] Ratnam wanted a North Indian actor to portray Liaqat, a Kashmiri character, and Pankaj Kapur accepted when approached.[8] Ratnam approached Karisma Kapoor to play a Kashmiri girl, but ultimately decided not to cast her, believing she was "far too expensive for a Tamil film"; the role went to another actress.[26]

### Filming

[edit]

Ratnam had planned to shoot Roja in Kashmir, but extreme terrorism there forced him to shoot the film in other hill stations resembling it.[27][28] Shooting locations included Coonoor,[29] Ooty,[30] and Manali, Himachal Pradesh.[31][32] The film's cinematographer Santosh Sivan said that a lot of images were written in at the script level; even in the Kashmir sequences, the audience only sees the snow when Roja sees it for the first time. These things were written into the script.[33] The song "Chinna Chinna Aasai" was shot at Hogenakkal Falls in Dharmapuri and in the Banatheertham Falls in Papanasam, Tirunelveli.[34][35] Shakti Singh dubbed for Arvind Swami in the Hindi version of the film,[36][37] while Madhubala dubbed for herself.[38] The whole film was completed in less than 60 days.[39] The final length of the film was 3,750 metres (12,300 ft).[40]

## Themes and influences

[edit]

Writing for the magazine Jump Cut, Kumudan Maderya noted that Roja celebrates "the middle-class yuppie hero’s nationalistic fervor" and positions the "anti-national communalist terrorists in Kashmir" as key threats to India as a whole.[41] Vairamuthu, who was signed as the lyricist, felt the film's "tense and action-packed" content was in sharp contrast to the "poetic" title.[42] Journalist Malini Mannath and a writer for Bangalore Mirror compared Roja to Held Hostage (1991), a television film about the kidnapping of journalist Jerry Levin whose rescue was organised by his wife.[43]

## Soundtrack

[edit]

Main article: Roja (soundtrack)

The soundtrack and background score for the film was composed by A. R. Rahman in his debut as a music director. Mani Ratnam, who previously worked with Ilayaraaja in his earlier films, replaced him with Rahman, who worked as a keyboard programmer for Ilayaraaja for his film Moodu Pani (1980), also marking their first collaboration as well. The album features seven tracks in Tamil and Hindi, and six tracks in Telugu, Malayalam and Marathi and five tracks in the instrumental adaptation album.

The song "Thamizha Thamizha" is a poem written by Subramanya Bharathi. "Chinna Chinna Aasai" was the first song Rahman had composed for the film. The song "Kadhal Rojave" has two versions in both Tamil and Hindi; a solo and a duet in the former. The Hindi version of the song, titled "Roja Jaaneman", has two versions – one by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam and the other by Hariharan.

The album received critical acclaim and was also listed in Time magazine's "10 Best Soundtracks" of all time.[44][45] The Tamil and Hindi versions of the album sold over 3 million units in India, with the Tamil version selling over 200,000 units[46] and the Hindi version selling 2.8 million units.[47]

## Release

[edit]

Roja was released on 15 August 1992, and distributed by GV Films.[48] In August 2015, it was screened at the 2015 London Indian Film Festival, in the retrospective series Politics as Spectacle: The Films of Mani Ratnam, along with Bombay and Dil Se.[49] Owing to the commercial response in domestic market, Roja was dubbed and released in Hindi, Telugu, Marathi and Malayalam languages, all of which proved to be equally successful ventures.[15][50][51][52]

## Reception

[edit]

### Critical response

[edit]

Roja received praise for its patriotic themes.[11] On 26 September 1992, K. Vijiyan of New Straits Times wrote, "Under Mani Ratnam's direction, [Arvind] and Madhubala gave their best ... The excellent photography by Santhosh Sivan [who was also the cameraman for Thalapathi] makes us appreciate the beauty we take for granted in the villages. The snow-capped mountains and flower-covered valleys of Kashmir are also an eyeful."[6] Writing for The Indian Express, Malini Mannath compared Roja unfavourably to Held Hostage; she praised Arvind Swami's performance, calling him "dignified and natural", but criticised Madhubala's performance in the scenes where Roja pleads for her husband's rescue, saying, "Her tremulous whisper praying for help, sounds contrived". She also felt that Pankaj Kapoor looked "lost in his role", but lauded the cinematography by Santosh Sivan and the editing by Suresh Urs.[53] T. N. Seshan, then the Chief Election Commissioner of India declared, "This is a film that every Tamilians should see."[54] S. R. of Kalki applauded the film for Sivan's cinematography, Ratnam's direction, Rahman's music, humorous and strong dialogues, natural acting and story.[55]

## Accolades

[edit]

1993 National Film Awards (India)[56][57]

* Won – Silver Lotus Award – Best Music Director – A. R. Rahman
* Won – Silver Lotus Award – Best Lyricist – Vairamuthu
* Won – Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration

Madhubala's performance took her close to winning in the category of Best Actress, but she eventually lost to Dimple Kapadia.[58]

1993 Filmfare Awards South[59][60]

* Won – Filmfare Best Movie Award (Tamil) – Roja
* Won – Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil) – A. R. Rahman

1993 Tamil Nadu State Film Awards (India)[61][62]

* Won – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film
* Won – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director – Mani Ratnam
* Won – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director – A. R. Rahman
* Won – Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize – Madhubala
* Won – Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Minmini

1993 Shantaram Awards[61]

* Won – Best Director – Mani Ratnam

1993 Moscow International Film Festival (Russia)[63]

* Nominated – Golden St. George (Best Film) – Mani Ratnam

Bite the Mango Film Festival (United Kingdom)[64]

* Featured screening and premiere – Roja

Wangfujing Film Festival (Beijing)[65]

* Special screening – Roja

Indian Film Week (Moscow)[66]

* Screening in the category of "From the classics to the contemporary" – Roja

## References

[edit]

1. ^ The Cinema of Mani Ratnam. Cine Central. 1998. p. 23\. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 25 September 2016.
2. ^ "AR Rahman: 'I wanted to do Roja and leave films, and then I became the change'". 15 June 2024.
3. ^ Rangan 2012, p. 128.
4. ^ Sripada, Krish (14 August 2017). "On-screen nationalism to the fore". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
5. ^ Pradeep (15 August 2020). "Roja and the making of a whole new generation of nationalists". The Federal. Archived from the original on 16 September 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
6. ^ a b Vijiyan, K. (26 September 1992). "Superb, Uncensored Songs Make Roja A Splendid Movie". New Straits Times. p. 24\. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2020 - via Google News Archive.
7. ^ Rajitha (4 December 2001). "Dancer in the dark". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
8. ^ a b c "சினிமாவில் பயங்கரவாதம்!" (PDF). Kalki (in Tamil). 13 September 1992. pp. 6–10. Retrieved 15 May 2024 - via Internet Archive.6-10&rft.date=1992-09-13&rft_id=https://archive.org/download/kalki1992-09-13/kalki1992-09-13.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Roja+(film)" class="Z3988">
9. ^ Khayal, Ghulam Nabi (21 August 1991). "Kashmiri militants free Indian official held for 54 days". United Press International. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
10. ^ Gaur, Meenu (2013). "The Roja Debate and the Limits of Secular Nationalism". Indian Mass Media and the Politics of Change. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-19665-2. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
11. ^ a b Jain, Madhu (31 January 1994). "Guns and roses". India Today. Archived from the original on 18 November 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
12. ^ Rangan 2012, p. 124.
13. ^ Rangan 2012, p. 125.
14. ^ Rangan 2012, pp. 123–124.
15. ^ a b Rangan 2012, p. 112.
16. ^ Rangan 2012, p. 131.
17. ^ Pillai, Sreedhar (29 June 2008). "Tryst with terrorism". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
18. ^ "When you start making films for commerce alone, you start getting into problems". Rediff.com. 4 April 1997. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
19. ^ Rangan 2012, p. 126.
20. ^ Melwani, Lavina (26 September 2015). "Up close and personal with Mani Ratnam". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
21. ^ "I don't claim that I've made the best film on earth". Screen. 2 May 1997. Archived from the original on 6 June 2002. Retrieved 24 September 2021.
22. ^ Menon, Neelima (3 May 2020). "The Imaginarium of Rajiv Menon — Talking mindscreens". Fullpicture.in. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
23. ^ Bhopatkar, Tejashree (12 January 2021). "#BigInterview! Ayesha Jhulka: I had rejected 'Prem Qaidi' as I was supposed to be introduced in a bikini". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
24. ^ "Madhu not first choice for Mani Ratnam's 'Roja'". The Times of India. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
25. ^ 'റോജ കണ്ടു തിരിച്ചെത്തി ഞാന്‍ ചെരുപ്പെടുത്ത് എന്നെ തന്നെ അടിച്ചു' [I slapped myself with a footwear after watching Roja]. Mathrubhumi (in Malayalam). 7 May 2018. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
26. ^ Mohammed, Khalid (January 1994). "Mani Matters". Filmfare. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
27. ^ Raina, Muzaffar (13 May 2008). "Valley back on silver screen". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
28. ^ Phadke, Aparna (21 April 2008). "It's lights, camera, action in Kashmir". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024.
29. ^ "20 days schedule for Mani Ratnam's next in Nilgiris". Sify. 6 July 2016. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
30. ^ "An evening in Ooty". The Economic Times. 18 April 2016. 19 October 2008. Archived from the original on 12 January 2015.
31. ^ Gupta, Pratim D. (16 May 2006). "Kajol mesmerises you". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
32. ^ "Want to travel to where Hrithik and Preity sang Agar Main Kahoon?". India Today. 19 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
33. ^ Naig, Udhav (28 June 2014). "Behind the cameraman". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
34. ^ Aishwarya, S. (3 July 2010). "Indian locations provide stunning backdrops for film shoots". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
35. ^ Simhan, T. E. Raja (29 February 2008). "The Roja falls". Business Line. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
36. ^ Chandara, Anupama (15 November 1995). "Started by Roja and Jurassic Park, dubbing for Hollywood blockbusters becomes big business". India Today. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
37. ^ Ramnath, Nandini (22 March 2016). "'The Jungle Book' in Hindi is Hollywood's latest attempt to go local". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2016.
38. ^ Rangan 2012, p. 133.
39. ^ Menon, Vishal (19 August 2017). "Greener than the greenest grass: Santosh Sivan and 'Roja'". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
40. ^ "'ROJA' (Celluloid)". Central Board of Film Certification. 14 August 1992. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 8 June 2016 - via Internet Archive.
41. ^ Maderya, Kumudan (2010). "Rage against the state: historicizing the "angry young man" in Tamil cinema". Jump Cut. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
42. ^ "Vairamuthu compares Panivizhum Malarvanam with Roja". The Times of India. 30 April 2013. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
43. ^ "Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style". Bangalore Mirror. 29 January 2012. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2019.
44. ^ Corliss, Richard (12 February 2005). "All-TIME 100 Movies — Roja". Time. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
45. ^ "'Roja' on Time magazine's 10 best OST list". Daily News & Analysis. 6 November 2007. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
46. ^ "A.R. Rahman makes history with record breaking audio cassette sales of his debut film Roja". India Today. 15 January 1994. Archived from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
47. ^ "Music Hits 1990–1999 (Figures in Units)". Box Office India. 2 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010.
48. ^ "Roja". The Indian Express. 15 August 1992. p. 10. Retrieved 13 April 2017 - via Google News Archive.
49. ^ "Dealing with morality in a changing India: Mani Ratnam speaks dil se". Firstpost. 14 August 2015. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
50. ^ Moti Gokulsing, K.; Dissanayake, Wimal (17 April 2013). Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas. Routledge. ISBN 9781136772849. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
51. ^ "Zero And KGF (Hindi) Third Week Update". 11 January 2019.
52. ^ Ramesh, K.V (14 August 2017). "Maniratnam's Roja: Bridging the North-South divide". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
53. ^ Mannath, Malini (21 August 1992). "Tryst with terrorists". The Indian Express. p. 7\. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2017 - via Google News Archive.
54. ^ "Bombay: The Making of the Most Controversial film of the Decade". Sunday. 2–8 April 1995. p. 76\. Archived from the original on 15 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024 - via Internet Archive.
55. ^ எஸ். ஆர் (6 September 1992). "ரோஜா". Kalki (in Tamil). p. 43\. Archived from the original on 21 February 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2022 - via Internet Archive.
56. ^ "40th National Film Festival" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. 1993. pp. 34, 52, 78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
57. ^ "Indian Cinema 1992" (PDF). Directorate of Film Festivals. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
58. ^ Vijiyan, K. (14 August 1993). "Catchy songs pep up Gentleman's story". New Straits Times. p. 25\. Archived from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2015 - via Google News Archive.
59. ^ Data India. Press Institute of India. 1993. p. 804\. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
60. ^ The International Who's Who in Popular Music 2002. Taylor & Francis Group. 2002. p. 420\. ISBN 978-1-85743-161-2. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
61. ^ a b Rangan 2012, p. 291.
62. ^ "Film city to be ready soon: Jaya". The Indian Express. 19 January 1994. p. 3\. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 15 May 2024 - via Google News Archive.
63. ^ "18th Moscow International Film Festival (1993)". MIFF. Archived from the original on 3 April 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
64. ^ "King of Bollywood at the Bite the Mango film festival". Sify. 14 September 2004. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
65. ^ "A gold mine waiting to be tapped". The Hindu. 22 August 2006. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
66. ^ "Russian belles swoon over Big B". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 10 October 2003. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2016.

## Further reading

[edit]

* Nagappan, Ramu (2005). "Momentary Pleasures of Reconciliation". Speaking Havoc: Social Suffering & South Asian Narratives. Washington: University of Washington Press. pp. 161–192\. ISBN 978-0-295-98488-9.161-192&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-295-98488-9&rft.aulast=Nagappan&rft.aufirst=Ramu&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=wdAgle6tCVoC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Roja+(film)" class="Z3988">
* Rangan, Baradwaj (2012). Conversations with Mani Ratnam. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-670-08520-0.

## External links

[edit]

* Roja at IMDb

* v
* t
* e

Mani Ratnam

Films directed|

* Pallavi Anu Pallavi (1983)
* Unaroo (1985)
* Pagal Nilavu (1985)
* Idaya Kovil (1985)
* Mouna Ragam (1986)
* Nayakan (1987)
* Agni Natchathiram (1988)
* Geethanjali (1989)
* Anjali (1990)
* Thalapathi (1991)
* Roja (1992)
* Thiruda Thiruda (1993)
* Bombay (1995)
* Iruvar (1997)
* Dil Se.. (1998)
* Alai Payuthey (2000)
* Kannathil Muthamittal (2002)
* Aayutha Ezhuthu (2004)
* Yuva (2004)
* Guru (2007)
* Raavan (2010)
* Raavanan (2010)
* Kadal (2013)
* O Kadhal Kanmani (2015)
* Kaatru Veliyidai (2017)
* Chekka Chivantha Vaanam (2018)
* Ponniyin Selvan: I (2022)
* Ponniyin Selvan: II (2023)
* Thug Life (2025)

Films written|

* Chatriyan (1990)
* Gaayam (1993)
* Indira (1996)
* Taj Mahal (1999)
* Dumm Dumm Dumm (2000)
* Saathiya (2002)
* Ok Jaanu (2017)
* Vaanam Kottattum (2020)
* Putham Pudhu Kaalai (2020)

Films produced|

* Dasarathan (1993)
* Aasai (1995)
* Nerrukku Ner (1997)
* Five Star (2002)

Television|

* Navarasa (2021)

See also|

* Accolades
* Filmography
* Sujatha Films aka GV Films
* Aalayam Productions
* Madras Talkies

* v
* t
* e

Kavithalayaa Productions

Key people|

* K. Balachander
* Rajam Balachander
* Pushpa Kandaswamy
* Pyramid Natarajan

S. P. Muthuraman|

* Netrikkan (1981)
* Puthukavithai (1982)
* Naan Mahaan Alla (1984)
* Enakkul Oruvan (1984)
* Sri Raghavendrar (1985)
* Velaikaran (1987)

K. Balachander|

* Agni Sakshi (1982)
* Benkiyalli Aralida Hoovu (1983) (Kannada)
* Poikkal Kudhirai (1983)
* Achamillai Achamillai (1984)
* Eradu Rekhegalu (1984) (Kannada)
* Kalyana Agathigal (1985)
* Mugila Mallige (1985) (Kannada)
* Sindhu Bhairavi (1985)
* Sundara Swapnagalu (1986) (Kannada)
* Punnagai Mannan (1986)
* Manathil Urudhi Vendum (1987)
* Unnal Mudiyum Thambi (1988)
* Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (1989)
* Oru Veedu Iru Vaasal (1990)
* Vaaname Ellai (1992)
* Jaathi Malli (1993)
* Duet (1994)
* Kalki (1996)
* Paarthale Paravasam (2001)

Ameerjan|

* Pudhiavan (1984)
* Poovilangu (1984)
* Vanna Kanavugal (1987)
* Siva (1989)
* Unnai Solli Kutramillai (1990)

Visu|

* Manal Kayiru (1983)
* Aval Sumangalithan (1985)
* Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi (1986)
* Penmani Aval Kanmani (1988)
* Varavu Nalla Uravu (1990)

Selva|

* Pooveli (1998)
* Rojavanam (1999)

Vasanth|

* Nee Pathi Naan Pathi (1991)
* Appu (2000)

Hari|

* Saamy (2003)
* Ayya (2005)

Others|

* Anney Anney (1983)
* Idanilangal (1985)
* Sigaram (1991)
* Annaamalai (1992)
* Roja (1992)
* Muthu (1995)
* Vidukathai (1997)
* Thulli Thirintha Kaalam (1998)
* Rajakali Amman (2000)
* Sri Raja Rajeshwari (2001)
* Album (2002)
* Thirumalai (2003)
* Idhaya Thirudan (2006)
* Kuselan (2008)
* Thiruvannamalai (2008)

* v
* t
* e

National Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration

1965–1980|

* Shaheed (1965)
* - (1966)
* - (1967)
* Janmabhoomi (1968)
* Saat Hindustani (1969)
* Thurakkatha Vathil (1970)
* Do Boond Pani (1971)
* Achanum Bappayum (1972)
* Garm Hava (1973)
* Parinay (1974)
* - (1975)
* - (1976)
* - (1977)
* Grahana (1978)
* 22 June 1897 (1979)
* Bhavni Bhavai (1980)

1981–2000|

* Saptapadi (1981)
* Aaroodam (1982)
* Sookha (1983)
* Aadmi Aur Aurat (1984)
* Sree Narayana Guru (1985)
* - (1986)
* Tamas (1987)
* Rudraveena (1988)
* Santha Shishunala Sharifa (1989)
* - (1990)
* Aadi Mimansa (1991)
* Roja (1992)
* Sardar (1993)
* Mukta (1994)
* Bombay (1995)
* Kaanaakkinaavu (1996)
* Border (1997)
* Zakhm (1998)
* Shaheed Udham Singh (1999)
* Pukar (2000)

2001–2020|

* Bub (2001)
* Mr. and Mrs. Iyer (2002)
* Pinjar (2003)
* Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero (2004)
* Daivanamathil (2005)
* Kallarali Hoovagi (2006)
* Dharm (2007)
* Aai Kot Nai (2008)
* Delhi-6 (2009)
* Moner Manush (2010)
* - (2011)
* Thanichalla Njan (2012)
* Thalaimuraigal (2013)
* - (2014)
* Nanak Shah Fakir (2015)
* Dikchow Banat Palaax (2016)
* Dhappa (2017)
* Ondalla Eradalla (2018)
* Taj Mahal (2019)
* – (2020)

2021|

* The Kashmir Files (2021)

* v
* t
* e

Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Film

* Naanum Oru Penn (1964)
* Server Sundaram (1965)
* Thiruvilaiyadal (1966)
* Ramu (1967)
* Karpooram (1968)
* Lakshmi Kalyanam (1969)
* Adimai Penn (1970)
* Engirundho Vandhaal (1971)
* Babu (1972)
* Pattikada Pattanama (1973)
* Bharatha Vilas (1974)
* Dikkatra Parvathi (1975)
* Apoorva Raagangal (1976)
* Annakili (1977)
* Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri (1978)
* Mullum Malarum (1979)
* Pasi (1980)
* Varumayin Niram Sivappu (1981)
* Thanneer Thanneer (1982)
* Enkeyo Ketta Kural (1983)
* Mann Vasanai (1984)
* Achamillai Achamillai (1985)
* Sindhu Bhairavi (1986)
* Samsaram Adhu Minsaram (1987)
* Vedham Pudhithu (1988)
* Agni Natchathiram (1989)
* Apoorva Sagodharargal (1990)
* Pudhu Vasantham (1991)
* Chinna Thambi (1992)
* Roja (1993)
* Gentleman (1994)
* Karuthamma (1995)
* Bombay (1996)
* Indian (1997)
* Bharathi Kannamma (1998)
* Natpukkaga (1999)
* Sethu (2000)
* Kandukondain Kandukondain (2001)
* Aanandham (2002)
* Azhagi (2003)
* Pithamagan (2004)
* Autograph (2005)
* Anniyan (2006)
* Veyil (2007)
* Paruthiveeran (2008)
* Subramaniapuram (2009)
* Naadodigal (2010)
* Mynaa (2011)
* Aadukalam (2012)
* Vazhakku Enn 18/9 (2013)
* Thanga Meenkal (2014)
* Kaththi (2015)
* Kaaka Muttai (2016)
* Joker (2017)
* Aramm (2018)
* Pariyerum Perumal (2019)
* Jai Bhim (2020-2021)

* v
* t
* e

Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film

1967
– 79|

| First prize|

* Kaavalkaaran (1967)
* Uyarndha Manithan (1968)
* Adimai Penn (1969)
* Vietnam Veedu (1970)
* No Award (1971–1976)
* 16 Vayathinile (1977)
* Mullum Malarum (1978)
* Pasi (1979)

|

Second prize|

* Aalayam (1967)
* Thillana Mohanambal (1968)
* Akka Thangai (1969)
* Engal Thangam (1970)
* No Award (1971–1976)
* Madhurageetham (1977)
* Aval Appadithan (1978)
* Puthiya Vaarpugal (1979)

Third prize|

* Bama Vijayam (1967)
* Thamarai Nenjam (1968)
* Deiva Magan (1969)
* Namma Kuzhandaigal (1970)
* No Award (1971–1976)
* Bala Pareetchai (1977)
* Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu (1978)
* Thisai Maariya Paravaigal (1979)

1980
– 89|

| First prize|

* Varumayin Niram Sivappu (1980)
* Alaigal Oivathillai (1981)
* Enkeyo Ketta Kural (1982)
* No Award (1983–1987)
* Poo Pootha Nandavanam  (1988)
* Pudhea Paadhai (1989)

|

Second prize|

* Nenjathai Killathe (1980)
* Keezh Vaanam Sivakkum (1981)
* Agni Sakshi (1982)
* No Award (1983–1987)
* Paasa Paravaigal (1988)
* Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (1989)

Third prize|

* Vandichakkaram (1980)
* Moondram Pirai (1981)
* Ezhavathu Manithan (1982)
* No Award (1983–1987)
* Agni Natchathiram (1988)
* Nyaya Tharasu (1989)

1990
– 99|

| First prize|

* Pudhu Vasantham (1990)
* Chinna Thambi (1991)
* Roja (1992)
* Jaathi Malli (1993)
* Nattamai (1994)
* Anthimanthaarai (1995)
* Indian (1996)
* Arunachalam & Surya Vamsam (1997)
* Natpukkaga (1998)
* Padayappa (1999)

|

Second prize|

* Keladi Kannmanii (1990)
* En Rasavin Manasile (1991)
* Thevar Magan (1992)
* Pathinipenn  (1993)
* Nammavar (1994)
* Kolangal (1995)
* Kadhal Kottai (1996)
* Porkkaalam (1997)
* Maru Malarchi (1998)
* Thulladha Manamum Thullum (1999)

Third prize|

* Kizhakku Vaasal (1990)
* Gunaa (1991)
* Chinna Gounder (1992)
* Gokulam (1993)
* Pavithra (1994)
* Avatharam (1995)
* Purushan Pondatti (1996)
* Arasiyal (1997)
* Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen (1998)
* Ethirum Puthirum (1999)

2000
– 09|

| First prize|

* Vaanathaippola (2000)
* Virumbugiren (2001)
* Ramanaa (2002)
* Eera Nilam (2003)
* Autograph (2004)
* Chandramukhi & Ghajini (2005)
* Veyil (2006)
* Sivaji: The Boss (2007)
* Dasavathaaram (2008)
* Pasanga (2009)

|

Second prize|

* Vaanavil (2000)
* Pandavar Bhoomi (2001)
* Kannathil Muthamittal (2002)
* Power of Women (2003)
* Vishwa Thulasi (2004)
* Anniyan (2005)
* Paruthiveeran (2006)
* Mozhi (2007)
* Abhiyum Naanum (2008)
* Mayandi Kudumbathar (2009)

Third prize|

* Vetri Kodi Kattu (2000)
* Aanandham (2001)
* Unnai Ninaithu (2002)
* Parthiban Kanavu (2003)
* Kannadi Pookal (2004)
* Thavamai Thavamirundhu (2005)
* Thiruttu Payale (2006)
* Pallikoodam (2007)
* Santosh Subramaniam (2008)
* Achchamundu! Achchamundu! (2009)

2010
– 15|

| First prize|

* Mynaa (2010)
* Vaagai Sooda Vaa (2011)
* Vazhakku Enn 18/9 (2012)
* Ramanujan (2013)
* Kuttram Kadithal (2014)
* Thani Oruvan (2015)

|

Second prize|

* Kalavani (2010)
* Deiva Thirumagal (2011)
* Saattai (2012)
* Thanga Meenkal (2013)
* Goli Soda (2014)
* Pasanga 2 (2015)

Third prize|

* Puthran (2010)
* Uchithanai Muharnthaal (2011)
* Dhoni (2012)
* Pannaiyarum Padminiyum (2013)
* Nimirndhu Nil (2014)
* Prabha (2015)

* v
* t
* e

Savitri and Satyavan

Source|

* "Vana Parva" of Mahabharata

Films|

* Satyavan Savitri (1914)
* Sati Savitri (1933)
* Doctor Savithri (1955)
* Sati Savitri (1957)
* Sathi Savithri (1965)
* Maha Sati Savitri (1973)
* Satyavan Savithri (1977)
* Sati Savitri (1978)
* Roja (1992)

Other|

* Savitri (opera)
* Savitri: A Legend and a Symbol (epic poem)

Related|

* Savitri Brata
* Vat Purnima

Authority control databases |

* MusicBrainz release group

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template