Romanian Space Agency

Space agency; public institution with extrabudgetary funding

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Romanian Space AgencyAgenția Spațială Română

Agency overview
Abbreviation| ROSA
Formed| 1991
Type| Space agency
Headquarters| Bucharest, Romania
Administrator| Flaviu Raducanu (Acting)[1]
Annual budget| US$ 8 million
extrabudgetary financing
Website| rosa.ro

The Romanian Space Agency (ROSA; Romanian: Agenția Spațială Română) is a public institution[2] that coordinates Romania's national space technology. ROSA, established in 1991, is subordinate to the Romanian Ministry of Education.[3][4][5]

ROSA is not a representative of the Romanian Government, but ROSA establishes cooperative agreements with international organizations such as the European Space Agency,[6] and the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). Along with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, ROSA represents Romania at the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Use of Outer Space (COPUOS) and at its subcommittees.

In addition, the Romanian Space Agency conducts research projects through the ROSA Research Center.

## History

[edit]

There are several notable historical figures in the aeronautics from Romania, including:

* Conrad Haas, Constructor of multistage rockets with delta stabilizers in 1529 (Sibiu).
* Traian Vuia, designer and constructor of the first autonomous take-off airplane in 1906.
* Henri Coandă, designer and constructor of the first jet airplane in 1910.
* Hermann Oberth, designer of space rockets, known as "father of space navigation".
* Elie Carafoli, contributor in aerodynamics and space sciences, former president of the IAF.

Romania is host to heritage companies like Airstar, Avioane Craiova, Industria Aeronautică Română, Romaero and Societatea Pentru Exploatări Tehnice. The country currently manufactures twenty different types of aircraft, based on a mix of domestic and international designs.

The country has experience in the field of space applications, such as satellite communications, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), global information, and positioning and navigation systems. Since 1977 it has operated as an Intelsat ground station in Cheia with two 32-metre antennas.[7] Romania has been involved in more than thirty scientific and technological space missions in the Interkosmos program, including the 1981 flight of Dorin-Dumitru Prunariu on the Soyuz 40.

In 1992, Romania signed a cooperation agreement with the European Space Agency (ESA)[8] for the peaceful uses of outer space, followed by a Framework Agreement with ESA in 2006.[9] Romania contributed through co-investigators to several ESA missions such as Hershel, Planck, SOHO and Gaia.

With Romania's accession to ESA on December 22, 2011, Romanian researchers in the industry now have the opportunity to participate in ESA missions. Since 2004, Marius-Ioan Piso (born January 7, 1954) has served as acting President of the agency and as executive director since 2005.[10] He was involved in the establishment of the Romanian Space Agency in 1991.[11]

The first Romanian satellite, Goliat was launched on the first flight of European Vega launch vehicle on 13 February 2012 from Guiana Space Centre.[12][13][14]

### Activities in the national and international programs

[edit]

#### National programs

[edit]

* Leadership of national program of CD-I AEROSPACE
* Leadership of national program of CD-I SECURITY
* CEEX (11 projects coordinated and 7 as a partner)
* CORINT (3 projects coordinated)
* INFOSOC (2 projects coordinated and 1 as a partner)
* AMTRANS (1 project coordinated and 1 as a partner)
* AGRAL (1 project coordinated)
* RELANSIN (1 project coordinated)
* PNCDI-I (10 projects coordinated and 8 as a partner)
* PNCDI-II (10 projects coordinated and 10 as a partner)

#### International programs

[edit]

* European Space Agency (ESA) (3)
* 6th Framework Program of the European Commission CD-I (5)
* United Nations [2] (UN) Programs (2)
* Food and Agricultural organizational programs (2)
* PHARE Program (1)
* Bilateral and multilateral collaborations (10)
* Participation in consortia, networks, technology platforms

#### National and international affiliations

[edit]

* Space Agencies Forum (1997)
* COSPAR (Committee for Space Research International Council of Science) (1994) — Romanian secretariat
* European Space Agency (ESA) — representative of Romania (1993–present)
* EURISY — member (2000)
* United Nations Regional Network for Space Sciences and Technology (1997)

#### Major international agreements

[edit]

* ESA: European Cooperating State — 2006 and PECS 2007–2011.[15]
* France: Agreement with CNES (2000) — project; Agreement with CNES (2004) — COROT space mission.
* Italy: Agreement of scientific cooperation signed with the National Research Council of Italy (CNR) in 2003.
* NASA: Understanding signed in May 2000.[16] Projects in telemedicine, agriculture, and micro-gravity experiments on the International Space Station.
* NASA: Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer Entertainment for the (AMS) on the ISS.
* Azerbaijan: Co-operation agreement signed in 2003 with the Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency.
* Bulgaria: Agreement of co-operation in the exploration and peaceful uses of outer space in 1997 signed with the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency.
* Eastern countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Slovak Republic, Turkey) Contribution to the Regional Network for Research and Education in Space Science and Technology (under the auspices of the United Nations).
* Hungary: Agreement of space cooperation signed in 1998 with the Hungarian Space Office.
* Italy: Agreement of co-operation signed in 1998 with the Italian Space Agency.

#### Romanian experiment on STS-133

[edit]

The final flight of NASA's space shuttle Discovery — NASA mission STS-133 — transported a Romanian experiment created by the Romanian Institute for Space Science to the International Space Station.[17]

Growth and Survival of Colored Fungi in Space (CFS-A) was an experiment designed to determine the effect of microgravity and cosmic radiation on the growth and survival of colored fungi species.[18]

Principal investigators: Dumitru Hasegan, Romanian Institute for Space Science, Bucharest. (ESA). The launch of STS-133 took place on February 24, 2011.

#### GOLIAT

[edit]

Goliat is the first Romanian artificial microsatellite, launched on February 13, 2012.[19] It was selected to be launched into orbit by the European Vega rocket, on its first operational flight.[20]

The system was developed and designed by ROSA in collaboration with the Institute of Space Sciences, BITNET and ELPROF companies between 2005 and 2007. The microsatellite is a cube with sides of 10 inches and a weight of one kilogram.

The Goliat mission was funded by the National Authority for Scientific Exploration within the National Excellence Research program and it has an educational character, being the first microsatellite launched in a ROSA space program.

#### RoBiSAT

[edit]

RoBiSAT represents the second Romanian artificial nanosatellites mission. The mission is composed of 2 Cubesat 2U-type satellites and was supposed to be part of the QB50 constellation. They were to be sent to the ISS in the second quarter of 2017 on the Cygnus CRS OA-7 however the mission was postponed indefinitely.[21][22]

The two nanosatellites, called RoBiSAT 1 and RoBiSAT 2, were built at the Institute of Space Science located in Magurele, Romania.[23]

### Expertise

[edit]

#### National expertise

[edit]

National Attributes:

* Acting under the Authority of the Romanian Government — Ministry of Education and Research (1995)
* Reporting to the Sub-commission for Space — RO Parliament (2007)
* Executive president for the Inter-Ministerial Board on Security Research (2004) and Inter-agency INSPIRE Group of experts
* Inter-agency coop.: Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Interior Affairs, Romanian Intelligence Service
* Contract authority and PMU for the national RTD Programs on Space, Aeronautics, Security (1995–2008)
* Component of the National Emergencies Council Archived 2014-08-15 at the Wayback Machine (2000)
* National Certification Authority for GRID information infrastructures (2006)
* Certified security and classification organizational structure authorized to establish research and development Centers oriented on specific objectives of the Romanian RTD Plan

#### International expertise

[edit]

International attributes: ROSA is the appointed national representative for:

* European Space Agency (ESA) — by Laws 40/1993 and 01/2007 (1992–present)
* United Nations — Committee on the Peaceful uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) — by mandate from the Foreign Ministry (1994–present)
* Consultant for the EU Space Council / European Space Policy
* EC — FP6 — AEROSPACE PC (2001–2006)
* EC — FP7 — SPACE PC, SECURITY RESEARCH PC, TRANSPORTS PC (Aeronautics and Galileo)
* EC — GNSS Supervisory Authority (GSA), GMES Advisory Council (GAC) (2007)
* INSPIRE — by mandate from the Ministry of Education and Research (2005–present)
* COSPAR — ICSU — National secretariat (1994–present)
* GEO — Principal representative
* NATO — Scientific Committee “Science for Peace and Security” (2004–present)
* NATO — RTO — Space ST Advisory Group (SSTAG) (2005–present)
* Space agencies: NASA, CNES (French Space Agency), Russia ROSKOSMOS (negotiations), Hungary, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan . . .
* Bilateral agreements International organizations membership and/or national representative: COSPAR, IAF, IAA, EURISY, ACARE, EREA, ASD, EDA, others
* Bilateral agreements with research organizations

##### Joining ESA

[edit]

The first agreement between Romania and the European Space Agency (ESA) was signed in 1992,[24] followed in 1999 by the Romania–ESA Agreement on cooperation in the peaceful exploration and use of space. Since 2007, Romania contributes to the ESA budget as a European Cooperating State (PECS), status ratified by Law no. 1/2007.

On December 22, 2011, Romania became the 19th member of the European Space Agency.

An important step in the accession process was to conduct a technical audit on the relevant entities in Romania (institutes, research centres, industrial companies and SMEs), which have space technological capabilities. The audit was conducted by ESA, based on a sample of 130 entities, 50 of them being organized technical visits and interviews.

The full member state of the European Space Agency status gives the organizations in Romania access, in the same way as the ESA countries, to all programs run. This is an important technology transfer and the opening of a high-tech market. The intellectual property is maintained at a national level, having an important role in the establishment of competence in the country.

### Research

[edit]

#### ROSA Research Center

[edit]

The ROSA Research Center (RRC) was formed in 1998. Another step was the joint venture agreements concluded with CRUTA — the Romanian Center for Remote Sensing Applications in Agriculture — an SME laboratory initially organized as an independent branch of the ISPIF (Research and Development Institute for Land Use). A joint venture agreement was concluded with the Institute of Space Science in Bucharest.

Since 2006, on behalf of the Romanian Government, ROSA has strengthened its relationship with ESA by signing a PECS agreement.

RRC developed, since 2003, R&D projects addressing national strategy, as well as technological development in the GNSS field. One of the last projects, “Capacity, Infrastructure and Applications for GNSS-GALILEO” directly addressed the problem of extending EGNOS in Eastern Europe through infrastructure development.

#### Results of the research activities

[edit]

Romanian Space Agency has no object of industrialization and marketing. The research results were used for the development of systems and services dedicated to a particular beneficiary (information systems, consulting, education):

* Consulting services in satellite and inertial navigation applications (aerospace and GIS)
* Quality control services for the implementation of LPIS (system control plot) for agricultural subventions (paying agency of the Ministry of Agriculture)
* Information systems consulting for units/research (SMEs)
* Educational Software for remote sensing satellite and specialized disaster monitoring (European Space Agency)
* Pilot control system for Prahova SIPA plot
* Geographic information services through satellite remote sensing (Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environment)
* Satellite communication systems and data communication services (SMEs)
* Consulting regarding industries (European Space Agency)
* Pilot control system for Prahova SIPA plot
* Geographic information services through satellite remote sensing (Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environment)
* Satellite communication systems and data communication services (SMEs)
* Consulting services industries (European Space Agency)
* Experimental model of nanosatellite GOLIAT (prototype)
* Training services, research and military and civil geospatial missions (Military Technical Academy)
* Spatial data infrastructure for environmental applications (WEATHER)
* National Infrastructure in satellite navigation (SMEs)
* Demonstration model for the formation of UAVs
* Demonstration model for the formation of nanosatellites
* Professional software with educational components for numerical simulation of flows in aerodynamics (Universities, SMEs)
* Activities developed on national and international programs

## ESERO Romania

[edit]

Launched during the ‘Romanian Space Week’,[25] an annual scientific conference organized by ROSA between May 12–16, 2014, ESERO Romania was established as the result of a partnership agreement between the Romanian Space Agency and the European Space Agency (ESA), joining a European network of ESEROs which are now present in 10 European countries.[26]

ESERO is a project established by ESA aimed at using the fascination with space to support the teaching and learning of STEM subjects (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) in European primary and secondary schools. Through ESERO Romania, ROSA and ESA plan to respond to Romanian specific national educational needs and eventually encourage the young generations to take up a STEM-related career.[27]

## Events

[edit]

### 2022

[edit]

ESA PROGRAMMES 2023–2025
On September 14, 2022, the Romanian Space Agency (ROSA) with the support of the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digitalisation, organised an Info Session on the ESA Programmes for the period 2023–2025. The event took place at the University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (USAMV), in Bucharest.[28]

### 2014

[edit]

Annual Scientific Conference Romanian Space Week[29]
Between May 12–16, 2014, the Romanian Space Agency (ROSA) organized the 2014 edition of the annual scientific conference "Romanian Space Week" (RSW 2014). The event was dedicated to presenting the implementation status of the projects funded through the Programme for Research, Development and Innovation for Space Technology and Advanced Research (STAR), which aims to improve Romania's industrial competitiveness in the Programmes of the European Space Agency.

The 2014 ESA–EUSC–JRC Image Information Mining Conference: The Sentinels Era, Bucharest, March 2014[30]
The Romanian Space Agency (ROSA) and the Politehnica University Bucharest (UPB) hosted the Ninth ESA–EUSC–JRC Image Information Mining Conference: The Sentinels Era, between March 5–7, 2014. The event was organized for European space agencies and organizations, aerospace industry and research centres, value-added companies and service providers.

### 2013

[edit]

The 29th EUGridPMA Meeting, September 2013[31]
Between September 9–11, 2013, the Romanian Space Agency organized the 29th meeting of the European Grid Policy Management Authority (EUGridPMA). The European Grid Policy Management Authority is an international organization that coordinates European e-Science authentication using digital certificates, and which, together with the Asia-Pacific Grid Policy Management Authority and the Americas Grid Policy Management Authority, form the International Grid Trust Federation.

2nd IAA Conference on Space Systems as Critical Infrastructure, August 2013[32]
Between August 29–30, 2013, the Romanian Space Agency (ROSA) together with the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) organized the 2nd Conference on Space Systems as Critical Infrastructure at the Golden Tulip Hotel in Mamaia, Black Sea, Romania. The symposium aimed to explore dependency on satellites to support critical infrastructure.

The annual scientific conference of the "Space Technology and Advanced Research (STAR)" Programme, June 2013[33]
Between June 26–27, 2013, the Romanian Space Agency, the coordinating organization of the Research, Development and Innovation Program — "Space Technology and Advanced Research" STAR, held the annual scientific conference dedicated to presenting the implementation stage of projects funded within the projects competition C1-2012.

ESA, ASTRIUM and Thales Alenia Space present the opportunities for participating in the ARTES 14 Programme (Advanced Research in Telecommunications Systems) at Bucharest, April 2013
The Romanian Space Agency organized an informative session on the ESA Programme dedicated to the next generation of Neosat platforms — ARTES 14 (Advanced Research in Telecommunications Systems). Representatives from ESA, as well as from prime contractors Astrium, a subsidiary of EADS (European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company) and Thales Alenia Space attended the event.

The briefing aimed to assess the possibilities, capabilities and interest in being involved in ARTES 14 from organizations in Romania, as well as to provide a better understanding of the general and specific issues related to this program.

The "European Earth Monitoring Programme GMES — Copernicus: Its benefits for the citizens of Eastern Europe" Conference, May 2013[34]
The Romanian Space Agency, the European Space Agency, the European Commission and Eurisy jointly organized the second edition of the GMES COPERNICUS conference dedicated to Eastern Europe EU Member States. The conference took place in Bucharest, May 21–22, 2013.

Since the first edition in 2012, the main objective of the conference was to highlight the various opportunities Copernicus can and will offer, with a focus on the new EU member states from Eastern Europe.

### 2012

[edit]

PLEIADES: A new dimension of satellite imaging, October 2012[35]
Organised by the Romanian Space Agency (ROSA) together with Astrium Geo-Services, the Faculty of Land Reclamation and Environment Engineering in Bucharest, the Military Technical University in Bucharest and Tradsym Consult, the event presented the features of the Pleiades-SPOT constellation, as well as applications developed by Romanian researchers, based on the image database provided by SpotImage-Astrium Geo-Services.

Exploratory workshop with the scientific Romanian Diaspora on "Space — Science, Technology and Applications", September 2012[36]
The workshop collaborated with Romanian scientists working abroad to discuss space applications resulting from science and technology. The event was part of the event "Diaspora in the Romanian Scientific Research and Higher Education".

1st IAA Conference on Space Systems as Critical Infrastructures, September 2012[37]
The conference was organized by the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) and the Romanian Space Agency (ROSA), co-sponsored by the International Institute of Space Law (IISL), September 6–7, 2012.

GEOSS Summer School — Remote Sensing of the Black Sea Marine Environment, August 2012
The 4th edition of the GEOSS summer school was hosted by the Romanian Space Agency in August of 2011, with a focus on the current use of remote sensing, EO data and future remote sensing sensors, contributing to monitoring the marine environment evolution and satellite oceanography.

GMES: New Opportunities for Eastern Europe, May 2012[38]
The Romanian Space Agency (ROSA), together with the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Commission (EC) organized the "GMES: New Opportunities for Eastern Europe" conference from May 3–4, 2012.

Space Situational Awareness Workshop, April 2012[39]
ROSA together with the Research Agency on Military Technologies organized a workshop on Space Situational Awareness, where programmes of ESA and NATO were discussed, as well as the possibility to develop a Romanian ground-based facility for NEO and space debris observation, space weather contributions in Romania, and high performance computing mobile for disaster management applications.

### 2011

[edit]

GEOSS Summer School: Advancing Earth Observation Data Understanding Crisis Management and Emergency Response, August 2011[40]
The Romanian Space Agency organized the 3rd edition of the GEOSS Summer School, part of activities supporting GEO capacity building in Earth Observation. The program focused on acquiring knowledge on the current use of EO data and image information mining techniques contributing to preventing, monitoring and assessing the impact of natural and man-made disasters and crisis situations.

2011 IAA Planetary Defense Conference: From Threat to Action, May 2011[41]
The International Academy of Astronautics held its second conference on asteroid impact prevention from May 9–12, 2011 in Bucharest, Romania. The 1st IAA Planetary Defense Conference: Protecting Earth from Asteroids, co-sponsored by the European Space Agency and The Aerospace Corporation, was the follow-on to three previous planetary defence conferences held in 2004 in Los Angeles, 2007 in Washington, D.C., and in 2009 in Granada, Spain.

## Notes

[edit]

Romania is among the lesser-known of the pioneering nations that contributed to space exploration in the 1970s and 1980s.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Flaviu Raducanu va asigura conducerea interimara a ROSA - Informare". gov.ro (in Romanian). Retrieved 26 April 2023.
2. ^ "HOTĂRÂRE nr.923 din 20 noiembrie 1995 privind reorganizarea Agentiei Spatiale Romane". www.cdep.ro (in Romanian).
3. ^ "Hotărârea Guvernului nr. 185/16.04.2013 privind organizarea și funcționarea Ministerului Educației Naționale, cu modificările și completările ulterioare" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2014-07-29. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
4. ^ Federation, International Astronautical. "IAF : Romanian Space Agency (ROSA)". www.iafastro.org. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
5. ^ "ROSA – Romanian Space Agency – Agenția Spațială Română". rosa.ro. Retrieved 2024-07-09.
6. ^ "Legea nr. 262/2011 pentru ratificarea Acordului dintre România și Agenția Spațială Europeană (ESA) privind aderarea României la Convenția pentru înființarea Agenției Spațiale Europene și termenii și condițiile aferente, semnat la București la 20 ianuarie 2011, pentru aderarea României la Convenția pentru înființarea Agenției Spațiale Europene, semnată la Paris la 30 mai 1975, pentru aderarea României la Acordul dintre statele părți la Convenția pentru înființarea Agenției Spațiale Europene și Agenția Spațială Europeană privind protecția și schimbul de informații clasificate, semnat la Paris la 19 august 2002". Lege5 (in Romanian). Indaco Systems. 2011-12-17.
7. ^ Zotta, Alexandra (27 March 2008). "Aplicații spațiale în România". Jurnalul Național (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
8. ^ "Acordul între Agenția Spațială Europeană și Guvernul României privind cooperarea spațială în scopuri pașnice din 11.12.1992 *)". Lege5 (in Romanian). Indaco Systems.
9. ^ "Member States & Cooperating States". www.esa.int.
10. ^ "Monitorizarea inundațiilor din sudul României, aprilie 2014". www.rosa.ro (in Romanian).
11. ^ "Ministerul Cercetării, Inovării şi Digitalizării :: www.research.gov.ro". www.research.gov.ro (in Romanian).[dead link‍]
12. ^ "GOLIAT CubeSat". eoPortal. ESA. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
13. ^ "Goliat". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
14. ^ "Press Kit: Vega qualification flight VV01" (PDF). ESA. 6 February 2012. p. 11.
15. ^ "List of Romanian activities approved by ESA Committees and Programme Boards" (PDF). Retrieved November 17, 2022.[dead link‍]
16. ^ "Dumitru Hașegan : Parsec.ro" (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
17. ^ "The CFS-A ESA/SURE Mission – First Romanian experiment on the International Space Station – Institute of Space Science" (in English and Romanian).
18. ^ Ioana Gomoiu (January 2010). "Preparing CFS-A Experiment for Flight Orbit". Conference: Life in Space for Life on Earth. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
19. ^ Adamoae, Ana-Maria (13 February 2012). "Primul satelit românesc, lansat cu succes în spațiu". Evenimentul Zilei (in Romanian). Retrieved 26 September 2020.
20. ^ "GOLIAT, primul satelit românesc, a fost plasat pe orbită luni". Mediafax.ro (in Romanian).
21. ^ "Robisat, a doua misiune spatiala romaneasca, se pregateste de lansare". Realitatea.NET (in Romanian). July 13, 2016.
22. ^ "RoBiSAT 1, 2 (QB50 RO01, RO02)". Gunter's Space Page.
23. ^ "The Institute of Space Science develops the RoBiSAT space mission – Two nanosatellites launched by the QB50 international collaboration – Institute of Space Science" (in English and Romanian).
24. ^ "Romania accedes to ESA Convention". www.esa.int.
25. ^ "Biroul European de Resurse pentru Educaţie Spaţială în România, lansat marţi". www.agerpres.ro (in Romanian).
26. ^ "European Space Education Resource Office". www.esa.int.
27. ^ Chiţu, de Alin (13 May 2014). "Educație spațială și pentru elevii români". evz.ro (in Romanian).
28. ^ ESA PROGRAMMES 2023-2025 [dead link‍]
29. ^ "DEVELOPMENT OF COOLING/RAMAN LASER SOURCE WITH ENHANCED OPERATIONAL FEATURES". www.rosa.ro (in Romanian).
30. ^ [1] [dead link‍] Archived 2014-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
31. ^ "EUGridPMA Bucharest meeting". www.eugridpma.org.
32. ^ "International Academy of Astronautics". Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
33. ^ "SSA-P2 SWE-VII - MAGNETOMETER FOR SOLAR MONITORING MISSIONS". www.rosa.ro (in Romanian and English).
34. ^ The European Earth Monitoring Programme Copernicus: its benefits for the citizens of Eastern Europe (PDF) (Report). 22 May 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2022.[dead link‍]
35. ^ "PLEIADES: O nouă dimensiune a imageriei satelitare". Transdym Consult (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
36. ^ "Diaspora Stiintifica – 2016" (in Romanian).
37. ^ [2] [dead link‍] Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
38. ^ "GMES in Eastern Europe". www.esa.int.
39. ^ "Space Situational Awareness Workshop (19 April 2012)". events.rosa-rc.ro.[dead link‍]
40. ^ "GEOSS Summer School". Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2014-07-22.
41. ^ "C-Space website". Archived from the original on 2014-08-12. Retrieved 2014-07-22.

## External links

[edit]

* Homepage of ROSA (in Romanian)
* ROSA Facebook page
* Homepage of NASA
* Homepage of ESA
* Astronomical Institute of Romanian Academy (in Romanian and English)
* ANCS (in Romanian)
* Planetary Defence Conference May 9–12 2011 Bucharest
* Romania accedes to ESA Convention[dead link‍] Archived 2012-01-15 at the Wayback Machine

Need more information? Visit this guide website: https://www.itu.int/hub/2022/09/romania-space-pioneer-with-stellar-ambitions/ for further advice and more extra detailed data testimonies and info.

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War space race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
* NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO 2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR 2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA 2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

Authority control databases |

* ISNI

|

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