Rook (chess)

Chess piece

White rook

Black rook

The rook (/rʊk/; ♖, ♜) is a piece in the game of chess. It may move any number of squares horizontally or vertically without jumping, and it may capture an enemy piece on its path; it may participate in castling. Each player starts the game with two rooks, one in each corner on their side of the board.

Formerly, the rook (from Persian: رخ, romanized: rokh/rukh, lit. 'chariot')[1][2][3] was alternatively called the tower, marquess, rector, and comes (count or earl).[4] The term "castle" is considered to be informal or old-fashioned.[5][6]

This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.

## Placement and movement

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Starting positions of the rooks

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The white rook can move to any square marked with a white dot. The black rook can move to squares with black dots, or it can capture the pawn on e7.

The white rooks start on the squares a1 and h1, while the black rooks start on a8 and h8. The rook moves horizontally or vertically, through any number of unoccupied squares. The rook cannot jump over pieces. The rook may capture an enemy piece by moving to the square on which the enemy piece stands, removing it from play. The rook also participates with the king in a special move called castling, wherein it is transferred to the square crossed by the king after the king is shifted two squares toward the rook.

## Strategy

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### Relative value

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The rook is worth about five pawns. In general, rooks are stronger than bishops or knights and are considered greater in value than either of those pieces by nearly two pawns, but less valuable than two minor pieces by approximately a pawn. Two rooks are generally considered to be worth slightly more than a queen (see chess piece relative value).[7] Winning a rook for a bishop or knight is referred to as winning the exchange. Rooks and queens are called major pieces or heavy pieces, as opposed to bishops and knights, the minor pieces.[8]

### Development

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In the opening, the rooks are blocked in by other pieces and cannot immediately participate in the game, so it is usually desirable to connect one's rooks on the first rank by castling and then clearing all pieces except the king and rooks from the first rank. In that position, the rooks support each other and can more easily move to occupy and control the most favorable files.

A common strategic goal is to develop a rook on the first rank of an open file (i.e., one unobstructed by pawns of either player) or a half-open file (i.e., one unobstructed by friendly pawns). From this position, the rook is relatively unexposed to risk but can exert control on every square on the file. If one file is particularly important, a player might advance one rook on it, then position the other rook behind—doubling the rooks. Having both rooks on the same file is known as a battery and can be very deadly, especially if the queen joins in as well (see Alekhine's Gun).

A rook on the seventh rank (the opponent's second rank) is typically very powerful, as it threatens the opponent's unadvanced pawns and hems in the enemy king. A rook on the seventh rank is often considered sufficient compensation for a pawn.[9] In the diagrammed position from a game between Lev Polugaevsky and Larry Evans,[10] the rook on the seventh rank enables White to draw, despite being a pawn down.[11]

Two rooks on the seventh rank are often enough to force victory by the blind swine mate, or at least a draw by perpetual check.[12]

A white rook on the 7th rank

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White to move, draws.

Polugaevsky vs. Evans, 1970

Connected black rooks on the 7th rank

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Black to move, 32...Rxh2+ and White resigns, seeing that 33.Kg1 Rdg2#.

Chigorin vs. Steinitz, Havana 1892

### Endgame

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Rooks are most powerful towards the end of a game (i.e., the endgame), when they can move unobstructed by pawns and control large numbers of squares. They have trouble restraining enemy pawns from advancing towards promotion unless they occupy the file behind them. As well, a rook best supports a friendly pawn towards promotion from behind it on the same file (see Tarrasch rule).

In a position with a rook and one or two minor pieces versus two rooks, generally in addition to pawns, and possibly other pieces, Lev Alburt advises that the player with the single rook should avoid exchanging the rook for one of his opponent's rooks.[13]

The rook is adept at delivering checkmate. Below are a few examples of rook checkmates that are easy to force. A single rook can force checkmate while a single minor piece cannot.

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A king and rook mate. The king and rook work together to force the enemy king to the edge of the board, where it can be checkmated.

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A back rank checkmate

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A two-rook checkmate or the "ladder checkmate"

## History

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Further information: History of chess

In the medieval shatranj, the rook symbolized a chariot. The Persian word rukh means "chariot",[14] as does the name of the corresponding piece in the original Indian version, chaturanga, ratha.[citation needed] In modern times, it is mostly known as हाथी (elephant) to Hindi-speaking players, while East Asian chess games such as xiangqi and shogi have names also meaning chariot (車) for the same piece.[15]

Antique Indian Mughal chess elephant made from sandalwood representing the rook 19th-century illustration of a siege tower, which the rook may be intended to represent The berserker used as a rook in the Lewis chessmen

Persian war chariots were heavily armored, carrying a driver and at least one ranged-weapon bearer, such as an archer. The sides of the chariot were built to resemble fortified stone work, giving the impression of small, mobile buildings, causing terror on the battlefield.[citation needed]

In Europe, the castle or tower appears for the first time in the 16th century in Vida's 1550 Ludus Scacchia, and then as a tower on the back of an elephant. In time, the elephant disappeared and only the tower was used as the piece.[16]

In the West, the rook is almost universally represented as a crenellated turret. The piece is called torre ("tower") in Italian, Portuguese, Catalan and Spanish; tour in French; toren in Dutch; Turm in German; torn in Swedish; and torni in Finnish. In Hungarian, it is bástya ("bastion") and in Hebrew, it is called צריח (tsariʾaḥ, meaning "turret").[17] In the British Museum's collection of the medieval Lewis chess pieces, the rooks appear as stern warders, or wild-eyed berserker warriors.

Rooks are usually similar in appearance to small castles; thus, a rook is sometimes called a "castle",[18] though modern chess literature rarely, if ever, uses this term.[19]

In some languages, the rook is called a ship: Thai เรือ (reūa), Armenian Նավակ (navak), Russian ладья (ladya), Javanese ꦥꦿꦲꦸ (prahu). This may be because of the use of an Arabic style V-shaped rook piece, which some may have mistaken for a ship.[20][21][22][23] It is possible that the rendition comes from Sanskrit roka (ship); however, no chaturanga pieces were ever called a roka. Murray argued that the Javanese could not visualize a chariot moving through the jungles in sweeping fashion as the rook. The only vehicle that moved in straight fashion was a ship, thus they replaced it with prahu. Murray, however, did not give an explanation why the Russians call the piece a "ship".[23]

Peter Tyson suggests that there is a correlation between the name of the piece and the word rukh, a mythical giant bird of prey from Persian mythology.[24]

In South Slavic languages, it is called the "cannon" (Serbo-Croatian: Топ, romanized: top).

In Kannada, it is known as ಆನೆ (āāne), meaning "elephant".[25] This is unusual, as the term for elephant is in many other languages applied to the bishop.[26]

### Name translations

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Overview of chess piece names  Language

| Rook | Translation

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Afrikaans | T Toring | tower
Albanian | T Torra | tower
Arabic | ر رخ / طابية (rukhkh / ṭābiya) | fortress / castle
Azerbaijani | T Top | cannon
Armenian | Ն Նավակ (Navak) | ship
Basque | G Gaztelua | castle
Belarusian (Taraškievica)  | Лд ладзьдзя | boat
Bengali | N নৌকা (noukā) | Boat
Bulgarian | Т топ | cannon
Catalan | T torre | tower
Chinese | R 車 (jū) | chariot
Czech | V věž | tower
Danish | T tårn | tower
Dutch | T toren / kasteel | tower / castle
English | R rook, castle |
Esperanto | T turo | tower
Estonian[27] | V vanker | chariot / carriage
Finnish | T torni | tower
French | T tour | tower
Galician | T torre | tower
Georgian | ე ეტლი (etli) | chariot
German[28] | T Turm | tower
Greek | Π πύργος (pýrgos) | tower
Hindi | H हाथी (hāthī) | elephant
Hebrew | צ צריח (Tzariach) | tower
Hausa | R sansanin | fortress
Hungarian | B bástya | bastion
Icelandic | H hrókur | rook
Ido | T turmo | tower
Indonesian | B benteng | castle / fortress
Interslavic | Z zamok / věža | castle / tower
Irish | C caiseal | bulwark
Italian | T torre | tower
Japanese | R ルーク (rūku) |
Javanese | B bèntèng | fortress
Kannada | ಆ ಆನೆ (aane) | elephant
Kazakh | Т тура (tura) | tower
Korean | R 룩 (rug) |
Latin | T turris / elephas | tower / elephant[29]
Latvian | T tornis | tower
Lithuanian | B bokštas | tower
Luxembourgish | T Tuerm | tower
Macedonian | T топ | cannon
Malayalam | R തേര് (therú) | chariot
Marathi | H हत्ती (hātti) | elephant
Mongolian | т тэрэг (tereg) | chariot
Norwegian Bokmål | T tårn | tower
Norwegian Nynorsk | T tårn | tower
Odia | R ଡଙ୍ଗା (ḍôṅga) | boat
Oromo
Persian | ق/ر قلعه/رخ | castle
Polish | W wieża | tower
Portuguese | T torre | tower
Romanian | T turn / tură | tower
Russian | Л ладья (ladya) | boat
Scottish Gaelic | T tùr | tower
Serbo-Croatian | T top / kula (Т топ / кула) | cannon / tower
Northern Sotho | N Ntlosebô / Moshate |
Sicilian | T turru | tower
Slovak | V veža | tower
Slovene | T trdnjava | castle
Spanish | T torre | tower
Swedish | T torn | tower
Tamil | R கோட்டை (kōṭṭai) | castle
Telugu | ఏనుగు (ēnugu) | elephant
Thai | ร เรือ (ruea) | ship
Turkish | K kale | castle
Ukrainian | T тура (tura) | tower
Urdu | رخ (rukh) |
Vietnamese | X xe | chariot
Welsh | C castell | castle

## Heraldry

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Arms of the English family of Rookwood, featuring chess rooks as a cant on the name

Chess rooks frequently occur as heraldic charges. Heraldic rooks are usually shown as they looked in medieval chess sets, with the usual battlements replaced by two outward-curving horns. They occur in arms from around the 13th century onwards.

In Canadian heraldry, the chess rook is the cadency mark of a fifth daughter.

## Unicode

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Main article: Chess symbols in Unicode

Unicode defines three codepoints for a rook:

♖ U+2656 White Chess Rook

♜ U+265C Black Chess Rook

🨂 U+1FA02 Neutral Chess Rook

## See also

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* Rook and pawn versus rook endgame
* Tarrasch rule – rooks belong behind passed pawns
* Lucena position – winning position
* Philidor position – drawing position

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Rook - noun²". The Oxford English Dictionary. July 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/5381483047. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
2. ^ "Rocco". treccani.it (in Italian). Treccani. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
3. ^ "Rocco". etimo.it (in Italian). Vocabolario etimologico della lingua italiana. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
4. ^ Sunnucks 1970
5. ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. (online version, accessed Jan. 27, 2009), entry for "Castle", def. 9. "Chess. One of the pieces, made to represent a castle; also called a ROOK.". New Oxford American Dictionary, 2nd ed. (2005) says that "castle" is informal and an "old-fashioned term for rook". The Oxford Companion to Chess, by David Hooper & Kenneth Whyld, 2nd ed. (1992), p. 344 says "In English-speaking countries non-players sometimes call it a castle...". Let's Play Chess by Bruce Pandolfini (1986) p. 30, says "The rook is the piece mistakenly called the castle."; The Everything Chess Basics Book by Peter Kurzdorfer and the United States Chess Federation, Adams Media 2003, page 30, says "... often incorrectly referred to as a castle by the uninitiated".
6. ^ The Official Rules of Chess by Eric Schiller, The US Chess Federation Official Rules of Chess (five editions by various authors), Official Chess Handbook, by Kenneth Harkness, Official Chess Rulebook by Harkness, and The Official Laws of Chess by FIDE (two editions) all use only the term "rook". Books for beginners such as Bobby Fischer Teaches Chess, A World Champion's Guide to Chess by Susan Polgar, The Complete Book of Chess by I. A. Horowitz & P. L. Rothenberg, and Chess Fundamentals by José Capablanca (2006 revision by Nick de Firmian) also only mention "rook".
7. ^ "The value of the chess pieces". Schach.de. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
8. ^ "Understanding The Value Of Chess Pieces". ChessKid.com. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
9. ^ Fine & Benko 2003, p. 586
10. ^ "Lev Polugaevsky vs Larry Melvyn Evans (1970)". www.chessgames.com.
11. ^ Griffiths 1992, pp. 102–3
12. ^ The two rooks are sometimes colloquially referred to as "pigs on the seventh", because they often threaten to "eat" the opponent's pieces or pawns.
13. ^ Alburt 2009, p. 44
14. ^ Davidson 1949, p. 10
15. ^ 現代漢語詞典 (Modern Chinese Dictionary). ISBN 978-962-07-0211-2
16. ^ "Article by Dr. Hans Holländer, "CYCLOPES, ELEPHANTS AND CHESS ROOKS"". Retrieved 26 February 2020.
17. ^ מילון מורפיקס: צריח. תרגום מורפיקס. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
18. ^ Hooper & Whyld 1996
19. ^ Horton 1959, p. 175
20. ^ Stachowski, Marek (4 January 2002). "Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia". Ksie̦garnia Akademicka – via Google Books.
21. ^ "ภาพแห่งปี! โรนัลโด้-เมสซี่โพสต์รูปเดียวกันขณะนั่งเล่นหมากรุก". www.siamsport.co.th. 20 November 2022.
22. ^ Global, AIST. "Շախմատային նավակ". chessschool.am.
23. ^ a b Davidson 1949
24. ^ Tyson, Peter (2000). The eighth continent: life, death, and discovery in the lost world of Madagascar. HarperCollins. p. 138\. ISBN 0-380-97577-7.
25. ^ "English :: Kannada Online Dictionary". English :: Kannada Online Dictionary.
26. ^ Candler, Howard (1 January 1907). "How the Elephant became a Bishop: An Enquiry into the Origin of the Names of Chess Pieces". Archaeological Journal. 64 (1): 80–90\. doi:10.1080/00665983.1907.10853048.
27. ^ The Estonian chess terms were coined by Ado Grenzstein.
28. ^ "Handbook". www.fide.com. Retrieved 22 March 2019. "The pieces bear the names: Koenig, Dame, Turm, Laeufer, Springer, Bauer"
29. ^ H. J. R. Murray, A History of Chess, ch. 11.

## Sources

[edit]

* Alburt, Lev (December 2009), "Back to Basics", Chess Life, 2009 (12): 44–45
* Davidson, Henry A. (1949). A Short History of Chess. Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-82829-3. `{{cite book}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
* Fine, Reuben; Benko, Pal (2003), Basic Chess Endings (1941) (2nd ed.), McKay, ISBN 0-8129-3493-8
* Griffiths, Peter (1992), Exploring the Endgame, American Chess Promotions, ISBN 0-939298-83-X
* Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1996) [First pub. 1992], "rook", The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 343–44, ISBN 0-19-280049-3
* Horton, Byrne J. (1959), Dictionary of modern chess, New York: Philosophical Library, p. 175, ISBN 0-8065-0173-1, OCLC 606992 `{{citation}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Sunnucks, Anne (1970), "rook, the", The Encyclopaedia of Chess, St. Martins Press, ISBN 978-0-7091-4697-1

## Further reading

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* Barden, Leonard (1980), Play Better Chess with Leonard Barden, Octopus Books Limited, p. 10, ISBN 0-7064-0967-1
* Brace, Edward R. (1977), "rook", An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Hamlyn Publishing Group, pp. 241–42, ISBN 1-55521-394-4
* Davidson, Henry (1981) [1949], A Short History of Chess (1981 paperback), McKay, ISBN 0-679-14550-8
* Lasker, Emanuel (1947), Lasker's Manual of Chess, David McKay Company, p. 8, ISBN 0-486-20640-8, OCLC 3636924 `{{citation}}`: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
* Pandolfini, Bruce (1986), Let's Play Chess, Fireside, ISBN 0-671-61983-7

## External links

[edit]

* Piececlopedia: Rook by Fergus Duniho and Hans Bodlaender, The Chess Variant Pages

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