Roscosmos

Space agency of Russia

This article is about the Russian space program starting from 1992. For the history of earlier Russian spaceflight, see Soviet space program.

State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos"Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос»

Headquarters in Moscow, Russia

Agency overview
Abbreviation| Roscosmos
Formed| 25 February 1992 (1992-02-25) (as the Russian Space Agency)
Preceding agency|

* Soviet space program (1955–1991) (in the form of the Ministry of General Machine-Building)

Type| Space agency
Jurisdiction| Government of Russia
Headquarters| Moscow, Russia
55°47′2″N 37°37′50″E﻿ / ﻿55.78389°N 37.63056°E﻿ / 55.78389; 37.63056
Official language| Russian

General Director

| Dmitry Bakanov
Primary spaceports|

* Baikonur Cosmodrome
* Plesetsk Cosmodrome
* Vostochny Cosmodrome

Owner| Russia
Employees| 170,500 (2020)
Annual budget|  154 billion ₽ (2021)[1]
Website| roscosmos.ru (archived)

The State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos",[note 1] commonly known simply as Roscosmos (Russian: Роскосмос), is a state corporation of the Russian Federation responsible for space flights, cosmonautics programs, and aerospace research.[2]

Originating from the Soviet space program founded in the 1950s, Roscosmos emerged following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It initially began as the Russian Space Agency,[note 2] which was established on 25 February 1992[3] and restructured in 1999 and 2004 as the Russian Aviation and Space Agency[note 3] and the Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos),[note 4] respectively.[3] In 2015, the Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) was merged with the United Rocket and Space Corporation, a government corporation, to re-nationalize the space industry of Russia, leading to Roscosmos in its current form.[4][5][6]

Roscosmos is headquartered in Moscow, with its main Mission Control Center in the nearby city of Korolyov, and the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center located in Star City in Moscow Oblast. Its launch facilities include Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, the world's first and largest spaceport, and Vostochny Cosmodrome, which is being built in the Russian Far East in Amur Oblast. Its director since February 2025 is Dmitry Bakanov.[7]

As the main successor to the Soviet space program, Roscosmos' legacy includes the world's first satellite, the first human spaceflight, and the first space station (Salyut). Its current activities include the International Space Station, wherein it is a major partner. On 22 February 2019, Roscosmos announced the construction of its new headquarters in Moscow, the National Space Centre. Its Astronaut Corps is the first in the world's history.

## History

[edit]

Main article: Soviet space program

Patch of the Russian Space Agency, 1991–2004 The Hall of Space Technology in the Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, Kaluga, Russia. The exhibition includes the models and replicas of the following Russian/Soviet inventions:
the first satellite, Sputnik 1 (a ball under the ceiling);
the first spacesuits (lower-left corner);
the first human spaceflight module, the Vostok 3KA (center);
the first Molniya-type satellite (upper right corner);
the first space rover, Lunokhod 1 (lower right);
the first space station, Salyut 1 (left);
the first modular space station, Mir (upper left).

The Soviet space program did not have central executive agencies. Instead, its organizational architecture was multi-centered; it was the design bureaus and the council of designers that had the most say, not the political leadership. The creation of a central agency after the reorganization of the Soviet Union into the Russian Federation was therefore a new development. The Russian Space Agency was formed on 25 February 1992, by a decree of President Yeltsin. Yuri Koptev, who had previously worked with designing Mars landers at NPO Lavochkin, became the agency's first director.[8]

In the early years, the agency suffered from lack of authority as the powerful design bureaus fought to protect their own spheres of operation and to survive. For example, the decision to keep Mir in operation beyond 1999 was not made by the agency, but by the private shareholder board of the Energia design bureau. Another example is that the decision to develop the new Angara rocket was rather a function of Khrunichev's ability to attract resources than a conscious long-term decision by the agency.[8]

### Crisis years

[edit]

The 1990s saw serious financial problems due to the decreased cash flow, which encouraged the space agency to improvise and seek other ways to keep space programs running. This resulted in the agency's leading role in commercial satellite launches and space tourism.[citation needed] Scientific missions, such as interplanetary probes or astronomy missions during these years played a very small role, and although the agency had connections with the Russian aerospace forces, its budget was not part of Russia's defense budget; nevertheless, the agency managed to operate the Mir space station well past its planned lifespan, contributed to the International Space Station, and continued to fly Soyuz and Progress missions.

In 1994, Roscosmos renewed the lease on its Baikonur cosmodrome with the government of Kazakhstan.[9]

### 2000: Start of ISS cooperation

[edit]

On 31 October 2000, a Soyuz spacecraft lifted off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 10:53 a.m. Kazakhstan time. On board were Expedition One Commander William M. (Bill) Shepherd of NASA and cosmonauts Sergei Krikalev and Yuri Gidzenko of Roscosmos. The trio arrived at the International Space Station on 2 November, marking the start of an uninterrupted human presence on the orbiting laboratory.[10]

### 2004–2006: Improved situation

[edit]

In March 2004, the agency's director Yuri Koptev was replaced by Anatoly Perminov, who had previously served as the first commander of the Space Forces.[8][11]

The Russian economy boomed throughout 2005 from high prices for exports, such as oil and gas, the outlook for future funding in 2006 appeared more favorable. This resulted in the Russian Duma approving a budget of 305 billion rubles (about US$11 billion) for the Space Agency from January 2006 until 2015, with overall space expenditures in Russia total about 425 billion rubles for the same time period.[12] The budget for 2006 was as high as 25 billion rubles (about US$900 million), which is a 33% increase from the 2005 budget. Under the current 10-year budget approved, the budget of the Space Agency shall increase 5–10% per year, providing the space agency with a constant influx of money. In addition to the budget, Roscosmos plans to have over 130 billion rubles flowing into its budget by other means, such as industry investments and commercial space launches. It is around the time US-based The Planetary Society entered a partnership with Roscosmos.

* New science missions: Koronas Foton (launched in January 2009, lost in April 2010), Spektr R (RadioAstron, launched in July 2011, retired in May 2019), Intergelizond (2011?), Spektr RG (Roentgen Gamma, launched 2019, one of two telescopes operational), Spektr UV (Ultra Violet, planned 2030), Spektr M (planned 2030),[13] Celsta (2018?) and Terion (2018?)
* Resumption of Bion missions with Bion-M (2013)
* New weather satellites Elektro L (launched in January 2011) and Elektro P (2015)[8]

### 2006–2012

[edit]

Cosmonaut Anton Shkaplerov on EVA (February 2012)

The federal space budget for the year 2009 was left unchanged despite the global economic crisis, standing at about 82 billion rubles ($2.4 billion).[citation needed] In 2011, the government spent 115 billion rubles ($3.8 bln) in the national space programs.[citation needed]

The proposed project core budget for 2013 to be around 128.3 billion rubles. The budget for the whole space program is 169.8 billion rubles. ($5.6 bln). By 2015, the amount of the budget can be increased to 199.2 billion rubles.[11]

Priorities of the Russian space program include the new Angara rocket family and development of new communications, navigation and remote Earth sensing spacecraft.[citation needed] The GLONASS global navigation satellite system has for many years been one of the top priorities and has been given its own budget line in the federal space budget. In 2007, GLONASS received 9.9 billion rubles ($360 million), and under the terms of a directive signed by Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in 2008, an additional $2.6 billion will be allocated for its development.[citation needed]

Space station funding issues

Due to International Space Station involvements, up to 50% of Russia's space budget is spent on the crewed space program as of 2009[update]. Some observers have pointed out that this has a detrimental effect on other aspects of space exploration, and that the other space powers spend much lesser proportions of their overall budgets on maintaining human presence in orbit.[14]

Despite the considerably improved budget,[when?] attention of legislative and executive authorities, positive media coverage and broad support among the population, the Russian space program continues to face several problems.[15] Wages in the space industry are low; the average age of employees is high (46 years in 2007),[15] and much of the equipment is obsolete.[citation needed] On the positive side, many companies in the sector have been able to profit from contracts and partnerships with foreign companies; several new systems such as new rocket upper stages have been developed in recent years; investments have been made to production lines, and companies have started to pay more attention to educating a new generation of engineers and technicians.[8]

2011 New director

On 29 April 2011, Perminov was replaced with Vladimir Popovkin as the director of Roscosmos. The 65-year-old Perminov was over the legal age for state officials, and had received some criticism after a failed GLONASS launch in December 2010. Popovkin is a former commander of the Russian Space Forces and First Deputy Defense Minister of Russia.[16] Also in 2011, the Fobos-Grunt Mars mission was lost in low Earth orbit and crashed back to earth in 2012 [17]

### 2013–2016: Reorganization of the Russian space sector

[edit]

2022 alternate logo of Roscosmos

As a result of a series of reliability problems, and proximate to the failure of a July 2013 Proton M launch, a major reorganization of the Russian space industry was undertaken. The United Rocket and Space Corporation was formed as a joint-stock corporation by the government in August 2013 to consolidate the Russian space sector. Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin said "the failure-prone space sector is so troubled that it needs state supervision to overcome its problems."[18] Three days following the Proton M launch failure, the Russian government had announced that "extremely harsh measures" would be taken "and spell the end of the [Russian] space industry as we know it."[19] Information indicated then that the government intended to reorganize in such a way as to "preserve and enhance the Roscosmos space agency."[18]

More detailed plans released in October 2013 called for a re-nationalization of the "troubled space industry", with sweeping reforms including a new "unified command structure and reducing redundant capabilities, acts that could lead to tens of thousands of layoffs."[20] According to Rogozin, the Russian space sector employs about 250,000 people, while the United States needs only 70,000 to achieve similar results. He said: "Russian space productivity is eight times lower than America's, with companies duplicating one another's work and operating at about 40 percent efficiency."[20]

Under the 2013 plan, Roscosmos was to "act as a federal executive body and contracting authority for programs to be implemented by the industry."[18]

Despite Russian state efforts in the reorganization, two more Proton launch vehicle failures occurred in 2014 and 2015.[21][22]

The government reorganized all of Russia's rocket engine companies into a single entity in June 2015. NPO Energomash, as well as all other engine companies, became a part of United Rocket and Space Corporation.[23]

The decree to actually abolish Roscosmos as a state agency was signed by Vladimir Putin in December 2015, which was replaced by a state-run corporation effective 1 January 2016.[24]

In 2016, the state agency was dissolved and the Roscosmos brand moved to the state corporation, which had been created in 2013 as the United Rocket and Space Corporation, with the specific mission to renationalize the Russian space sector.[24]

In May 2018, Putin selected Rogozin to be the head of the Russian state space corporation Roscosmos.[25]

### 2017–2021

[edit]

In 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin said "it 'is necessary to drastically improve the quality and reliability of space and launch vehicles' ... to preserve Russia's increasingly threatened leadership in space."[26] In November 2018 Alexei Kudrin, head of Russian financial audit agency, named Roscosmos as the public enterprise with "the highest losses" due to "irrational spending" and outright theft and corruption,[27] under the leadership of Igor Komarov who was terminated in May 2018 in favour of Rogozin.

In 2020 Roscosmos under Rogozin reneged on its participation in Lunar Gateway, a NASA-led project that will see a lunar orbiter spaceport for the moon. It had previously signed an agreement in September 2017 with the Americans.[28][29]

In March 2021, Roscosmos signed a memorandum of cooperative construction of a lunar base called the International Lunar Research Station with the China National Space Administration.”[30]

In April 2021, Roscosmos announced that it will be departing the ISS program after 2024. In its place, it was announced that a new space station (Russian Orbital Service Station) will be constructed starting in 2025.[31]

In June 2021 Rogozin complained that sanctions imposed in the wake of the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea were hurting Roscosmos.[32]

In September 2021, Roscosmos announced its revenue and net income, losing 25 billion roubles and 1 billion roubles respectively in 2020, due to the reduction of profit from foreign contracts, an increase in show-up pay, stay-at-home days and personnel health expenses due to the COVID-19 pandemic. According to Roscosmos, these losses would also impact the corporation for the next two years.[33] In October, Roscosmos placed the tests of rocket engines in the engineering bureau of chemical automatics in Voronezh on hold for one month to deliver 33 tons of oxygen to local medical centers, as part of aid for the COVID-19 pandemic.[34]

In December 2021, the Government of Russia confirmed determination of the agreement with Roscosmos for development of next-gen space systems, the document been provided for the officials in July 2020.[35]

### 2022-present

[edit]

Since the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, Roscosmos launched nine rockets in 2022 and 7 in the first half of 2023.

In early March 2022, Roscosmos under Rogozin suspended its participation in the ESA's Kourou, French Guiana spaceport in a tit-for-tat move over the sanctions imposed in the wake of the Russian invasion.[36] As well Rogozin said he would suspend delivery of the RD-181 engine which is used for the Northrop Grumman Antares-Cygnus space cargo delivery system.[36]

In late March 2022, the European Space Agency (ESA) suspended cooperation with Roscosmos in the ExoMars rover mission because of the Russian invasion, and British satellite venture OneWeb signed contracts with ISRO and SpaceX to launch its satellites after friction had developed "with Moscow" and Roscosmos, its previous orbit service provider.[37] The friction had developed over Rogozin's command that OneWeb needed to ditch its venture capital investment from the UK government.[38][39]

On 2 May 2022, Rogozin announced that Roscosmos would terminate its involvement in the ISS with 12 months' notice as stipulated in the international contract that governs the satellite.[40] This followed the 3 March 2022 announcement that Roscosmos would cease cooperation on scientific experiments at the Spacelab,[38] and the 25 March 2022 announcement by Rogozin that "cooperation with Europe is now impossible after sanctions over the Ukraine war."[41]

Rogozin was removed from his job as CEO in July 2022,[42] and replaced with Yury Borisov, who seemed to stabilize the relationship with the ISS partners, especially NASA. One complaint against Rogozin was his risky words about terminating the ISS agreement over the war in Ukraine,[9] which he broadcast as early as April 2022.[43][37] At one point in time NASA had bought 71 return trips on Soyuz for almost $4 billion over six years.[9]

The global space-launch services market was valued at $12.4 billion in 2021 and was forecast to reach $38 billion by decade's end. An American academic wrote that in the wake of the Russian invasion, Roscosmos' share of that market was likely to decline in favour of new entrants such as Japan and India, as well as commercial entrants like SpaceX and Blue Origin.[44]

In June 2023, Roscosmos held a campaign to recruit volunteers for the Uran Battalion, a militia for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[42]

In October 2023, Borisov announced the need for 150 billion rubles to build the Russian space station in the next three years. At completion in 2032, it will have absorbed 609 billion rubles.[45]

In February 2024, at the 2023 AGM, Borisov announced the loss of 180 billion rubles in export revenues, chiefly engine sales and launch services, because of the Western hostility to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[46] Roscosmos had lost 90% of its launch service contracts since the advent of the war.[47][48]

Roscosmos and Russia's space industry are facing significant challenges. The country is on track to conduct its fewest orbital launches since 1961. As of August 15, 2024, only nine launches had occurred, a sharp decline partly attributed to the loss of Western customers following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Roscosmos has reported financial losses of 180 billion rubles ($2.1 billion) due to canceled contracts. The agency's first deputy director indicated it may not achieve profitability until 2025.[49]

### Future plans

[edit]

From 2024 on Roscosmos headquarters will be located in the new National Space Center in the Moscow district of Fili.[50]

## Current programs

[edit]

### Rockets

[edit]

Roscosmos uses a family of several launch rockets, the most famous of them being the R-7, commonly known as the Soyuz rocket that is capable of launching about 7.5 tons into low Earth orbit (LEO). The Proton rocket (or UR-500K) has a lift capacity of over 20 tons to LEO. Smaller rockets include Rokot and other Stations.

Currently rocket development encompasses both a new rocket system, Angara, as well as enhancements of the Soyuz rocket, Soyuz-2 and Soyuz-2-3. Two modifications of the Soyuz, the Soyuz-2.1a and Soyuz-2.1b have already been successfully tested, enhancing the launch capacity to 8.5 tons to LEO. Future projects include the Soyuz successor launch rocket.

#### Operational

[edit]

Vehicle | Manufacturer | Payload mass (kg) | Maiden flight | Total launches | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

LEO | GTO | Other
Proton-M | Khrunichev | 23,000  | 6,920  | 3,250 to GSO | 7 April 2001  | 115  | To be replaced by Angara A5
Soyuz‑2.1a | RTKs Progress | 7,020  |  |  | 8 November 2004  | 73  | Capable of human spaceflight
Soyuz‑2.1b | RTKs Progress | 8,200  | 2,400  |  | 27 December 2006  | 76  |
Angara 1.2 | Khrunichev | 3,500  |  | 2,400 to SSO | 9 July 2014  | 4  |
Angara A5 | Khrunichev | 24,000  | 7,500 with KVTK
5,400 with Briz-M |  | 23 December 2014  | 4  |

#### Under development

[edit]

Vehicle  | Manufacturer  | Payload mass (kg)  | Planned maiden flight  | Notes

|
|
|
|

LEO | GTO | Other
Irtysh (Soyuz‑5)  | RTKs Progress | 18,000 crewed
15,500 uncrewed  | 5,000  |  | 2025  | Base of the Yenisei
Amur (Soyuz‑7)  | KBKhA | 10,500 reusable
12,500 expendable  |  |  | 2026  | First reusable methalox Russian rocket
Yenisei | Energia/RTKs Progress | 103,000  | 26,000  | 27,000 to TLI | 2028  | First super-heavy launch vehicle being developed by the Russian space industry since the fall of the USSR
Don | Energia/RTKs Progress | 140,000  | 29,500  | 33,000 to TLI  | 2032–2035  | Based on the Yenisei, with an additional stage

### Scientific programs

[edit]

See also: Scientific research on the International Space Station

Roscosmos operates a number of programs for Earth science, communication, and scientific research like the Bion-M space medicine satellite series, the Elektro–L meteorological satellite series and the Meteor-M meteorological satellite series. Roscosmos also operates one science satellite (Spektr-RG) and no interplanetary probes. As of 2024 there are plans for scientific robotic missions to one of the Mars moons as well as an increase in Lunar orbit research satellites to one (Luna-Glob). Future plans include:

* Luna-Glob Moon orbiters and landers, with plans for seven missions from 2023 until the 2030's. Luna 25 launched in 2023 crashed onto the moon.[51][52]
* Venera-D Venus lander, planned for 2029

### Space systems

[edit]

The Galenki RT-70 radio telescope. It is among the largest single dish radio telescopes in the world.

Resurs-P[53] is a series of Russian commercial Earth observation satellites capable of acquiring high-resolution imagery (resolution up to 1.0 m). The spacecraft is operated by Roscosmos as a replacement of the Resurs-DK No.1 satellite.

Gonets is a series of civilian low Earth orbit communication satellite system. On 2016, the system consists of 13 satellites (12 Gonets-M and 1 Gonets-D1).[54]

Create HEO space system "Arctic" to address the hydrological and meteorological problems in the Arctic region and the northern areas of the Earth, with the help of two spacecraft "Arktika-M" and in the future within the system can create a communications satellite "Arktika-MS" and radar satellites "Arktika-R."[55]

The launch of two satellites "Obzor-R" (Review-R) Remote Sensing of the Earth, with the AESA radar and four spacecraft "Obzor-O" (Review-O) to capture the Earth's surface in normal and infrared light in a broad swath of 80 km with a resolution of 10 meters. The first two satellites of the projects planned for launch in 2015.[citation needed]

### Gecko mating experiment

[edit]

On 19 July 2014, Roscosmos launched the Foton-M4 satellite containing, among other animals and plants, a group of five geckos.[56][57] The five geckos, four females and one male, were used as a part of the Gecko-F4 research program aimed at measuring the effects of weightlessness on the lizards' ability to procreate and develop in the harsh environment. However, soon after the spacecraft exited the atmosphere, mission control lost contact with the vessel which led to an attempt to reestablish communication that was only achieved later in the mission. When the satellite returned to Earth after its planned two-month mission had been cut short to 44 days, the space agency researchers reported that all the geckos had perished during the flight.

The exact cause that led to the deaths of the geckos was declared unknown by the scientific team in charge of the project. Reports from the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems in Russia have indicated that the lizards had been dead for at least a week prior to their return to Earth. A number of those connected to the mission have theorized that a failure in the vessel's heating system may have caused the cold blooded reptiles to freeze to death.

Included in the mission were a number of fruit flies, plants, and mushrooms which all survived the mission.[58]

### ISS involvement

[edit]

See also: Russian Orbital Segment

The Zarya module was the first module of the ISS, launched in 1998.

Roscosmos is one of the partners in the International Space Station program. It contributed the core space modules Zarya and Zvezda, which were both launched by Proton rockets and later were joined by NASA's Unity Module. The Rassvet module was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis[59] and is primarily used for cargo storage and as a docking port for visiting spacecraft. The Nauka module is the final planned component of the ISS, launch was postponed several times from the initially planned date in 2007,[60] but attached to ISS in July 2021.[61]

Roscosmos is responsible for expedition crew launches by Soyuz-TMA spacecraft and resupplies the space station with Progress space transporters. After the initial ISS contract with NASA expired, Roscosmos and NASA, with the approval of the US government, entered into a space contract running until 2011, according to which Roscosmos will sell NASA spots on Soyuz spacecraft for approximately $21 million per person each way, thus $42 million to and back from the ISS per person, as well as provide Progress transport flights, at $50 million per Progress as outlined in the Exploration Systems Architecture Study.[62] Roscosmos announced that according to this arrangement, crewed Soyuz flights would be doubled to 4 per year and Progress flights doubled to 8 per year beginning in 2008.[needs update][citation needed]

Roscosmos has provided space tourism for fare-paying passengers to ISS through the Space Adventures company. As of 2009, six space tourists have contracted with Roscosmos and have flown into space, each for an estimated fee of at least $20 million (USD).[needs update]

Continued international collaboration in ISS missions has been thrown into doubt by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and related sanctions on Russia,[63] although resupply missions continued in 2022 and 2023.

### Suffa Space Observatory

[edit]

In 2018, Russia agreed to help build the Suffa observatory in Uzbekistan. The observatory was started in 1991, but stalled after the fall of the USSR.[64]

### New piloted spacecraft

[edit]

One of Roscosmos's projects that was widely covered in the media in 2005 was Kliper, a small lifting body reusable spacecraft. While Roscosmos had reached out to ESA and JAXA as well as others to share development costs of the project, it also stated that it will go forward with the project even without the support of other space agencies. This statement was backed by the approval of its budget for 2006–2015, which includes the necessary funding of Kliper. However, the Kliper program was cancelled in July 2006,[65] and has been replaced by the new Prospective Piloted Transport System. (Orel) project. As of August 2023, the first uncrewed and crewed test flights of Orel spacecraft are expected to occur in 2028.[66]

## Launch control

[edit]

Main article: Russian Space Forces

The Russian Space Forces is the military counterpart of the Roscosmos with similar mission objectives as of the United States Space Force. The Russian branch was formed after the merging of the space components of the Russian Air Force and the Aerospace Defense Forces (VKO) in 2015. The Space Forces controls Russia's Plesetsk Cosmodrome launch facility. Roscosmos and the Space Forces share control of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, where Roscosmos reimburses the VKO for the wages of many of the flight controllers during civilian launches. Roscosmos and the Space Forces also share control of the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. It has been announced that Russia is to build another spaceport in Tsiolkovsky, Amur Oblast.[67] The Vostochny Cosmodrome was scheduled to be finished by 2018 having launched its first rocket in 2016.

## Subsidiaries

[edit]

As of 2017, Roscosmos had the following subsidiaries:[68]

* United Rocket and Space Corporation
* Energia (38.2%)
* Progress Rocket Space Centre
* Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center
* NPO Energomash
* NPO Lavochkin
* Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center
* Strategicheskiye Punkty Upravleniya
* Glavcosmos
* Salavat Chemical Plant
* Turbonasos
* Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology
* IPK Mashpribor
* NPO Iskra
* Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau
* All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Electromechanics
* Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev
* Russian Space Systems
* Sistemy precizionnogo priborostroenia
* Chemical Automatics Design Bureau
* Proton-PM
* Tekhnicheskiy Tsentr Novator
* AO EKHO
* NIIMP-K
* TSKB Geofizika
* Osoboye Konstruktorskoye Byuro Protivopozharnoy Tekhniki
* Tsentralnoye Konstruktorskoye Byuro Transportnogo Mashinostroyeniya
* NII komandnykh priborov
* NPO Avtomatiki
* Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant
* Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant
* Miass Machine-Building Plant
* Moskovskiy zavod elektromekhanicheskoy apparatury
* Nauchno-issledovatelskiy Institut Elektromekhaniki
* NPO Novator
* PKP IRIS
* NPP Geofizika-Kosmos
* NPP Kvant
* NPP Polyus
* Ispytatelnyy tekhnicheskiy tsentr – NPO PM
* NPO PM – Maloye Konstruktorskoye Byuro
* NPO PM – Razvitiye
* Sibpromproyekt
* Scientific Research Institute of Precision Instruments
* NIIFI
* NPO Izmeritelnoy Tekhniki
* OKB MEI
* 106 Experimental Optical and Mechanical Plant
* OAO Bazalt
* Nauchno-inzhenernyy tsentr elektrotekhnicheskogo universiteta
* NPO Tekhnomash
* Keldysh Research Center
* Arsenal Design Bureau
* MOKB Mars
* NTTS Okhrana
* NII Mashinostroyeniya
* Scientific Production Association Of Automation And Instrument-Building
* OKB Fakel
* MNII Agat
* TsNIIMash
* Centre for Operation of Space Ground-based Infrastructure (TsENKI)
* NTTS Zarya
* NITs RKP

## See also

[edit]

* Spaceflight portal
* Russia portal

* American space program
* Russian space industry
* Ministry of general Machine Building of the Soviet Union
* TsNIIMash (Russian: ЦНИИмаш) is the Central Research Institute of Machine Building, an institute of the Russian aeronautics and space formed in 1946
* List of Russian aerospace engineers
* Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records
* International Space Olympics
* Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"
* List of government space agencies

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Russian: Государственная корпорация по космической деятельности «Роскосмос», romanized: Gosudarstvennaya korporatsiya po kosmicheskoy deyatel'nosti)
2. ^ Russian: Российское космическое агентство, Rossiyskoye kosmicheskoye agentstvo, or RKA (Russian: РКА).
3. ^ Russian: Российское авиационно-космическое агентство, Rossiyskoye aviatsionno-kosmicheskoye agentstvo, commonly known as Rosaviakosmos (Russian: Росавиакосмос), established on 25 May 1999.
4. ^ Russian: Федеральное космическое агентство (Роскосмос), Federalnoye kosmicheskoye agentstvo (Roskosmos).

## References

[edit]

1. ^ ""Роскосмосу" разрешили не возвращать в бюджет часть доходов". 2 October 2020. Archived from the original on 22 February 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
2. ^ Federation, International Astronautical. "IAF : ROSCOSMOS". www.iafastro.org. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
3. ^ a b "25 февраля 1992 года образовано Российское космическое агентство, в настоящее время – Федеральное космическое агентство (Роскосмос)". Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
4. ^ "Путин подписал указ об упразднении Федерального космического агентства". РИА Новости. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
5. ^ Avaneesh Pandey (28 December 2015). "Russia's Federal Space Agency Dissolved, Responsibilities To Be Transferred To State Corporation". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 8 September 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
6. ^ "Vladimir Putin abolishes Russian space agency Roscosmos". The Financial Express. 28 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016.
7. ^ "Dmitry Bakanov replaces Yury Borisov as Roscosmos CEO - Kremlin". Interfax. 6 February 2025.
8. ^ a b c d e Harvey, Brian (2007). "The design bureaus". The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program (1st ed.). Germany: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-71354-0.
9. ^ a b c "The Brief — The Baikonur face-off". EURACTIV MEDIA NETWORK BV. 16 March 2023.
10. ^ Loff, Sarah (28 October 2015). "Oct. 31, 2000, Launch of First Crew to International Space Station". NASA. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
11. ^ a b Бюджет на 2013 год предполагает рекордное финансирование космонавтики Archived 9 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Spacecorp.ru. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
12. ^ "Russian govt agrees 12.5 bln eur 10-yr space programme". Forbes. 15 July 2005. Archived from the original on 1 May 2007.
13. ^ ВЗГЛЯД / Российские ученые создали новую технологию для космических телескопов Archived 6 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Vz.ru. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
14. ^ Afanasyev, Igor; Dmitri Vorontsov (1 November 2009). "Building on sand?The Russian ISS segment is to be completed by 2016". Russia & CIS Observer. Archived from the original on 28 February 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
15. ^ a b "Russia's Space Program in 2006: Some Progress but No Clear Direction". Moscow Defense Brief. 2006. Archived from the original on 27 August 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2009.
16. ^ "Space Agency Chief Replaced". The Moscow Times. 3 May 2011. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2011.
17. ^ "Russia's failed Phobos-Grunt space probe heads to Earth", BBC News, 14 January 2012
18. ^ a b c Messier, Doug (30 August 2013). "Rogozin: Russia to Consolidate Space Sector into Open Joint Stock Company". Parabolic Arc. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
19. ^ Nilolaev, Ivan (3 July 2013). "Rocket failure to lead to space industry reform". Russia Behind The Headlines. Archived from the original on 25 August 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
20. ^ a b Messier, Doug (9 October 2013). "Rogozin Outlines Plans for Consolidating Russia's Space Industry". Parabolic Arc. Archived from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
21. ^ Zak, Anatoly (16 May 2014). "Another Disaster for Russia's Space Workhorse A fiery rocket crash couldn't happen at a worse time for Russia's commercial space program". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
22. ^ de Selding, Peter B. (16 May 2015). "ILS Proton Failure Destroys Centenario Satellite, Leaves Inmarsat in Lurch". Space News. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
23. ^ "Russia's Roscosmos Centralizes Rocket Engine Production". Moscow Times. 24 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2015.
24. ^ a b Kelly Dickerson (28 December 2015). "Vladimir Putin just signed a decree to replace Russia's space agency". Tech Insider. Retrieved 29 December 2015. Cite error: The named reference "ti20151228" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
25. ^ Putin taps Rogozin to head Roscosmos, 24 May 2018, accessed 28 May 2018.
26. ^ Putin challenges Roscosmos to "drastically improve" on space and launch Archived 24 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine, SpaceNews, 20 July 2018, accessed 21 July 2018.
27. ^ "Алексей Кудрин назвал "Роскосмос" рекордсменом по финансовым нарушениям — Meduza". Meduza (in Russian). Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
28. ^ BERGER, ERIC (13 December 2022). "After Russia's exit from the Lunar Gateway, NASA has found a new partner in UAE The United Arab Emirates is a founding member of the Artemis Accords". Condé Nast. Ars Technica.
29. ^ "Russia skeptical about participating in lunar Gateway". SPACENEWS. 12 October 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
30. ^ Jones, Andrew (9 March 2021). "China, Russia enter MoU on international lunar research station". spacenews.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
31. ^ "Russia plans to launch own space station after quitting ISS". Reuters. 21 April 2021. Archived from the original on 25 October 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
32. ^ "Russian Space Chief Says U.S. Sanctions Keep Satellites Grounded". Bloomberg. 7 June 2021.
33. ^ "В 2020 году чистая прибыль Роскосмоса сократилась в 42 раза" (in Russian). Коммерсантъ. 30 September 2021. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
34. ^ "Роскосмос прекратил испытания двигателей ради кислорода для больниц Воронежа". Ведомости (in Russian). 10 October 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2021.
35. ^ "Правительство расторгнет с Роскосмосом договор о перспективных системах" (in Russian). Интерфакс. 8 December 2021. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
36. ^ a b SKIBBA, RAMIN (4 March 2022). "Turmoil Over Ukraine Could Debilitate Russia's Space Program". Condé Nast. Wired.
37. ^ a b "Russia's space chief says EU cooperation 'impossible' over Ukraine". 25 March 2022.
38. ^ a b Guenot, Marianne (3 March 2022). "Russia axed joint experiments on the International Space Station in response to crippling sanctions for its invasion of Ukraine".
39. ^ "OneWeb's internet satellites caught in UK-Russia standoff days before launch". 2 March 2022.
40. ^ "Russia will reportedly leave International Space Station". 2 May 2022.
41. ^ "Cooperation with Europe now impossible, says Russian space agency chief post-sanctions".
42. ^ a b Ivanova, Polina (16 June 2023). "Russia's latest space agency mission: raising a militia for the war in Ukraine". Financial Times. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
43. ^ "Ukraine war: Russia to halt cooperation on International Space Station over 'illegal' sanctions". 2 April 2022.
44. ^ Grunert, Major Jeremy (10 June 2022). "SANCTIONS AND SATELLITES: THE SPACE INDUSTRY AFTER THE RUSSO-UKRAINIAN WAR". WAR ON THE ROCKS.
45. ^ "Roscosmos head estimates cost of Russian space station project at 609 BLN rubles before 2032".
46. ^ "Russian space industry seeing trend towards loss reduction - Roscosmos CEO".
47. ^ MUNAKATA, AIKO; UNE, YUKIKO (2 March 2024). "Space superpower Russia falls down to earth".
48. ^ "Russia Loses 90% of Satellite Launch Orders from Europe; India's ISRO Gains Big at Moscow's Expense - Reports". 4 March 2024.
49. ^ Berger, Eric (15 August 2024). "Facing "financial crisis," Russia on pace for lowest launch total in 6 decades". Ars Technica. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
50. ^ "Московский офис Роскосмоса достроят в 2023 году" (in Russian). Интерфакс. 15 February 2022. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
51. ^ Baylor, Michael (16 April 2023). "Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat-M – Luna 25 & Others". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
52. ^ "ГК «Роскосмос»: Об автоматической станции «Луна-25» | Space Research Institute - IKI". iki.cosmos.ru. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
53. ^ Zak, Anatoly. "Resurs-P remote-sensing satellite". RussianSpaceWeb. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
54. ^ "Russia completes its Gonets orbital group". Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
55. ^ ВЗГЛЯД / Роскосмос начал создание космической системы «Арктика» Archived 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Vz.ru (2012-10-16). Retrieved 2 August 2013.
56. ^ Brumfiel, Geoff (2 September 2014). "Russian Space Experiment On Gecko Sex Goes Awry". KPBS. Archived from the original on 22 April 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
57. ^ Nichols, Mary (2 September 2014). "Russia's Orbiting Sex Experiment Geckos Die In Space". Design & Trend. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
58. ^ "Sex geckos die in orbit on Russian space project". BBC News. 2 September 2014. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
59. ^ Chris Gebhardt (9 April 2009). "STS-132: PRCB baselines Atlantis' mission to deliver Russia's MRM-1". NASAspaceflight.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2009.
60. ^ ""Роскосмос" сообщил дату запуска следующего российского модуля на МКС" [Roscosmos announces the launch date of the next Russian module on the ISS] (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 23 May 2020. Archived from the original on 3 June 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
61. ^ Harding, Pete (29 July 2021). "MLM Nauka docks to ISS, malfunctions shortly thereafter". NASASpaceFlight. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
62. ^ "NASA Signs $44m Deal with Russia for Soyus Rides to ISS – NEWS – MOSN…". Archived from the original on 10 January 2006.
63. ^ Witze, Alexandra (11 March 2022). "Russia's invasion of Ukraine is redrawing the geopolitics of space". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00727-x. PMID 35277688. S2CID 247407886. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
64. ^ "Uzbekistan, Russia to sign Suffa observatory completion plan". Tashkent Times. 16 October 2018. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
65. ^ www.flightglobal.com
66. ^ Katya Pavlushchenko [@katlinengrey] (15 August 2023). "Both the first uncrewed test flight and the first crewed test flight of the planned #Oryol spacecraft are scheduled for 2028, said the chief designer of ROS (it's not a misprint, now they call it ROS instead of ROSS), deputy director of RSC Energia Vladimir Kozhevnikov" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
67. ^ Solovyov, Dmitry (28 April 2016). "Russia launches first rocket from new spaceport at second attempt". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 April 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
68. ^ "О мерах по созданию Государственной корпорации по космической деятельности "Роскосмос"". Pravo.gov.ru. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2017.

## External links

[edit]

Media related to Roscosmos at Wikimedia Commons

* (In Russian and English) Roscosmos official site
* Russian Space Program

* v
* t
* e

Government of the Russian Federation

Offices subordinated to the President of Russia

Ministry of Internal Affairs|

* Police of the Russian Federation

Ministry for Affairs of Civil Defence,
Emergencies and Disaster Relief|

* Russian State Fire Service

Ministry of Foreign Affairs|

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and Directorates|

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Offices subordinated to the Government of Russia, headed by the Prime Minister of Russia

Ministry of Health|

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and Environment|

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Ministry of Industry and Trade|

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of the Russian Far East and Arctic|

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Communications and Mass Media|

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Development|

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Ministry of Science and Higher Education|

Governmental committees,
services and agencies|

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* Rospotrebnadzor
* Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Supervision
* Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography
* Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA
* UNOSAT

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* MOM
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

* v
* t
* e

Roscosmos subsidiaries

* All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Electromechanics
* Arsenal Design Bureau
* Chemical Automatics Design Bureau
* Glavkosmos
* Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev
* Keldysh Research Center
* Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center
* Krasnoyarsk Machine-Building Plant
* Lavochkin
* Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau
* Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology
* Research and Development Institute of Mechanical Engineering
* NPO Avtomatiki
* NPO Energomash
* NPO Tekhnomash
* OKB Fakel
* Progress Rocket Space Centre
* Proton-PM
* Scientific Production Association Of Automation And Instrument-Building
* TsNIIMash
* United Rocket and Space Corporation
* Zlatoust Machine-Building Plant

* v
* t
* e

Russian space observatories

Current|

* Spektr-RG (2019–present)

Past|

* Spektr-R (2011–2019)
* Mikhailo Lomonosov (2016–2019)

Planned|

* Spektr-UV (2030)
* Gamma-400 (ru) (2030)
* Spektr-M (2030)
* OZIRIS

* v
* t
* e

Soviet and Russian launch vehicles

Active|

* Angara
* 1.2
* A5
* Soyuz-2
* 2.1a
* 2.1b
* UR
* Proton-M

In development|

* Amur
* Irtysh
* Yenisei

Retired|

* Dnepr
* Energia
* Kosmos
* 1
* 2I
* 3
* 3M
* N1
* R-7
* Luna
* Molniya
* M
* L
* Polyot
* Soyuz
* original
* L
* M
* U
* U2
* FG
* 2.1v
* Soyuz/Vostok
* Sputnik
* Voskhod
* Vostok
* L
* K
* 2
* 2M
* R-29
* Shtil'
* Volna
* Start-1
* Tsyklon
* original
* 2
* 3
* UR
* UR-500
* Proton-K
* Rokot
* Strela
* Zenit
* 2
* 2M
* 3SL
* 3SLB
* 3F

Cancelled (no launch attempts)|

* Tsyklon-4
* Proton
* Light
* Medium

* v
* t
* e

Soviet and Russian government human spaceflight programs

Active|

* Soyuz
* ISS (joint)
* Russian Orbital Segment

In development|

* Orel

Past|

* Vostok
* Voskhod
* Salyut
* Almaz (incorporated into Salyut program) / TKS
* Apollo–Soyuz (joint)
* Mir
* Shuttle-Mir (joint)

Cancelled|

* Moon:  Zond (7K-L1), N1-L3, LK-700, Zvezda
* Interplanetary:  TMK, Aelita, Martian Piloted Complex
* Spaceplanes:  Spiral, Energia / Buran, MAKS, Kliper, LKS, Tupolev Tu-2000
* Capsules:  Zvezda, Zarya
* Space Stations:  OPSEK

Related|

* List of Soyuz missions
* List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
* List of Russian human spaceflight missions
* Cosmonaut ranks and positions

* v
* t
* e

Soviet and Russian space program

* Roscosmos

Launch sites|

* Baikonur Cosmodrome (in Kazakhstan)
* Dombarovsky
* Kapustin Yar
* Plesetsk Cosmodrome
* Svobodny Cosmodrome (defunct)
* Vostochny Cosmodrome

Launch vehicles|

* Angara
* Proton
* Soyuz

Human spaceflight
programs|

| Past|

* Vostok
* Voskhod
* Salyut
* Almaz (incorporated into Salyut program) / TKS
* Soyuz-Apollo (joint)
* Mir
* Shuttle–Mir (joint)
* Energia / Buran

|

Cancelled|

* Zond (7K-L1) (Moon flyby)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (Moon landing)
* Zvezda (moonbase)
* TMK (Mars/Venus flyby)
* Spiral
* Zvezda
* Zarya
* MAKS
* Kliper

Active|

* International Space Station (joint)
* Russian Orbital Segment
* Soyuz

In development|

* Orel

Robotic
programs|

| Past|

* Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik (1961–1982)
* Prognoz (1972–1996)
* Luna (1958–1976)
* Venera (1961–1985)
* Zond (1964–1970)
* Astron (1983–1991)
* Vega (1984–1987)
* Phobos (failed) (1988–1989)
* Granat (1989–1998)
* Gamma (1990–1992)
* Mars 96 (failed) (1996)
* Resurs-DK No.1 (2006–2016)
* CORONAS (1994–2009)
* Fobos-Grunt (failed) (2011)
* Spektr-R (2011–2019)
* Luna 25 (failed) (2023)

|

Cancelled|

* Kazachok

Active|

* Bion-M
* Elektro–L
* Trace Gas Orbiter (joint)
* Meteor-M
* Resurs-P
* Spektr-RG

In development|

* Luna-Glob
* Luna 26
* Luna 27
* Luna 28
* Spektr-UV

Communications|

* Sputnik (begun 1957)
* Sputnik 1
* Sputnik 2
* Sputnik 3
* Sputnik 41
* Sputnik 99
* Luch
* Deep Space Network

Concepts|

* Baikal-Angara
* Laplace-P
* Mars-Grunt
* Mercury-P
* OPSEK
* Spektr-M
* Venera-D
* Sfera

Images and artwork|

* Mission patches

Related|

* List of cosmonauts
* Cosmonaut ranks and positions
* Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation
* Soviet space dogs
* Laika
* Belka and Strelka
* Veterok and Ugolyok
* Ivan Ivanovich
* Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps
* Cosmonauts Alley
* Monument to the Conquerors of Space
* Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics
* Out of the Present (1995 documentary)
* Mission to Mir (1997 documentary)

* See also: Space industry of Russia
* Russian Aerospace Defence Forces

* v
* t
* e

Politics of outer space

* Spacefaring nations
* Space policy
* Space traffic management
* Space debris management
* Space Debris Working Group
* Space Debris Committee
* Planetary protection principle
* Post-detection policy
* Asteroid impact
* Prediction
* Avoidance
* Spaceguard
* The Spaceguard Foundation

Space races|

* Cold War Space Race
* Sputnik crisis
* Timeline
* Billionaire space race
* Mars race
* Records
* Space propaganda
* Space competition

Chinese
space program|

* Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine (1966–1976)
* Shuguang program (1966–1972)
* Chinese ASAT program (1964–)
* 2007 test
* Project 921 (1992–)
* Shenzhou program
* Tiangong program
* Space station
* Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (2003–)
* Mars and beyond
* Planetary Exploration of China (2016–)
* MARS-500 study

ESA Science Programme|

* European Launcher Development Organisation (1960–1975)
* Europa launcher programme (1962–1973)
* European Space Research Organisation (1964–1975)
* European Space Agency (1975–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* European Cooperation for Space Standardization
* European Space Research and Technology Centre
* Concurrent Design Facility
* European Astronaut Centre
* ESA Centre for Earth Observation
* Living Planet Programme
* European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications
* European Data Relay System
* Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility (1983–2010)
* European Space Astronomy Centre (2005–)
* European Space Security and Education Centre
* European Space Operations Centre
* ESTRACK network
* Guiana Space Centre
* Ariane launcher programme (1973–)
* Vega launcher programme (1998–)
* European Space Policy Institute
* Space Situational Awareness Programme
* Future Launchers Preparatory Programme
* Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle
* PRIDE
* Space Rider
* ESA Television
* Mars and beyond
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* MARS-500 study
* Aurora programme
* ExoMars

| Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)|

* SOHO
* Cassini–Huygens
* Huygens
* Cluster
* Cluster II
* XMM-Newton
* Rosetta
* INTEGRAL
* Herschel
* Planck

|

Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)|

* ISS programme
* Politics
* Gaia
* LISA Pathfinder
* BepiColombo

Cosmic Vision (2015–2025)|

* Solar Orbiter
* Euclid
* ARIEL
* EnVision
* CHEOPS
* JUICE
* ATHENA
* LISA
* Comet Interceptor
* SMILE

EU Space Programme|

* Western European Union Satellite Centre (1992–2002)
* EU Satellite Centre (2002–)
* EU/ESA Space Council
* EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space
* European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)
* European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)
* EU Agency for the Space Programme (2021–)
* Galileo programme
* Copernicus programme
* EGNOS programme
* EUSST programme
* Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
* European Union Aviation Safety Agency
* European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities
* European Defence Agency
* Europe by Satellite

Other European
initiatives and bodies|

* AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe
* Eurospace
* Eurocontrol
* Council of Europe
* Council of European Aerospace Societies
* European Broadcasting Union
* European Civil Aviation Conference
* European Committee for Standardization/European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
* European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
* European Telecommunications Standards Institute
* European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
* European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites
* European Patent Organisation
* European Patent Office
* European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* European Southern Observatory
* Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

Indian space policy|

* Department of Space
* Indian Human Spaceflight Programme
* Space Activities Bill
* Indian ASAT programme
* Mission Shakti

British
space programme|

* Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research (1958)
* Start of the Ariel programme (1962)
* Black Arrow launcher (1964–1971)
* Creation of the British National Space Centre (1985)
* Outer Space Act 1986
* Project Juno (1991)
* Space Innovation and Growth Team (2009–2010)
* Creation of the UK Space Agency (2010)
* Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015
* Space Industry Act 2018
* UK Global Navigation Satellite System (2018–2020)
* 2021 Integrated Review
* Defence in a Competitive Age

US space policy|

| Truman
space policy|

* Operation Paperclip
* list of scientists
* Aerobee rocket program
* RAND
* Establishment of Cape Canaveral

|

Eisenhower
space policy|

* WS-117L
* Project Vanguard
* Sputnik crisis
* Introduction to Outer Space
* 1958 NASA Act
* Space Act Agreement
* Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest
* Launch of Project Mercury
* Missile gap
* Launch of X-15 program

Kennedy
space policy|

* Launch of the Mariner program
* Launch of the Gemini project
* Launch of the Apollo program
* "We choose to go to the Moon"

Johnson
space policy|

* 1967 Outer Space Treaty

Nixon
space policy|

* Moon landing
* Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law
* Launch of the Space Shuttle Program
* Skylab

Ford
space policy|

* Apollo–Soyuz
* Launch of the Viking program

Carter
space policy|

Reagan
space policy|

* Citizens' Advisory Council
* Strategy of Technology doctrine
* Strategic Defense Initiative
* Space Station Freedom proposal
* 1984 Space Act
* 1985 anti-satellite missile test
* Space Shuttle Challenger disaster
* Rogers Report
* Ride Report

George H. W. Bush
space policy|

* Space Exploration Initiative
* 1990 Augustine Committee
* Hubble Space Telescope
* National Space Council

Clinton
space policy|

* Faster, better, cheaper
* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics
* Launch of the Mars Exploration Program
* 1998 Space Act
* Decadal Planning Team
* Launch of the X-37 program

George W. Bush
space policy|

* Aerospace Industry Commission
* 2002 National missile defense directive
* Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
* Vision for Space Exploration
* Aldridge Commission
* ESAS
* 2005 NASA Act
* Launch of the Constellation program
* Operation Burnt Frost

Obama
space policy|

* 2009 Augustine Committee
* Kennedy Space Center speech
* Cancellation of the Constellation program
* Launch of the Space Launch System program
* Redesign of the Orion program
* Flexible path
* Mars Exploration Joint Initiative
* 2010 NASA Act
* Title 51
* Space Shuttle retirement
* Development of the Commercial Crew Program
* 2014 NASA Act
* 2015 Space Act

Trump
space policy|

* Re-establishment of the National Space Council
* Creation of the Space Force
* Launch of the Artemis program
* Launch of the Lunar Gateway project
* Executive Order 13959

* China exclusion policy of NASA
* International Traffic in Arms Regulations
* Full-spectrum dominance doctrine
* Budget of NASA
* House Committee on Space
* NESDIS
* Office of Space Commerce
* FCC
* FAA/AST
* NRO
* IEEE
* Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society
* Antennas & Propagation Society
* Broadcast Technology Society
* Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society
* Vehicular Technology Society

USSR and Russia|

| Soviet
space
program|

| Stalin|

* Operation Osoaviakhim (1946)
* list of scientists

|

Khrushchev|

* Sputnik program
* Sputnik crisis (1957)
* Vostok program (1960–1963)
* Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (1960–1982)
* Soviet crewed lunar programs (1961–1976)
* Voskhod program (1964–1966)

Brezhnev|

* Soyuz program (1967–)
* Interkosmos (1967–1991)
* Salyut program (1971–1986)
* Almaz (1973–1977)
* Buran program (1974–1993)
* Apollo–Soyuz (1975)

Gorbachev|

* Mir (1986–2001)

Roscosmos|

| Yeltsin|

* Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission
* ISS (1993–)
* Shuttle–Mir program
* ISS programme
* Politics

|

Medvedev|

* Medvedev modernisation programme
* 2010 Military doctrine

Putin|

* United Rocket and Space Corporation (2013–2015)
* 2014 Military doctrine
* 2015 Creation of Roscosmos
* Mars
* MARS-500 study
* ExoMars

Other policies|

* Australian space program
* Brazilian space program
* Emirati space program
* Japanese space program
* Kazakh space program
* Kenyan space program
* Lebanese space program
* North Korean space program
* Pakistani space program
* Space programme 2040
* Philippine space program
* South Korean space program
* Ugandan space initiatives
* International Space Station programme
* Politics of the International Space Station

United Nations|

* International Civil Aviation Organization
* ITU-R
* Office for Outer Space Affairs
* UN-SPIDER
* Space Generation Advisory Council
* Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
* General Assembly Fourth Committee

Other intergovernmental
or inter-agency bodies|

* African Space Agency
* Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems
* Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
* Committee on Space Research
* International Planetary Data Alliance
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Group on Earth Observations
* Global Standards Collaboration
* Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'
* International Mobile Satellite Organization
* International Space Exploration Coordination Group
* International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board
* International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
* Intersputnik
* Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group
* Regional African Satellite Communication Organization
* Arab Satellite Communications Organization
* Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization

Space law|

* Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963)
* Outer Space Treaty (1967)
* Rescue Agreement (1968)
* Space Liability Convention (1972)
* US-USSR Cooperation Agreement (1972)
* Satellite Convention (1974)
* Registration Convention (1975)
* Bogota Declaration (1976)
* Moon Treaty (1979)
* Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (1981)
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement (1988)
* International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement (1998)
* International Docking System Standard
* International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters' (1999)
* Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol (2012)
* Artemis Accords (2020)
* Space jurisdiction
* Common heritage of mankind
* Extraterrestrial real estate
* Astronomical naming conventions
* ITU Radio Regulations
* CCSDS standards
* ODCWG standards
* CEOS standards
* COSPAR standards
* International Designator
* IPDA standards
* GSC standards
* GEO standards
* ISECG standards
* Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs

Commercial use|

* Space industry
* India
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Private spaceflight
* Launch market competition
* Space tourism
* Space advertising
* Space technology
* Space-based economy
* Space trade
* Space manufacturing
* Lunar resources
* Project Harvest Moon
* Asteroid mining

Militarisation|

| Space forces,
units and formations|

* Space forces
* Australia
* Brazil
* Canada
* China
* Colombia
* France
* Germany
* Iran
* AJA
* IRGC
* Israel
* Japan
* Netherlands
* New Zealand
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Russia
* South Korea
* Spain
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Kingdom
* United States
* History
* Structure
* Vietnam
* Ranks and insignia
* Space commands
* France
* India
* Italy
* NATO
*  NORAD
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Space warfare|

* Space domain awareness
* Space weapon
* Anti-satellite weapon
* China
* India
* Russia
* United States
* Kinetic bombardment
* Kill vehicle
* Missile defense
* Military satellite
* Reconnaissance satellite
* Spaceplane
* Satellite jamming

Space advocacy|

* Air & Space Forces Association
* Alliance for Space Development
* National Space Society
* Space Frontier Foundation
* Mars Society
* Moon Society
* Students for the Exploration and Development of Space
* Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies
* British Interplanetary Society
* Coalition for Deep Space Exploration
* International Academy of Astronautics
* International Astronautical Federation
* International Astronomical Union
* Lunar Explorers Society
* Space Exploration Alliance
* Space Fellowship
* Space Force Association
* Space Foundation
* The Planetary Society

* v
* t
* e

Public-sector space agencies

Africa|

| Pan-African
and pan-Arab|

* RASCOM
* Arabsat

|

National|

* ASAL
* EgSA
* NARSS
* ESSTI
* GSSTC
* KSA
* NASRDA
* SANSA

Americas|

| North America|

* CSA
* NASA
* NESDIS
* OSC
* FAA/AST
* FCC
* USSF
* USSPACECOM
* NRO

|

Latin America
and the Caribbean|

* ALCE
* AEM
* CONAE
* ABE
* AEB
* DCTA
* INPE
* ITA
* CCE
* ABAE
* IVIC

Asia|

| Pan-Asian|

* APSCO

|

Central Asia|

* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VK
* TNSA1

East Asia|

* CNSA
* SASTIND
* CASC
* CALT
* CAST
* CCF
* CGWIC
* PLAASF
* CASIC
* JAXA
* ISAS
* JSS
* NICT
* NATA
* KASA
* KARI
* KASI
* SaTReC
* TASA

South Asia|

* SPARRSO
* ISRO2
* Antrix Corp
* DoS
* NRSC
* DSA
* SUPARCO

Southeast Asia|

* BRIN
* ORPA
* INASA
* MYSA
* PhilSA
* SSTL
* GISTDA
* VNSC

West Asia|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* NSSA
* NEHSA
* ISA
* ISRC
* ISA
* NCSR
* SSA
* KACST-SRI
* SSA2
* GORS
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* UAESA (MBRSC)

Europe|

| Pan-European|

* CEN/CENELEC
* CEPT
* ETSI
* Eurocontrol
* ECAC
* ESA
* ECSS
* ESTEC
* EAC
* ESRIN
* ECSAT
* ESAC
* ESOC
* ESTRACK
* Guiana Space Centre
* EUMETSAT
* EUTELSAT IGO
* ESO

|

EU and EEA|

* DG DEFIS
* EUSPA
* EU SatCen
* EASA
* BEREC
* ALR2
* BELSPO
* BIRA-IASB
* SRTI2
* CSO2
* DTU Space
* ESO1
* CNES2
* AAE
* CdE
* DLR2
* HSA
* HSO2
* ASI
* LSA
* LSO1
* SRON
* NSO
* NOSA
* POLSA2
* CBK PAN
* UKE
* KRRiT
* ORO
* ULC
* PTSPACE
* ROSA2
* INTA
* AEC
* EAE
* AEE
* SNSA

Other|

* ArmCosmos1
* MAKA1
* BSA1
* KazCosmos1
* Roscosmos1
* SRI
* VVKO
* SSO
* TUA
* TÜBİTAK UZAY
* SSAU1
* UKSA2

Oceania|

* ASA
* CSIRO
* NZSA

World|

* CCSDS
* CEOS
* COSPAR
* IPDA
* Cospas-Sarsat
* GEO
* GSC
* IADC
* ICSMD
* IMSO
* ISECG
* ISS MCB
* ITSO
* Intersputnik
* ODCWG
* ITU-R
* UNCOPUOS
* UNOOSA
* UNOSAT

Former|

* BNSC
* KCST
* LAPAN
* NAL
* NASDA
* SSP
* MOM
* Interkosmos

* See also: Timeline of first orbital launches by country
* 1 Preceded by the Soviet space program
* 2 Preceded by Interkosmos participation

* v
* t
* e

Russia–United States relations

Diplomatic posts|

| Embassy|

* Washington D.C.
* Russian Ambassadors
* Mrs. George Pullman House

* Moscow
* US Ambassadors
* Spaso House

|

Consulates|

* Houston
* New York
* John Hammond House
* San Francisco
* Seattle
* Samuel Hyde House

* Saint Petersburg
* Vladivostok
* Yekaterinburg

United Nations|

* Headquarters
* Representatives
* Russian Mission Residency

Other|

* Elmcroft Estate
* Killenworth
* Lothrop Mansion
* Pioneer Point

Diplomacy|

| Treaties|

* Kremlin accords
* Megatons to Megawatts Program
* New START
* SORT
* START II
* START III

|

Summits|

* 1998 Moscow Summit
* 2001 Slovenia Summit
* 2005 Slovakia Summit
* 2018 Helsinki Summit
* 2021 Geneva Summit

Prisoner
Exchanges|

* 2024 Ankara exchange
* Illegals Program exchange
* Marc Fogel exchange
* Trevor Reed exchange
* Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner exchange

Other|

* 2017 St. Petersburg raid
* 5+2 format
* Arctic Council
* Arctic Ocean Conference
* Ilulissat Declaration
* Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
* Center on Global Interests
* Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism
* Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission
* Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
* Moscow–Washington hotline
* New Great Game
* Operation Provide Hope
* RIMPAC
* Russian reset
* Obama–Medvedev Commission
* Second Cold War
* Syrian civil war
* Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons
* U.S.–Russia peace proposals
* Territorial claims in the Arctic
* United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs
* USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement

Historical
Relations|

* Soviet Union–United States
* Russian Empire–United States

Space|

* APAS
* Bion satellites
* International Launch Services
* International Space Station
* Mir
* Shuttle–Mir program
* Roscosmos
* Sea Launch
* Space Flight Europe-America 500
* TOPAZ-II

Trade|

* Amtorg
* Bush legs
* Stanford US–Russia Forum
* The U.S. Russia Investment Fund
* U.S.–Russia Business Council
* U.S. Russia Foundation

Culture|

* Anglo-American School of Moscow
* St. Petersburg
* Anti-American sentiment in Russia
* Congress of Russian Americans
* Russian Cultural Center
* Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C.
* Russian Mission School in New York

Legislation|

| Russia|

* Dima Yakovlev Law
* Guantanamo List
* Russian foreign agent law
* Russian undesirable organizations law

|

United States|

* Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act
* Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act
* Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act
* Executive Order 14071
* Jackson–Vanik amendment
* Magnitsky Act
* Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act
* Task Force KleptoCapture
* Ukraine Freedom Support Act of 2014

Incidents|

| Intelligence|

* American espionage in Russia
* Russian espionage in the United States

* 2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks
* Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information
* Russian interference in United States elections
* Links between Trump associates and Russian officials
* Maria Butina
* Steele dossier
* 2018
* 2020
* 2024
* Stephen Holmes

|

Military|

* Black Sea drone incident
* European Deterrence Initiative
* Operation Atlantic Resolve
* Kildin Island submarine incident
* Kola Peninsula submarine incident
* Norwegian rocket incident
* Pristina airport incident

Media|

* 2024 Tenet Media investigation
* Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.
* RM Broadcasting

Other|

* Battle of Khasham
* Havana syndrome
* Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries
* Lady R incident
* Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal
* Russian bounty program
* Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees
* Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident
* Zersetzung

Category

Authority control databases

International|

* ISNI
* VIAF

National|

* Germany
* United States

Other|

* Yale LUX

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