Rump state

Reduced territory of a once-larger state

Kingdom of Soissons, a Roman rump state following the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

A rump state is the remnant of a once much larger state that was reduced in the wake of annexation, occupation, secession, decolonization, a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory.[1] In the last case, a government stops short of going into exile because it controls parts of its remaining territories.[citation needed]

## Examples

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

### Ancient history

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* During the Second Intermediate Period, following the conquest of Lower Egypt by the Hyksos, there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in Upper Egypt centered on Thebes, which eventually reunified the country at the start of the New Kingdom.[2][3][4]
* The Seleucid Empire became a rump state in Northern Syria after losing most of its territory to the Parthian Empire.[5]
* After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in Gaul, the Kingdom of Soissons survived as a rump state under Aegidius and Syagrius, until it was conquered by the Franks under Clovis I in 486.[6]

### Post-classical history

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* Guge and Maryul was a rump state of the Tibetan Empire.[7][8]
* The Sultanate of Rum was a rump state of the Seljuk Empire.[9]
* Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia.[10]
* After the Almoravid conquest of the Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at Rueda de Jalón until his death in 1130.[11]
* Qara Khitai was a rump state of the Liao dynasty.[12]
* After the Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern Song dynasty, although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population.[13][14]
* Several Byzantine rump states like Nicaea, Trebizond, Morea, Theodoro and Epirus were formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders.[15][16][17]
* After the Ming dynasty established control over China proper in 1368, the Yuan dynasty retreated to the Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the Northern Yuan.[18]
* After the Fragmentation of the Golden Horde in the early 15th century, the Great Horde (first mentioned in the 1430s) survived as its rump state in the heartland of the former Khanate in lower Volga, until the Crimean Khanate destroyed it by sacking its capital city of New Sarai in 1502, absorbing its remaining territory.
* The Timurid Empire reduced into a rump state in Kabulistan and Balkh under Babur after most of its territory in Khorasan and Central Asia falls to Shaybanid Khanate of Bukhara in 1500s, the state later turned into the Mughal Empire after the Babur's conquest of Delhi in 1526.
* By summer 1503, Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the Safavid Empire by Ismail I.[19]
* After the fall of the Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the Malay Peninsula and established the Johor Sultanate.[20]
* After the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire in 1532, the Neo-Inca State based at Vilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572.[21]
* The Afsharid Dynasty survived as a rump state in Mashhad and surrounding after most of its territory in Iran and Khorasan conquered by the Zands and Durrani Empire, until the region finally annexed by the Qajars in 1796.

### Modern history

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* The modern country of Luxembourg is the rump state of the former Duchy of Luxembourg, which lost two thirds of its territory due to multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the Treaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly independent Belgium.[22]
* The modern-day state of Brunei is a rump state of the former Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888), which once encompassed much of northern Borneo. The nation declined sharply during the 19th century, eventually falling under a British protectorate[23] and reduced to its present size by 1901. Brunei would ultimately regain its independence in 1984, remaining a small remnant of the former empire still ruled by the House of Bolkiah, which has governed the nation throughout almost its entire existence.
* During the Russian Civil War, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic served as a rump state of the Russian Empire and, formally, of the short-lived Russian Republic.
* The Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the Austro-Hungarian Empire.[24]
* The Republic of Armenia became a rump state in 1920 following the Ankara Government victory in the Turkish–Armenian War.[25][26][27]
* In 1918-1919, after World War I, a succession of several short-lived rump states existed within the historical territory of Hungary: the First Hungarian Republic (1918–1919), the Hungarian Soviet Republic (March – August 1919),[28] the Hungarian Republic.[29]
* The Second Czechoslovak Republic was the result of the events following the Munich Agreement, where Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the German-populated Sudetenland region to Germany on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost the region of Carpathian Ruthenia.[30]
* Vichy France, a collaborationist state with Nazi Germany, was a rump state[improper synthesis] of the French Third Republic.[31][failed verification] It existed as an independent state under partial occupation from 1940 to 1942, was fully occupied by Germany until 1944, and operated as a government-in-exile until 1945.[original research]
* The fascist Italian Social Republic, a German puppet state led by Benito Mussolini, was a rump state of the Kingdom of Italy (1943–1945).[32][33][34][dubious - discuss]
* The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) / Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after it broke up.[35] SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the 'rump Yugoslavia' for its last ten months, between Slovenian and Croatian declarations of independence on 25 June 1991 and the legal dissolution of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992.[36]
* Taiwan under the Kuomintang rule was the rump state of the Republic of China.[37] The current status of Taiwan is disputed and varies based on the observer's perspective.[38] See also Political status of Taiwan.
* The Republic of Turkey was a rump state left over in Anatolia after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the consequent loss of its territory in Northern Africa, The Middle East, and Europe (amounting to 89% of its former size).[39]
* The Russian Federation was the rump state and legal successor of the Soviet Union, following its dissolution in 1991.[40]

## See also

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* Exclusive mandate
* Feudal fragmentation
* Government-in-exile
* List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
* Power vacuum
* Puppet state
* Rival government
* Secession
* Separatism
* Succession of states

## References

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### Citations

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1. ^ Tir, Jaroslav (2005-10-01). "Keeping the Peace after Secession: Territorial Conflicts Between Rump and Secessionist States". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 49 (5): 713–741\. doi:10.1177/0022002705279426. ISSN 0022-0027.
2. ^ Van de Mieroop, Marc (2021). A history of ancient Egypt (Second ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. p. 152\. ISBN 9781119620891.
3. ^ Myśliwiec, Karol (2000). The twilight of ancient Egypt : first millennium B.C.E. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. p. 69\. ISBN 9780801486302.
4. ^ Potts, D. T.; Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine (2020). The Oxford history of the ancient Near East. Volume III: from the Hyksos to the Late Second Millennium BC. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 88\. ISBN 9780190687601.
5. ^ Fattah, Hala Mundhir; Caso, Frank (2009). A Brief History of Iraq. p. 277.
6. ^ Dodd, Leslie (25 November 2016). "Kinship Conflict and Unity among Roman Elites in Post-Roman Gaul". Official Power and Local Elites in the Roman Provinces. Routledge. p. 170\. ISBN 9781317086147.
7. ^ Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-0-691-13589-2.
8. ^ Fisher, Rose & Huttenback (1963), p. 19: "Mar-yul (literally "lower land") is the common Tibetan name for the Leh district in Ladakh. Mngah-ris (Mnga-ris), although now restricted to West Tibet, then referred to the entire territory between the Zoji and Mayum passes."
9. ^ Richard Todd (2014), The Sufi Doctrine of Man: Ṣadr al-Dīn al-Qūnawī's Metaphysical Anthropology, p. 6
10. ^ Davies, Norman. Europe: A History, p. 335
11. ^ Fletcher, R. A. (2001). Moorish Spain. London: Phoenix Press. p. 117\. ISBN 9781842126059.
12. ^ Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia. p. 166. ISBN 9780813513041.
13. ^ Des Forges, Roger V. (2003). Cultural centrality and political change in Chinese history : northeast Henan in the fall of the Ming. Stanford University Press. p. 6\. ISBN 9780804740449.
14. ^ Chaffee, John W. (2015). The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two Sung China, 960-1279. Cambridge University Press. p. 625.
15. ^ The Columbia history of the world by John Arthur Garraty, Peter Gay (1972), p. 454: "The Greek empire in exile at Nicaea proved too strong to be driven out of Asia Minor, and in Epirus another Greek dynasty defied the intruders".
16. ^ A Short history of Greece from early times to 1964 by W. A. Heurtley, H. C. Darby, C. W. Crawley, C. M. Woodhouse (1967), p. 55: "There in the prosperous city of Nicaea, Theodoros Laskaris, the son in law of a former Byzantine Emperor, establish a court that soon become the Small but reviving Greek empire."
17. ^ This is the date determined by Franz Babinger, "La date de la prise de Trébizonde par les Turcs (1461)", Revue des études byzantines, 7 (1949), pp. 205–207 doi:10.3406/rebyz.1949.1014
18. ^ Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 115.
19. ^ Charles Melville (2021). Safavid Persia in the Age of Empires: The Idea of Iran. Vol. 10\. p. 33\. "Only after five more years did Esma'il and the Qezelbash finally defeat the rump Aq Qoyunlu regimes. In Diyarbakr, the Mowsillu overthrew Zeynal b. Ahmad and then later gave their allegiance to the Safavids when the Safavids invaded in 913/1507. The following year the Safavids conquered Iraq and drove out Soltan-Morad, who fled to Anatolia and was never again able to assert his claim to Aq Qoyunlu rule. It was therefore only in 1508 that the last regions of Aq Qoyunlu power finally fell to Esma'il."
20. ^ Husain, Muzaffar; Akhtar, Syed Saud; Usmani, B. D. (2011). Concise History of Islam (unabridged ed.). Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 310\. ISBN 9789382573470. OCLC 868069299.
21. ^ Bauer, Brian S.; Fonseca Santa Cruz, Javier; Araoz Silva, Miriam (2015). Vilcabamba and the Archaeology of Inca Resistance. Los Angeles. pp. 1–2\. ISBN 9781938770623.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
22. ^ "History". Embassy of Luxembourg in Vientiane. Ministère des Affaires étrangères et européennes. Retrieved 23 May 2023. "The Belgian Revolution of 1830 and subsequent Treaty of London (1839) led to the partitioning of a section of Luxembourg territory between Belgium and the Dutch king, which resulted in the Grand Duchy's present-day geographical borders."
23. ^ CIA Factbook 2017.
24. ^ Magocsi, Paul Robert (2018). Historical atlas of Central Europe: Third Revised and Expanded Edition. University of Toronto Press. p. 128\. ISBN 9781487523312.
25. ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2019). Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9798216117292.
26. ^ Mirzoyan, Alla (2010). Armenia, the Regional Powers, and the West: Between History and Geopolitics, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 188—189
27. ^ Hovannisian Richard G. Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia, p. 430
28. ^ John C. Swanson (2017). Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 80\. ISBN 9780822981992. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
29. ^ Romsics, Ignác (2004). Magyarország története a XX. században (in Hungarian). Budapest: Osiris Kiadó. p. 136\. ISBN 963-389-590-1.
30. ^ Rychlík, J.; Rychlíková, M. (2016). Podkarpatská Rus v dějinách Československa, 1918–1946 (in Czech). Prague: Vyšehrad. ISBN 9788074295560.
31. ^ "Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental – Version consolidée au 10 août 1944" [Law of 9 August 1944 Concerning the reestablishment of the legally constituted Republic on the mainland – consolidated version of 10 August 1944]. gouv.fr. Legifrance. 9 August 1944. Archived from the original on 16 July 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2015. "Article 1: The form of the government of France is and remains the Republic. By law, it has not ceased to exist.
Article 2: The following are therefore null and void: all legislative or regulatory acts as well as all actions of any description whatsoever taken to execute them, promulgated in Metropolitan France after 16 June 1940 and until the restoration of the Provisional Government of the French Republic. This nullification is hereby expressly declared and must be noted.
Article 3. The following acts are hereby expressly nullified and held invalid: The so-called "Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940; as well as any laws called 'Constitutional Law';..."
32. ^ James Hartfield, Unpatriotic History of the Second World War, ISBN 178099379X, 2012, p. 424
33. ^ Eric Morris, Circles of Hell: The War in Italy 1943-1945, ISBN 0091744741, 1993, p. 140
34. ^ Neville, Peter (2014). Mussolini (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 199\. ISBN 9781317613046.
35. ^ Sudetic, Chuck (1991-10-24), "Top Serb Leaders Back Proposal To Form Separate Yugoslav State", New York Times, retrieved 2018-03-07.
36. ^ Woodward, Susan L. (April 1995). Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War. Brookings Institution Press. p. 285\. ISBN 9780815722953. OCLC 476203561.
37. ^ Williams, Jack; Ch'ang-yi, David (2008). Taiwan's Environmental Struggle. Routledge Contemporary Asia Series (1st ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 18\. ISBN 978-0-415-44723-2. "Taiwan was now the rump state of the 'Republic of China', under the Kuomintang (KMT) or 'Nationalist' party rule, 'temporarily' in exile on the island [...]"
38. ^ Williams, Jack F.; Lee, Shyu-tu (2014). Taiwan's Struggle: Voices of the Taiwanese. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 7\. ISBN 978-1-4422-2143-7. "Exactly what is Taiwan—nation state, de facto nation, rump state, pariah state, renegade province? The answer depends very much on the viewpoint of the observer."
39. ^ Nicolle 2008, p. 178
40. ^ Fiona Hill,The “greatest catastrophe” of the 21st century? Brexit and the dissolution of the U.K., June 24, 2016

### Sources

[edit]

* CIA Factbook (2017). "The World Factbook – Brunei". Central Intelligence Agency.
* Fisher, Margaret W.; Rose, Leo E.; Huttenback, Robert A. (1963). Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh. Praeger - via archive.org.
* Nicolle, David (2008). Lapworth, Warren (ed.). The Ottomans: Empire of Faith. Illustrated by Roger Kean. Thalamus Publishing. ISBN 978-1-902886-11-4.
* Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999). "Western Zhou History". In Michael Loewe; Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.). The Cambridge History of ancient China - From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 292–351\. ISBN 9780521470308.

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