Russia and weapons of mass destruction

* Russian Federation
* (originally the Soviet Union)

Nuclear program start date| 1942[1]
First nuclear weapon test| August 29, 1949
First thermonuclear weapon test| November 22, 1955
Last nuclear test| October 24, 1990
Largest yield test|

* 50 Mt (210 PJ)
* (Tsar Bomba)

Total tests| 715 detonations
Peak stockpile|

* 46,000 warheads (1975)
* 45,000 warheads (1990)

Current stockpile| 5,459[2] (2025)
Current strategic arsenal| 1,718[2] (2025 estimate)
Maximum missile range| 18,000 km[3]
NPT party| Yes (1968, one of five recognized powers)
Weapons of mass destruction

By type

* Biological
* Chemical
* Nuclear
* Radiological

By country

* Albania
* Algeria
* Argentina
* Australia
* Brazil
* Bulgaria
* Canada
* China
* Egypt
* France
* Germany
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Israel
* Italy
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Libya
* Mexico
* Myanmar
* Netherlands
* North Korea
* Pakistan
* Philippines
* Poland
* Rhodesia
* Romania
* Russia (Soviet Union)
* Saudi Arabia
* South Africa
* South Korea
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Syria
* Taiwan
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Yugoslavia

Proliferation

* Chemical
* Nuclear
* Missiles

Treaties

* List of treaties (treaty parties)

* Category

* v
* t
* e

The Russian Federation is known to possess or have possessed three types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, biological weapons, and chemical weapons. It is one of the five nuclear-weapon states recognized under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and one of the four countries wielding a nuclear triad.

Russia possesses a total of 5,459 nuclear warheads as of 2025,[2] the largest confirmed stockpile of nuclear warheads in the world. Russia's deployed missiles (those actually ready to be launched) number about 1,718, also the largest confirmed strategically deployed arsenal in the world as of 2025.[4][5] The remaining weapons are either in reserve stockpiles, or have been retired and are slated for dismantling. Russia's predecessor state, the Soviet Union, reached a peak stockpile of about 45,000 nuclear warheads in 1986.[6] The number of weapons Russia may possess is currently controlled by the bilateral New START treaty with the United States. Russia and the United States are the world's biggest nuclear powers, holding about 88% of the world's nuclear weapons.[7]

The Soviet Union ratified the Geneva Protocol—prohibiting the use of biological and chemical weapons in interstate conflicts—on April 5, 1928, with reservations that were later dropped on January 18, 2001.[8] Russia is also party to the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention and the 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention.[9][10] The Soviet biological weapons program violated the Biological Weapons Convention and was the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated program of its kind.[11] At its peak, the program employed up to 65,000 people.[11]

Despite being a signatory to the Chemical Weapons Convention, Russia has continued to hold, and occasionally use[citation needed], chemical weapons. In 1997, Russia declared an arsenal of 39,967 tons of chemical weapons, which it worked in part to decrease.[12][13] Its stock of weapons was officially declared destroyed in 2017. The poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal in 2018 and the poisoning of Alexei Navalny in 2020, both carried out by Russia, revealed that the country maintained an illicit chemical weapons program.[14][failed verification] Russian forces also used, and admitted to using, chemical weapons during the invasion of Ukraine.[15]

## Nuclear weapons

[edit]

### History

[edit]

#### Soviet era

[edit]

Main article: Soviet atomic bomb project

#### Post-Soviet era

[edit]

Main article: Succession, continuity and legacy of the Soviet Union § Nuclear weapons

See also: Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction and Kazakhstan and weapons of mass destruction

Post-Soviet countries have signed a series of treaties and agreements to settle the legacy of the former Soviet Union multilaterally and bilaterally.

At the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Soviet nuclear weapons were deployed in four of the new republics: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Kazakhstan. In May 1992, these four states signed the Lisbon Protocol, agreeing to join the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, with Russia the continuator state to the Soviet Union as a nuclear state, and the other three states joining as non-nuclear states.

Ukraine agreed to give up its weapons to Russia, in exchange for guarantees of Ukrainian territory from Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, known as the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances. China and France also made statements in support of the memorandum.[16]

### Arms reduction

[edit]

Main article: Megatons to Megawatts Program

The threat of nuclear warfare was a persistent and terrifying threat during the Cold War. At its height, the Soviet Union and United States each mustered tens of thousands of warheads, under the doctrine of mutual assured destruction. By the 1980s, both the United States and Soviet Union sought to reduce the number of weapons the other was fielding. This led to the opening of arms reduction talks in 1982.[17]

This culminated in the signing of the START I treaty in 1991: the first nuclear arms reduction treaty between the two global powers. This first treaty limited the number of deployed warheads in each nation to 6,000, nearly halving the prior 10,000 to 12,000 being fielded in 1991.[17] The considerable success of START I, combined with the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, led to the START II treaty. Russia never ratified the treaty, and it did not go into effect. An attempted START III was attempted but could not get past negotiations.[18]

Instead, the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty was passed in 2002, capping warheads at 2,200.[19] The current limitations stem from the New START treaty, ratified in 2010. It limits each side to 1,550 weapons. Nuclear bombers only count as one weapon each, even though they may carry up to 20, so the actual limit on the countries is slightly higher. The treaty is in force through to 2026.[20]

After U.S. President George W. Bush withdrew from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, Russia responded by building-up their nuclear capabilities, in such a way as to counterbalance U.S. capabilities.[21] Russia decided not to sign the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, which was adopted on July 7, 2017, by 122 States.[22] Most analysts agree that Russia's nuclear strategy under Putin eventually brought it into violation of the 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (although this is not confirmed).[23]

According to Russian officials, the American decision to deploy the missile defense system in Europe was a violation of the treaty.[24] U.S. President Donald Trump announced on October 20, 2018, that the U.S. would no longer consider itself bound by the treaty's provisions, raising nuclear tensions between the two powers.[25]

On November 2, 2023, Putin signed a law that withdraws Russia's ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty.[26]

### Nuclear arsenal of Russia

[edit]

Soviet OTR-21 Tochka missile. Capable of firing a 100-kiloton nuclear warhead a distance of 185 km The RT-2PM2 Topol-M is one of the most recent intercontinental ballistic missiles to be deployed by Russia

The exact number of nuclear warheads is a state secret and is therefore a matter of guesswork. As of 2025[update], the Federation of American Scientists estimates that Russia possesses 5,459 nuclear weapons, while the United States has 5,177; Russia and the U.S. each have about 1,700 active deployed strategic nuclear warheads. Russia's stockpile is growing in size, while the United States' is shrinking.[4] Russia has six nuclear missile fields in Kozelsk, Tatishchevo, Uzhur, Dombarovsky, Kartalay, and Aleysk; nuclear missile submarines patrolling from three naval bases at Nerpich'ya, Yagel'Naya, and Rybachiy; and nuclear bombers at Ukrainka and Engels air bases.[27] As of 2024, Russia operates 12 nuclear-powered, nuclear-armed ballistic missile submarines, comprising five Delta-class and seven Borei-class vessels.[28]

The RS-28 Sarmat[29] (Russian: РС-28 Сармат; NATO reporting name: SATAN 2), is a Russian liquid-fueled, MIRV-equipped, super-heavy thermonuclear armed intercontinental ballistic missile in development by the Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau[29] since 2009,[30] intended to replace the previous R-36 missile. Its large payload would allow for up to 10 heavy warheads or 15 lighter ones,[31] or a combination of warheads and massive amounts of countermeasures designed to defeat anti-missile systems.[32][33] It was heralded by the Russian military as a response to the U.S. Prompt Global Strike.[34]

In 2015, information emerged that Russia may be developing a new nuclear torpedo, the Status-6 Ocean Multipurpose System,[35][36][37] codenamed "Kanyon" by Pentagon officials.[38][39] This weapon is designed to create a tsunami wave up to 500m tall that will radioactively contaminate a wide area on an enemy coasts with cobalt-60, and to be immune to anti-missile defense systems such as laser weapons and railguns that might disable an ICBM.[36][37][39][40][41] Two potential carrier submarines, the Project 09852 Belgorod, and the Project 09851 Khabarovsk, are new boats laid down in 2012 and 2014 respectively.[38][39][42]

Status 6 appears to be a deterrent weapon of last resort.[41][42] It appears to be a torpedo-shaped robotic mini-submarine, that can travel at speeds of 185 km/h (100 kn).[41][42][43] More recent information suggests a top speed of 100 km/h (54 kn), with a range of 10,000 km (6,200 mi) and a depth maximum of 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[44] This underwater drone is cloaked by stealth technology to elude acoustic tracking devices.[36][42]

RS-28 Sarmat

During an annual state-of-the-nation address given on March 1, 2018, President Vladimir Putin publicly claimed that Russia was now in possession of several new classes of nuclear weapons, including some with capabilities previously speculated to exist. Putin discussed several new or upgraded weapons, including a hypersonic glide vehicle known as the Avangard, capable of performing sharp maneuvers while traveling at 20 times the speed of sound making it "absolutely invulnerable for any missile defense system."[45]

Putin discussed the existence of a nuclear powered underwater torpedo and a nuclear powered cruise missile (9M730 Burevestnik), both with effectively unlimited range. He discussed that Russia had tested a new class of traditional ICBM called the RS-28 Sarmat, which expanded upon the range and carrying capability of the Soviet-era Satan ICBM. Animations of these weapons were shown in front of the live and televised audience. Putin suggested that an online poll be conducted to give them official public names.[46]

### Nuclear weapons in Russian military doctrine

[edit]

Main article: Military doctrine of Russia

According to a Russian military doctrine stated in 2010, nuclear weapons could be used by Russia "in response to the use of nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction against it or its allies, and also in case of aggression against Russia with the use of conventional weapons when the very existence of the state is threatened".[47][48][49] Most military analysts believe that, in this case, Russia would pursue an 'escalate to de-escalate' strategy, initiating limited nuclear exchange to bring adversaries to the negotiating table. Russia will also threaten nuclear conflict to discourage initial escalation of any major conventional conflict.[50]

Leaked documents seen by the Financial Times in 2024 described a threshold for the country's use of tactical nuclear weapons that is lower than Russia had previously disclosed.[51] The document included training scenarios for a possible invasion by China.[52] Alexander Gabuev, director of the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Centre in Berlin told the FT: "This is the first time that we have seen documents like this reported in the public domain […] They show that the operational threshold for using nuclear weapons is pretty low if the desired result can’t be achieved through conventional means."[53] In 2024, Russian officials said that Russia's formal doctrine would be modified to lower the threshold for nuclear use.[54][55]

### Nuclear proliferation

[edit]

Main articles: Russia-China relations, Russia-India relations, Russia-North Korea relations, and Russia-Iran relations

Nations with large nuclear stockpiles with global range (dark blue)

After the Korean War, the Soviet Union transferred nuclear technology and weapons to the People's Republic of China as an adversary of the United States and NATO. According to Ion Mihai Pacepa, "Khrushchev's nuclear-proliferation process started with Communist China in April 1955, when the new ruler in the Kremlin consented to supply Beijing a sample atomic bomb and to help with its mass production. Subsequently, the Soviet Union built all the essentials of China's new military nuclear industry."[56]

Russia is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" (NWS) under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), which Russia ratified (as the Soviet Union) in 1968.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, a number of Soviet-era nuclear warheads remained on the territories of Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. Under the terms of the Lisbon Protocol to the NPT, and following the 1995 Trilateral Agreement between Russia, Belarus, and the US, these were transferred to Russia, leaving Russia as the sole inheritor of the Soviet nuclear arsenal. It is estimated that the Soviet Union had approximately 45,000 nuclear weapons stockpiled at the time of its collapse, according to Viktor Mikhaylov, head of the Federal Agency on Atomic Energy (Russia).[57] The collapse of the Soviet Union allowed for a warming of relations with NATO. Fears of a nuclear holocaust lessened. In September 1997, the former secretary of the Russian Security Council Alexander Lebed claimed 100 "suitcase sized" nuclear weapons were unaccounted for. He said he was attempting to inventory the weapons when he was fired by President Boris Yeltsin in October 1996.[58] Indeed, several US politicians have expressed worries and promised legislation addressing the threat.[59]

Dmitry Medvedev with Barack Obama after signing the New START treaty in Prague, 2010

There were allegations that Russia contributed to the North Korean nuclear program, selling it the equipment for the safe storage and transportation of nuclear materials.[60] Nevertheless, Russia has condemned North Korean nuclear tests since then.[61] The Russian Federation has also wider commercial interests in selling the nuclear technology to India and Iran, reaching understanding memorandums in training their technicians in their respected nuclear programs. Russia is allegedly making efforts to build its influential hold in Africa for earning several billions of pounds by selling nuclear technology to developing African countries.[62]

Russia has reportedly trained its navy to target European sites with nuclear-capable missiles in a potential conflict with NATO, according to leaked documents. The plans reveal a strategy for strikes across Western Europe, emphasizing Russia's reliance on nuclear weapons due to its conventional military limitations.[63]

### Nuclear sabotage allegations

[edit]

The highest-ranking GRU defector Stanislav Lunev described alleged Soviet plans for using tactical nuclear weapons for sabotage against the United States in the event of war. He described Soviet-made suitcase nukes identified as RA-115s (or RA-115-01s for submersible weapons) which weigh 50–60 pounds (23–27 kg). These portable bombs can last for many years if wired to an electric source. "In case there is a loss of power, there is a battery backup. If the battery runs low, the weapon has a transmitter that sends a coded message – either by satellite or directly to a GRU post at a Russian embassy or consulate."[64]

Lunev was personally looking for hiding places for weapons caches in the Shenandoah Valley area.[64] He said that "it is surprisingly easy to smuggle nuclear weapons into the US" either across the Mexican border or using a small transport missile that can slip though undetected when launched from a Russian airplane.[64] Searches of the areas identified by Lunev – who admits he never planted any weapons in the US – have been conducted, "but law-enforcement officials have never found such weapons caches, with or without portable nuclear weapons" in the US.[65]

In a 2004 interview, colonel general of RVSN Viktor Yesin said that Soviet small-scale nuclear bombs have only been operated by the Army. All such devices have been stored in a weapons depot within Russia, and only left it for checks at the plant which produced them.[66]

### 2020 Russian nuclear deterrence state policy

[edit]

On June 2, 2020, President Putin signed an Executive Order formally titled "Fundamentals of Russia’s Nuclear Deterrence State Policy", in an unprecedented public release of an official document on Russia's nuclear policy.[67] The six-page document identified the range of threats that Russia seeks to deter with its nuclear forces, clarified Russia's general approach to nuclear deterrence, and articulated conditions under which Russia might use nuclear weapons.[68] The policy endorses the use of nuclear weapons in response to a non-nuclear strike due to the improved capabilities of U.S. conventional weapons.[69]

### Radiological weapons

[edit]

The assassination of Alexander Litvinenko by Russian state agents with radioactive polonium was described as the beginning of an era of nuclear terrorism using radiological weapons.[70][71][72]

### Russian invasion of Ukraine

[edit]

See also: Nuclear risk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Vladimir Putin in September 2022

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine that began in 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin placed Strategic Rocket Forces's nuclear deterrence units on high alert, a move heavily condemned internationally.[73] Putin warned that "whoever tries to hinder us in Ukraine would see consequences, you have never seen in your history".[74] According to the US Director of National Intelligence, Avril Haines, Putin could potentially turn to nuclear weapons if he perceived an "existential threat" to the Russian state or regime;[75] there has been speculation that he could regard defeat in Ukraine as an existential threat to his regime.[76]

According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal Nature Food in August 2022,[77] a full-scale nuclear war between the United States and Russia, which together hold more than 90% of the world's nuclear weapons, would kill 360 million people directly and more than 5 billion indirectly by starvation during a nuclear winter.[78][79]

In September 2022, Putin announced the mobilization of Russian forces, and threatened nuclear retaliation against the west if Russia's territorial integrity was threatened.[80]

On February 21, 2023, Putin suspended Russia's participation in the New START nuclear arms reduction treaty with the United States,[81] saying that Russia would not allow the US and NATO to inspect its nuclear facilities.[82] On March 25, 2023, Putin announced that Russia would be stationing tactical nuclear operations in Belarus.[83] On June 14, 2023, Belarusian President Aleksander Lukashenko stated that Belarus had started to take delivery of nuclear weapons in a TV interview with Russian state channel, Russia-1.[84]

On 25 September 2024, Putin warned the West that if attacked with conventional weapons Russia would consider a nuclear retaliation,[85] in an apparent deviation from the no first use doctrine.[86] Putin also warned nuclear powers that if they supported another country's attack on Russia, they would be considered participants in such aggression.[87][88] Putin has made several implicit nuclear threats since the outbreak of war against Ukraine.[89] Experts say Putin's announcement was aimed at dissuading the United States, the United Kingdom and France from allowing Ukraine to use Western-supplied long-range missiles such as the Storm Shadow and ATACMS in strikes against Russia.[90]

## Biological weapons

[edit]

Main article: Soviet biological weapons program

The Soviet Union covertly operated the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated biological weapons programs.[11] The program began in the 1920s and lasted until at least September 1992 but has possibly been continued by Russia after that.[11] Thereby, the Soviet Union violated its obligations under the Biological Weapons Convention, which it had signed on April 10, 1972, and ratified on March 26, 1975.[91]

In the early 1970s, the Soviet Union significantly enlarged its offensive biological weapons programs.[92] After 1975, the program of biological weapons was run primarily by the "civilian" Biopreparat agency, although it also included numerous facilities run by the Soviet Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Chemical Industry, Ministry of Health, and Soviet Academy of Sciences.[93]

According to Ken Alibek, who was deputy-director of Biopreparat, the Soviet biological weapons agency, and who defected to the United States in 1992, weapons were developed in labs in isolated areas of the Soviet Union including mobilization facilities at Omutninsk, Penza and Pokrov and research facilities at Moscow, Stirzhi and Vladimir. These weapons were tested at several facilities most often at "Rebirth Island" (Vozrozhdeniya) in the Aral Sea by firing the weapons into the air above monkeys tied to posts, the monkeys would then be monitored to determine the effects. According to Alibek, although Soviet offensive program was officially ended in 1992, Russia may be still involved in the activities prohibited by BWC.[93]

In 1993, the story about the Sverdlovsk anthrax leak was published in Russia. The incident occurred when spores of anthrax were accidentally released from a military facility in the city of Sverdlovsk (formerly, and now again, Yekaterinburg) 1,500 km (930 mi) east of Moscow on April 2, 1979. The ensuing outbreak of the disease resulted in 94 people becoming infected, 64 of whom died over a period of six weeks.[93]

In 2022 Russian Ministry of Defense started construction of a new massive facility at Sergiev Posad-6 site that hosted bioweapons research in Soviet times.[94] The site belonging to 48th Central Scientific Research Institute (48 ЦНИИ) of the Russian Ministry of Defense, featuring biological security labs was even featured on Russian TV when a delegation from the ministry, then led by Sergei Shoigu visited it.[95] Also in 2022 the 48th Institute has registered a patent for "protective medium for freeze-drying of Yersinia pestis", a common biological weapon pathogen.[96]

As of 2024, the United States Department of State "assesses that the Russian Federation (Russia) maintains an offensive [biological weapons] program and is in violation of its obligation under Articles I and II of the BWC. The issue of compliance by Russia with the BWC has been of concern for many years."[97]

## Chemical weapons

[edit]

Russia signed the Chemical Weapons Convention on January 13, 1993, and ratified it on November 5, 1997. Russia declared an arsenal of 39,967 tons of chemical weapons in 1997 consisting of:

* blister agents: Lewisite, mustard, Lewisite-mustard-mix (HL)
* nerve agents: Sarin, Soman, VX

Ratification was followed by three years of inaction on chemical weapons destruction because of the August 1998 Russian financial crisis.

Russia met its treaty obligations by destroying 1% of its chemical agents by the Chemical Weapons Convention's 2002 deadline,[98] but requested technical and financial assistance and extensions on the deadlines of 2004 and 2007 due to the environmental challenges of chemical disposal. This extension procedure spelled out in the treaty has been utilized by other countries, including the United States. The extended deadline for complete destruction (April 2012) was not met.[99] As of October 2011, Russia had destroyed 57% of its stockpile. Russia also destroyed all of its declared Category 2 (10,616 MTs) and Category 3 chemicals.[13]

Russia has stored its chemical weapons (or the required chemicals) which it declared within the CWC at eight locations. In Gorny (Saratov Oblast) (2.9% of the declared stockpile by mass) and Kambarka (Udmurt Republic) (15.9%) stockpiles have already been destroyed. In Shchuchye (Kurgan Oblast) (13.6%), Maradykovsky (Kirov Oblast) (17.4%) and Leonidovka, Bessonovsky District [ru] (Penza Oblast) (17.2%) destruction takes place, while installations are under construction in Pochep (Bryansk Oblast) (18.8%) and Kizner (Udmurt Republic) (14.2%).[12]

In 1947 the 76th warehouse at Leonidovka, Penza District (ru:Леонидовка_(железнодорожная_станция,_Пензенская_область)) was reorganized into the 608th Central Aviation Ammunition Base. In 1983, the base was renamed the 50th Arsenal of the Air Force. In February 1998, the unit was reassigned to the Chief of the NBC Protection Troops and received the name 50th Arsenal for Storage of Chemical Weapons of the 1st Category. In 2001, Military Unit 21222 became part of the Federal Directorate for the Safe Storage and Destruction of Chemical Weapons and was named the Leonidovka Chemical Weapons Storage Facility. The depot was storing aviation chemical munitions filled with nerve agents such as sarin, Soman, and VX. The toxic agents stored there amounted to 17.2% of the total stockpiles in the Russian Federation.[100] The last Russian chemical disposal facility in Kizner, Udmurtia, was opened in December 2013.[101]

On September 27, 2017, OPCW announced that Russia had destroyed its entire declared chemical weapons stockpile,[102][103][104] even though they continued using Novichok agents. Ukraine claims Russia used chemical weapons in Mariupol.[105]

### Novichok agents

[edit]

Main article: Novichok agent

A range of Novichok agents were developed and tested in the 1970s and 1980s, but the intended Novichok weapons production site at the Pavlodar Chemical Plant in Soviet Kazakhstan was still under construction when it was decided to demolish the chemical weapons building in 1987 in view of the forthcoming Chemical Weapons Convention.[106][107]

In March 2018, former GRU agent Sergei Skripal and his daughter were poisoned in Salisbury, United Kingdom by a chemical agent later confirmed to be Novichok.[108] The incident raised new controversy over Russia's potential production and use of chemical weapons, with the United Kingdom accusing the Russian government or rogue Russian agents of orchestrating the attack, a claim Russia repeatedly denied.[109]

In August 2020, Russian opposition figure and anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny was poisoned in Tomsk, Russia by a chemical agent later confirmed to be Novichok.[110] A joint investigation by Bellingcat, CNN, Der Spiegel, and The Insider with contributions from El País implicates Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) in the near-fatal nerve-agent poisoning,[111] a fact denied by Russia. Navalny later called what appears to be one of the FSB agents responsible for the cleanup operation who indicates they were tasked to clean Navalny's underpants of Novichok.[112]

Another Russia chemical weapon is Kolokol-1, an aerosolized opioid incapacitating agent though to be carfentanil.[113]

### Use during the invasion of Ukraine

[edit]

In the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian forces reportedly used chemical weapons 465 times between February 24, 2022, and December 2023, usually as tear gas grenades.[114][115] In May 2023, a television report on Russia's Channel One showed a Russian battalion commander talking about the effectiveness of chemicals used as weapons. The report also showed a drone dropping a tear gas grenade on a dugout.[15][116] In December 2023, the Russian 810th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade wrote about its use of drones to drop K-51 grenades containing CS tear gas on Ukrainian positions.[117] The use of tear gas is banned by international Chemical Weapons Convention and considered a chemical weapon if applied by military forces during warfare.[15] The United States accused Russia of also using Chloropicrin as a chemical weapon in Ukraine.[118] On 17 June 2025 Ukrainian Batallion K-2 destroyed a Russian BM-21 "Grad" launcher and then intercepted Russian radio traffic in which the soldiers warned units in their vicinity to protect themselves as the rockets were "loaded with chemistry".[119]

## See also

[edit]

* 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Defense industry of Russia
* Father of All Bombs
* List of Russian weaponry makers
* Military doctrine of Russia
* New physical principles weapons
* Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction
* Soviet atomic bomb project
* Soviet biological weapons program

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[edit]

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46. ^ "Russia has 'invincible' nuclear weapons". BBC News. March 1, 2018.
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52. ^ "Russia prepared for nuclear attack on China, leaked papers reveal". The Times. February 28, 2024.
53. ^ "Leaked Russian military files reveal criteria for nuclear strike". Financial Times. February 27, 2024.
54. ^ "A new nuclear arms race is beginning. It will be far more dangerous than the last one". The Guardian. November 14, 2024.
55. ^ "Putin Lowers Threshold for Using Nuclear Weapons in Updated Doctrine, Sparking Escalation Concerns". The Moscow Times. November 19, 2024.
56. ^ Tyrants and the Bomb Archived June 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine – by Ion Mihai Pacepa, National Review, October 17, 2006
57. ^

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58. ^ "Russian Officials Deny Claims Of Missing Nuclear Weapons". Retrieved October 24, 2014.
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60. ^ Russia secretly offered North Korea nuclear technology – by a Special Correspondent in Pyongyang and Michael Hirst, Telegraph, September 7, 2006.
61. ^ "Russia expresses serious concern over DPRK nuke issue". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 24, 2014.
62. ^ Shepeleva, Anastasia (August 28, 2019). "Guardian: Russia pushing 'unsuitable' nuclear power in Africa". Kyiv Post. Retrieved November 30, 2024.
63. ^ Seddon, Max; Chris, Cook (August 12, 2024). "Russian navy trained to target sites inside Europe with nuclear-capable missiles". Financial Times. Retrieved August 20, 2024.
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65. ^ Steve Goldstein and Chris Mondics, "Some Weldon-backed allegations unconfirmed; Among them: A plot to crash planes into a reactor, and missing suitcase-size Soviet atomic weapons". Philadelphia Inquirer (15 March 2006) A7.
66. ^ Novikova, Inna (March 29, 2004). "Куда исчезли 'ядерные чемоданчики'?". Pravda (in Russian).
67. ^ "What's in Russia's New Nuclear Deterrence 'Basic Principles'?".
68. ^ "Revelations about Russia's Nuclear Deterrence Policy". June 19, 2020.
69. ^ "Putin signs Russia's nuclear deterrent policy". Associated Press. April 21, 2021.
70. ^ "Ushering in the era of nuclear terrorism", by Patterson, Andrew J. MD, PhD, Critical Care Medicine, v. 35, p. 953-954, 2007.
71. ^ "Beyond the Dirty Bomb: Re-thinking Radiological Terror", by James M. Acton; M. Brooke Rogers; Peter D. Zimmerman, doi:10.1080/00396330701564760, Survival, Volume 49, Issue 3 September 2007, pp. 151 – 168
72. ^ Radiological Terrorism: 'Soft Killers' by Morten Bremer Mærli, Bellona Foundation
73. ^ "West slams Putin 'dangerous rhetoric' after Russian leader puts nuclear forces on alert". 9News. Associated Press. February 28, 2022.
74. ^ "Putin implies nuclear attack if West interferes in Ukraine. Why it's not just an empty threat". CBC News. February 25, 2022.
75. ^ "Putin prepping 'prolonged conflict' beyond Donbas, could escalate nuclear threats: Top US intel official". ABC News. May 10, 2022.
76. ^ Borger, Julian (May 10, 2022). "Putin could use nuclear weapon if he felt war being lost – US intelligence chief". The Guardian.
77. ^ Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (August 15, 2022). "Global food insecurity and famine from reduced crop, marine fishery and livestock production due to climate disruption from nuclear war soot injection". Nature Food. 3 (8): 586–596\. doi:10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0. hdl:11250/3039288. PMID 37118594. S2CID 251601831.
78. ^ Diaz-Maurin, François (October 20, 2022). "Nowhere to hide: How a nuclear war would kill you — and almost everyone else". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
79. ^ "World Nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would kill more than 5 billion people – just from starvation, study finds". CBS News. August 16, 2022.
80. ^ Sauer, Pjotr (September 21, 2022). "Putin announces partial mobilisation and threatens nuclear retaliation in escalation of Ukraine war". The Guardian.
81. ^ "Putin pulls back from last remaining nuclear arms control pact with the US". CNN. February 21, 2023.
82. ^ "Putin defends Ukraine invasion, warns West in address". NHK World. February 21, 2023. Archived from the original on February 21, 2023.
83. ^ "Putin Says Russia to Place Tactical Nuclear Arms in Belarus". Bloomberg News. March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
84. ^ "Belarus starts taking delivery of Russian nuclear weapons". Reuters. June 14, 2023. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
85. ^ "The Unthinkable: What Nuclear War In Europe Would Look Like". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. September 27, 2024.
86. ^ Sauer, Pjotr (September 25, 2024). "Vladimir Putin warns west he will consider using nuclear weapons". The Guardian. Retrieved September 26, 2024.
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88. ^ "Putin's nuclear threats: empty rhetoric or a shift in battlefield strategy?". France 24. September 27, 2024.
89. ^ "The US tests Putin's nuclear threats in Ukraine". Vox. January 5, 2024.
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91. ^ "Status of the Biological Weapons Convention". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
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94. ^ "Satellite images show major expansion at Russian site with secret bioweapons past". The Washington Post.
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## Further reading

[edit]

* Kostenko, Y., & D’Anieri, P. (2021). Ukraine’s Nuclear Disarmament: A History (S. Krasynska, L. Wolanskyj, & O. Jennings, Trans.). Cambridge: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute.
* Ven Bruusgaard, Kristin (2021). "Russian nuclear strategy and conventional inferiority". Journal of Strategic Studies. 44 (1): 3–35\. Archived from the original on June 19, 2025.
* Kristensen, Hans; Korda, Matt (2024). "Russian nuclear weapons, 2024". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 80 (2): 118–145\. Archived from the original on June 19, 2025.

## External links

[edit]

* Video archive of the Soviet Union's Nuclear Testing at sonicbomb.com
* Abolishing Weapons of Mass Destruction: Addressing Cold War and Other Wartime Legacies in the Twenty-First Century by Mikhail S. Gorbachev
* Russian nuclear weapons in 2022, by Federation of American Scientists
* Nuclear Threat Initiative on Russia by National Journal
* Nuclear stockpile estimate fas.org
* Chemical Weapons in Russia: History, Ecology, Politics by Lev Fedorov, Moscow, Center of Ecological Policy of Russia, 27 July 1994
* History of the Russian Nuclear Weapons Program fas.org
* Nuclear pursuits, 2012

* v
* t
* e

Soviet program of nuclear weapons

Sites|

| Laboratory|

* Laboratory No. 2 (F-1)
* Laboratory No. 3
* KB-11 (FKBN)
* Laboratory B
* NII-1011
* Laboratory V
* Plant No. 12

|

Production|

* Chelyabinsk-40 (A-1)
* Sverdlovsk-44 (D-1)
* Sverdlovsk-45 (SU-20)
* Tomsk-7
* Krasnoyarsk-26
* Krasnoyarsk-45
* Zlatoust-36
* Penza-19

Testing|

* Semipalatinsk-21
* Novaya Zemlya
* Zone A
* Zone B
* Zone C
* Kapustin Yar

Administrators|

* Lavrentiy Beria
* Pavel Fitin
* Vyacheslav Molotov
* Vyacheslav Malyshev
* Mikhail Pervukhin
* Joseph Stalin
* Pavel Sudoplatov
* Efim Slavsky
* Boris Vannikov
* Avraami Zavenyagin

Scientists|

| Soviets|

* Viktor Adamsky
* Abram Alikhanov
* Anatoly Alexandrov
* Lev Artsimovich
* Yevgeny Avrorin
* Yuri Babayev
* V'yacheslav Danilenko
* Viktor Davidenko
* Nikolay Dollezhal
* Vyacheslav Feodoritov
* Georgii Flerov
* Vitaly Ginzburg
* German Goncharov
* Pyotr Kapitsa
* Yulii Khariton
* Isaak Kikoin
* Igor Kurchatov
* Oleg Lavrentiev
* Boris Nikolsky
* Konstantin Petrzhak
* Isaak Pomeranchuk
* Evsei Rabinovich
* Yuri Romanov
* Andrei Sakharov
* Kirill Shchelkin
* Yuri Trutnev
* Yevgeny Zababakhin
* Yakov Zel'dovich
* more

|

Germans
(Russian Alsos)|

* Manfred von Ardenne
* Heinz Barwich
* Robert Döpel
* Gustav Hertz
* Nikolaus Riehl
* Peter Thiessen
* Max Volmer
* Gernot Zippe
* more

Spy ring|

* Morris Cohen
* Klaus Fuchs
* Harry Gold
* David Greenglass
* Ruth Greenglass
* Theodore Hall
* George Koval
* Rosenbergs
* Saville Sax

Intelligence|

* Intelligence cycle management
* KGB
* 9th Chief Directorate
* GRU
* 12th Chief Directorate
* MGB
* 1st Chief Directorate
* Russian Alsos
* Russian espionage in the United States
* Perseus
* Russian espionage in the United Kingdom
* Cambridge Five
* Russian espionage in Germany

Related articles|

* Russia and weapons of mass destruction
* Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
* Kazakhstan and weapons of mass destruction
* Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy

See also: Nuclear weapons program of the Soviet Union

* v
* t
* e

Soviet nuclear weapons

Programs|

* Soviet program of nuclear weapons
* Russia
* Ukraine
* Kazakhstan
* Belarus

Fission|

| Gravity bombs|

* RDS-1 (Joe-1)
* RDS-2
* RDS-3 (Tatyana)
* RDS-4
* RDS-5
* RDS-6s

|

Thermonuclear|

| Gravity bombs|

* RDS-37
* RDS-220 (Tsar Bomba)

|

* v
* t
* e

Soviet program of biological weapons

Weaponized agents|

* Smallpox
* ANTHRAX
* Plague
* Botulism
* Brucellosis
* Glanders
* Q
* SEB
* Tularemia
* VEE
* MARV
* Red rust
* Rice blast
* Polonia

Researched agents|

* AHF
* AVIAN
* BHF
* CHIKV
* CCHF
* DENGUE
* EEE
* FMDV
* Hantavirus
* Lassa fever
* Melioidosis
* VND
* Plague
* Potato blight
* Penicillium
* Psittacosis
* Ricin
* RVF
* Rinderpest
* Typhus
* WEE
* Yellow fever
* ZIKV

Operations and projects|

* Project Bonfire
* Project Factor
* Kamera
* Ekologiya

Facilities and test sites|

* BIOPREPARAT
* SNOPB
* VECTOR
* Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene in Kirov
* Laboratory B
* Berdsk
* 48-CNII
* BIOSINTZ
* Sverdlovsk-19 [ru]
* Aralsk-7
* Institute of Virus Preparations
* Laboratory No. 1
* Volsk-1

Administrators|

* Lavrentiy Beria
* Yakov Fishman

Scientists|

* Kanatjan Alibekov
* Hans Born
* Pyotr Burgasov [ru]
* Alexander Catsch
* Igor Domaradsky [ru]
* Elena Fidler
* Yuri Ovchinnikov
* Vladimir Pasechnik
* Sergei Popov
* Nikolay Ressovsky
* Nikolai Ustinov
* Ivan Velikanov
* Marina Voroshilova
* Zinaida Yermolyeva

Accidents|

* Sverdlovsk anthrax leak
* Aral smallpox incident
* Aral ecological collapse

Related topics|

* Biological agent
* Biological warfare (BW)
* Biological Weapons Convention
* Entomological warfare
* U.S. biological weapons program
* History of biological warfare
* Sanitary epidemiological reconnaissance

* v
* t
* e

NATO designation for Russian and former Soviet Union missiles

Air-to-air
(full list)|

* AA-1 Alkali
* AA-2 Atoll
* AA-3 Anab
* AA-4 Awl
* AA-5 Ash
* AA-6 Acrid
* AA-7 Apex
* AA-8 Aphid
* AA-9 Amos
* AA-10 Alamo
* AA-11 Archer
* AA-12 Adder
* AA-13 Arrow
* K-74M2 (R-73M)
* K-77M (R-77M)
* KS-172

Air-
to-surface
(full list)|

* 10Kh 14Kh 18Kh RV-1
* AS-1 Kennel
* AS-2 Kipper
* AS-3 Kangaroo
* AS-4 Kitchen
* AS-5 Kelt
* AS-6 Kingfish
* AS-7 Kerry
* AS-8 Kokon AT-6
* AS-9 Kyle
* AS-10 Karen
* AS-11 Kilter
* AS-12 Kegler
* AS-13 Kingbolt
* AS-14 Kedge
* AS-15 Kent
* AS-16 Kickback
* AS-17 Krypton
* AS-18 Kazoo
* AS-X-19 Koala
* AS-20 Kayak
* AS-X-21
* AS-22 Kh-59MK2S/69
* AS-4M Kh-32
* AS-23 Kh-38/36
* AS-24 Kh-36
* Kh-45
* AS-25 Kh-50
* AS-26 Kodiak
* Kh-90
* AS-27 Sunburn A Kh-41
* AS-28 Strobile A Kh-61
* AS-29 Sizzler Club A
* Hermes A ATS
* Kh-50
* LMUR Izd. 305
* Iz 85 Kh-MD-E
* Kh-74M2 "GZUR"
* AS-X-36 Stone AH (Kh-76)
* AS-37 BrahMos AL
* Zirkon (Kh-72) ASM
* BrahMos-II

Anti-tank
guided
(full list)|

* AT-1 Snapper
* AT-2 Swatter
* AT-3 Sagger
* AT-4 Spigot
* AT-5 Spandrel
* AT-6 Spiral
* AT-7 Saxhorn
* AT-8 Songster
* AT-9 Spiral-2
* AT-10 Stabber
* AT-11 Sniper
* AT-12 Swinger
* AT-13 Saxhorn-2
* АТ-14 Spriggan
* АТ-15 Springer
* AT-16 Scallion
* 'Avtonomya' IR FF
* Hermes A/M/K ATS
* LMUR Izd. 305
* Kh-50
* Iz 85 Kh-MD-E

Surface-
to-air
(full list)|

| Ground-
based|

* SA-1 Guild
* SA-2 Guideline
* SA-3 Goa
* SA-4 Ganef
* SA-5 Gammon
* SA-6 Gainful
* SA-7 Grail
* SA-8 Gecko
* SA-9 Gaskin
* SA-10 Grumble
* SA-11 Gadfly
* SA-12 Gladiator/Giant
* SA-13 Gopher
* SA-14 Gremlin
* SA-15 Gauntlet
* SA-16 Gimlet
* SA-17 Grizzly
* SA-18 Grouse
* SA-19 Grison
* SA-20 Gargoyle
* SA-21 Growler
* SA-22 Greyhound
* SA-23 Gladiator/Giant
* SA-24 Grinch
* SA-27 Gullum
* SA-29 Gizmo
* Morfey
* S-350
* Sosna-R/RA

|

Naval-
based|

* SA-N-1 Goa
* SA-N-2 Guideline
* SA-NX-2C M-3
* SA-N-3 Goblet
* SA-N-4 Gecko
* SA-N-5 Grail
* SA-N-6 Grumble
* SA-N-7 Gadfly
* SA-N-8 Gremlin
* SA-N-9 Gauntlet
* SA-N-10 Grouse
* SA-N-11 Grison
* SA-N-12 Grizzly
* SA-N-14 Grouse
* SA-N-20 Gargoyle
* SA-N-21 Greyhound
* 9K96 Redut
* Palash/Palma

Anti-
ballistic|

* ABM-1 Galosh
* ABM-3/53T6 Gazelle
* S-500
* A-235

Surface-
to-surface
(full list)|

| Ground-
based|

* SS-1 Scunner/SS-1 Scud (Scud-A/-B/-C/-D)
* SS-2 Sibling
* SS-3 Shyster
* SS-4 Sandal
* SS-5 Skean
* SS-6 Sapwood
* SS-7 Saddler
* SS-8 Sasin
* SS-8B Sasin 2
* SS-9 Scarp
* SS-10 Scrag
* SS-11 Sego
* SS-12 Scaleboard
* SS-X-13 Savage
* SS-13 Savage
* SS-14 Scamp/Scapegoat
* SS-15 Scrooge
* SS-16 Sinner
* SS-17 Spanker
* SS-18 Satan
* SS-19 Stiletto
* SS-20 Saber
* SS-21 Scarab
* SS-22 Scaleboard
* SS-23 Spider
* SS-24 Scalpel
* SS-25 Sickle
* SS-26 Stone
* SS-27 Sickle B
* SS-28 Saber 2
* SS-29 Sickle C
* SS-X-30 Satan 2
* SS-X-31 Sickle D
* SS-X-32Zh Scalpel B
* Avangard / HGV Yu-7#
* SS-X-33 Stone AN

|

Naval-
based|

* 14KhK1 15Kh 17Kh
* KS-1 Komet
* P-20 Sokol
* P-40 P-47
* SS-N-1 Scrubber
* SS-N-2 Styx
* SS-N-3c Shaddock
* SS-N-3a Shaddock 3b Sepal
* SS-N-4 Sark
* SS-N-5 Sark/Serb
* D-6 D-6M
* D-7 R-15M
* SS-N-6 Serb
* SS-N-7 Starbright
* SS-N-8 Sawfly
* SS-N-9 Siren
* SS-N-12 Sandbox
* SS-NX-13 Serb
* SS-N-14 Silex
* SS-N-15 Starfish
* SS-N-16 Stallion
* SS-N-17 Snipe
* SS-N-18 Stingray
* SS-N-19 Shipwreck
* SS-N-20 Sturgeon
* SS-N-21 Sampson
* SS-N-22 Sunburn
* SS-N-23 Skif R29RM
* SS-N-23A Skif
* SS-N-23B Skif
* SS-NX-24 Scorpion
* SS-N-25 Switchblade
* SS-N-26 Strobile
* SS-N-27 Sizzler
* SS-N-30A 3M-14
* SS-NX-28
* SS-N-29
* SS-N-32
* SS-NX-33
* SS-NX-34 Skif
* SS-N-35
* SS-N-36
* SS-NX-37
* SS-NX-38 Canyon

Ship-
to-ship|

* 10KhN
* SSC-1B Sepal Redut
* SSC-2 Salish/Samlet AS/KS-1
* P-20 Sokol
* SSC-K P-1 Schuka KSShch
* SSC-3 Styx Rubezh
* SSC-4 Slingshot
* SSC-X-5 Scorpion
* SSC-6 Sennight
* SSC-7 Stone KS 9M728
* SSC-8 Stone KB 9M729
* SSC-14 Klub N/M 3M14/54
* SSC-13 BrahMos
* SSC-10/SSC-5 Stooge Bastion P/S
* SSC-7/12 3M-80MV
* SSC-X-11 "GZUR"
* SSC-X-15 Skif
* SSC-X-9 Stone AN
* Hermes M ATS
* Hermes K ATS

* v
* t
* e

Russian Armed Forces

Leadership|

* President of Russia as Supreme Commander-in-Chief
* Minister of Defence
* Ministry of Defence
* Chief of the General Staff and First Deputy Minister of Defence
* General Staff
* Commander-in-Chief of the Ground Forces
* Commander-in-Chief of the Navy

| Commander-in-Chief of the Aerospace Forces|

* Commander of the Air Force
* Commander of the Missile Defence Forces
* Commander of the Space Forces

|

General|

| Military|

* History
* Doctrine
* Military deception
* Bases
* Bases abroad
* Budget
* Bands
* Banner
* Military reform
* 1997
* 2001
* 2008

|

* Weapons of mass destruction
* Awards and emblems
* General Staff Building
* Main Building of the Ministry of Defense
* Defense industry
* Military-Industrial Commission
* War crimes
* Uniforms
* EMR camouflage
* Conscription laws
* Women
* Culture
* Honorary weapons

Military districts|

| Previous|

* Volga–Ural (Volga
* Ural)
* Northern
* North Caucasus
* Siberian
* Far Eastern
* Kaliningrad Special Region
* Western

|

Current|

* Moscow
* HQ: Moscow
* Leningrad
* HQ: Saint Petersburg
* Southern
* HQ: Rostov-on-Don
* Central
* HQ: Yekaterinburg
* Eastern
* HQ: Khabarovsk

Fleets of the Navy|

* Baltic
* Black Sea
* Caspian
* Northern
* Arctic Ocean Flotilla
* Pacific
* Kamchatka Flotilla

Military ranks and insignia|

* Ground Forces
* Air Force
* Navy
* Armed Forces 1994–2010

Services|

| Ground Forces troops|

* Air Defence
* Missile Troops and Artillery‎
* Engineer
* Signal
* Tank
* NBC Protection
* Topographic

|

Navy|

* Ensign
* Coastal Troops
* Infantry
* Commando Frogmen
* Aviation
* Hydrography

|

Aerospace Forces|

* Air Force
* Long Range Aviation
* Air and Missile Defense Forces
* Space Forces
* Aerospace Defence Forces
* Radio-Technical Troops

|

Special Forces|

* Special Operations Forces
* Special Forces of the Main Directorate

|

* Reserve of the Supreme High Command
* BARS

Independent|

Airborne Forces (Commander)
* Strategic Rocket Forces (Commander)

| Logistical Support troops|

* Road
* Railway

|

Departments in the
Ministry of Defence
and General Staff|

| Main Directorate|

* Automobiles and Tanks
* Combat Training and Service of Troops
* General Staff (GRU)
* Military Medical
* Military Police
* Military-Political
* Missile and Artillery (GRAU)
* Operational
* Organizational-Mobilizational
* 12th
* Deep-Sea Research

|

* National Defense Management Center
* Military Band Service
* Military Representatives
* Krasnaya Zvezda
* Central Television and Radio Studio
* Rear of the Russian Armed Forces

Equipment|

* Ground Forces' equipment
* Air Forces' equipment
* Navy ships
* Future of the Russian Navy

Military education|

| Previous|

* Page Corps
* Cadet Corps
* Naval Cadet Corps
* Military academies in the Soviet Union
* Military departments of civilian universities

|

Current|

* Adjunctura
* Military Academy of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces
* Military academies in Russia
* Military commissioning schools
* Military training centers of civilian universities
* Military-focused secondary schools
* Suvorov Military School
* Nakhimov Naval School

* v
* t
* e

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Overview

General|

* Outline
* Timeline
* Prelude
* Feb–Apr 2022
* Apr–Aug 2022
* Aug–Nov 2022
* Nov 2022 – Jun 2023
* Jun–Aug 2023
* Sep–Nov 2023
* Dec 2023 – Mar 2024
* Apr–Jul 2024
* Aug–Dec 2024
* Jan–May 2025
* Jun 2025 – present
* Aerial warfare
* Defense lines
* Foreign fighters
* Information war
* Naval warfare
* Legality
* Map
* Order of battle
* Peace negotiations
* Ukraine's Peace Formula
* China peace proposal
* June 2024 peace summit
* Proposed no-fly zone
* Red lines
* Reparations
* Territorial control
* Women

Prelude|

* Reactions
* Disinformation
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
* 2021 Russia–United States summit
* 2021 Black Sea incident
* Belarus–European Union border crisis
* "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
* Crimea Platform
* Zapad 2021
* December 2021 ultimatum
* 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
* Zametil 2022
* Union Resolve 2022
* Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing
* British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact
* Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* "Address concerning the events in Ukraine"
* "On conducting a special military operation"

Background|

* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* Annexation of Crimea
* reactions
* War in Donbas
* 2022 timeline
* Minsk agreements
* humanitarian situation
* international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Putinism
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* Novorossiya
* Ruscism
* Russian irredentism
* Russian imperialism

Foreign
relations|

* Russia–Ukraine
* Belarus–Ukraine
* Belarus–Russia
* Russia–United States
* Ukraine–United States
* Russia–NATO
* Ukraine–NATO
* enlargement of NATO
* eastward expansion controversy in Russia
* open door policy

Military engagements

Southern
Ukraine|

* Snake Island campaign
* Siege of Mariupol
* Battle of Kherson
* Capture of Melitopol
* Battle of Mykolaiv
* Battle of Enerhodar
* Battle of Voznesensk
* Kherson counteroffensive
* Liberation of Kherson
* Dnieper campaign
* Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam

Eastern
Ukraine|

* Battle of Volnovakha
* Battle of Kharkiv
* Battle of Izium
* Battle of Rubizhne
* Battle of Popasna
* Battle of Marinka
* Battle of Donbas
* Battle of the Siverskyi Donets
* Battle of Sievierodonetsk
* Battle of Lysychansk
* Battle of Pisky
* Battle of Bakhmut
* Battle of Soledar
* Battle of Vuhledar
* Kharkiv counteroffensive
* Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022)
* Luhansk Oblast campaign
* Kupiansk
* Northeast Donetsk
* Battle of Avdiivka
* Battle of Chasiv Yar
* Battle of Krasnohorivka
* Battle of Ocheretyne
* Battle of Toretsk
* Pokrovsk offensive
* Battle of Kurakhove

Northern
Ukraine|

* Capture of Chernobyl
* Russian Kyiv convoy
* Battle of Kyiv
* Battle of Antonov Airport
* Battle of Hostomel
* Battle of Bucha
* Battle of Irpin
* Battle of Makariv
* Battle of Moshchun
* Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam
* Battle of Brovary
* Battle of Slavutych
* Battle of Sumy
* Siege of Chernihiv
* Northeastern border skirmishes
* 2025 Sumy Oblast incursion

Russia|

* Bryansk Oblast raid
* Kremlin drone attack
* Moscow drone strikes
* 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
* 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling
* February 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* May 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* March 2024 western Russia incursion
* 2024 Kursk offensive
* occupation
* Battles for Olgovskiy Forest
* Toropets depot explosions
* 2025 Belgorod Oblast incursion

Airstrikes
by city|

* Chernihiv strikes
* Dnipro strikes
* Huliaipole strikes
* Ivano-Frankivsk strikes
* Kharkiv strikes
* Kherson strikes
* Khmelnytskyi strikes
* Kryvyi Rih strikes
* Kyiv strikes
* Lviv strikes
* Mykolaiv strikes
* Odesa strikes
* Rivne strikes
* Vinnytsia strikes
* Zaporizhzhia strikes
* Zhytomyr strikes

Airstrikes
on military
targets|

* Chuhuiv air base attack
* Millerovo air base attack
* Chornobaivka attacks
* 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack
* Yavoriv military base attack
* 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack
* Berdiansk port attack
* Sinking of the Moskva
* Desna barracks airstrike
* Attack on Nova Kakhovka
* Crimea attacks
* Saky air base attack
* Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base
* Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters
* Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks
* Makiivka military quarters shelling
* Machulishchy air base attack
* Zarichne barracks airstrike
* Operation Spider's Web

Resistance|

| Russian-occupied Ukraine|

* Popular Resistance of Ukraine
* Berdiansk Partisan Army
* Yellow Ribbon
* Atesh

|

Belarusian and Russian partisans|

* Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky
* Civic Council
* Irpin Declaration
* Killing of Darya Dugina
* National Republican Army
* Military commissariats arsons
* Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting
* Black Bridge
* Rail war in Russia
* Stop the Wagons
* Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists
* Rail war in Belarus
* Busly liaciać
* BYPOL
* Community of Railway Workers
* Cyber Partisans

Russian
occupations|

* Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine

Ongoing|

* Annexation referendums
* Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
* Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
* Donetsk Oblast
* Kharkiv Oblast
* Kherson Oblast
* Luhansk Oblast
* Mykolaiv Oblast
* Zaporizhzhia Oblast
* Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry)

Previous|

* Chernihiv Oblast
* Kyiv Oblast
* Odesa Oblast
* Sumy Oblast (2022)
* Zhytomyr Oblast

Potentially
related|

* Black Sea drone incident
* Bridge collapses in Russia
* Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike
* Mystery fires in Russia
* Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
* Transnistria attacks
* Zagreb Tu-141 crash

Other|

* 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion
* 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion
* 2025 Crimean Bridge explosion
* Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine
* Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Dragon drone
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Missile explosion in Poland
* Operation Synytsia
* Ukraine and electronic warfare
* Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia
* 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive
* 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia
* Wagner Group rebellion

War crimes

General|

* Accusations of genocide in Donbas
* Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians
* child abductions
* Attacks on hospitals
* Cluster munitions
* Incendiary weapons
* Landmines
* Russian filtration camps
* Russian mobile crematoriums
* Russian theft of Ukrainian grain
* Russian torture chambers
* Looting
* Sexual violence
* Mistreatment of prisoners of war

Attacks on
civilians|

* February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Kharkiv government building airstrike
* 3 March Chernihiv bombing
* Irpin refugee column shelling
* Mariupol hospital airstrike
* Stara Krasnianka care house attack
* Mykolaiv cluster bombing
* March 2022 Donetsk attack
* 2022 Borodianka airstrikes
* Chernihiv breadline attack
* Mariupol theatre airstrike
* Kyiv shopping centre bombing
* Sumykhimprom ammonia leak
* March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Mykolaiv government building missile strike
* Bucha massacre
* Kramatorsk railway station attack
* April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Bilohorivka school bombing
* Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz
* Maisky Market attack
* Kremenchuk shopping mall attack
* Serhiivka missile strike
* Chasiv Yar missile strike
* Olenivka prison massacre
* Kharkiv dormitories missile strike
* Chaplyne railway station attack
* Izium mass graves
* September 2022 Donetsk attack
* Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack
* Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling
* Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike
* Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure
* 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike
* Sloviansk airstrike
* Uman missile strike
* Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike
* Lyman cluster bombing
* 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike
* Chernihiv missile strike
* Kostiantynivka missile strike
* Hroza missile attack
* Volnovakha massacre
* December 2023 strikes
* 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike
* 2024 Donetsk attack
* Lysychansk missile strike
* 6 March 2024 Odesa strike
* March 2024 strikes
* Human safari (terror campaign)
* May 2024 Kharkiv strikes
* 8 July 2024 strikes
* 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack
* 26 August 2024 strikes
* September 2024 Poltava strike
* November 2024 strikes
* February 2025 Poltava strike
* 2025 Sumy airstrike

Crimes
against
soldiers|

* Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan
* Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia
* Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites
* Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin
* Makiivka surrender incident
* Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi
* 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading

Legal cases|

* ICC investigation
* Arrest warrants
* ICJ court case
* Task Force on Accountability
* Universal jurisdiction
* Crime of aggression tribunal
* Criminal proceedings
* Vadim Shishimarin
* Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov
* Anton Cherednik

Reactions

States
and
official
entities|

| General|

* Sanctions
* people and organizations
* restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast
* Military aid
* European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine
* People's Bayraktar
* Signmyrocket.com
* Humanitarian aid
* Sanctioned yachts
* Relations with Russia

|

Ukraine|

* Application to NATO
* Be Brave Like Ukraine
* Brave1
* Bring Kids Back UA
* Ban on Russia-associated religious groups
* Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War
* Decolonization and derussification law
* Delta
* Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition
* For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)
* Grain From Ukraine
* Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief
* Hero City
* I Want to Live
* International Legion and other foreign units
* Belarusian Volunteer Corps
* Terror Battalion
* Black Maple Company
* Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade
* Freedom of Russia Legion
* German Volunteer Corps
* Karelian National Battalion
* Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment
* Norman Brigade
* Pahonia Regiment
* Polish Volunteer Corps
* Romanian Battlegroup Getica
* Russian Volunteer Corps
* Separate Special Purpose Battalion
* Sibir Battalion
* Turan Battalion
* International Sponsors of War
* Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ru; uk]
* Look for Your Own
* Lukoil sanctions
* Martial law
* Mobilization
* Media Center Ukraine
* National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [uk]
* National Multi-Subject Test [uk]
* North Korea–Ukraine relations
* Points of Invincibility
* Recognition of Ichkeria
* Rescuer City
* Save Ukrainian Culture [uk]
* Syria–Ukraine relations
* Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra
* United24
* United News

Russia|

* highways in the annexed territories
* A290
* A291 "Tavrida"
* R260
* R280 "Novorossiya"
* 2022 Moscow rally
* 2023 Moscow rally
* 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly
* Blockade of Ukraine [ru]
* Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion
* Censorship in Russia [ru]
* Chechnya
* Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters
* Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ru]
* Conversations about Important Things
* Krasovsky case
* Legalization of parallel imports [ru]
* Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council
* Martial law
* Masha Moskalyova case
* Metropolis of Crimea
* Mikhail Simonov case
* Mobilization
* Recruitment of irregular forces [ru]
* Operation Doppelgänger
* Opinion polling [ru]
* Orthodox Christmas truce proposal
* Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict
* Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war
* Salvation Committee for Peace and Order
* Special Coordinating Council
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Unfriendly countries list
* War censorship laws
* We Are Together. Sports
* "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"

United
States|

* 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw
* 2022 State of the Union Address
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
* Disinformation Governance Board
* Executive Order 14071
* Pentagon document leaks
* Task Force KleptoCapture
* Ukraine Defense Contact Group
* Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
* Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative

Other
countries|

* Belarus
* Canada
* Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel
* China
* Closer ties with Russia
* Chinese peace plan
* Hong Kong
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum
* France
* Mission Aigle
* Georgia
* Germany
* German Taurus controversy
* Taurus leak
* Zeitenwende speech
* Hungary
* India
* Operation Ganga
* Iran
* Closer ties with Russia
* Israel
* Operation Israel Guarantees
* Lithuania
* Moldova
* New Zealand
* Russia Sanctions Act
* North Korea
* Poland
* border crisis with Ukraine
* Syria [ru]
* Taiwan
* United Kingdom
* Economic Crime Act
* Homes for Ukraine
* Operation Interflex
* 2025 London Summit on Ukraine
* Coalition of the willing

United
Nations|

* Emergency special session
* Resolution ES-11/1
* Resolution ES-11/2
* Resolution ES-11/3
* Resolution ES-11/4
* Resolution ES-11/5
* Resolution ES-11/6
* Resolution ES-11/7
* Security Council Resolution 2623
* Resolution A/RES/77/229
* Easter truce

International
organizations|

* Accession of Moldova to the EU
* Accession of Ukraine to the EU
* Brussels summit
* European Political Community
* 1st summit
* 2nd summit
* 3rd summit
* Madrid summit
* NATO virtual summit
* Operation Oscar
* Ramstein Air Base meeting
* EU–Ukraine Summit
* REPowerEU
* Steadfast Defender 2024
* SWIFT ban against Russian banks
* Ukraine Recovery Conference
* Versailles declaration
* 2023 Vilnius summit
* 15th BRICS summit
* 2024 Washington summit
* Weimar+

Other|

* Consecration of Russia
* F-16 training coalition
* Finland–NATO relations
* Finland–Russia border barrier
* Iron diplomacy
* Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia
* Removal of monuments and memorials
* Streets renamed
* Ukraine Square, Oslo
* Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion
* Sweden–NATO relations
* Swedish anti-terrorism bill

Public|

| Protests|

* In Ukraine
* in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin
* ArmWomenNow
* Ukrainian Artistic Front
* In Russia
* Angry patriots
* Club of Angry Patriots
* Anti-War Committee
* Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople
* Congress of People's Deputies
* Council of Mothers and Wives
* Feminist Anti-War Resistance
* Flower protests
* Marina Ovsyannikova
* Russian Action Committee
* North Caucasian protests
* 2022 Russian Far East protests
* State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason
* White-blue-white flag
* In Belarus
* In China
* Great Translation Movement
* In Czech Republic
* Czech Republic First!

|

Companies|

* Address of the Russian Union of Rectors
* Boycott of Russia and Belarus
* "Do not buy Russian goods!"
* E.N.O.T. Corp.
* Igor Mangushev
* McDonald's in Russia
* Vkusno i tochka
* NashStore [ru]
* People's Satellite
* Starlink satellites
* Stop Bloody Energy
* Wagner Group
* Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev
* Death of Nemes Tarimo
* Yale CELI List of Companies

Technology|

* Anonymous and the invasion
* alerts.in.ua
* DDoS attacks on Romania
* DeepStateMap.Live
* Denys Davydov
* IT Army of Ukraine
* Killnet
* Liveuamap
* Open-source intelligence
* peacenotwar
* Russian Asset Tracker
* Squad303 [pl]
* Ukraine Siren Alerts
* Wikipedia
* threat to block in Russia
* detention of Mark Bernstein

Spies|

* Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War

Other|

* Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families
* Black Sea Grain Initiative
* Collaboration with Russia
* We Are Together with Russia
* Concert for Ukraine
* Free Buryatia Foundation
* Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
* Game4Ukraine
* Get Lost
* Global Tour for Peace
* Go by the Forest
* Guide to the Free World
* Mozart Group
* Olena Zelenska Foundation
* Open letter from Nobel laureates
* Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion
* Rubikus.HelpUA
* Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation
* Russia's War Crimes House
* Save Ukraine
* Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online
* Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation
* Spain letter bomb attacks
* Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions
* Pavel Filatyev
* True Russia
* Volos Declaration
* Vyvozhuk
* Wimbledon ban

Impact

Effects|

* Aircraft losses
* Casualties
* journalists killed
* Russian generals killed
* Economic impact
* Inflation surge
* 2022 Moldovan energy crisis
* protests
* 2025 Moldovan energy crisis
* Russia–EU gas dispute
* 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
* Russian debt default
* 2022 Russian oil price cap
* 2022-2024 German economic crisis
* 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap
* EU natural gas price cap
* Education
* End of the Whisky War
* Environmental impact
* European re-armament
* Eurovision Song Contest 2022
* Russia
* Ukraine
* Eurovision Song Contest 2023
* Food crises
* Impact on theatre [uk]
* List of notable deaths
* Lukoil oil transit dispute
* Nuclear power plants
* Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis
* Nuclear risk
* Religion
* Russian emigration
* The Ark
* Ship losses
* Ukrainian cultural heritage
* art theft and looting
* damaged cultural sites
* Trauma
* Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion
* Ukrainian energy crisis
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Women

Human
rights|

* Humanitarian impact
* Ukrainian refugee crisis
* 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack
* Sobieskiego 100
* UN Commission of Inquiry
* UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission

Terms,
phrases|

* "And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from"
* "Anglo-Saxons"
* "Bavovna"
* "Grandpa in his bunker"
* "Good evening, we are from Ukraine"
* "Orc"
* "Putin khuylo!"
* "Khuy Voyne!"
* "Russia is here forever [uk]"
* "Russian warship, go fuck yourself"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Special military operation"
* "To bomb Voronezh"
* "Strength is in truth"
* "Westsplaining"
* "Where have you been for eight years?"
* "Without you"

Popular
culture|

| Songs|

* "12"
* "Bakhmut Fortress"
* "Bayraktar"
* "Bilia topoli"
* "City of Mary"
* "Flowers of Minefields"
* "Generation Cancellation"
* "Generation Z"
* "I'm Russian"
* "Oyda"
* "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!"
* "Mama ŠČ!"
* "Oi u luzi chervona kalyna"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Stefania"
* "Ukraine"
* "Crushed"

|

Films|

* 20 Days in Mariupol
* A Rising Fury
* Follow Me
* Intercepted
* Russians at War
* Turn in the Wound
* Ukraine on Fire 2 [uk]

Other|

* Babylon'13
* Back to the Cold War
* Borodianka cat [uk]
* Ghost of Kyiv
* Kherson watermelon
* Královec Region
* Madonna of Kyiv
* North Atlantic Fella Organization
* Newspeak in Russia
* Patron
* "Putler"
* "Putinversteher"
* Raccoon of Kherson
* Saint Javelin
* Saint Mariuburg [ru; uk]
* Vasylkiv maiolica rooster
* Vladimir Putin's meeting table
* Walk of the Brave
* "Z" military symbol

Key people

Ukrainians|

* Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* speeches during the invasion
* visit to the United States
* visit to the United Kingdom
* visits to Europe
* Anatolii Kryvonozhko
* Anatoliy Barhylevych
* Andrii Hnatov
* Andriy Biletsky
* Andriy Yermak
* Denys Shmyhal
* Denys Kireyev  X
* Denys Monastyrsky  †
* Denys Prokopenko
* Ihor Klymenko
* Iryna Venediktova
* Kyrylo Budanov
* Mykhailo Drapatyi
* Mykola Oleschuk
* Oleksandr Pavlyuk
* Oleksandr Syrskyi
* Oleksii Reznikov
* Oleksiy Danilov
* Oleksiy Neizhpapa
* Ruslan Khomchak
* Rustem Umerov
* Sergiy Kyslytsya
* Serhiy Shaptala
* Serhii Sternenko
* Valerii Zaluzhnyi
* Vasyl Malyuk
* Vitali Klitschko
* Yevhen Moisiuk
* Yulia Svyrydenko

Russians|

* Vladimir Putin
* Aleksandr Dvornikov
* Aleksandr Lapin
* Aleksey Dyumin
* Aleksey Nagin  †
* Alexander Bortnikov
* Andrei Kolesnikov
* Andrei Sychevoi
* Andrey Belousov
* Andrey Vorobyov
* Dmitry Medvedev
* Gennady Zhidko  #
* Igor Kastyukevich
* Ivan Popov
* Mikhail Mishustin
* Maria Lvova-Belova
* Nikolai Patrushev
* Oleg Salyukov
* Oleg Tsokov  †
* Ramzan Kadyrov
* Roman Berdnikov
* Rustam Muradov
* Sergey Kobylash
* Sergey Lavrov
* Sergey Naryshkin
* Sergei Shoigu
* Sergey Surovikin
* Timur Ivanov
* Valery Gerasimov
* Viktor Sokolov
* Viktor Zolotov
* Vitaly Gerasimov
* Vyacheslav Gladkov
* Vyacheslav Volodin
* Yevgeny Prigozhin  X

Other|

* Alexander Lukashenko
* Denis Pushilin
* Leonid Pasechnik
* Sergey Aksyonov
* Vitaly Ganchev
* Vladimir Saldo
* Yevgeny Balitsky
* Yuriy Barbashov

Related

* 2023 North Korea–Russia summit
* 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia
* 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine
* 2025 Putin–Trump call
* Anti-drone mesh
* Anti-Russian sentiment
* Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
* Antonov An-225 Mriya
* Axis of Upheaval
* Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243
* Azovstal Iron and Steel Works
* Brovary helicopter crash
* Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes
* Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death
* Decolonization in Ukraine
* Decommunization in Ukraine
* Derussification in Ukraine
* Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine
* Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion
* Institute for the Study of War
* Irkutsk Su-30 crash
* Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Kyivstar cyberattack
* Lady R incident
* Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations
* Nord Stream 2
* Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
* Punisher
* Russian nuclear weapons
* Sarmat
* Rico Krieger
* Russian military presence in Transnistria
* Ryazan Il-76 crash
* Siberian wildfires
* Sinhury mid-air collision [uk; zh]
* Soloti military training ground shooting
* Soviet imagery
* Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support
* Turtle tank
* U-24 association
* Ukrainian-African Renaissance
* Ukrainian conscription crisis
* Western long-range weapons in Russia
* Ural Airlines Flight 1383
* "The Vladimir Putin Interview"
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