Russian Empire census

First and only census carried out in the Russian Empire (1897)

For other uses, see Russian census.

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First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897

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|  | 9 February 1897 (1897-02-09) | 1920 ->

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First page of an imperial Russian census form from Kovno Governorate

General information
Country| Russian Empire
Authority| Central Statistical Bureau
Results
Total population| 125,640,021
Most populous governorate or oblast| Kiev Governorate (3,559,229)
Least populous governorate or oblast| Amur oblast (120,306)

The Russian Empire census, formally the First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897,[a] was the first and only nation-wide census performed in the Russian Empire. The census recorded demographic data as of 9 February 1897 [O.S. 28 January]; with a population of 125,640,021, it made Russia the world's third-most populated country at the time, after the British and Qing empires. Although the census was performed in most of the empire, no enumeration was done in the Grand Duchy of Finland.

The census revealed the social class, native language, religion, and profession of citizens, which were aggregated to yield district and provincial totals. The data processing took eight years; publishing the results began in 1898 and was completed in 1905. In total, 119 books in 89 volumes were published for 89 governorates in the empire, including a two-volume summary.

The next census had been planned for December 1915, but was cancelled due to World War I.[1] It was not rescheduled before the Russian Revolution. The next census in Russia only occurred at the end of 1926, almost three decades later.

## Background

[edit]

Previous censuses had been recorded for fiscal and military purposes. Until the eighteenth century, population records were sporadic, as in either scribal or census books. Audits began to be carried out at the beginning of the eighteenth century, and population censuses became relatively regular. Since 1858, the audit had been replaced by administrative and police registration of the population based on data from family lists. In total, three large administrative and police censuses of the population were carried out—in 1858, 1863, and 1885. Running population registrations – including births, marriages, and deaths – were carried out by religious organisations until 1918. All the items mentioned above were characterised by inaccuracy and insufficient completeness.

By 1897, significant experience had been accumulated in local, mainly urban, population censuses that had been conducted since the later half of the nineteenth century. Population censuses were performed in separate governorates (Pskov in 1870 and 1887, Astrakhan in 1873, Akmola in 1877, etc.), in which residents in all cities were enumerated. The population in the entire Courland Governorate was enumerated in 1863 and 1881, and in the governorates of Livonia and Estonia in the latter. Registration of the rural population was performed during household and other surveys of zemstvos. In 1871, under the general editorship of the professor of military statistics, Nikolai Obruchev, officers of the General Staff published a military statistical collection, the four-volume edition of which contained data on the population of Russia as a whole, and was categorised by governorates and okrugs.

In 1870, the project for an all-Russian population census was discussed at the First All-Russian Congress of Statisticians, and in 1876, at the eighth session of the International Statistical Congress. On 26 February 1877, the draft of "Regulations on the General National Census", which was developed by a commission under the Ministry of Finance, was submitted to the State Council; however, it was not discussed there, possibly due to the Russo-Turkish War that occurred from 1877 to 1878. In the early 80s of the nineteenth century, the Ministry of Internal Affairs began to receive statements from some zemstvo assemblies and governors about the need to conduct a population census as soon as possible; this was due to the unbalanced distribution of taxes among peasant families and an increase in arrears in collections from the population. After the famine of 1891–1892, the question of the obligation to have accurate figures of the population of the empire again arose.

## Organization

[edit]

The census project was suggested during 1877 by Pyotr Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, a famous Russian geographer and director of the Central Statistical Bureau, and was approved by Czar Nicholas II in 1895.

The census was performed in two stages. For the first stage (December 1896 -- January 1897) the counters (135,000 persons: teachers, priests, and literate soldiers) visited all households and filled in the questionnaires, which were verified by local census managers. For the second stage (9 January 1898 [O.S. 28 December 1897]) the counters simultaneously visited all households to verify and update the questionnaires. The census was performed during winter as the population was less mobile then.[2] Despite this being the only imperial census, historians are able to estimate the Russian Empire's population during earlier times by collecting city censuses.

The data processing required 8 years using Hollerith card machines. Publication of the results started during 1898 and ended in 1905. In total, 119 volumes for 89 guberniyas, as well as a two-volume summary, were issued.

## Data fields

[edit]

The questionnaire contained the following questions:

* Family name, given name, patronymic or nickname (прозвище)
* Sex
* Relation with respect to the head of the family or household
* Age
* Marital status
* Social status: sosloviye (estate of the realm), rank or title (сословіе, состояніе, званіе)
* Place of birth
* Place of registration
* Usual place of residence
* Notice of absence
* Faith
* First language (родной язык)
* Literacy
* Occupation (profession, trade, position of office or service), both primary and secondary

In the census summary tables, nationality was based on the declared primary language of respondents.[citation needed]

* The first page of a census form from Kiev Governorate.

* The second page of a census form from Kiev Governorate.

* The third page of a census form from Kiev Governorate.

* A description page for a census form from Kiev Governorate.

## Census results

[edit]

The total population of the Russian Empire was recorded to be 125,640,021 people, 62,477,348 or 49.73% of whom were men and 63,162,673 or 50.27% were women—the median age was 21.16 years.

### By native language

[edit]

Map of subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group (1897) Linguistic composition of the Russian Empire[3] Language  | Urban | Rural | TOTAL

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Native speakers  | %  | Native speakers  | %  | Native speakers  | %
Russian[b] | 8,825,733  | 52.45  | 46,841,736  | 43.05  | 55,667,469  | 44.31
Ukrainian[c] | 1,256,387  | 7.47  | 21,124,164  | 19.41  | 22,380,551  | 17.81
Polish | 1,455,527  | 8.65  | 6,475,780  | 5.95  | 7,931,307  | 6.31
Belarusian[d] | 171,383  | 1.02  | 5,714,164  | 5.25  | 5,885,547  | 4.68
Jewish | 2,502,217  | 14.87  | 2,560,939  | 2.35  | 5,063,156  | 4.03
Kyrgyz-Kaisak[e] | 46,827  | 0.28  | 4,037,312  | 3.71  | 4,084,139  | 3.25
Tatar[f] | 417,727  | 2.48  | 3,319,900  | 3.05  | 3,737,627  | 2.97
German | 418,533  | 2.49  | 1,371,956  | 1.26  | 1,790,489  | 1.43
Latvian | 230,719  | 1.37  | 1,205,218  | 1.11  | 1,435,937  | 1.14
Bashkir | 13,844  | 0.08  | 1,307,519  | 1.20  | 1,321,363  | 1.05
Lithuanian | 43,136  | 0.26  | 1,167,374  | 1.07  | 1,210,510  | 0.96
Armenian | 272,801  | 1.62  | 900,295  | 0.83  | 1,173,096  | 0.93
Romanian | 64,134  | 0.38  | 1,057,535  | 0.97  | 1,121,669  | 0.89
Mordovian | 14,022  | 0.08  | 1,009,819  | 0.93  | 1,023,841  | 0.81
Estonian | 139,544  | 0.83  | 863,194  | 0.79  | 1,002,738  | 0.80
Sartic  | 204,046  | 1.21  | 764,609  | 0.70  | 968,655  | 0.77
Chuvash | 6,051  | 0.04  | 837,704  | 0.77  | 843,755  | 0.67
Georgian | 98,503  | 0.59  | 725,465  | 0.67  | 823,968  | 0.66
Uzbek | 91,750  | 0.55  | 634,784  | 0.58  | 726,534  | 0.58
Samogitian | 8,946  | 0.05  | 439,076  | 0.40  | 448,022  | 0.36
Other Turkic dialects | 156,348  | 0.93  | 284,064  | 0.26  | 440,412  | 0.35
Votyak | 2,245  | 0.01  | 418,725  | 0.38  | 420,970  | 0.34
Mari | 2,191  | 0.01  | 373,248  | 0.34  | 375,439  | 0.30
Tajik | 103,240  | 0.61  | 247,157  | 0.23  | 350,397  | 0.28
Buryat | 2,038  | 0.01  | 286,625  | 0.26  | 288,663  | 0.23
Turkmen | 2,687  | 0.02  | 278,670  | 0.26  | 281,357  | 0.22
Imeretian | 17,181  | 0.10  | 256,005  | 0.24  | 273,186  | 0.22
Mingrelian | 11,539  | 0.07  | 228,086  | 0.21  | 239,625  | 0.19
Yakut | 3,890  | 0.02  | 223,494  | 0.21  | 227,384  | 0.18
Chechen | 871  | 0.01  | 225,625  | 0.21  | 226,496  | 0.18
Avar-Andean | 5,533  | 0.03  | 207,159  | 0.19  | 212,692  | 0.17
Turkish | 13,378  | 0.08  | 195,444  | 0.18  | 208,822  | 0.17
Karelian | 2,791  | 0.02  | 205,310  | 0.19  | 208,101  | 0.17
Kara-Kyrgyz | 270  | 0.00  | 201,412  | 0.19  | 201,682  | 0.16
Kalmyk | 1,263  | 0.01  | 189,385  | 0.17  | 190,648  | 0.15
Greek | 33,621  | 0.20  | 153,304  | 0.14  | 186,925  | 0.15
Bulgarian | 14,371  | 0.09  | 158,288  | 0.15  | 172,659  | 0.14
Ossetian | 5,907  | 0.04  | 165,809  | 0.15  | 171,716  | 0.14
Kyurin | 5,146  | 0.03  | 154,067  | 0.14  | 159,213  | 0.13
Komi | 6,340  | 0.04  | 147,278  | 0.14  | 153,618  | 0.12
Finnish | 25,610  | 0.15  | 117,458  | 0.11  | 143,068  | 0.11
Dargin | 1,847  | 0.01  | 128,362  | 0.12  | 130,209  | 0.10
Teptyar  | 579  | 0.00  | 117,194  | 0.11  | 117,773  | 0.09
Permyak | 366  | 0.00  | 104,325  | 0.10  | 104,691  | 0.08
Karakalpak | 46  | 0.00  | 104,228  | 0.10  | 104,274  | 0.08
Kurdish | 1,148  | 0.01  | 98,801  | 0.09  | 99,949  | 0.08
Kabardian | 523  | 0.00  | 98,038  | 0.09  | 98,561  | 0.08
Tat | 4,099  | 0.02  | 90,957  | 0.08  | 95,056  | 0.08
Kazi-Kumukh | 1,642  | 0.01  | 89,238  | 0.08  | 90,880  | 0.07
Kumyk | 3,529  | 0.02  | 79,879  | 0.07  | 83,408  | 0.07
Abkhaz | 343  | 0.00  | 71,760  | 0.07  | 72,103  | 0.06
Tungus | 192  | 0.00  | 66,078  | 0.06  | 66,270  | 0.05
Nogai | 299  | 0.00  | 63,781  | 0.06  | 64,080  | 0.05
Chinese | 24,794  | 0.15  | 32,665  | 0.03  | 57,459  | 0.05
Taranchin Uyghur | 10,789  | 0.06  | 45,680  | 0.04  | 56,469  | 0.04
Mishar Tatar | 657  | 0.00  | 53,190  | 0.05  | 53,847  | 0.04
Czech | 8,375  | 0.05  | 42,010  | 0.04  | 50,385  | 0.04
Ingush | 541  | 0.00  | 46,868  | 0.04  | 47,409  | 0.04
Circassian | 1,660  | 0.01  | 44,626  | 0.04  | 46,286  | 0.04
Romani | 6,551  | 0.04  | 38,031  | 0.03  | 44,582  | 0.04
Talysh | 1,035  | 0.01  | 34,256  | 0.03  | 35,291  | 0.03
Persian | 18,976  | 0.11  | 12,747  | 0.01  | 31,723  | 0.03
Karapapakh | 9  | 0.00  | 29,893  | 0.03  | 29,902  | 0.02
Karachay | 45  | 0.00  | 27,178  | 0.02  | 27,223  | 0.02
Korean | 1,716  | 0.01  | 24,289  | 0.02  | 26,005  | 0.02
Chud | 117  | 0.00  | 25,703  | 0.02  | 25,820  | 0.02
Khanty | 179  | 0.00  | 19,484  | 0.02  | 19,663  | 0.02
French | 12,966  | 0.08  | 3,467  | 0.00  | 16,433  | 0.01
Samoyedic | 127  | 0.00  | 15,750  | 0.01  | 15,877  | 0.01
Svan | 94  | 0.00  | 15,662  | 0.01  | 15,756  | 0.01
Kashgar Uyghur | 139  | 0.00  | 14,799  | 0.01  | 14,938  | 0.01
Swedish | 6,969  | 0.04  | 7,230  | 0.01  | 14,199  | 0.01
Izhorian | 37  | 0.00  | 13,737  | 0.01  | 13,774  | 0.01
Chukchi | 8  | 0.00  | 11,787  | 0.01  | 11,795  | 0.01
Mansi | 9  | 0.00  | 7,642  | 0.01  | 7,651  | 0.01
Kipchak | 6  | 0.00  | 7,601  | 0.01  | 7,607  | 0.01
Udi | 11  | 0.00  | 7,089  | 0.01  | 7,100  | 0.01
English | 5,746  | 0.03  | 1,308  | 0.00  | 7,054  | 0.01
Gilyak (Nivkh) | 14  | 0.00  | 6,180  | 0.01  | 6,194  | 0.00
Koryak | 31  | 0.00  | 6,027  | 0.01  | 6,058  | 0.00
Assyrian | 1,307  | 0.01  | 4,046  | 0.00  | 5,353  | 0.00
Italian | 3,824  | 0.02  | 936  | 0.00  | 4,760  | 0.00
Kamchadal (Itelmen) | 6  | 0.00  | 3,972  | 0.00  | 3,978  | 0.00
Manchu | 54  | 0.00  | 3,340  | 0.00  | 3,394  | 0.00
Japanese | 1,855  | 0.01  | 794  | 0.00  | 2,649  | 0.00
Serbo-Croatian | 1,197  | 0.01  | 618  | 0.00  | 1,815  | 0.00
Sámi | 41  | 0.00  | 1,771  | 0.00  | 1,812  | 0.00
Arabic | 93  | 0.00  | 1,603  | 0.00  | 1,696  | 0.00
Norwegian and Danish | 1,031  | 0.01  | 609  | 0.00  | 1,640  | 0.00
Ainu | 6  | 0.00  | 1,440  | 0.00  | 1,446  | 0.00
Eskimo | 1  | 0.00  | 1,098  | 0.00  | 1,099  | 0.00
Yenisei-Ostyak (Ket) | 6  | 0.00  | 988  | 0.00  | 994  | 0.00
Hungarian | 699  | 0.00  | 262  | 0.00  | 961  | 0.00
Yukaghir | 0  | 0.00  | 948  | 0.00  | 948  | 0.00
Albanian | 70  | 0.00  | 866  | 0.00  | 936  | 0.00
Mongolian | 84  | 0.00  | 733  | 0.00  | 817  | 0.00
Afghan | 43  | 0.00  | 571  | 0.00  | 614  | 0.00
Aleut | 338  | 0.00  | 246  | 0.00  | 584  | 0.00
Chuvan | 190  | 0.00  | 316  | 0.00  | 506  | 0.00
Other Lezgic languages  | 165  | 0.00  | 255  | 0.00  | 420  | 0.00
Kist | 97  | 0.00  | 316  | 0.00  | 413  | 0.00
Dutch | 225  | 0.00  | 110  | 0.00  | 335  | 0.00
Hindi | 236  | 0.00  | 76  | 0.00  | 312  | 0.00
Spanish and Portuguese | 112  | 0.00  | 26  | 0.00  | 138  | 0.00
Other languages  | 69  | 0.00  | 5  | 0.00  | 74  | 0.00
Not indicated  | 2,142  | 0.01  | 2,985  | 0.00  | 5,127  | 0.00
TOTAL  | 16,828,395  | 100.00  | 108,811,626  | 100.00  | 125,640,021  | 100.00

For specifically the nobility, accounting for 1.8 million people, native languages were as follows: 53% Russian, 28.6% Polish, 5.9% Georgian, 5.3% Tatar, 3.4% Lithuanian, 2.4% German, 1.4% other.[4]

### By religion

[edit]

Religious composition of the Russian Empire in 1897[5] Faith  | Male  | Female  | Both

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Number  | %
Eastern Orthodox | 42,954,739  | 44,168,865  | 87,123,604  | 69.34
Muslim | 7,383,293  | 6,523,679  | 13,906,972  | 11.07
Roman Catholic | 5,686,361  | 5,781,633  | 11,467,994  | 9.13
Rabbinic Jewish | 2,547,144  | 2,668,661  | 5,215,805  | 4.15
Lutherans | 1,739,814  | 1,832,839  | 3,572,653  | 2.84
Old Believers | 1,029,023  | 1,175,573  | 2,204,596  | 1.75
Armenian Apostolic | 625,592  | 553,649  | 1,179,241  | 0.94
Buddhists | 240,739  | 193,124  | 433,863  | 0.34
Reformed | 42,877  | 42,523  | 85,400  | 0.07
Mennonite | 33,598  | 32,966  | 66,564  | 0.05
Armenian Catholic | 20,028  | 18,812  | 38,840  | 0.03
Baptist | 18,372  | 19,767  | 38,139  | 0.03
Karaite Jewish | 6,372  | 6,522  | 12,894  | 0.01
Anglican | 2,042  | 2,141  | 4,183  | 0.00
Other Christian denominations  | 2,371  | 1,581  | 3,952  | 0.00
Other non-Christian denominations  | 144,983  | 140,338  | 285,321  | 0.23
TOTAL  | 62,477,348  | 63,162,673  | 125,640,021  | 100.00

* Eastern Orthodox

* Muslims

* Roman Catholic

* Jews

* Lutherans

* Old Believers

* Armenian Apostolics

* Buddhists

* Pagans

### Population by modern-day countries

[edit]

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* Russia 67,476,000 (from this Siberia 5,758,822)
* Ukraine 23,430,407 (from this Crimea 1,447,790)
* Poland (Vistula basin) 9,402,253
* Belarus 6,927,040
* Kazakhstan 4,000,000
* Lithuania 3,135,771
* Georgia 2,109,273
* Uzbekistan 2,000,000
* Moldova 1,935,412
* Latvia 1,929,387
* Azerbaijan 1,705,131
* Estonia 900,000
* Armenia 797,853[6] [better source needed]
* Kyrgyzstan 750,000
* Tajikistan 646,000
* Turkmenistan 350,000

### Largest cities

[edit]

See also: List of cities of the Russian Empire in 1897

Largest cities of the Empire according to the census:

* Saint Petersburg – 1,264,900
* Moscow – 1,038,600
* Varshava (Warsaw) – 626,000
* Odessa (Odesa) – 403,800
* Lod (Łódź) – 314,000
* Riga – 282,200
* Kiev (Kyiv) – 247,700
* Kharkov (Kharkiv) – 174,000
* Tiflis (Tbilisi) – 159,600
* Vilna (Vilnius) – 154,500
* Saratov – 137,100
* Kazan – 130,000
* Rostov-on-Don – 119,500
* Tula – 114,700
* Astrakhan – 112,900
* Ekaterinoslav (Dnipro) – 112,800
* Baku – 111,900
* Chișinău – 108,500
* Helsinki – 93,000
* Nikolayev (Mykolaiv) – 92,000
* Minsk – 90,900
* Nizhny Novgorod – 90,100
* Samara – 90,000
* Orenburg – 72,400
* Yaroslavl – 71,600
* Dvinsk (Daugavpils) – 69,675
* Vitebsk – 65,900
* Reval (Tallinn) – 64 572
* Libava (Liepāja) – 64,489
* Yekaterinodar (Krasnodar) – 65,600
* Tsaritsyn (Volgograd) – 55,200

## Data availability

[edit]

Each enumeration form was copied twice, with the three copies filed in the Volost (county) archives, the governorate archives, and the Central Statistical Bureau in St. Petersburg. The copies in St. Petersburg were destroyed after they had been tabulated.[7][2] Most of the copies stored locally and regionally have also been destroyed; however, the complete census for the Arkhangelsk and Tobolsk governorates has been preserved, and the census for portions of several other governorates is also extant.[8][9]

## Assessment

[edit]

The results may have been influenced by national policy of the authorities: the population of Russian ethnicity was somewhat exaggerated.[10] Thus for example, the number of Poles is underrepresented.[11][12] Imperial officials classified the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages as belonging to the Russian group and labeled those nationalities as Little Russian for Ukrainians and White Russian for Belarusians.[10]

The census did not contain a question on ethnicity, which was deduced from data on mother tongue, social estate and occupation. There was also a 1916 and 1917 "agricultural census" that was carried out throughout the empire (except in some parts of the Caucasus, Eastern Russia, and Siberia), and a 1920 "general census" (except in the Russian far north, far east, Ukraine, and the Caucasus).[13]

## See also

[edit]

* Revision list

## References

[edit]

### Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Russian: Пе́рвая всео́бщая пе́репись населе́нія Россíйской импе́ріи 1897 го́да, romanized: Pérvaya vseóbshchaya pérelis' naseléniya Rossíyskoy impérii 1897 góda
2. ^ Termed as Great Russian (Великорусский).
3. ^ Termed as Little Russian (Малорусский).
4. ^ Termed as White Russian (Белорусский).
5. ^ Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Karakalpak and some other smaller Central Asian languages grouped together
6. ^ Incorporates many Tatar and Turkic speaking nationalities, such as Crimean Tatar, Volga Tatar, Siberian Tatar and Azerbaijani and others.

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Rosstat 2013, p. 70.
2. ^ a b "Russia Census". FamilySearch. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
3. ^ Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку, губерниям и областям (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
4. ^ "Европа-1913: аристократы, война и мир." Andrei Zubov. April 10, 2013.
5. ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". 2010-11-05. Archived from the original on 5 November 2010. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
6. ^ Korkotyan 1932, p. 167.
7. ^ "Russia, Jewish Families in Russian Empire Census, 1897". Ancestry. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
8. ^ "1897 Census of Imperial Russia". Find Russian Heritage. Archived from the original on 2018-02-05.
9. ^ "Documents of the First General Census of the population of Russian Empire in the Ukrainian Archives". Alex Dunai's personal website. Archived from the original on 2019-04-17.
10. ^ a b Anna Geifman, Russia Under the Last Tsar: Opposition and Subversion, 1894-1917, Wiley-Blackwell, 1999, ISBN 1-55786-995-2, Google Print, p. 118-119
11. ^ Piotr Eberhardt, Jan Owsinski, Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe, M.E. Sharpe, 2003, ISBN 0-7656-0665-8, Google Print, p.27
12. ^ Jerzy Borzęcki, The Soviet-Polish peace of 1921 and the creation of interwar Europe, Yale University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-300-12121-0, Google Print, p.10
13. ^ Anderson 2011, p. 29.

### Bibliography

[edit]

* Karabchuk, Tatiana; Kumo, Kuzuhiro; Selezneva, Ekaterina (2016). Demography of Russia: From the Past to the Present. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-51850-7.
* Istoriya rossiyskoy gosudarstvennoy statistiki: 1811-2011 История российской государственной статистики: 1811-2011 [History of Russian State statistics: 1811–2011] (PDF) (in Russian). ИИЦ «Статистика России». 2013. p. 70\. ISBN 978-5-4269-0029-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2022.
* Borrero, Mauricio (2009). Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7475-4.
* Anderson, David G., ed. (2011). The 1926/27 Soviet Polar Census Expeditions. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-0-85745-044-9. OCLC 733040240.
* Первая всеобщая перепись населенiя Россійской Имперіи. Под редакцiею Н. А. Тройницкаго. — СПб.: Изданiе центральнаго статистическаго комитета министерства внутреннихъ делъ, 1905. (The First Total Census of Russian Empire. A publication of the central statistical bureau of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Editor N. A. Toynitsky.)
* РОССИЯ. Полное Географическое Описание Нашего Отечества. Под ред. П. П. Семенова-Тян-Шанского. — СПб., 1913. (Semenov-Tyan-Shanskiy, P. P. (Ed.): RUSSIA. Complete Geographical Description of our Fatherland. — St. Petersburg, 1913. This latter work reproduces most of the results of the census, and is a good deal easier to find in western libraries than the original publication.)
* Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по родному языку и регионам (First General Russian Empire Census of 1897. Population breakdown by mother tongue and regions) (Demoscope.ru) (in Russian)
* The First General Census of the Russian Empire of 1897. Breakdown of population by mother tongue and districts in 50 Governorates of the European Russia (1777 territorial units)
* Korkotyan, Zaven (1932). Խորհրդային Հայաստանի բնակչությունը վերջին հարյուրամյակում (1831-1931) [The population of Soviet Armenia in the last century (1831–1931)] (PDF) (in Armenian). Yerevan: Pethrat. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2022.

### Other websites

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* A website containing an interactive map with native language, religion, and urbanization data for each Russian district (uyezd) in the 1897 Russian census for a district's total population, urban population, and rural population

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Russian censuses

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