Russian invasion of Ukraine

Major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War

This article is about the conflict that escalated in 2022. For other invasions that took place on the territory of Ukraine, see List of invasions and occupations of Ukraine.

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War (outline)

Map of Ukraine as of 9 July 2025[update] (details):

Continuously controlled by Ukraine

Currently occupied or controlled by Russia

Formerly occupied by Russia or Ukrainian-occupied Russian territory

| Date| 24 February 2022 – present
(3 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 6 days)

|

Location|

Ukraine, Russia, Black Sea

Status|  Ongoing (list of engagements · territorial control · timeline of events)
Belligerents

*  Russia
*  Donetsk PR[a]
*  Luhansk PR[a]
*  Belarus[b]
*  North Korea

|   Ukraine
Commanders and leaders

* Vladimir Putin
* Valery Gerasimov
* Aleksandr Dvornikov
* Gennady Zhidko #[5]
* Sergey Surovikin

* Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* Oleksandr Syrskyi
* Valerii Zaluzhnyi

Units involved
Order of battle|  Order of battle
Strength
Pre-invasion at border:
169,000–190,000[c][6][7][8]
Pre-invasion total:
900,000 military[9]
554,000 paramilitary[9]
In February 2023:
300,000+ active personnel in Ukraine[10]
In June 2024:
700,000 active personnel in the area[11]|  Pre-invasion total:
196,600 military[12]
102,000 paramilitary[12]
July 2022 total:
up to 700,000[13]
September 2023 total:
over 800,000[14]
Casualties and losses
Reports vary widely, see § Casualties for details.

* v
* t
* e

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Timeline

*     * February – April 2022
* April – August 2022
* August – November 2022
* November 2022 – June 2023
* June – August 2023
* September – November 2023
* December 2023 – March 2024
* April – July 2024
* August – December 2024
* January 2025 – May 2025
* June 2025 – present

* * *

* Prelude
* Casualties
* Territorial control
* map
* List of engagements
* War crimes
* Attacks on civilians
* Economic impact
* Peace negotiations
* Collaboration with Russia
* Russian emigration
* Nuclear risk
* Humanitarian impacts
* Russian annexation
* Treatment of prisoners of war

2022–23 campaign

Northern front

* Antonov Airport
* Chernobyl
* Hostomel
* Kyiv
* Bucha
* massacre
* Irpin
* Makariv
* Moshchun
* Kozarovytska Dam
* Brovary
* Slavutych
* 1st Sumy
* Chernihiv
* Northern Ukraine skirmishes

* * *

Eastern front

* 1st Kharkiv
* Volnovakha
* Izium
* Rubizhne
* Popasna
* Battle of Donbas
* Siverskyi Donets
* Sievierodonetsk
* Lysychansk
* Pisky
* Bakhmut
* Soledar
* Vuhledar
* 2nd Kharkiv
* Lyman
* Russian winter offensive (2022–23)
* Marinka
* Avdiivka
* Luhansk Oblast

* * *

Southern front

* Mariupol
* 1st Kherson
* Melitopol
* Mykolaiv
* Enerhodar
* Voznesensk
* 2nd Kherson
* Kherson City
* Dnieper
* Kakhovka Dam
* Krynky
* 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive (Mala Tokmachka)

* * *

Other regions

* Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure

* * *

Naval operations

* Snake Island

* * *

Spillover & related incidents

* Western Russia
* Bryansk Oblast
* Kremlin drone attack
* Belgorod Oblast incursion
* 2022 Russian mobilization
* Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
* Poland missile explosion
* Black Sea drone incident
* Wagner Group rebellion

2024–25 campaign

Northern Ukraine skirmishes

* 2nd Sumy
* Sumy strike

* * *

Eastern front

* Luhansk Oblast
* Kupiansk
* Northeast Donetsk
* Avdiivka
* Vuhledar
* Chasiv Yar
* Krasnohorivka
* Ocheretyne
* 3rd Kharkiv
* Kharkiv strikes
* Toretsk
* Pokrovsk
* Kurakhove
* Velyka Novosilka
* Novopavlivka

* * *

Southern front

* Dnieper
* Krynky

* * *

Ukrainian incursion

* Kursk
* Olgovskiy Forest
* Stream
* Belgorod incursion
* Tyotkino incursion

* * *

Other regions

* Strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure

* * *

Naval operations

* Tendra Spit

* * *

Spillover & related incidents

* Western Russia
* May 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* March 2024 western Russia incursion
* 2024 Ukrainian coup attempt allegations
* 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia
* Toropets explosions
* North Korean involvement
* Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243
* Spider's Web

* v
* t
* e

Russo-Ukrainian War (outline)

* Background

* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* Russia–Ukraine relations
* Budapest Memorandum
* 2003 Tuzla Island conflict
* Orange Revolution
* 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin
* Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
* Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine (Odesa clashes)

* * *

* Major topics

* 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism
* Information war
* cyberwarfare
* ransomware
* cyberattacks
* Belarusian involvement
* International sanctions
* Media portrayal
* Foreign aid (military
* humanitarian)

* * *

* Crimean crisis
(Timeline)

* Little green men
* Krymnash

* Crimean Parliament
* Belbek Airport
* Southern Naval Base
* 2014 Simferopol
* 2014 Russian protests

* * *

* War in Donbas
(Timeline)

* Capture of Donetsk
* Sloviansk
* Kramatorsk
* Artemivsk
* 1st Mariupol
* Sievierodonetsk
* Il-76 shootdown
* Zelenopillia rocket attack
* Karlivka
* 1st Donetsk Airport
* Luhansk Border Base
* Krasnyi Lyman
* Sector D clashes
* Raid of the 95th Brigade
* Shakhtarsk Raion
* Horlivka
* Yasynuvata
* Ilovaisk
* Novoazovsk
* 2nd Mariupol
* 2nd Donetsk Airport
* Debaltseve
* International recognition

Post-Minsk II conflict

* 2015
* Shyrokyne (2015)
* Marinka (2015)
* 2016
* Svitlodarsk (2016)
* 2017
* Avdiivka (2017)
* 2018
* Kerch Strait incident (2018)
* 2019
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022

Attacks on civilians

* Sloviansk
* Malaysia Airlines Flight 17
* Novosvitlivka
* Volnovakha
* Donetsk
* Mariupol
* Kramatorsk
* Stanytsia Luhanska

* * *

* Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present) (Timeline)

* Prelude to invasion (Reactions)

Military engagements

* Northern Ukraine campaign
* Antonov Airport
* Kyiv
* Chernihiv
* Sumy
* Eastern Ukraine campaign
* Mariupol
* 1st Kharkiv
* Izium
* 2nd Kharkiv
* Donbas
* Sievierodonetsk
* Lysychansk
* Soledar
* Bakhmut
* Luhansk Oblast
* Marinka
* Avdiivka
* Pokrovsk
* Southern Ukraine campaign
* 1st Kherson
* Melitopol
* Mykolaiv
* Kherson counteroffensive
* 2nd Kherson

* 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive
* 2024 Kursk offensive

* Effects and aftermath

* Economic impact
* Peace negotiations
* Protests in occupied Ukraine
* War crimes
* Government and intergovernmental reactions
* Non-government reactions
* Protests
* Russian protests
* ICJ case
* Arrest warrants

Related

* Ukrainian resistance
* Belarusian and Russian partisan movement
* Zagreb Tu-141 crash
* Russian mystery fires
* Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
* Soloti training ground shooting
* Brovary helicopter crash
* Black Sea drone incident
* Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes
* Wagner Group rebellion
* Wagner Group plane crash
* Ukrainian coup attempt

* v
* t
* e

Conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union

Caucasus

* Nagorno-Karabakh
* 1st
* 2016
* 2nd
* Border crisis
* 2022 clashes
* 2023 offensive
* Georgia
* South Ossetia
* Abkhazia
* 1st
* 2nd
* Kodori
* North Ossetia
* Chechen–Russian
* 1st
* 2nd
* guerrilla phase
* North Caucasus insurgency
* IS insurgency
* Dagestan
* Ingushetia
* Russo-Georgian

* * *

Central Asia

* Tajikistan
* Uzbekistan
* Batken spillover
* Kyrgyz revolutions
* Tulip
* 2010
* 2020
* South Kyrgyzstan
* Gorno-Badakhshan
* Dungan–Kazakh clashes
* Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes
* 2021
* 2022
* Kazakhstan
* Karakalpakstan

* * *

Eastern Europe

* Transnistria
* 1992
* 1993 Moscow
* Ukraine
* Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* pro-Russian unrest
* Russo-Ukrainian (outline)
* annexation of Crimea
* Donbas
* Kerch Strait
* 2022 invasion
* prelude

On 24 February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, starting the largest and deadliest war in Europe since World War II, in a major escalation of the conflict between the two countries which began in 2014.[15][16][17] The fighting has caused hundreds of thousands of military casualties and tens of thousands of Ukrainian civilian casualties. As of 2025, Russian troops occupy about 20% of Ukraine. From a population of 41 million, about 8 million Ukrainians had been internally displaced and more than 8.2 million had fled the country by April 2023, creating Europe's largest refugee crisis since World War II.

In late 2021, Russia massed troops near Ukraine's borders and issued demands to the West including a ban on Ukraine ever joining the NATO military alliance.[18] After repeatedly denying having plans to attack Ukraine, on 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced a "special military operation", saying that it was to support the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk, whose paramilitary forces had been fighting Ukraine in the war in Donbas since 2014. Putin espoused irredentist and imperialist views challenging Ukraine's legitimacy as a state, baselessly claimed that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis committing genocide against the Russian minority in the Donbas, and said that Russia's goal was to "demilitarise and denazify" Ukraine.[19][20][21][22] Russian air strikes and a ground invasion were launched on a northern front from Belarus towards the capital Kyiv, a southern front from Crimea, and an eastern front from the Donbas and towards Kharkiv. Ukraine enacted martial law, ordered a general mobilisation, and severed diplomatic relations with Russia.

Russian troops retreated from the north and the outskirts of Kyiv by April 2022, after encountering stiff resistance and logistical challenges. The Bucha massacre was uncovered after their withdrawal. In the southeast, Russia launched an offensive in the Donbas and captured Mariupol after a destructive siege. Russia continued to bomb military and civilian targets far from the front, and struck the energy grid during winter months. In late 2022, Ukraine launched successful counteroffensives in the south and east, liberating most of Kharkiv Oblast. Soon after, Russia illegally annexed four partly-occupied provinces. In November, Ukraine liberated Kherson. In June 2023, Ukraine launched another counteroffensive in the southeast but made few gains. After small but steady Russian advances in the east in the first half of 2024, Ukraine launched a cross-border offensive into Russia's Kursk Oblast in August, where North Korean soldiers were sent to assist Russia. The United Nations Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine. The direct cost of the war for Russia has been over US$450 billion.[23][24][25]

The invasion was met with widespread international condemnation. The United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution condemning the invasion and demanding a full Russian withdrawal. The International Court of Justice ordered Russia to halt military operations, and the Council of Europe expelled Russia. Many countries imposed sanctions on Russia and its ally Belarus and provided large-scale humanitarian and military aid to Ukraine. The Baltic states and Poland declared Russia a terrorist state. Protests occurred around the world, with anti-war protesters in Russia being met by mass arrests and greater media censorship. The Russian attacks on civilians have led to allegations of genocide.[26][27][28][29] War-related disruption to Ukrainian agriculture and shipping contributed to a world food crisis; war-related local environmental damage has been described as ecocide and the war has heavily disrupted global climate policy. The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into crimes against humanity, war crimes, abduction of Ukrainian children, and genocide against Ukrainians. The ICC issued arrest warrants for Putin and five other Russian officials.

## Background

[edit]

Further information: Russia–Ukraine relations

### Post-Soviet relations

[edit]

US president Clinton, Russian president Yeltsin, and Ukrainian president Kravchuk after signing the Trilateral Statement (1994). Russia and the US agreed to uphold Ukraine's independence and territorial integrity in return for Ukraine giving up its nuclear weapons.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia and Ukraine maintained cordial relations. In return for security guarantees, Ukraine signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1994 and gave up the nuclear weapons it inherited from the Soviet Union.[30] Russia, the US, and UK thus agreed in the Budapest Memorandum to uphold Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity.[31] In 1999, Russia signed the Charter for European Security, affirming the right of each state "to choose or change its security arrangements" and to join alliances.[32] In 2002, Putin said Ukraine's relations with NATO were "a matter for those two partners".[33] In 2005, Putin said that if Ukraine wanted to join NATO, "we will respect their choice, because it is their sovereign right to decide their own defence policy, and this will not worsen relations between our countries".[34]

Russia invaded Georgia in 2008 and took control of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, demonstrating Russia's willingness to use force to attain its political objectives.[35] The US "was accused of appeasement and naivete" over its reaction to the invasion.[36]

### Ukrainian revolution

[edit]

Main article: Revolution of Dignity

Protesters at a rally on Independence Square, 19 January 2014

In 2013, Ukraine's parliament approved finalising the European Union–Ukraine Association Agreement.[37] Russia raised concerns about the agreement when it became clear Ukraine would no longer be able to maintain the same level of relations with Russia.[38] Russia put pressure on Ukraine to reject the agreement and imposed economic sanctions on the country.[39] Kremlin adviser Sergei Glazyev warned in September 2013 that if Ukraine signed the EU agreement, Russia would no longer acknowledge Ukraine's borders.[40]

In November, Ukrainian president Viktor Yanukovych suddenly withdrew from signing the agreement,[41] choosing closer ties to the Russian-led Eurasian Economic Union instead. This coerced withdrawal triggered protests known as Euromaidan, culminating in the Revolution of Dignity in February 2014. Almost 100 protesters were killed by state forces. Despite signing an agreement, Yanukovych fled. Parliament voted to remove him.[42]

### Russian invasion in Crimea and Donbas

[edit]

Ukraine, with the annexed Crimea in the south and two Russia-backed separatist republics in Donbas in the east up to the 2022 invasion

On 27 February 2014, Russian soldiers with no insignia began to invade the Ukrainian territory of Crimea,[43] and fully controlled the peninsula by late March.[44] At first, Russia denied the soldiers were theirs, but Putin later admitted they were Russian special forces.[45] Russia annexed Crimea in March, after a widely condemned and disputed referendum held under occupation. Historians liken the annexation to Nazi Germany's Anschluss of Austria.[46][47]

Pro-Russian protests followed in the Ukrainian cities of Donetsk and Luhansk. Separatists proclaimed the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR). The War in Donbas began in April 2014 when armed Russian paramilitaries led by Igor 'Strelkov' Girkin seized Sloviansk and other settlements, and the Ukrainian military began an operation against them.[48][49][50] Russia covertly supported the separatists with troops, tanks and artillery.[51] The International Criminal Court judged that the war was a national and international armed conflict involving Russia,[52] and the European Court of Human Rights judged that Russia controlled the DPR and LPR from 2014 onward.[53] Ukraine's parliament declared the Donbas region to be occupied by Russia.[54]

The annexation of Crimea and Donbas war sparked a wave of Russian nationalism. Analyst Vladimir Socor called Putin's 2014 speech following the annexation a "manifesto of Greater-Russia irredentism".[55] Putin began referring to "Novorossiya" (New Russia), a former Russian imperial territory that covered much of southern Ukraine.[56] Russian-backed forces were influenced by Russian neo-imperialism[57] and sought to create a new Novorossiya.[58] Putin cited the Kosovo independence precedent and NATO bombing of Yugoslavia as a justification for military intervention.[59][60][61][62]

The Normandy Format meeting in December 2019 would be the first and only meeting between Zelenskyy and Putin.[63]

When the conflict began in 2014, Ukraine was officially a neutral country[64] and said it was not seeking NATO membership.[65][66] Because of Russia's occupation of Crimea and its invasion of the Donbas, Ukraine's parliament voted in December 2014 to revoke the country's neutral status and seek membership of NATO.[67][68]

The Minsk agreements, signed in September 2014 and February 2015, aimed to resolve the conflict, but ceasefires and further negotiations failed.[69] The West's weak response to Russia's attack led Russia to believe the West would not react strongly to the 2022 invasion.[70][71][72] Several political scientists said this encouraged further Russian aggression.[73][74][75]

### Economic aspects

[edit]

Economic interests were also a motive for Russia's attack on Ukraine and its annexation of the southeast. Control of lithium deposits in the Donbas and Ukraine's grain wealth would give Russia a "monopoly on the world market".[76] In 2022, Russian General Vladimir Ovchinsky confirmed that the "Russian special operation" aimed to seize Ukrainian lithium deposits.[23][77]

The US government estimates that Russia's economic losses from the war and Western sanctions will amount to around $1.3 trillion by 2025, and Russia's direct financial spending on the invasion is estimated at $250 billion (as of late 2024) – costs that Russia could not have foreseen. According to a study published in mid-2022 by Canadian think tank SecDev, Russia seized energy reserves, metals and minerals worth at least $12.4 trillion in the Donbas, including 41 coal fields (63 percent of Ukraine's coal reserves), 27 natural gas fields, 9 oil fields, 6 iron ore deposits, two titanium ore deposits, a strontium deposit, a uranium deposit, a gold deposit and a large limestone quarry. The total value of raw material stocks in Ukraine is estimated at over $26 trillion.[23] The value of lithium and rare earths in Ukraine is estimated at $11.5 trillion.[77] In January 2024, the Russian occupation government in Donetsk Oblast granted the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources permission to mine lithium in the Shevchenko deposit near Kurakhovo, which is estimated to be worth hundreds of billions of US dollars.[23]

The Russian elite, especially Russian generals, had invested assets and property in Ukraine for money laundering purposes before the invasion.[76]

## Prelude

[edit]

Main articles: Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukraine–NATO relations § Russian opposition to Ukrainian NATO membership, and Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Russian military build-up around Ukraine as of 3 December 2021

There was Russian military build-up near Ukraine's borders in March and April 2021,[78] and again in both Russia and Belarus from October 2021 onward.[79] Russia said it was only holding military exercises. Members of its government, including Putin, repeatedly denied having plans to invade Ukraine, issuing denials up until the day before the invasion.[80][81][82]

While Russian troops massed on Ukraine's borders, Russia's proxy forces launched thousands of attacks on Ukrainian troops in the Donbas.[83] Observers from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), which includes Ukraine and Russia, reported more than 90,000 ceasefire violations throughout 2021; most in Russian-controlled territory.[84]

In July 2021, Putin published an essay "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians", in which he called Ukraine "historically Russian lands" and claimed there is "no historical basis" for the "idea of Ukrainian people as a nation separate from the Russians".[85][86] Putin claimed Ukraine never had "real statehood" and the creation of modern Ukraine was a mistake.[87] Putin was accused of promoting Russian imperialism,[88] historical revisionism and disinformation.[89][90]

Meeting of the NATO-Russia Council on 12 January 2022

The December 2021 Russian ultimatum to NATO, included demands that NATO end activity in its Eastern European member states and ban Ukraine or any former Soviet state from ever joining the alliance.[18][91][92] Russia's government said NATO was a threat and warned of a military response if it followed an "aggressive line".[93] Some demands had already been ruled out by NATO. A US official said the US was willing to discuss the proposals, but there were some "the Russians know are unacceptable".[91] Eastern European states willingly joined NATO for security reasons, and the last time a country bordering Russia had joined was in 2004. Ukraine had not yet applied, and some members were wary of letting it join.[94] Barring Ukraine would go against NATO's "open door" policy, and against treaties agreed to by Russia.[95] NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg replied that "Russia has no say" on whether Ukraine joins, and "no right to establish a sphere of influence to try to control their neighbours".[96] NATO underlined that it is a defensive alliance, and it had co-operated with Russia until the latter annexed Crimea.[95] It offered to improve communication with Russia, and negotiate limits on missile placements and military exercises, as long as Russia withdrew troops from Ukraine's borders,[97] but Russia did not.

Western leaders vowed heavy sanctions would be imposed should Putin invade rather than negotiate.[98] French President Emmanuel Macron[99] and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz met Putin in February 2022 to dissuade him from an invasion. Putin told him that Ukraine should not be an independent state.[100] Scholz told Ukrainian President Zelenskyy to declare Ukraine a neutral country and renounce its aspirations to join NATO. Zelenskyy replied that Putin could not be trusted, as he had broken agreements.[101] Ukraine had been a neutral country in 2014 when Russia occupied Crimea and invaded the Donbas.[64][102] On 19 February, Zelenskyy made a speech at the Munich Security Conference, calling for Western powers to end their "appeasement" towards Putin and give a clear time-frame for when Ukraine could join NATO.[103] Analysts Taras Kuzio and Vladimir Socor agree that "when Russia made its decision to invade Ukraine, that country was more remote than ever not only from NATO membership but from any track that might lead to membership".[92]

Luhansk power station after being shelled by Russian-backed forces in the Donbas, 22 February 2022

Shortly before the invasion, Russia's proxy forces stepped up attacks on Ukrainian forces and civilians in the Donbas.[104][105] Separatist leaders warned that Ukraine was about to launch an offensive, but they gave no evidence, and The Guardian noted it would be "exceedingly risky" for Ukraine to assault the Donbas while Russian troops were massed on its borders.[105] Ukraine and Western leaders accused Russia of staging false flag attacks and trying to provoke retaliation, to give Russia a pretext for invading.[104][105] On 17 February, Russian proxy forces shelled a kindergarten in Ukrainian-held territory, then blamed it on Ukraine.[105] Zelenskyy said his military would not respond to the provocations.[104]

### Invasion plans

[edit]

The Royal United Services Institute reported that Russia's plan involved defeating Ukraine within ten days and capturing or killing its government, followed by "mopping up" operations; establishing filtration camps for Ukrainians; setting up occupation regimes; executing people involved in the Revolution of Dignity; and lastly annexation.[106][107][108] The decision to invade was reportedly made by Putin and a small group of war hawks or siloviki in Putin's inner circle, including national security adviser Nikolai Patrushev and defence minister Sergei Shoigu.[109]

After the start of the invasion, Ukrainian and Western analysts tentatively assessed that Putin seemed to have assumed that the Russian Armed Forces would be capable of capturing the Ukrainian capital city of Kyiv within days. This assessment eventually led to the commonly reached conclusion that "taking Kyiv in three days" had been the original objective or expectation of the invasion.[110][111][112]

Aleksandr Lukashenko had already stated that, in case of war, Kyiv would be taken in "3 - 4 days".[113][114] Margarita Simonyan, editor-in-chief of the Russian state-controlled broadcaster RT, had made similar remarks about Russia being able to "defeat Ukraine in 2 days".[115] The narrative of the planned "three day" capture of Kyiv was further reinforced on 2 March, when the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) repeated the claim following its release of a video showing a captured Russian soldier claiming that his unit was sent into Ukraine with food supplies for only three days.[116][117] Documents found inside Russian tanks mention how the "special military operation" would conclude in ten days.[118] Ukraine also captured "flagship" tanks - as used in parades - along with military parade uniforms, suggesting that Russia expected to stage a victory parade in Kyiv after a quick conquest.[119][120] Three days after the invasion began, RIA Novosti, a Russian state news agency, mistakenly published an article entitled "Russia's Coming and the New World," which was prepared in advance in anticipation of a Russian victory. It announced that Russia had won the Russo-Ukrainian war and that "Ukraine had returned to Russia".[121][122] Zelenskyy also admitted that he had received an ultimatum to be replaced with Viktor Medvedchuk.[123][124]

#### Putin's invasion announcement

[edit]

Main article: On conducting a special military operation

Putin's address to the nation on 24 February 2022. Minutes after Putin's announcement, the invasion began.

On 21 February, Putin announced that Russia recognised the Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic as independent states. The following day, Russia announced that it was sending troops into the territories as "peacekeepers",[125] and the Federation Council of Russia authorised the use of military force abroad.[126]

Before 5 a.m. Kyiv time on 24 February, Putin, in another speech, announced a "special military operation", which effectively declared war on Ukraine.[127][128] Putin said the operation was to "protect the people" of the Russian-controlled breakaway republics. He baselessly claimed that Russians in the Donbas had "been facing humiliation and genocide perpetrated by the Kyiv regime" for 8 years.[20] Putin said Russia was being threatened: he baselessly claimed that Ukrainian officials were neo-Nazis under Western control, that Ukraine was developing nuclear weapons, and a hostile NATO was building up its forces and infrastructure in Ukraine.[129][130] He said Russia sought the "demilitarisation and denazification" of Ukraine, and denied the legitimacy of the Ukrainian state.[130][87] Putin said he had no plans to occupy Ukraine.[129] The invasion began within minutes of Putin's speech.[127]

## Events

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

For a more comprehensive list, see List of military engagements during the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Ukrainian regions annexed by Russia since 2014 (Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol) and 2022 (others). The 2022 annexation created a strategic land bridge between Crimea and Russia.

The invasion began at dawn on 24 February.[127][131] It was the biggest attack on a European country and first full-scale war in Europe since World War II.[132] Russia launched a simultaneous ground and air attack.[133][134] Missiles struck targets throughout Ukraine,[135] and Russian troops invaded from the north, east, and south.[136] Russia did not officially declare war.[137] Immediately after the invasion began, Zelenskyy declared martial law in Ukraine in a video speech.[138] The same evening, he ordered a general mobilisation of all Ukrainian males aged 18–60,[139] prohibiting them from leaving the country.[140]

Remnants of a destroyed Russian column on 27 February in Bucha

The first stage of the invasion was conducted on four fronts: one towards western Kyiv from Belarus by the Russian Eastern Military District, one deployed towards eastern Kyiv by the Central Military District (northeastern front), comprised the 41st Combined Arms Army and the 2nd Guards Combined Arms Army,[141] one deployed towards Kharkiv, and a fourth, southern front originating in Crimea and Russia's Rostov oblast with an eastern axis towards Odesa and a western area of operations toward Mariupol.[141] The invasion was unexpectedly met by fierce resistance.[142] In Kyiv, Russia failed to take it and was repulsed in the battles of Irpin, Hostomel, and Bucha. The Russians tried to encircle the capital, but defenders under Oleksandr Syrskyi held their ground, effectively using Western Javelin anti-tank missiles and Stinger anti-aircraft missiles to thin Russian supply lines and stall the offensive.[143]

By 7 April, Russian troops deployed to the northern front pulled back from Kyiv, to resupply and redeploy to the Donbas to reinforce the renewed invasion of southeastern Ukraine. The northeastern front, including the Central Military District, was similarly withdrawn for redeployment to southeastern Ukraine.[141][144] On 26 April, delegates from the US and 40 allied nations met at Ramstein Air Base in Germany to discuss a coalition to provide economic support, in addition to military supplies and refitting to Ukraine.[145] Following Putin's Victory Day speech on 9 May, US Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines said no short term resolution should be expected.[146]

Ukraine's reliance on Western-supplied equipment constrained operational effectiveness, as supplying countries feared Ukraine would use Western-made matériel to strike targets in Russia.[147] Experts disagreed on the future of the conflict; some suggested Ukraine should trade territory for peace,[148] others believed Ukraine could maintain its resistance due to Russian losses.[149]

### Initial invasion (24 February – 7 April 2022)

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (24 February – 7 April 2022).

Animated map of the Russian invasion from 24 February to 7 April 2022

The invasion began on 24 February, launched out of Belarus to target Kyiv, and from the northeast against the city of Kharkiv. The southeastern front was conducted as two separate spearheads, from Crimea and the southeast against Luhansk and Donetsk.

#### Kyiv and northern front

[edit]

Further information: Capture of Chernobyl, Battle of Kyiv (2022), Bucha massacre, Siege of Chernihiv, Battle of Sumy, and Russian occupation of Sumy Oblast

The Antonov An-225 Mriya, the largest aircraft ever built, was destroyed during the Battle of Antonov Airport.

Russian tried to seize Kyiv quickly with a probative spearhead on 24 February, from Belarus south along the west bank of the Dnipro River, with Spetsnaz infiltrating into the city supported by airborne operations and a rapid mechanised advance from the north, but failed.[150][151] The apparent intent was to encircle the city from the west, supported by two separate axes of attack along the east bank of the Dnipro: the western at Chernihiv, and from the east at Sumy.[133][134] Russian forces advanced into Chernihiv Oblast on 24 February, besieging its administrative capital within four days of fighting.[152][153] Travelling along highways, Russian forces reached Brovary, an eastern suburb of Kyiv, on 4 March.[134][133]

The US contacted Zelenskyy and offered to help him flee, lest the Russian Army attempt to kidnap or kill him on seizing Kyiv; Zelenskyy responded that "The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride."[154] By early March, Russian advances along the west side of the Dnipro were limited by Ukrainian defences.[134][133] As of 5 March, a Russian convoy, reportedly 64 kilometres (40 mi) long, had made little progress toward Kyiv.[155] Advances from Chernihiv largely halted as a siege began there. Russian forces advanced on Kyiv from the northwest, capturing Bucha, Hostomel and Vorzel by 5 March.[156][157][158] By 11 March, the lengthy convoy had largely dispersed and taken cover.[159] On 16 March, Ukrainian forces began a counter-offensive.[160] Unable to achieve a quick victory in Kyiv, Russian forces switched to indiscriminate bombing and siege warfare.[161][162]

On 25 March, a Ukrainian counter-offensive retook towns to the east and west of Kyiv.[163][164] Russian troops in the Bucha area retreated north. Ukrainian forces entered the city on 1 April, and recaptured the region around Kyiv, and uncovered evidence of war crimes in Bucha.[165][166] The Pentagon confirmed on 6 April that the Russian army had left Chernihiv Oblast;[167] local authorities said Russian troops had left Sumy Oblast.[168] NATO secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said the Russian "retraction, resupply, and redeployment" of troops from the Kyiv area should be interpreted as an expansion of Putin's plans for concentrating his forces on eastern Ukraine.[144]

#### Southern and eastern front

[edit]

Further information: Siege of Mariupol, Odesa strikes (2022–present), Battle of Kherson, Battle of Enerhodar, Battle of Kharkiv (2022), Battle of Izium, Millerovo air base attack, Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast, Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast, and Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast

Russian bombardment on the outskirts of Kharkiv, 1 March 2022

On 24 February, Russian attack groups moved northwest from Crimea, capturing bridges over the Dnieper[169] and the North Crimean Canal.[170] On 1 March, Kherson was the first major city to fall to Russia.[171] Russian troops moved on Mykolaiv and attacked it, but were repelled.[172] Russian forces approached the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant[173] and besieged Enerhodar. By 25 February, Russian units had begun advancing on Mariupol.[174] Russian forces captured Berdiansk.[175][176][177] On 1 March, Denis Pushilin, head of the DPR, announced that it had surrounded Volnovakha.[178]

By 18 March, Mariupol was completely encircled and fighting had reached the city centre, hampering efforts to evacuate civilians.[179] The Russians demanded surrender, and the Ukrainians refused.[180] On 27 March, Ukrainian deputy prime minister Olha Stefanishyna said that "(m)ore than 85 percent of the whole town is destroyed."[181] Russia refused safe passage into Mariupol to 50 buses sent by the UN to evacuate civilians.[182][183]

In the east, Russian troops attempted to capture Kharkiv,[184] and met strong Ukrainian resistance. Izium was captured by Russian forces on 1 April[185] after a monthlong battle.[186] On 25 March, the Russian defence ministry said it would seek to occupy major cities in eastern Ukraine.[187]

On 3 April, following the retreat of Russian forces from Kyiv, Russia expanded its attack on southern Ukraine, with bombardment and strikes against Odesa, Mykolaiv, and the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.[188][189] By 7 April, the renewed massing of Russian troops and tanks around Izium, Sloviansk, and Kramatorsk prompted Ukrainian officials to advise remaining residents near the eastern border to evacuate to western Ukraine.[190]

### Southeastern front (8 April – 5 September 2022)

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 April – 28 August 2022).

Animated map of the Russian invasion from 7 April to 5 September 2022

By 17 April, Russian progress on the southeastern front appeared impeded by Ukrainian forces in the large, heavily fortified Azovstal Iron and Steel Works and surrounding area in Mariupol.[191] On 19 April Russia launched an "eastern assault" across a 480-kilometre (300 mi) front extending from Kharkiv to Donetsk and Luhansk, with simultaneous missile attacks again directed at Kyiv and Lviv.[192] An anonymous US Defence official called the Russian offensive "very tepid", "minimal at best", and "anaemic".[193]

By 30 May, disparities between Russian and Ukrainian artillery were apparent, with Ukrainian artillery vastly outgunned, in range and number.[147] In response to Biden's indication that enhanced artillery would be provided to Ukraine, Putin said Russia would expand its invasion to include new cities. In apparent retribution, Putin ordered a missile strike against Kyiv on 6 June after not directly attacking it for weeks.[194] On 10 June, deputy head of the SBU Vadym Skibitsky stated that during the Sievierodonetsk campaign, the frontlines were where the future of the invasion would be decided:[195]

> This is an artillery war now, and we are losing in terms of artillery. Everything now depends on what [the west] gives us. Ukraine has one artillery piece to 10 to 15 Russian artillery pieces. Our western partners have given us about 10% of what they have.

On 29 June, US Intelligence Director Avril Haines said US agencies agreed the invasion will continue "for an extended period of time ... In short, the picture remains pretty grim and Russia's attitude toward the West is hardening."[196] On 5 July, BBC reported that extensive destruction by the invasion would cause immense financial damage to Ukraine's economy, with Ukrainian Prime Minister Denys Shmyhal telling nations at a reconstruction conference that Ukraine needed $750B for a recovery plan and Russian oligarchs should contribute.[197]

The chief spokesman for the Russian Ministry of Defence Igor Konashenkov revealed that Russian troops were divided between the Army Groups "Centre" commanded by Colonel General Aleksander Lapin and "South" commanded by Army General Sergey Surovikin.[198] On 20 July, Lavrov announced that Russia would respond to the increased military aid being received by Ukraine from abroad as justifying the expansion of its special military operation to Zaporizhzhia and Kherson oblasts.[199] Russian Ground Forces started recruiting volunteer battalions from the regions in June to create a new 3rd Army Corps within the Western Military District, with a planned strength of 16,000–60,000 personnel.[200] Its units were deployed to the front around the September Kharkiv counteroffensive, in time to join the Russian retreat. The 3rd Army "melted away" according to Forbes, having little impact on the battlefield along with other irregular forces.[201]

#### Fall of Mariupol

[edit]

Further information: Siege of Mariupol

On 13 April, Russian forces intensified their attack on the Azovstal Iron and Steel Works.[202] Ukrainian prime minister Denys Shmyhal said Ukrainian soldiers had vowed to ignore the ultimatum to surrender and fight to the last.[191] On 20 April, Putin said the siege could be considered tactically complete, since the 500 Ukrainian troops entrenched in bunkers within the iron works and estimated 1,000 civilians were sealed off from relief.[203]

After meetings with Putin and Zelenskyy, UN Secretary-General Guterres on 28 April said he would attempt to organise an evacuation from Azovstal in accordance with assurances from Putin.[204] On 30 April, Russian troops allowed civilians to leave under UN protection.[205] By 3 May, after allowing 100 civilians to depart the steel factory, Russian troops renewed their bombardment.[206] On 6 May, The Daily Telegraph reported that Russia had used thermobaric bombs against the remaining soldiers. Zelenskyy authorised the commander of the steel factory to surrender as necessary.[207] On 7 May, all civilians were evacuated.[208]

A children's hospital in Mariupol after a Russian airstrike

After the last civilians evacuated, 2,000 Ukrainian soldiers remained barricaded there, 700 were injured. They communicated a plea for a military corridor to evacuate, as they expected execution if they surrendered.[209] Reports of dissent were reported on 8 May indicating that the commander of the Ukrainian marines had made an unauthorised acquisition of tanks, munitions, and personnel, broke out from the position and fled. The remaining soldiers spoke of a weakened defense as a result, which allowed progress to advancing Russian attacks.[210] Ilia Somolienko, deputy commander of the remaining Ukrainian troops, said: "We are basically here dead men. Most of us know this and it's why we fight so fearlessly."[211]

On 16 May, the Ukrainian General staff announced that the Mariupol garrison had "fulfilled its combat mission" and final evacuations had begun. 264 service members were evacuated to Olenivka under Russian control, while 53 who were seriously injured were taken to a hospital in Novoazovsk, controlled by Russia.[212][213] Following the evacuation, Russian and DPR forces fully controlled Mariupol. The end of the battle brought an end to the Siege of Mariupol. Russia press secretary Dmitry Peskov said Putin had guaranteed that the fighters who surrendered would be treated "in accordance with international standards" while Zelenskyy said that "the work of bringing the boys home continues..."[214]

#### Fall of Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk

[edit]

Main article: Battle of Donbas (2022)

Further information: Battle of Popasna, Kramatorsk railway station attack, Battle of Sievierodonetsk (2022), and Battle of Lysychansk

Military control around Donbas as of 11 September 2024: pink highlights areas held by the DNR, LNR, and Russia, yellow highlights areas held by the Ukrainian government.

A Russian missile attack on Kramatorsk railway station in Kramatorsk took place on 8 April, killing at least 61[215] and injuring 87 to 300.[216] On 11 April, Zelenskyy said Ukraine expected a new Russian offensive in the east.[217] American officials said Russia had withdrawn or been repulsed elsewhere, and therefore was preparing a retraction, resupply, and redeployment to the southeastern Ukraine front.[218][219] Military satellites photographed Russian convoys of infantry and mechanised units deploying south from Kharkiv to Izium on 11 April, apparently part of the planned Russian redeployment.[220]

On 18 April, with Mariupol overtaken by Russian forces, the Ukrainian government announced that the second phase of the reinforced invasion of the Donetsk, Luhansk and Kharkiv oblasts had intensified with expanded invasion forces occupying of the Donbas.[221] On 22 May, the BBC reported that after the fall of Mariupol, Russia had intensified offensives in Luhansk and Donetsk while concentrating missile attacks and intense artillery fire on Sievierodonetsk, the largest city under Ukrainian control in Luhansk Oblast.[222] On 23 May, Russian forces were reported entering Lyman, capturing the city by 26 May.[223][224] Ukrainian forces were reported leaving Sviatohirsk.[225] By 24 May, Russian forces captured the city of Svitlodarsk.[226] On 30 May, Reuters reported that Russian troops had breached the outskirts of Sievierodonetsk.[227] By 2 June, The Washington Post reported that Sievierodonetsk was on the brink of capitulation to Russian occupation with over 80% in the hands of Russian troops.[228] On 3 June, Ukrainian forces reportedly began a counter-attack in Sievierodonetsk. By 4 June, Ukrainian government sources claimed 20% or more of the city had been recaptured.[229]

Ukrainian authorities estimated that 800 Ukrainian civilians were besieged at the Azot chemical factory in Sievierodonetsk; Russian-backed separatists said it sheltered 300–400 soldiers.[230][231] With the Ukrainian defences of Sievierodonetsk faltering, Russian troops began intensifying their attack upon the neighbouring city of Lysychansk as their next target.[232] On 20 June it was reported that Russian troops continued to tighten their grip on Sievierodonetsk by capturing surrounding villages.[233]

On 24 June, CNN reported that, amid scorched-earth tactics by advancing Russian troops, Ukraine's armed forces were ordered to evacuate Sievierodonetsk; several hundred civilians taking refuge in the Azot chemical plant were left behind, with some comparing their plight to those at the Azovstal steel works in Mariupol in May.[234] On 3 July, the Russian defence ministry claimed Lysychansk had been captured and occupied by Russian forces.[235] On 4 July, The Guardian reported that after the fall of the Luhansk oblast, Russian troops would continue their invasion into the adjacent Donetsk Oblast to attack the cities of Sloviansk and Bakhmut.[236]

#### Zaporizhzhia front

[edit]

See also: Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast

French president Emmanuel Macron called the Russian missile attack on a shopping mall in Kremenchuk on 28 June 2022 a "war crime"

Russian forces continued to fire missiles and drop bombs on Dnipro and Zaporizhzhia.[192] Russian missiles destroyed the Dnipro International Airport on 10 April.[237] On 2 May, the UN, reportedly with the cooperation of Russian troops, evacuated about 100 survivors from the siege of Mariupol.[238] On 28 June, Reuters reported that a Russian missile attack on Kremenchuk, detonated in a mall, had caused at least 18 deaths. France's Macron called it a "war crime".[239]

The president of Ukrainian nuclear agency Energoatom called the situation at the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant "extremely tense", saying that it was being operated by Ukrainian staff but controlled by up to 500 Russian soldiers, with Russia shelling nearby areas and storing weapons at the plant.[240] Russia agreed on 19 August to allow IAEA inspectors access to the plant after a call from Macron to Putin. As of July 2023, access to the plant remained limited and required extensive negotiation.[241]

Ukrainian civilians killed by the Russian Armed Forces during the Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack in September 2022

Russia reported that 12 attacks with explosions from 50 artillery shells had been recorded by 18 August at the plant and the company town of Enerhodar.[242] Tobias Ellwood, chair of the UK's Defence Select Committee, and US congressman Adam Kinzinger said that radiation leaks would be a breach of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, under which an attack on a member of NATO is an attack on them all.[243][244]

### Russian annexations and occupation losses (6 September – 11 November 2022)

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (29 August – 11 November 2022).

Animated map of the Russian invasion from 5 September 2022 to 11 November 2022

On 6 September 2022, Ukrainian forces launched a surprise counteroffensive in the Kharkiv region, beginning near Balakliia, led by General Syrskyi.[245] An emboldened Kyiv launched a counteroffensive 12 September around Kharkiv successful enough to make Russia admit losing key positions and for The New York Times to say that it dented the image of a "Mighty Putin". Kyiv sought more arms from the West to sustain the counteroffensive.[246] On 21 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced a partial mobilisation and Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu said 300,000 reservists would be called.[247] He also said that his country would use "all means" to "defend itself". Mykhailo Podolyak, an adviser to Zelenskyy, said that the decision was predictable and that it was an attempt to justify "Russia's failures".[248] British Foreign Office Minister Gillian Keegan called the situation an "escalation",[249] while former Mongolian president Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj accused Russia of using Russian Mongols as "cannon fodder".[250]

#### Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts

[edit]

Main article: Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts

In late September 2022, Russian-installed officials in Ukraine organised referendums on the annexation of the occupied territories of Ukraine. These included the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic in Russian-occupied Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine, as well as the Russian-appointed military administrations of Kherson Oblast and Zaporizhzhia Oblast. Denounced by Ukraine's government and its allies as sham elections, the elections' official results showed overwhelming majorities in favour of annexation.[251]

On 30 September 2022, Vladimir Putin announced the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia oblasts in an address to both houses of the Russian parliament.[252] Ukraine, the United States, the European Union and the United Nations all denounced the annexation as illegal.[253]

#### Kherson counteroffensive

[edit]

Main articles: 2022 Kherson counteroffensive and Liberation of Kherson

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, participating in reraising the Ukrainian flag in Kherson a few days after the city's liberation

On 29 August, Zelenskyy announced the start of a full-scale counteroffensive in the southeast to retake Russian-occupied territory in the Kherson and Mykolaiv regions.[254] By 4 September, Ukrainian forces had retaken the village of Vysokopillia.[255] Ukrainian attacks also continued along the southern frontline, though reports about territorial changes were largely unverifiable.[256]

In October, Ukrainian forces pushed further south towards the city of Kherson, taking control of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi) of territory, with fighting extending to Dudchany.[257][258] On 9 November, defence minister Shoigu ordered Russian forces to leave part of Kherson Oblast, including the city of Kherson, and move to the eastern bank of the Dnieper.[259] On 11 November, Ukrainian troops entered Kherson, as Russia completed its withdrawal. This meant that Russian forces no longer had a foothold on the west (right) bank of the Dnieper.[260]

#### Kharkiv counteroffensive

[edit]

Main article: 2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive

Retained by Ukraine
Retaken by Ukraine
Occupied by Russia
Map of the Kharkiv front as of 14 July 2025

Ukrainian forces launched another surprise counteroffensive on 6 September in the Kharkiv Oblast near Balakliia led by General Syrskyi.[245] By 7 September, Ukrainian forces had advanced some 20 kilometres (12 mi) into Russian occupied territory and claimed to have recaptured approximately 400 square kilometres (150 sq mi). Russian commentators said this was likely due to the relocation of Russian forces to Kherson in response to the Ukrainian offensive there.[261] On 8 September, Ukrainian forces captured Balakliia and advanced to within 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) of Kupiansk.[262] Military analysts said Ukrainian forces appeared to be moving towards Kupiansk, a major railway hub, with the aim of cutting off the Russian forces at Izium from the north.[263]

On 9 September, the Russian occupation administration of Kharkiv Oblast announced it would "evacuate" the civilian populations of Izium, Kupiansk and Velykyi Burluk. The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) said it believed Kupiansk would likely fall in the next 72 hours,[264] while Russian reserve units were sent to the area by both road and helicopter.[265] On the morning of 10 September, photos emerged claiming to depict Ukrainian troops raising the Ukrainian flag in the centre of Kupiansk,[266] and the ISW said Ukrainian forces had captured approximately 2,500 square kilometres (970 sq mi) by effectively exploiting their breakthrough.[267] Later in the day, Reuters reported that Russian positions in northeast Ukraine had "collapsed" in the face of the Ukrainian assault, with Russian forces forced to withdraw from their base at Izium after being cut off by the capture of Kupiansk.[268]

By 15 September, an assessment by UK's Ministry of Defence confirmed that Russia had either lost or withdrawn from almost all of their positions west of the Oskil river. The retreating units had also abandoned various high-value military assets.[269] The offensive continued pushing east and by 1 October, Ukrainian Armed Forces had liberated the key city of Lyman.[270]

### Winter stalemate, attrition campaign and first military surge (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023)

[edit]

Further information: Russian winter offensive in Ukraine (2022–2023), Battle of Vuhledar, Battle of Marinka (2022–2023), and Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (12 November 2022 – 7 June 2023)

After the end of the twin Ukrainian counteroffensives, the fighting shifted to a semi-deadlock during the winter,[271] with heavy casualties but reduced motion of the frontline.[272] Russia launched a self-proclaimed winter offensive in eastern Ukraine, but the campaign ended in "disappointment" for Moscow, with limited gains as the offensive stalled.[271][273] Analysts variously blamed the failure on Russia's lack of "trained men", and supply problems with artillery ammunition, among other problems.[271][273] Near the end of May, Mark Galeotti assessed that "after Russia's abortive and ill-conceived winter offensive, which squandered its opportunity to consolidate its forces, Ukraine is in a relatively strong position."[274]

On 7 February, The New York Times reported that Russians had newly mobilised nearly 200,000 soldiers to participate in the offensive in the Donbas, against Ukraine troops already wearied by previous fighting.[275] The Russian private military company Wagner Group took on greater prominence in the war,[276] leading "grinding advances" in Bakhmut with tens of thousands of recruits from prison battalions taking part in "near suicidal" assaults on Ukrainian positions.[273]

In late January 2023, fighting intensified in southern Zaporizhzhia Oblast, with both sides suffering heavy casualties.[277] In nearby southern parts of Donetsk Oblast, an intense, three-week Russian assault near the coal-mining town of Vuhledar was called the largest tank battle of the war to date, and ended in disaster for Russian forces, who lost "at least 130 tanks and armored personnel carriers" according to Ukrainian commanders. The British Ministry of Defence stated that "a whole Russian brigade was effectively annihilated."[278][279]

In late 2022, as Russian casualties exceeded 50,000, the Russian army introduced barrier troops. The U.K. defence ministry stated that these are units that threaten to shoot their own retreating soldiers in order to compel offensives. In March 2023, Russian soldiers filmed a video addressed to President Putin where they stated that after suffering casualties, they attempted to return to their headquarters but their superiors denied them evacuation. They stated that barrier troops were placed behind them threatening to "destroy them".[280] In particular, Storm-Z units have been reported to be "kept in line" by barrier troops.[281]

### Battle of Bakhmut

[edit]

Main article: Battle of Bakhmut

View of western Bakhmut during the battle, 5 April 2023

Following defeat in Kherson and Kharkiv, Russian and Wagner forces focused on taking the city of Bakhmut and breaking the half-year-long stalemate that prevailed there since the start of the war. Russian forces sought to encircle the city, attacking from the north via Soledar. After taking heavy casualties, Russian and Wagner forces took control of Soledar on 16 January 2023.[282][283] By early February 2023, Bakhmut was facing attacks from north, south and east, with the sole Ukrainian supply lines coming from Chasiv Yar to the west.[284]

On 4 March, Bakhmut's deputy mayor told news services that there was street fighting in the city.[285] On 20 May 2023, the Wagner Group claimed full control over Bakhmut, and a victory in the battle was officially declared by Russia the next day,[286] following which Wagner forces retreated from the city in place of regular Russian units.[287]

### 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensives (8 June 2023 – 1 December 2023)

[edit]

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (8 June 2023 – 31 August 2023) and Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 September – 30 November 2023).

Further information: 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive

Flood in Kherson Oblast on 10 June 2023 caused by the destruction of the Kakhovka Dam 4 days earlier

In June 2023, Ukrainian forces launched counteroffensives on multiple fronts.[288][289] Efforts faced stiff Russian resistance.[290] By 12 June, Ukraine reported advances and liberated settlements.[291] On 24 June, the Wagner Group rebellion briefly unfolded before a peace deal.[292] In late June, Ukraine reclaimed territory in Donbas and made gains in Kherson Oblast.[293] Russia heavily mined areas, making Ukraine the most mined country in the world.[294] Following Russia leaving the Black Sea Grain Initiative, Ukraine targeted Russian ships.[295] In September 2023, Russian strikes hit Ukrainian energy facilities.[296] The US announced sending long-range ATACMS missiles[297] and Ukraine struck the Sevastopol naval base.[298][299]

In October–December 2023, Ukrainian forces crossed the Dnipro river despite heavy losses. On 1 December 2023, Zelenskyy stated that the Ukrainian counter-offensive was unsuccessful, citing slow results.[300] Zelenskyy stated it would be easier for Ukraine to regain Crimea than the Donbas, because the latter is heavily militarised with much pro-Russian sentiment.[301] In December 2023, media outlets described the Ukrainian counteroffensive as having failed to regain significant territory or meet any of its objectives.[300][302][303]

### Battle of Avdiivka

[edit]

Main article: Battle of Avdiivka (2023–2024)

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 December 2023 – 31 March 2024).

Damaged buildings in Avdiivka during fighting over the city in January 2024

In October 2023, it was reported that there was a growth of mutinies among Russian troops due to the large number of losses in Russian offensives around Avdiivka with a lack of artillery, food, water and poor command also being reported.[304] By November, British intelligence said that recent weeks had "likely seen some of the highest Russian casualty rates of the war so far."[305]

On 17 February 2024, Russia captured Avdiivka, a longtime stronghold for Ukraine that had been described as a "gateway" to nearby Donetsk.[306][307][308] ABC News stated that Russia could use the development to boost morale with the war largely at a stalemate close to its second anniversary.[309] Described by Forbes journalist David Axe as a pyrrhic Russian victory, the Russian 2nd and 41st Combined Arms Armies ended up with 16,000 men killed, tens of thousands wounded and around 700 vehicles lost before seizing the ruins of Avdiivka.[310]

Ukraine's shortage of ammunition caused by political deadlock in the US Congress and a lack of production capacity in Europe contributed to the Ukrainian withdrawal from Avdiivka, and was "being felt across the front" according to Time. The shortage resulted in Ukraine having to ration its units to fire only 2,000 rounds per day, compared to an estimated 10,000 rounds fired daily by Russia.[311]

### Russian offensives and Ukrainian incursion (April 2024 – present)

[edit]

See also: Eastern front of the Russian invasion of Ukraine § Russian spring–winter campaign (April 2024–present)

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 April – 31 July 2024), Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 August – 31 December 2024), Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 January 2025 – 31 May 2025), and Timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine (1 June 2025 – present).

#### Russian spring and summer offensives

[edit]

Main articles: Battle of Ocheretyne and Northern Kharkiv front of the Russo-Ukrainian War

View of Vovchansk during the 2024 Kharkiv offensive, June 2024

On 10 May 2024, Russia began a renewed offensive in Kharkiv Oblast. Russia managed to capture a dozen villages, and Ukraine had evacuated more than 11,000 people from the region since the start of the offensive by 25 May. Ukraine said on 17 May that its forces had slowed the Russian advance, and by 25 May Zelenskyy said that Ukrainian forces had secured "combat control" of areas where Russian troops entered the northeastern Kharkiv Oblast. Russian officials said that they were "advancing in every direction" and that the goal was to create a "buffer zone" for embattled border regions.[312][313] The White House said on 7 June that the offensive had stalled and was unlikely to advance further.[314]

Following the Russian success in the battle of Avdiivka, their forces advanced northwest of it to form a salient, and by mid-April 2024 reached the settlement of Ocheretyne, capturing it in late April[315][316] and further expanding the salient in the succeeding months.[317] Russian forces also launched an offensive towards the city of Chasiv Yar in early April,[318] a strategically important settlement west of Bakhmut, and by early July had captured its easternmost district.[319][320] Another offensive in the direction of the city of Toretsk was launched on 18 June,[321] with the goal of capturing the city,[322] and according to Ukrainian military observer and spokesperson Nazar Voloshyn, flanking Chasiv Yar from the south.[323] Russian forces advanced to expand the salient northwest of Avdiivka in July, and on 19 July, made a breakthrough allowing them to begin advancing towards the operationally significant city of Pokrovsk.[324][325]

#### Ukrainian offensive into Russia

[edit]

Main article: Kursk offensive (2024–2025)

Ukrainian soldiers at Kursk Oblast in August 2024

On 6 August 2024, Ukraine launched their first direct offensive into Russian territory, the largest of any pro-Ukrainian incursion since the invasion's inception, into the bordering Kursk Oblast.[326] The main axis of the initial advance centred in the direction of the town of Sudzha, located 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the border,[327] which was reported by President Zelenskyy to have been captured on 15 August.[328] Ukraine, taking advantage of the lack of experienced units and defences along the border with Kursk Oblast, was able to quickly seize territory in the opening days of the incursion.[329] The incursion caused Russia to divert thousands of troops from occupied Ukrainian territory to counter the threat,[330][331] though not from Donetsk Oblast.[331]

Despite repeated deadlines set by Putin to push out Ukrainian troops, Russian forces had still not yet done so by the end of January 2025, with advances in Donetsk Oblast being prioritized over the Kursk salient. However, by February 2025, Russian forces in Donetsk Oblast were described by the ISW as not being fully protected from the theater-wide impacts of the incursion, with troops, armored vehicles, artillery, and air defense systems being pulled away from Ukrainian sectors to reinforce the Russian forces in Kursk.[332][333]

#### Late 2024 and early 2025 Russian advances

[edit]

Main articles: Velyka Novosilka offensive, Battle of Kurakhove, Battle of Toretsk, Pokrovsk offensive, and Battle of Chasiv Yar

Russian troops continued advancing in eastern Ukraine, notably at a faster pace than prior to the Kursk offensive,[334] including towards the strategically important city of Pokrovsk, where their number of forces had instead been increased.[335][336][337]

In late August 2024, Russian forces seized the city of Novohrodivka, southeast of Pokrovsk, bringing them within 8 kilometres of the city,[334] while capturing Krasnohorivka[338] and Ukrainsk,[339] near Pokrovsk and west of Donetsk city, in early September.[339] In late September, a Russian assault on the long-held city of Vuhledar began,[340] leading to its fall on 1 October. Following the Russian capture, the city with a pre-war population of about 14,000 was described as a "sprawling ruin".[341][342]

On 30 October, Ukrainian Major General Dmytro Marchenko was reported to have said "our front has crumbled" due to a dwindling ammunition supply, problems with military recruitment, and poor leadership. He said Zelensky's victory plan was too heavily focused on seeking more Western support. Briefings from Western officials had also become more pessimistic about Ukraine's military situation.[343][344] According to the Prosecutor General's Office, more than 100,000 criminal cases for desertion were initiated by the end of November 2024.[345] Russian forces then captured the city of Kurakhove in late December 2024, and the nearby Kurakhove Power Station in January 2025.[346][347]

In early 2025, Russian forces advanced in eastern Ukraine,[348][349] capturing Velyka Novosilka and most of Toretsk by late January.[350][351] Russia continued attacks on the Ukrainian energy infrastructure.[352] In February 2025, Ukraine's government approved a one-year contract for volunteers aged 18–24 who are currently not subject to mobilisation.[353]

## Battlespaces

[edit]

Further information: Northern front, Eastern front, and Southern front

Frontlines of the Russian invasion of Ukraine stretch for over 600 miles. The frontlines are divided into three separate fronts, southern front, eastern front, and the northern front. Various high-profile battles took place in the fronts, with Kursk offensive in the north, Pokrovsk offensive in the east and naval warfare with Russian forces in the south near the Black Sea.[354]

### Command

[edit]

Further information: Russian invasion of Ukraine order of battle

Putin with Shoigu, Gerasimov, Belousov, Yevkurov and commanders of military districts of Russia on 15 May 2024 Zelenskyy with Ukrainian servicemen defending the city of Bakhmut in December 2022

The supreme commanders-in-chief are the heads of state of the respective governments: President Vladimir Putin of Russia and President Volodymyr Zelenskyy of Ukraine. Putin has reportedly meddled in operational decisions, bypassing senior commanders and giving orders directly to brigade commanders.[355]

US general Mark Milley wrote in May 2022 that Ukraine's top military commander in the war, commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, General Valerii Zaluzhnyi, "has emerged as the military mind his country needed. His leadership enabled the Ukrainian armed forces to adapt quickly with battlefield initiative against the Russians."[356] Russia began the invasion with no overall commander. The commanders of the four military districts were each responsible for their own offensives.[357]

After initial setbacks, the commander of the Russian Southern Military District, Aleksandr Dvornikov, was placed in overall command on 8 April 2022,[358] while still responsible for his own campaign. Russian forces benefited from the centralisation of command under Dvornikov,[359] but continued failures to meet expectations in Moscow led to multiple changes in overall command:[357]

* commander of the Eastern Military District Gennady Zhidko (Eastern Military District, 26 May – 8 October 2022)
* commander of the southern grouping of forces Sergei Surovikin (early October 2022 – 11 January 2023)
* commander-in-chief of the Russian Armed Forces Valerii Gerasimov (from 11 January 2023)

Russia has suffered a remarkably large number of casualties in the ranks of its officers, including a number of generals.[360]

### Missile attacks and aerial warfare

[edit]

Main article: Aerial warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

See also: List of aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War

A street in Kyiv following Russian missile strikes on 10 October 2022

Aerial warfare began the first day of the invasion. Dozens of missile attacks were recorded across both eastern and western Ukraine,[133][134] reaching as far west as Lviv.[361]

By September 2022, the Ukrainian air force had shot down about 55 Russian warplanes.[362] In mid-October, Russian forces launched missile strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure, intended to knock out energy facilities.[363] By late November, hundreds of civilians had been killed or wounded in the attacks,[364] and rolling blackouts had left millions without power.[365]

In December 2022, drones launched from Ukraine allegedly carried out several attacks on Dyagilevo and Engels air bases in western Russia, killing 10 and heavily damaging two Tu-95 aircraft.[366]

On 1 June 2025, Ukraine carried out "Operation Spider's Web", targeting several air bases deep inside Russian territory using smuggled drones. The operation was seen as successful,[367] with Ukraine saying it had damaged or destroyed 41 high-value aircraft, including strategic bombers used to coordinate and launch attacks on Ukrainian cities.[368] US officials assessed a lower number, saying that Ukraine had hit 20 planes, destroying 10 of them.[369] The operation is estimated to have caused billions of dollars worth of damage to Russian aircraft.[370][371][372][373]

#### Crimea attacks

[edit]

Main article: Crimea attacks (2022–present)

On 31 July 2022, Russian Navy Day commemorations were cancelled after a drone attack reportedly wounded several people at the Russian Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol.[374] On 9 August 2022, large explosions were reported at Saky Air Base in western Crimea. Satellite imagery showed at least eight aircraft damaged or destroyed. Initial speculation attributed the explosions to long-range missiles, sabotage by special forces or an accident;[375] Ukrainian general Valerii Zaluzhnyi claimed responsibility on 7 September.[376]

The base is near Novofedorivka, a destination popular with tourists. Traffic backed up at the Crimean Bridge after the explosions with queues of civilians trying to leave the area.[377] A week later Russia blamed "sabotage" for explosions and a fire at an arms depot near Dzhankoi in northeastern Crimea that also damaged a railway line and power station. Russian regional head Sergei Aksyonov said that 2,000 people were evacuated from the area.[378] On 18 August, explosions were reported at Belbek Air Base north of Sevastopol.[379] On the morning of 8 October 2022 the Kerch Bridge, linking occupied Crimea to Russia, partially collapsed due to an explosion.[380] On 17 July 2023, there was another large explosion on the bridge.[381] On 3 June 2025, an attack with underwater explosives damaged the foundations of the bridge; traffic resumed within hours.[382]

#### Russian attacks against Ukrainian civilian infrastructure

[edit]

Main articles: Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present) and Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Fires on a combined heat and power plant in Kyiv after Russian missile strikes on 10 October 2022

Since 2022, Russia has carried out strikes on Ukrainian electrical and water systems.[383] On 6 October 2022 the Ukrainian military reported that 86 Shahed 136 kamikaze drones had been launched by Russian forces, and between 30 September and 6 October Ukrainian forces had destroyed 24 out of 46 launched.[384] On 8 October, it was announced that General of the Army Sergey Surovikin would be commanding all Russian forces on the strength of his novel air assault technique.[385] On 16 October, The Washington Post reported that Iran was planning to supply Russia with drones and missiles.[386] On 18 October the US State Department accused Iran of violating Resolution 2231 by selling Shahed 131 and Shahed 136 drones to Russia,[387] agreeing with France and the UK. Iran denied sending arms for the Ukraine war.[388] On 22 October France, Britain and Germany formally called for a UN investigation.[389] On 1 November, CNN reported that Iran was preparing to send ballistic missiles and other weapons to Russia for use in Ukraine.[390]

On 15 November, Russia fired 85 missiles at the Ukrainian power grid, causing power outages in Kyiv and neighboring regions.[391] In March 2023, The New York Times reported that Russia had used new hypersonic missiles in a massive missile attack on Ukraine. Such missiles are more effective in evading conventional Ukrainian anti-missile defences that had previously proved useful against Russia's conventional, non-hypersonic missile systems.[392]

The UK Defense Ministry said strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure are part of Russia's 'Strategic Operation for the Destruction of Critically Important Targets' (SODCIT) military doctrine, intended to demoralise the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate.[393] According to the Royal United Services Institute:[394]

> Russian strikes had cumulatively destroyed 9 gigawatts (GW) of Ukraine's domestic power generation by mid-June 2024. Peak consumption during the winter of 2023 was 18 GW, which means that half of Ukraine's production capacity has been destroyed.

On 8 July 2024, Russia used a Kh-101 missile[395] to kill two people and injure 16 at the Okhmatdyt Children's Hospital in Kyiv.[396][397][398][399] At least 20 civilians were killed in Kyiv that night.[400]

### Naval blockade and engagements

[edit]

Main article: Naval warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Commemorative stamp about the phrase Russian warship, go fuck yourself! The Russian Black Sea flagship Moskva was sunk on 14 April 2022, reportedly after being hit by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship missiles.

Ukraine lies on the Black Sea, which has ocean access only through the Turkish-held Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. On 28 February 2022, Turkey invoked the 1936 Montreux Convention and sealed off the straits to Russian warships that were not registered to Black Sea home bases and returning to their ports of origin. It specifically denied passage through the Turkish Straits to four Russian naval vessels.[401] On 24 February, the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine announced that Russian Navy ships had begun an attack on Snake Island.[402] The guided missile cruiser and flagship of the Black Sea Fleet, Moskva and patrol boat Vasily Bykov bombarded the island with deck guns.[403] The Russian warship identified itself and instructed the Ukrainians on the island to surrender. Their response was "Russian warship, go fuck yourself!"[404] After the bombardment, a detachment of Russian soldiers landed and took control of Snake Island.[405] Russia said on 26 February that US drones had supplied intelligence to the Ukrainian navy to help it target Russian warships in the Black Sea. The US denied this.[406]

By 3 March, Ukrainian forces in Mykolaiv scuttled the frigate Hetman Sahaidachny, the flagship of the Ukrainian navy, to prevent its capture by Russian forces.[407] On 24 March, Ukrainian officials said that a Russian landing ship docked in Berdiansk—initially reported to be the Orsk and then its sister ship, the Saratov—was destroyed by a Ukrainian rocket attack.[175][408] In March 2022, the UN International Maritime Organization (IMO) sought to create a safe sea corridor for commercial vessels to leave Ukrainian ports.[409] On 27 March, Russia established a sea corridor 80 miles (130 km) long and 3 miles (4.8 km) wide through its Maritime Exclusion Zone, for the transit of merchant vessels from the edge of Ukrainian territorial waters southeast of Odesa.[410][411]

The Moskva was, according to Ukrainian sources and a US senior official,[412] hit on 13 April by two Ukrainian Neptune anti-ship cruise missiles, setting the ship afire. The Russian Defence Ministry said the warship had suffered serious damage from a munition explosion caused by a fire, and that its entire crew had been evacuated.[413] Pentagon spokesman John Kirby reported on 14 April that satellite images showed that the Russian warship had suffered a sizeable explosion onboard but was heading to the east for expected repairs and refitting in Sevastopol.[414] Later the same day, the Russian Ministry of Defence stated that the Moskva had sunk while under tow in rough weather.[415] On 15 April, Reuters reported that Russia launched an apparent retaliatory missile strike against the missile factory Luch Design Bureau in Kyiv where the Neptune missiles used in the Moskva attack were manufactured and designed.[416] On 5 May, a US official confirmed that the US gave "a range of intelligence" (including real-time battlefield targeting intelligence)[417] to assist in the sinking of the Moskva.[418]

On 1 June, Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov asserted that Ukraine's policy of mining its own harbours to impede Russian maritime aggression had contributed to the food export crisis, saying: "If Kyiv solves the problem of demining ports, the Russian Navy will ensure the unimpeded passage of ships with grain to the Mediterranean Sea."[419] On 23 July, CNBC reported a Russian missile strike on the Ukrainian port of Odesa, swiftly condemned by world leaders amid a recent UN- and Turkish-brokered deal to secure a sea corridor for exports of grains and other foodstuffs.[420]

On 26 December 2023, Ukraine's air force attacked the Russian landing ship Novocherkassk docked in Feodosia. Ukraine said it was destroyed—unlikely to sail again. Russian authorities confirmed the attack, but not the loss, and said two attacking aircraft were destroyed. Independent analysts said the ship's loss could hamper future Russian attacks on Ukraine's coast.[421][422][423] On 31 January 2024, Ukrainian sea drones struck the Russian Tarantul-class corvette Ivanovets in the Black Sea, causing the ship to sink.[424][425] Two weeks later on 14 February, the same type of Ukrainian sea drones struck and sank the Russian landing ship Tsezar Kunikov.[426][427]

### Ukrainian resistance

[edit]

Main article: Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine

See also: 2022 protests in Russian-occupied Ukraine

Civilians in Kyiv preparing Molotov cocktails, 26 February 2022

Ukrainian civilians resisted the Russian invasion by volunteering for territorial defence units, making Molotov cocktails, donating food, building barriers like Czech hedgehogs,[428] and helping to transport refugees.[429] Responding to a call from Ukravtodor, Ukraine's transportation agency, civilians dismantled or altered road signs,[430] constructed makeshift barriers, and blocked roadways.[431] Social media reports showed spontaneous street protests against Russian forces in occupied settlements, often evolving into verbal altercations and physical standoffs with Russian troops.[432] By the beginning of April, Ukrainian civilians began to organise as guerrillas, mostly in the wooded north and east of the country. The Ukrainian military announced plans for a large-scale guerrilla campaign to complement its conventional defence.[433]

People physically blocked Russian military vehicles, sometimes forcing them to retreat.[432][434] The Russian soldiers' response to unarmed civilian resistance varied from reluctance to engage the protesters,[432] to firing into the air, to firing directly into crowds.[435] There have been mass detentions of Ukrainian protesters, and Ukrainian media has reported forced disappearances, mock executions, hostage-taking, extrajudicial killings, and sexual violence perpetrated by the Russian military.[436] To facilitate Ukrainian attacks, civilians reported Russian military positions via a Telegram chatbot and Diia, a Ukrainian government app previously used by citizens to upload official identity and medical documents. In response, Russian forces began destroying mobile phone network equipment, searching door-to-door for smartphones and computers, and in at least one case killed a civilian who had pictures of Russian tanks.[437]

As of 21 May 2022, Zelenskyy indicated that Ukraine had 700,000 service members on active duty fighting the Russian invasion.[438] Ukraine withdrew soldiers and military equipment back to Ukraine over the course of 2022 that had been deployed to United Nations peacekeeping missions like MONUSCO in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[439]

## Foreign involvement

[edit]

Main article: Foreign involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

### Support for Ukraine

[edit]

Further information: List of military aid to Ukraine during the Russo-Ukrainian War, International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and International Legion (Ukraine)

Countries that have delivered military aid to Ukraine

Heavy weaponry

Light weaponry

Non-lethal materiel

Non-materiel

Ukraine

In response to the invasion, many countries have supplied military aid to Ukraine including weaponry, equipment, training, and logistical support. Western and other countries imposed limited sanctions on Russia in the prelude to the invasion and applied new sanctions when the invasion began, intending to cripple the Russian economy;[440][441] sanctions targeted individuals, banks, businesses, monetary exchanges, exports, and imports.[440]

Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Western leaders at the NATO Summit in Vilnius on 12 July 2023

Military assistance has mostly been co-ordinated through the Ukraine Defence Contact Group, whose more than fifty countries include all 32 member states of NATO.[442] From January 2022 to January 2024, $380 billion in aid to Ukraine was tracked by the Kiel Institute.[443] European countries have provided the most aid in total (military, financial and humanitarian).[444] Estonia and Denmark have provided the most military aid as a share of GDP.[445] The European Union co-ordinated the supply of military aid for the first time.[446] Meanwhile, the United States has provided the most military assistance to Ukraine,[444] and has set aside $175 billion to help the country.[445] Most of the US military aid has been old American weaponry and equipment from reserve stockpiles, while most of the US funding earmarked for Ukraine stays in the US economy and supports US industries, subsidizing the manufacture of weapons and military equipment.[445][447] Bulgaria supplied Ukraine with over one third of the ammunition needed in the early phase of the invasion and a plurality of needed fuel.[448]

Although India has maintained a neutral stance on the invasion,[449] reports indicate that artillery shells made by Indian manufacturers were sold to European countries and then diverted to Ukraine. Indian officials have not intervened despite objections from Russia.[450]

Most of Ukraine's supporters ruled out sending troops to the country in the early months of the invasion.[451] President Emmanuel Macron of France later said in 2024 that sending troops was a possibility.[452]

The Russian government has threatened retaliation against countries supplying military aid to Ukraine, and said it meant NATO was waging a proxy war against Russia.[453] According to the Atlantic Council's Peter Dickinson, Russia's government has not followed through on its threats, despite most of its "red lines" being crossed.[454] President Putin said that if military aid stopped, Ukraine would not survive for long.[455]

In a 3 May 2025 interview for The Times, Ralph Goff, a former chief of operations at the CIA, said that the Biden administration gave Ukraine just enough weapons to bleed, but not to win, adding that "[They] allowed themselves to be bamboozled by Vladimir Putin and his nuclear-sabre rattling."[456][457]

### Support for Russia

[edit]

Countries sending weaponry to Russia

Russia

Ukraine

#### Belarus

[edit]

See also: Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Belarus has allowed Russia to use its territory to stage part of the invasion, and to launch Russian missiles into Ukraine.[458] Belarus airspace was used by Russia, including for radar early warning and control missions, until 2023, when a Russian Beriev A-50 surveillance plane was damaged by drones.[459] Because of its active involvement, Belarus is considered a co-belligerent[460][461] in this invasion, as contrasted to non-belligerent states, which have "a wide range of tools available to non-belligerent actors without reaching the threshold of warfighting".[462] Political scientist Matthew Frear considers Belarus a co-combatant, with "Lukashenko repeatedly stated his support for Putin's military actions",[463] while 2023 issue of IISS's "Armed Conflict Survey" journal classified it as not a direct co-combatant.[464] Belarus provided Russia with weapons and ammunition, and later, according to the 2024 issue of "Armed Conflict Survey", Russia deployed tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus.[465]

#### Iran

[edit]

See also: Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

In June 2023, US military intelligence suggested Iran was providing both Shahed combat drones and production materials to develop a drone manufactory to Russia.[466] In February 2024, a Reuters report indicated that Iran sent ballistic missiles to the Russian military.[467] According to the US and Ukraine, Iranian troops have been stationed in Crimea to assist Russia in launching drone attacks against civilians and civilian infrastructure.[468][469] The Institute for the Study of War assessed that these are likely Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) or IRGC-affiliated personnel.[470] Iran has denied sending arms to Russia for use against Ukraine.[388]

#### North Korea

[edit]

See also: North Korean involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

North Korea has supplied Russia with ballistic missiles and launchers; US authorities have not stated which specific models. Debris left by missiles in December 2023 attacks against Ukrainian targets show parts common to Hwasong-11A (KN-23), Hwasong-11B (KN-24) and KN-25 missiles.[471][472] In October 2024, Ukraine and South Korea claimed North Korean engineers had been deployed to the battlefield to help with the launch of these missiles, and suffered casualties.[473][474][475]

Later the same month, a White House spokesperson said the US was "concerned" about reports North Korean soldiers were fighting for Russia.[476][477][478] Zelensky announced that Ukrainian intelligence believed there were 10,000 North Korean troops preparing to join Russian forces.[479] The North Korean government stated that none of their soldiers were fighting for Russia.[480][481][482]

The US later said it had seen evidence that North Korea had sent 3,000 soldiers to Russia for possible deployment to Ukraine, determining that the soldiers had been transported by ship in October and were undergoing training at three military bases in eastern Russia. The US added that the alleged North Korean deployment could be further evidence that the Russian military was having problems with manpower.[483] On 28 October, NATO chief Mark Rutte confirmed earlier Ukrainian intelligence that North Korean troops had been deployed to Kursk Oblast to support Russia against the Kursk offensive, and the Pentagon reported an increased number of 10,000 North Korean soldiers sent.[484][485][486]

Russian Defence Minister Andrey Belousov with North Korean Defence Minister No Kwang-chol on 29 November 2024

On 7 November, Ukraine's defence minister reported that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle on 5 November.[487] On 13 November, the US State Department and South Korea confirmed that North Korean troops had begun engaging in combat against Ukrainian forces in Kursk Oblast.[488][489][490][491] On 24 November, the Ukrainian chief of general staff confirmed that North Korean troops had been engaged in battle.[492] On 2 December the Pentagon stated that it had no evidence of North Korean troops engaged in combat, but noted that North Korean soldiers had been integrated into Russian units.[493] The Ukrainian intelligence directorate confirmed that North Korean troops have been integrated into Russian units held in reserve, but said North Korean troops were unlikely to be engaged in combat and were still engaged in training.[494] On 16 December, the US confirmed that North Korean troops had been killed in combat in Russia's Kursk oblast.[495] By 18 December, the number of killed and wounded North Korean soldiers had reportedly reached a couple of hundred,[496] while South Korea reported 100 North Koreans dead and 1000 injured.[497] US Army JAG officers Steve Szymanski and Joshua Keruski stated that North Korea had become a party to an international armed conflict with Ukraine as of the 5 November engagement.[498]

Zelenskyy showcased footage which he said showed Russian troops burning the faces of killed North Korean soldiers in an attempt to conceal their presence on the battlefield.[499][500][501][502]

In January 2025, two North Korean servicemen were taken prisoner while fighting in Kursk Oblast. Intelligence debriefings indicate that North Korean soldiers have been issued with false military papers stating that they are Russians hailing from Tuva.[503] In March 2025, South Korea's Joint Chiefs of Staff said that North Korea had sent an additional 3,000 soldiers early in the year, along with military equipment including short-range ballistic missiles to support Russia. According to South Korea, roughly 11,000 North Korean soldiers had been sent to Russia, 4,000 of them being killed or wounded.[504] The same month, Russia acknowledged the presence of North Korean soldiers helping its forces in Kursk for the first time, with Valery Gerasimov specifically expressing gratitude to North Korean troops for assisting in "liberating border areas of the Kursk Region".[505]

#### Others

[edit]

See also: China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine and India and the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Putin and Chinese President Xi Jinping at the 16th BRICS summit in Kazan, Russia. Most of the Global South countries took a neutral position towards the war and maintained good relations with Russia.[506]

Politico reported in March 2023 that Chinese state-owned weapons manufacturer Norinco shipped assault rifles, drone parts, and body armor to Russia between June and December 2022, with some shipments via third countries including Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.[507] According to the United States, Chinese ammunition has been used on battlefields in Ukraine.[508] In May 2023, the European Union identified that Chinese and UAE firms were supplying weapon components to Russia.[509] In April 2024, China was reported to have provided Russia with geospatial intelligence, machine tools for tanks, and propellants for missiles.[510] In September 2024, Reuters reported documents indicating Russia had established a weapons programme in China to develop and produce long-range attack drones, with assistance from local specialists, for use in the invasion of Ukraine.[511]

Russia imports sensitive electronics, machinery, auto parts, and defence equipment from India.[512] Trade like oil sales has surged since 2022, boosting revenue for Russian state-owned companies. To bypass sanctions and manage its currency surplus, Russia pays in rupees, supporting both civilian and military needs.[513][514]

## Casualties

[edit]

Further information: Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War § Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–present), and List of deaths during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Photos of Ukrainian soldiers killed in the Russo-Ukrainian War Russian casualties next to a Z marked armored vehicle Casualties after two shells hit a two-story building of a kindergarten in Okhtyrka, causing about 50 people to be hospitalised

Russian and Ukrainian sources have been said to inflate casualty numbers for opposing forces and downplay their own losses for morale.[515] Leaked US documents say "under-reporting of casualties within the [Russian] system highlights the military's 'continuing reluctance' to convey bad news up the chain of command."[516] Russian news outlets have largely stopped reporting the Russian death toll.[517] Russia and Ukraine have admitted suffering "significant"[518] and "considerable" losses, respectively.[519][520]

The numbers of civilian and military deaths have been impossible to determine precisely.[521] Agence France-Presse (AFP) reported that neither it nor independent conflict monitors could verify Russian and Ukrainian claims of enemy losses and suspected they were inflated.[522] In October 2022, the independent Russian media project iStories, citing sources close to the Kremlin, reported that more than 90,000 Russian soldiers had been killed, seriously wounded, or gone missing.[523]

While combat deaths can be inferred from a variety of sources, including satellite imagery of military action, measuring civilian deaths is more difficult. In June 2022, the Ukrainian Minister of Defence told CNN that tens of thousands of Ukrainians had died, and he hoped the death toll was below 100,000.[524] By July 2024, about 20,000 Ukrainians had lost limbs.[525] In the destroyed city of Mariupol, Ukrainian officials believe at least 25,000 have been killed,[526][527] and bodies were still being discovered in September 2022.[528] The mayor said over 10,000 and possibly as many as 20,000 civilians died in the siege of Mariupol and Russian forces had brought mobile cremation equipment with them when they entered the city.[529][530][531] An investigation by AP from the end of 2022 estimated up to 75,000 killed civilians in the Mariupol area alone.[532][533] AFP says "a key gap in casualty counts is the lack of information from Russian-occupied places like the port city of Mariupol, where tens of thousands of civilians are believed to have died".[534] There were at least 8,000 excess deaths in Mariupol between March 2022-February 2023.[535] The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) reports similar issues and believed the true civilian casualty numbers were significantly higher than it has been able to confirm.[536]

In the Russian military, ethnic minorities have suffered disproportionately high casualties. In October 2022, the Russian regions with the highest death tolls were Dagestan, Tuva and Buryatia, all minority regions. In February 2024, six out of ten Russian regions with the highest mortality rates in Ukraine were located in Siberia and the far east, and ethnic minorities continuing outsized casualty rates prompted analysts to warn that the situation will lead to long-term destructive impacts on these communities.[537][538][539][540][541] About 1,200 Russian soldiers were killed or wounded in Ukraine every day in May–June 2024,[542] which climbed to 1,500 by November 2024, when 45,690 casualties were estimated that month.[543] Newsweek estimated that on the bloodiest day in November 2024 the ratio of killed Russian men (1,950) exceeded the average daily male birth rate in Russia (1,836).[544] Latvia-based news outlet Meduza estimated that up to 140,000 Russian soldiers had died by July 2024.[545]

The Russian invasion became the deadliest European war in the last 80 years,[546] surpassing the Bosnian War.[547] Ukrainian average mortality rate was 8.7/1000 people in 2020,[548] and jumped to 18.6 in 2024, whereas Russia's mortality rate was 14/1000, ranking them as #1 and #9, of countries with the highest mortality rates.[549] In August 2024, Haaretz estimated 172,000 people had died in the Russian invasion.[550] In February 2025, Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft estimated 250,000 dead.[551] In September 2024, the Wall Street Journal reported that there were now one million Ukrainians and Russians who were killed or wounded; it noted how the number of casualties impacts the countries' shrinking prewar populations.[552]

Confirmed casualties  | Numbers  | Time period  | Source

|
|
|

Civilians in Ukraine | 13,134 killed, 31,867 wounded[d] | 24 February 2022 – 30 April 2025  | United Nations (OHCHR)[553]
Russian civilians | 394 killed (in Western Russia)  | 24 February 2022 – 25 December 2024  | 7x7[554]
Ukrainian forces | 70,935 killed (incl. non-combat),[555]
64,995 missing, 6,087 captured
(conf. by names)  | 24 February 2022 – 21 May 2025  | UALosses project[556]
Russian forces
(DPR/LPR excluded)  | 111,387 killed (conf. by names)  | 24 February 2022 – 6 June 2025  | BBC News Russian and Mediazona[557]
Russian forces
(Donetsk & Luhansk PR)  | 21,000–23,500 killed  | 24 February 2022 – 30 September 2024  | BBC News Russian[557]
Estimated and claimed casualties  | Numbers  | Time period  | Source

|
|
|

Ukrainian civilians  | 12,000 killed (confirmed),[e]
16,000+ captive[f] | 24 February 2022 – 17 June 2024
24 February 2022 – 16 December 2024  | Ukraine[560][561]
2,883 killed, 8,260 wounded
(in DPR/LPR areas)  | 17 February 2022 – 22 December 2024  | DPR[g] and LPR[564][565]
Russian civilians | 621 killed (including Crimea), 789 missing  | 24 February 2022 – 19 May 2025  | Russia[566][567]
Ukrainian forces | 80,000 killed, 400,000 wounded  | 24 February 2022 – before September 2024  | WSJ citing confidential
Ukrainian estimate[552]
60,000–100,000 killed, 400,000 wounded  | 24 February 2022 – 26 November 2024  | The Economist estimate[568]
50,000 killed,[569] 380,000 wounded,[570]
56,700 missing,[h]
8,000 captured[573] | 24 February 2022 – 6 March 2025
24 February 2022 – 17 February 2025
24 February 2022 – 30 October 2024  | Ukraine
Russian forces | 950,000 killed and wounded  | 24 February 2022 – 3 May 2025  | UK MoD estimate[574]
191,000–269,000 killed  | 24 February 2022 – 30 May 2025  | BBC News Russian[557]
1,035,060+ killed and wounded,
60,000 missing  | 24 February 2022 – 14 July 2025
24 February 2022 – 4 February 2025  | Ukrainian MoD estimate[575]
Government of Ukraine[576]
DPRK forces | 600 killed, 4,100 wounded,
2 captured[i] | 14 December 2024 – 30 April 2025  | South Korean estimate[579][580]

## War crimes and attacks on civilians

[edit]

Main articles: War crimes in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Attacks on civilians in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and Russian war crimes

Dead bodies following the Bucha massacre

During the invasion, the Russian military and authorities have been responsible for deliberate attacks against civilian targets[581] (including strikes on hospitals and on the energy grid), massacres of civilians, abduction and torture of civilians, sexual violence,[582] forced deportation of civilians, and torture and murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war. They have also carried out many indiscriminate attacks in densely populated areas, including with cluster bombs, in once instance killing 61 people in the Kramatorsk railway station attack.[583][584][585][215] According to Kyrylo Budanov, the chief of the Ukrainian intelligence, Russia before the start of the invasion of Ukraine had created 'execution lists' of Ukrainian teachers, journalists, scientists, writers, priests, and politicians, and was preparing for a genocide of Ukrainians; the plans also included locations of mass graves and mobile crematoria.[586]

According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, by December 2023, about 78% of confirmed civilian casualties had been killed in Ukrainian-controlled territory, while 21% had been killed in Russian-occupied territory.[587] Over 12,300 civilians have been killed since the start of the invasion.[588] Russia has deliberately targeted Ukrainian civilians with drones, such as in the Kherson terror campaign dubbed the human safari.[589][590][591] In May 2025, the UN concluded that the recurrent Russian attacks on civilians in Kherson, which had killed nearly 150 people and injured hundreds more according to officials, amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity.[592]

The UN Human Rights Office reports that Russia is committing severe human rights violations in occupied Ukraine, including arbitrary detentions, enforced disappearances, torture, crackdown on protests and freedom of speech, enforced Russification, indoctrination of children, and suppression of Ukrainian language and culture.[593] Ukrainians have been coerced into taking Russian passports and becoming Russian citizens. Those who refuse are denied healthcare and other rights,[593] and can be imprisoned as a "foreign citizen". Ukrainian men who take Russian citizenship are drafted to fight against the Ukrainian army.[594]

Russian forces have reportedly used banned chemical weapons during the war, usually tear gas grenades.[595][596] In April 2024, a Daily Telegraph investigation concluded that "Russian troops are carrying out a systematic campaign of illegal chemical attacks against Ukrainian soldiers".[597]

### Prisoners of war

[edit]

Main article: Prisoners of war in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

A 25 August 2022 report by the Humanitarian Research Lab of the Yale School of Public Health identified some 21 filtration camps for Ukrainian "civilians, POWs, and other personnel" in the vicinity of Donetsk oblast. Imaging of one camp, Olenivka prison, found two sites featuring disturbed earth consistent with "potential graves".[598] Kaveh Khoshnood, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, said: "Incommunicado detention of civilians is more than a violation of international humanitarian law—it represents a threat to the public health of those currently in the custody of Russia and its proxies." Conditions described by freed prisoners include exposure, insufficient access to sanitation, food and water, cramped conditions, electrical shocks and physical assault.[598]

An OHCHR report released in November 2022 documented abuses on both sides. The report was based on interviews with prisoners who spoke of abuses and ill-treatment.[599]

In March 2023, UN human rights commissioner Volker Türk reported that more than 90% of the Ukrainian POWs interviewed by his office said they had been tortured or ill-treated, including "welcoming beatings" on their arrival in penitentiary facilities, which Russia despite several requests did not give UN staff access to.[600]

In April 2023, several videos started circulating on different websites purportedly showing Russian soldiers beheading Ukrainian soldiers.[601]

In March 2024, the United Nations issued a report saying Russia may have executed more than 30 recently captured Ukrainian prisoners of war over the winter months. The UN Human Rights Office verified three incidents in which Russian servicemen executed seven Ukrainian servicemen. According to the same report, 39 of 60 released Ukrainian prisoners of war also "disclosed that they had been subjected to sexual violence during their internment, including attempted rape, threats of rape and castration, beatings or the administration of electric shocks to genitals, and repeated forced nudity, including during interrogations and to check for tattoos".[602]

In October 2024, the EEAS released a statement describing the increasing frequency of Russian executions of Ukrainian prisoners, with at least 177 prisoners dying in Russian captivity since the beginning of the war. The statement also included the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)'s confirmation of systematic use of a wide range of different methods of torture used by Russians against Ukrainian prisoners.[603]

The Ukrainian Armed Forces have also been accused of executions and other abuses of Russian prisoners of war, but the number of such allegations has been significantly lower.[604]: para. 105 [605][606][607]

### Abduction of Ukrainian children

[edit]

Main article: Child abductions in the Russo-Ukrainian War

In June 2024, an investigation by the Financial Times identified four Ukrainian children on a Russian government-linked adoption website that had been abducted from state care homes. The children's Ukrainian background was not mentioned. One child was shown with a new Russian name and age that differed from their Ukrainian documents, another was shown using a Russian version of their Ukrainian name. 17 other matches identified by the Financial Times on the adoption website were also confirmed as Ukrainian children in a recent New York Times investigation. Ukrainian authorities estimate that nearly 20,000 Ukrainian children have been forcibly taken from occupied territories to Russia since the full-scale invasion began. Wayne Jordash, president of humanitarian law firm Global Rights Compliance, described forcibly transferring or deporting children as war crimes, adding that when done as part of a widespread or systematic attack on a civilian population, Russia is also committing crimes against humanity.[608][609]

In March 2025, the ISW said that by the time the invasion started, Russia had already laid the groundwork for massive deportation of Ukrainian children, with Putin recognizing depriving Ukraine of its multigenerational potential a way to dominate the Ukrainian people. ISW cited Kremlin documents uncovered by Ukrainian human rights activists dated 18 February 2022, describing plans to move Ukrainian children from orphanages in occupied Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts to Russia under ″humanitarian evacuations″, particularly planning to target vulnerable children without parental care. In the years following the invasion, Russia has embarked on a deeply institutionalized project to abduct and forcibly give Ukrainian children a Russian identity. International law explicitly forbids this kind of forcible transfer of children, and constituent moving children for the purpose of damaging a national or ethnic group as an act of genocide.[610]

### International arrest warrants

[edit]

Further information: International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Russian leaders

Putin and Mongolian president Ukhnaagiin Khürelsükh standing in front of the statue of Genghis Khan in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, 3 September 2024. Mongolia was the first ICC member state to openly defy the court's arrest warrant for Putin

The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened an investigation into possible crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes committed in Ukraine.[611] On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued a warrant for Putin's arrest, charging him with individual criminal responsibility in the abduction of children forcibly deported to Russia.[612] It was the first time that the ICC had issued an arrest warrant for the head of state of a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council[612] (the world's five principal nuclear powers).[613] Moscow has denied any involvement in war crimes, a response Vittorio Bufacchi of University College Cork says "has bordered on the farcical",[614] and its contention that the images coming out of Bucha were fabricated "a disingenuous response born by delusional hubris, post-truth on overdrive, (that) does not merit to be taken seriously." Even the usually fractured United States Senate came together to call Putin a war criminal.[615]

One of several efforts to document Russian war crimes concerns its repeated bombardment of markets and bread lines, destruction of basic infrastructure and attacks on exports and supply convoys, in a country where deliberate starvation of Ukrainians by Soviets the Holodomor still looms large in public memory.[616] Forcible deportation of populations, such as took place in Mariupol, is another area of focus, since,[617]

> forced deportations and transfers are defined both as war crimes under the Fourth Geneva Convention and Protocol II and Article 8 of the Rome Statute—and as crimes against humanity—under Article 7 of the Rome Statute. As both war crimes and crimes against humanity, they have several mechanisms for individual accountability, the International Criminal Court and also, at the individual state level, universal jurisdiction and Magnitsky sanctions legislation.

The ICC also issued arrest warrants for military officials Sergey Kobylash, Viktor Sokolov, Sergei Shoigu and Valery Gerasimov.[618][619]

## Impacts

[edit]

### Humanitarian impact

[edit]

Main article: Humanitarian impacts of the Russian invasion of Ukraine

The invasion contributed to the 2022 food crises.[620] As of February 2025, 3.7 million Ukrainians were internally displaced and 6.9 million were refugees.[621]

Russian attacks on civilians, causing mass civilian casualties and displacement, have been characterised as genocide and democide.[26][27][28][29] In September 2023, a UN-mandated investigative body reported that Russian occupiers had tortured Ukrainians to death, and forced families to listen as they raped women next door.[622] The commission previously found that violations committed by Russian forces in Ukraine may constitute crimes against humanity.[623]

By August 2024, the WHO had recorded 1,940 attacks against Ukrainian health care and reported widespread double-tap attacks.[624] In 2023, Physicians for Human Rights described Russian attacks on Ukraine's health care system as having a "reasonable basis" to be considered war crimes, and could potentially constitute crimes against humanity.[625]

#### Cultural heritage

[edit]

Main article: Ukrainian culture during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Deliberate destruction and looting of cultural heritage sites is a war crime; during armed conflict, it is an act of aggression.[626] As of April 2025, UNESCO has verified damage to 485 Ukrainian cultural sites, including 149 religious sites, 34 museums, 33 monuments, and 18 libraries.[627] In 2022, the European Parliament labelled Russia's destruction of Ukrainian cultural property a war crime.[628] Ukraine's Minister of Culture Oleksandr Tkachenko called it cultural genocide.[629]

### Refugee crisis

[edit]

Main articles: Ukrainian refugee crisis and Transnational repression by Russia

Ukrainian refugees in Kraków protesting against the war, 6 March 2022

The war has caused the largest refugee and humanitarian crisis in Europe since World War II.[630] In the first week of the invasion, the UN reported over a million refugees had fled Ukraine; this reached over eight million by February 2023.[631][632] In May 2022, following an influx of military equipment into Ukraine, a significant number of refugees sought to return to regions relatively isolated from the invasion front in southeastern Ukraine.[633] By 3 May, another 8 million people were displaced inside Ukraine.[634]

Most refugees were women, children, elderly, or disabled.[635] Most male Ukrainian nationals aged 18 to 60 were denied exit from Ukraine as part of mandatory conscription,[636] unless they were responsible for the financial support of three or more children, single fathers, or were the parent/guardian of children with disabilities.[637] Many Ukrainian men, including teenagers, opted to remain in Ukraine voluntarily to join the resistance.[638]

According to the UN High Commission for Refugees as of May 2022, there were 3,315,711 refugees in Poland, 901,696 in Romania, 594,664 in Hungary, 461,742 in Moldova, 415,402 in Slovakia, and 27,308 in Belarus, while Russia reported it had received over 800,104 refugees.[631] By July 2022, over 390,000 Ukrainian refugees had arrived in the Czech Republic, where the average refugee was a woman accompanied by a child. These refugees were twice as likely to have a college degree as the Czech population as a whole.[639] Turkey registered more than 58,000 Ukrainian refugees as of March 2022.[640] The EU invoked the Temporary Protection Directive for the first time, granting Ukrainian refugees the right to live and work in the EU for up to three years.[641] Britain has accepted 146,379 refugees, as well as extending the ability to remain in the UK for three years with broadly similar entitlements as the EU, three years residency and access to state welfare and services.[642]

According to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Russia has engaged in "massive deportation" of over 1.3 million Ukrainian civilians, potentially constituting crimes against humanity.[643] The OSCE and Ukraine have accused Russia of forcibly moving civilians to filtration camps in Russian-held territory, and then into Russia. Ukrainian sources have compared this policy to Soviet-era population transfers and Russian actions in the Chechen War of Independence.[644] For instance, as of April 2022, Russia claimed to have evacuated about 121,000 Mariupol residents to Russia.[644][645] RIA Novosti and Ukrainian officials said that thousands were dispatched to centres in cities in Russia and Russian-occupied Ukraine,[646] from which people were sent to economically depressed regions of Russia.[647][648][j]

### Long-term demographic effects

[edit]

Ukrainian refugees entering Romania, 5 March 2022

Both Russia and Ukraine faced the prospect of significant population decline even before the war, having among the lowest fertility rates worldwide and considerable emigration. It is the first time that two countries with an average age above 40 have gone to war against each other.[650] Russia had a fighting-age (18-to-40-year-old) male population more than four times higher than Ukraine's and slightly higher birth rates, while the willingness to fight was more pronounced in Ukraine.[651]

Several sources have pointed out that the war is considerably worsening Ukraine's demographic crisis, making significant shrinking very likely.[652] A July 2023 study by the Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies stated that,[653]

> regardless of how long the war lasts and whether or not there is further military escalation, Ukraine is unlikely to recover demographically from the consequences of the war. Even in 2040 it will have only about 35 million inhabitants, around 20% fewer than before the war (2021: 42.8 million) and the decline in the working-age population is likely to be the most severe and far-reaching.

The study took different scenarios, from a "best case" (end of the war in 2023 without much further escalation) to a "worst case" (end of the war in 2025 with further escalation) into account. Flight from war affected especially the southern and eastern regions and especially educated women of child-bearing age and their children. With an estimate of more than 20% of refugees not returning, study author Maryna Tverdostup concluded that long-term shrinking will significantly impair the conditions for reconstruction.[653]

Civilians from occupied Crimea drafted into the Russian army during the 2022 Russian mobilisation

The war in Ukraine and the associated emigration, lower birth rates and war-related casualties further deepened the demographic crisis of Russia.[654] Many commentators predict that the situation will be worse than during the 1990s.[655] The UN is projecting that the decline that started in 2021 will continue, and if current demographic conditions persist, Russia's population would be 120 million in fifty years, a decline of about 17%.[656][657]

Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of Russians have emigrated; estimates range from 370,000 to over 820,000. Combined with mobilisation, this possibly removed roughly half a million to one million working-age males from Russia's population.[658] Studies report that this will have a demographic effect, especially in Russia, that lasts much longer than the conflict, and Putin's time in office.[659]

According to BBC:[660]

> They come from different walks of life. Some are journalists like us, but there are also IT experts, designers, artists, academics, lawyers, doctors, PR specialists, and linguists. Most are under 50. Many share western liberal values and hope Russia will be a democratic country one day. Some are LGBTQ+. Sociologists studying the current Russian emigration say there is evidence that those leaving are younger, better educated and wealthier than those staying. More often they are from bigger cities.

According to Johannes Wachs, "The exodus of skilled human capital, sometimes called brain drain, out of Russia may have a significant effect on the course of the war and the Russian economy in the long run."[661] According to a survey, around 15 percent of those who left returned to Russia, either permanently or to settle their affairs.[662]

In November 2023, at the World Russian People's Council, Putin urged Russian women to have eight or more children amid increasing Russian casualties in the invasion.[663]

In July 2024, Chief of the General Staff of the British Army Roland Walker said that with the current way of fighting, it would take Russia five years to control the four oblasts of Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia that Russia claims as its own, and it would cost Russia from 1.5 to 1.8 million casualties.[664] He said there are "no winners" in Russia's invasion, adding "it is an utter devastation for both sides and lost generations."[665]

### Environmental impact

[edit]

Main article: Environmental impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine

An explosion due to the shelling of a tank of nitric acid during the battle of Sievierodonetsk, 31 May 2022

Based on a preliminary assessment, the war has inflicted $51 billion in environmental damage in Ukraine; according to a report by the Yale School of the Environment, some 623,000 tonnes (1.4 billion pounds) of petrochemicals have burned as a result of shelling, while nearly 1,500 tonnes (3.2 million pounds) of pollutants have leaked into bodies of water. Hazardous chemicals have contaminated around 28 hectares (70 acres) of soil, and likely made agricultural activities temporarily impossible.[666] Around 30% of Ukraine's land is now littered with explosives and more than 2.4 million hectares (5.9 million acres) of forest have been damaged.[667]

According to Netherlands-based peace organisation PAX, Russia's "deliberate targeting of industrial and energy infrastructure" has caused "severe" pollution, and the use of explosive weapons has left "millions of tonnes" of contaminated debris in cities and towns.[668] In early June 2023, the Kakhovka Dam, under Russian occupation, was damaged, causing flooding and triggering warnings of an "ecological disaster".[669]

The Ukrainian government, international observers and journalists have described the damage as ecocide.[670] The Ukrainian government is investigating more crimes against the environment and ecocide (a crime in Ukraine).[671] Zelenskyy has met with prominent European figures (Heidi Hautala, Margot Wallstrom, Mary Robinson and Greta Thunberg) to discuss the environmental damage and how to prosecute it.[672]

According to an investigation by NGL Media published in April 2024, Russia has completely destroyed over 60,000 hectares (150,000 acres) of Ukrainian forests. The investigation stated that long-term ecological consequences may include lowering of the groundwater level, reduction of biodiversity, worsening of air quality, fire outbreaks, and rivers and ponds drying up.[673]

The war in Ukraine has severely disrupted climate policy all over the world and increased CO2 emissions.[674][675] The effects have been strongly felt in Asia,[676][677][678] Europe,[679] and the US.[680] Fatih Birol, the head of the International Energy Agency talking about the prospects of COP 28 noted:[681]

> ... the geopolitical situation, with many nations at loggerheads over the war in Ukraine, and still frosty relations between the US and China, would make for a difficult summit. [...] The most important challenge [to limiting temperature rises to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above pre-industrial levels] is the lack of international cooperation.

#### Nuclear risk

[edit]

Main article: Nuclear risk during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

IAEA inspectors recording damage at Zaporizhzhia NPP

Throughout the war, Putin implied that Russia may use nuclear weapons if certain "red lines" were to be crossed. By 2024, most of the Russian government's "red lines" had been crossed without nuclear weapons being used in response.[682]

Four days into the invasion, Putin put Russia's nuclear forces on high alert, raising fears that Russia could use tactical nuclear weapons against Ukraine.[683] In response to what he called "completely irresponsible actions", Zelenskyy suggested that there should be "global control" of Russia's nuclear assets.[684] In March 2023, Putin announced plans to install Russian tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus.[685]

The invasion had an impact on Ukraine's nuclear power plants. Russian forces captured Chernobyl on the first day, leading to a huge spike in radiation levels.[686] Russia also captured Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, the largest in Europe, and which has since been at risk and damaged by shelling. In August 2022, Zelenskyy described the situation as "Russian nuclear terror".[687] The International Atomic Energy Agency said it was the first time a military conflict occurred amid nuclear plants, and it called for a demilitarised zone around Zaporizhzhia NPP.[688]

### Economic impact

[edit]

Main article: Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine

#### Ukraine

[edit]

Ukrainian Minister of Economic Development and Trade Yulia Svyrydenko announced that for 2022 Ukraine had a 30% loss in their gross domestic product (GDP).[689] The International Monetary Fund predicted that Ukraine's GDP would suffer a decrease from a minimum of 10% to a maximum of 35%;[690] the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development also predicted that the invasion would cause a 20% decrease of Ukraine's GDP.[691] The Ukrainian statistics service said that the GDP of Ukraine in 2023 grew by 5.3%.[692]

Ukraine began issuing war bonds on 1 March 2022, and the following day the Ukrainian government announced that they had raised 6.14 billion hryvnias.[693] A ban was placed in May 2022 by the European Commission on grain sales in the countries of: Bulgaria, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia with the only exception being if they were transiting through those countries with the ban being lifted in September 2023.[694]

The war has caused a major humanitarian crisis in Ukraine: the United Nations Development Programme calculated in March 2022 that a prolonged conflict would cause 30% of the Ukrainian population to fall below the poverty line, while a further 62% would be at risk of also falling into poverty within a year.[695]

#### Russia

[edit]

The Russian economic ministry said that for 2022 the GDP contracted by 2.1%[696] and for 2023 Russia's government said the GDP grew by 3.6%.[697]

A price cap was placed on Russian oil by the Group of 7 (G7) at $60 on 5 December 2022.[698] The United States banned all imports of Russian oil on 8 March 2022.[699] The European Union placed an embargo on oil products from Russia on 5 February 2023.[698] Other countries that embargoed Russian oil included Five Eyes partners Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.[700] Russia itself issued a ban on foreign diesel sales starting on 21 September 2023, before being lifted on 6 October.[701]

On 27 April 2024, it was reported that Russia was planning increases in personal income taxes and corporate taxes to help pay for the war.[702]

In January 2025, it was reported that, since early 2022, Russia had used a two-prong strategy to finance the extremely large costs of the war. In addition to the official Russian government defense budget—direct financial expenditure for waging the war in Ukraine was estimated at US$250 billion through June 2024 for military spending through normal channels,[23] with the military budget rising to over 20% of annual GDP—an additional off-budget financing mechanism was employed to fund the war with over US$200 billion of debt funding obtained from preferential bank loans made to defence contractors and war-related businesses, loans that had been compelled by the Russian government.[24][25]

## Peace efforts

[edit]

Main article: Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Attendees at the June 2024 Ukraine peace summit

Peace negotiations between Russia and Ukraine took place on 28 February, 3 March, and 7 March 2022, on the Belarus–Ukraine border, with further talks held on 10 March in Turkey and a fourth round of negotiations beginning 14 March.[703] The talks ended without agreement.

Putin made recognition of Russian sovereignty over the   annexed territories (pictured) a condition for peace talks with Ukraine.[704]

In 2024, Ukraine's main peace terms were that Russia withdraw its troops, that Ukrainian prisoners be released, Russian leaders be prosecuted for war crimes, and Ukraine be given security guarantees to prevent further aggression. Russia's main terms were that Russia must keep all the land it occupied, that it be given all of the provinces that it claims but does not fully control, that Ukraine end plans to join NATO, and sanctions against Russia be lifted.[705] According to Western sources, allowing Russia to keep the land it seized would "reward the aggressor while punishing the victim" and set a dangerous precedent.[706] They predicted this would allow Russia to re-arm and encourage it "to continue its imperialist campaign of expansionism" against Ukraine and other neighbors, and embolden other expansionist regimes.[706][707][708][709]

After Donald Trump became US president in 2025, there was a major shift in US policy. The Trump administration began negotiations with Russia and separately with Ukraine. In February 2025, the US under the Trump administration twice sided with Russia in UN resolutions, first opposing a European-drafted resolution condemning Russia's actions and supporting the territorial integrity of Ukraine, and then drafting and voting for a UN Security Council resolution calling for the end of the conflict, but containing no criticism of Russia.[710]

Further information: Peace negotiations in the Russian invasion of Ukraine § 2025 developments

## International reactions

[edit]

Main article: Reactions to the Russian invasion of Ukraine

See also: Protests against the Russian invasion of Ukraine

UN General Assembly Resolution ES-11/1 vote on 2 March 2022 condemning the invasion of Ukraine and demanding a complete withdrawal of Russian troops

In favour

Against

Abstained

Absent

Non-member

The invasion received widespread international condemnation from governments and intergovernmental organisations.[711] On 2 March 2022 and on 23 February 2023, 141 member states of the UN General Assembly voted for a resolution saying that Russia should immediately withdraw. Seven, including Russia, voted against the measure.[712] Political reactions to the invasion included new sanctions imposed on Russia, which triggered widespread economic effects on the Russian and world economies.[713] Sanctions forced Russia to reorient its oil exports to non-sanctioning countries such as India, rely more on LNG (which was not subject to European Union sanctions), and shift its coal exports from Europe to Asia.[714] Most European countries cancelled nuclear cooperation with Russia.[715]

Over 70 sovereign states and the European Union delivered humanitarian aid to Ukraine, and nearly 50 countries plus the EU provided military aid.[716] Economic sanctions included a ban on Russian aircraft using EU airspace,[717] a ban of certain Russian banks from the SWIFT international payments system, and a ban on certain Russian media outlets.[718] Reactions to the invasion have included public response, media responses, peace efforts, and the examination of the legal implications of the invasion.

Some countries, particularly in the Global South, saw public sympathy or outright support for Russia, due in part to distrust of US foreign policy.[719] Protests and demonstrations were held worldwide, including some in Russia and parts of Ukraine occupied by Russia.[720] Calls for a boycott of Russian goods spread on social media platforms,[721] while hackers attacked Russian websites, particularly those operated by the Russian government.[722] Anti-Russian sentiment against Russians living abroad surged after the invasion.[723] In March 2022, Russian President Putin introduced prison sentences of up to 15 years for publishing "fake news" about Russian military operations,[724] intended to suppress any criticism related to the war.[725]

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit in 2023, 31 percent of the world's population live in countries that are leaning towards or supportive of Russia, 30.7 percent live in neutral countries, and 36.2 percent live in countries that are against Russia in some way.[726]

A number of supranational and national parliaments passed resolutions declaring Russia to be a state sponsor of terrorism.[727] By October 2022, three countries—Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia—had declared Russia a terrorist state.[728] On 1 August 2023, Iceland became the first European country to close its embassy in Russia as a result of the invasion of Ukraine.[729]

The invasion prompted Ukraine,[730] Finland and Sweden to officially apply for NATO membership.[731] Finland became a member of NATO on 4 April 2023,[732] followed by Sweden on 7 March 2024.[733]

A documentary film produced during the siege of Mariupol, 20 Days in Mariupol, won the Oscar for best documentary in 2024.[734]

## See also

[edit]

* 2020s portal
* Current events portal
* Europe portal
* Politics portal
* Russia portal
* Ukraine portal

* List of invasions in the 21st century
* 2020s in military history
* Democracy in Europe
* Elections in Russia
* Elections in Ukraine
* List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union
* List of conflicts in Europe
* List of interstate wars since 1945
* List of ongoing armed conflicts
* List of armed conflicts between Russia and Ukraine
* List of wars: 2003–present
* Russian emigration during the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Red lines in the Russo-Ukrainian War

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ a b The Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic were Russian puppet states, having declared their independence from Ukraine in May 2014. Several months into the invasion, Russia declared that it had formally annexed both entities in September 2022. They continue to exist as republics of Russia.
2. ^ In 2022, Belarus allowed Russia to use its territory to launch the invasion[1][2][3] and to launch missiles into Ukraine.[4] See: Belarusian involvement in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3. ^ Including military, paramilitary, and 34,000 separatist militias.
4. ^ At least 174 foreign civilians from 25 countries are confirmed to have been killed within Ukraine. See table here for a detailed breakdown of deaths by nationalities.
5. ^ See here for a detailed breakdown of civilian deaths by oblast, according to Ukrainian authorities.
6. ^ Some civilians have been reported to have died in captivity in Russia,[558] like journalist Victoria Roshchyna.[559]
7. ^ The DPR stated 1,799 of its civilians were killed and 6,902 wounded in its territories between 1 January 2022 and 22 December 2024,[562] of which 8 died and 23 were wounded between 1 January and 25 February 2022,[563] leaving a total of 1,791 killed and 6,879 wounded in the period of the Russian invasion.
8. ^ 63,000 missing as of 17 February 2025.[571] 90 percent of which were thought to be soldiers,[572] which would be around 56,700.
9. ^ In addition, Ukraine claimed six North Korean soldiers were killed in a missile strike in early October 2024, while fighting alongside Russian forces. South Korea's Defense Minister said of this report it was "highly likely" true.[577] However, Russia denied the reports.[578]
10. ^ Most likely, new cities meant new industrial cities in Siberia, the construction plans of which were announced by Shoigu in the fall of 2021.[649]

## References

[edit]

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## Bibliography

[edit]

* D'Anieri, Paul (23 March 2023). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-31550-0. OCLC 1350843759.
* D'Anieri, Paul (31 October 2019). Ukraine and Russia: From Civilized Divorce to Uncivil War (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-48609-5 – via Google Books.
* Ramani, Samuel (13 April 2023). Putin's War on Ukraine: Russia's Campaign for Global Counter-Revolution. Hurst Publishers. ISBN 978-1-80526-003-5.
* Wallensteen, Peter (2023). Understanding Conflict Resolution. Los Angeles: SAGE. ISBN 9781529613209. OCLC 1370602224.

## External links

[edit]

Russian invasion of Ukraine at Wikipedia's sister projects

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* The UN and the war in Ukraine at the United Nations
* Think Tank reports on the invasion of Ukraine at the Council of the European Union
* Russian invasion of Ukraine at Google News
* Ukraine conflict updates at the Institute for the Study of War
* Interactive Map: Russia's Invasion of Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War
* Interactive Time-lapse: Russia's War in Ukraine at the Institute for the Study of War
* G. Jones, Seth; McCabe, Riley (3 June 2025). "Russia's Battlefield Woes in Ukraine". CSIS. Retrieved 18 June 2025.

* v
* t
* e

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Part of the Russo-Ukrainian War

Overview

General|

* Outline
* Timeline
* Prelude
* Feb–Apr 2022
* Apr–Aug 2022
* Aug–Nov 2022
* Nov 2022 – Jun 2023
* Jun–Aug 2023
* Sep–Nov 2023
* Dec 2023 – Mar 2024
* Apr–Jul 2024
* Aug–Dec 2024
* Jan–May 2025
* Jun 2025 – present
* Aerial warfare
* Defense lines
* Foreign fighters
* Information war
* Naval warfare
* Legality
* Map
* Order of battle
* Peace negotiations
* Ukraine's Peace Formula
* China peace proposal
* June 2024 peace summit
* Proposed no-fly zone
* Red lines
* Reparations
* Territorial control
* Women

Prelude|

* Reactions
* Disinformation
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Ukraine and weapons of mass destruction
* 2021 Russia–United States summit
* 2021 Black Sea incident
* Belarus–European Union border crisis
* "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
* Crimea Platform
* Zapad 2021
* December 2021 ultimatum
* 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
* Zametil 2022
* Union Resolve 2022
* Stanytsia Luhanska kindergarten bombing
* British–Polish–Ukrainian trilateral pact
* Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* "Address concerning the events in Ukraine"
* "On conducting a special military operation"

Background|

* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* Annexation of Crimea
* reactions
* War in Donbas
* 2022 timeline
* Minsk agreements
* humanitarian situation
* international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR
* Putinism
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* Novorossiya
* Ruscism
* Russian irredentism
* Russian imperialism

Foreign
relations|

* Russia–Ukraine
* Belarus–Ukraine
* Belarus–Russia
* Russia–United States
* Ukraine–United States
* Russia–NATO
* Ukraine–NATO
* enlargement of NATO
* eastward expansion controversy in Russia
* open door policy

Military engagements

Southern
Ukraine|

* Snake Island campaign
* Siege of Mariupol
* Battle of Kherson
* Capture of Melitopol
* Battle of Mykolaiv
* Battle of Enerhodar
* Battle of Voznesensk
* Kherson counteroffensive
* Liberation of Kherson
* Dnieper campaign
* Destruction of the Kakhovka Dam

Eastern
Ukraine|

* Battle of Volnovakha
* Battle of Kharkiv
* Battle of Izium
* Battle of Rubizhne
* Battle of Popasna
* Battle of Marinka
* Battle of Donbas
* Battle of the Siverskyi Donets
* Battle of Sievierodonetsk
* Battle of Lysychansk
* Battle of Pisky
* Battle of Bakhmut
* Battle of Soledar
* Battle of Vuhledar
* Kharkiv counteroffensive
* Battle of Lyman (September–October 2022)
* Luhansk Oblast campaign
* Kupiansk
* Northeast Donetsk
* Battle of Avdiivka
* Battle of Chasiv Yar
* Battle of Krasnohorivka
* Battle of Ocheretyne
* Battle of Toretsk
* Pokrovsk offensive
* Battle of Kurakhove

Northern
Ukraine|

* Capture of Chernobyl
* Russian Kyiv convoy
* Battle of Kyiv
* Battle of Antonov Airport
* Battle of Hostomel
* Battle of Bucha
* Battle of Irpin
* Battle of Makariv
* Battle of Moshchun
* Destruction of the Kozarovychi Dam
* Battle of Brovary
* Battle of Slavutych
* Battle of Sumy
* Siege of Chernihiv
* Northeastern border skirmishes
* 2025 Sumy Oblast incursion

Russia|

* Bryansk Oblast raid
* Kremlin drone attack
* Moscow drone strikes
* 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
* 30 December 2023 Belgorod shelling
* February 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* May 2024 Belgorod missile strike
* March 2024 western Russia incursion
* 2024 Kursk offensive
* occupation
* Battles for Olgovskiy Forest
* Toropets depot explosions
* 2025 Belgorod Oblast incursion

Airstrikes
by city|

* Chernihiv strikes
* Dnipro strikes
* Huliaipole strikes
* Ivano-Frankivsk strikes
* Kharkiv strikes
* Kherson strikes
* Khmelnytskyi strikes
* Kryvyi Rih strikes
* Kyiv strikes
* Lviv strikes
* Mykolaiv strikes
* Odesa strikes
* Rivne strikes
* Vinnytsia strikes
* Zaporizhzhia strikes
* Zhytomyr strikes

Airstrikes
on military
targets|

* Chuhuiv air base attack
* Millerovo air base attack
* Chornobaivka attacks
* 7 March 2022 Mykolaiv military barracks attack
* Yavoriv military base attack
* 18 March 2022 Mykolaiv military quarters attack
* Berdiansk port attack
* Sinking of the Moskva
* Desna barracks airstrike
* Attack on Nova Kakhovka
* Crimea attacks
* Saky air base attack
* Drone attack on the Sevastopol Naval Base
* Missile strike on the Black Sea Fleet headquarters
* Dyagilevo and Engels air bases attacks
* Makiivka military quarters shelling
* Machulishchy air base attack
* Zarichne barracks airstrike
* Operation Spider's Web

Resistance|

| Russian-occupied Ukraine|

* Popular Resistance of Ukraine
* Berdiansk Partisan Army
* Yellow Ribbon
* Atesh

|

Belarus and Russia|

* Assassination of Vladlen Tatarsky
* Civic Council
* Irpin Declaration
* Killing of Darya Dugina
* National Republican Army
* Military commissariats arsons
* Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting
* Black Bridge
* Rail war in Russia
* Stop the Wagons
* Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists
* Rail war in Belarus
* Busly liaciać
* BYPOL
* Community of Railway Workers
* Cyber Partisans

Russian
occupations|

* Flags used in Russian-occupied Ukraine

Ongoing|

* Annexation referendums
* Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts
* Elections in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine
* Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol
* Donetsk Oblast
* Kharkiv Oblast
* Kherson Oblast
* Luhansk Oblast
* Mykolaiv Oblast
* Zaporizhzhia Oblast
* Sumy Oblast (2025, reentry)

Previous|

* Chernihiv Oblast
* Kyiv Oblast
* Odesa Oblast
* Sumy Oblast (2022)
* Zhytomyr Oblast

Potentially
related|

* Black Sea drone incident
* Bridge collapses in Russia
* Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant drone strike
* Mystery fires in Russia
* Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
* Transnistria attacks
* Zagreb Tu-141 crash

Other|

* 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion
* 2023 Crimean Bridge explosion
* 2025 Crimean Bridge explosion
* Assassination attempts on Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* Coup d'état attempt in Ukraine
* Bridges in the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Dragon drone
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Missile explosion in Poland
* Operation Synytsia
* Ukraine and electronic warfare
* Use of long-range weapons by Ukraine in Russia
* 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive
* 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia
* Wagner Group rebellion

War crimes

General|

* Accusations of genocide in Donbas
* Allegations of genocide of Ukrainians
* child abductions
* Attacks on hospitals
* Cluster munitions
* Incendiary weapons
* Landmines
* Russian filtration camps
* Russian mobile crematoriums
* Russian theft of Ukrainian grain
* Russian torture chambers
* Looting
* Sexual violence
* Mistreatment of prisoners of war

Attacks on
civilians|

* February 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Kharkiv government building airstrike
* 3 March Chernihiv bombing
* Irpin refugee column shelling
* Mariupol hospital airstrike
* Stara Krasnianka care house attack
* Mykolaiv cluster bombing
* March 2022 Donetsk attack
* 2022 Borodianka airstrikes
* Chernihiv breadline attack
* Mariupol theatre airstrike
* Kyiv shopping centre bombing
* Sumykhimprom ammonia leak
* March 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Mykolaiv government building missile strike
* Bucha massacre
* Kramatorsk railway station attack
* April 2022 Kharkiv cluster bombing
* Bilohorivka school bombing
* Shooting of Andrii Bohomaz
* Maisky Market attack
* Kremenchuk shopping mall attack
* Serhiivka missile strike
* Chasiv Yar missile strike
* Olenivka prison massacre
* Kharkiv dormitories missile strike
* Chaplyne railway station attack
* Izium mass graves
* September 2022 Donetsk attack
* Zaporizhzhia civilian convoy attack
* Kupiansk civilian convoy shelling
* Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike
* Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure
* 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike
* Sloviansk airstrike
* Uman missile strike
* Kramatorsk restaurant missile strike
* Lyman cluster bombing
* 2023 Pokrovsk missile strike
* Chernihiv missile strike
* Kostiantynivka missile strike
* Hroza missile attack
* Volnovakha massacre
* December 2023 strikes
* 2024 Pokrovsk missile strike
* 2024 Donetsk attack
* Lysychansk missile strike
* 6 March 2024 Odesa strike
* March 2024 strikes
* Human safari (terror campaign)
* May 2024 Kharkiv strikes
* 8 July 2024 strikes
* 2024 Kostiantynivka supermarket missile attack
* 26 August 2024 strikes
* September 2024 Poltava strike
* November 2024 strikes
* February 2025 Poltava strike
* 2025 Sumy airstrike

Crimes
against
soldiers|

* Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan
* Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia
* Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites
* Murder of Yevgeny Nuzhin
* Makiivka surrender incident
* Execution of Oleksandr Matsievskyi
* 2022 Ukrainian prisoner of war beheading

Legal cases|

* ICC investigation
* Arrest warrants
* ICJ court case
* Task Force on Accountability
* Universal jurisdiction
* Crime of aggression tribunal
* Criminal proceedings
* Vadim Shishimarin
* Alexander Bobikin and Alexander Ivanov
* Anton Cherednik

Reactions

States
and
official
entities|

| General|

* Sanctions
* people and organizations
* restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast
* Military aid
* European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine
* People's Bayraktar
* Signmyrocket.com
* Humanitarian aid
* Sanctioned yachts
* Relations with Russia

|

Ukraine|

* Application to NATO
* Be Brave Like Ukraine
* Brave1
* Bring Kids Back UA
* Ban on Russia-associated religious groups
* Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War
* Decolonization and derussification law
* Delta
* Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition
* For Courage and Bravery (Ukraine)
* Grain From Ukraine
* Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief
* Hero City
* I Want to Live
* International Legion and other foreign units
* Belarusian Volunteer Corps
* Terror Battalion
* Black Maple Company
* Canadian-Ukrainian Brigade
* Freedom of Russia Legion
* German Volunteer Corps
* Karelian National Battalion
* Kastuś Kalinoŭski Regiment
* Norman Brigade
* Pahonia Regiment
* Polish Volunteer Corps
* Romanian Battlegroup Getica
* Russian Volunteer Corps
* Separate Special Purpose Battalion
* Sibir Battalion
* Turan Battalion
* International Sponsors of War
* Forced confiscation law of Russian property [ru; uk]
* Look for Your Own
* Lukoil sanctions
* Martial law
* Mobilization
* Media Center Ukraine
* National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War [uk]
* National Multi-Subject Test [uk]
* North Korea–Ukraine relations
* Points of Invincibility
* Recognition of Ichkeria
* Rescuer City
* Save Ukrainian Culture [uk]
* Syria–Ukraine relations
* Ukrainian Freedom Orchestra
* United24
* United News

Russia|

* highways in the annexed territories
* A290
* A291 "Tavrida"
* R260
* R280 "Novorossiya"
* 2022 Moscow rally
* 2023 Moscow rally
* 2022 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2024 Moscow Victory Day Parade
* 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly
* Blockade of Ukraine [ru]
* Bohdan Khmelnytsky Battalion
* Censorship in Russia [ru]
* Chechnya
* Pro-Ukrainian Chechen fighters
* Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation" [ru]
* Conversations about Important Things
* Krasovsky case
* Legalization of parallel imports [ru]
* Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council
* Martial law
* Masha Moskalyova case
* Metropolis of Crimea
* Mikhail Simonov case
* Mobilization
* Recruitment of irregular forces [ru]
* Operation Doppelgänger
* Opinion polling [ru]
* Orthodox Christmas truce proposal
* Wagner Group–Ministry of Defense conflict
* Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war
* Salvation Committee for Peace and Order
* Special Coordinating Council
* Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory
* Unfriendly countries list
* War censorship laws
* We Are Together. Sports
* "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"

United States|

* 2022 Joe Biden speech in Warsaw
* 2022 State of the Union Address
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022
* Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
* Disinformation Governance Board
* Executive Order 14071
* Pentagon document leaks
* Task Force KleptoCapture
* Ukraine Defense Contact Group
* Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act
* Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative

Other countries|

* Belarus
* Canada
* Canada–Ukraine authorization for emergency travel
* China
* Closer ties with Russia
* Chinese peace plan
* Hong Kong
* Croatia
* Denmark
* Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum
* France
* Mission Aigle
* Georgia
* Germany
* German Taurus controversy
* Taurus leak
* Zeitenwende speech
* Hungary
* India
* Operation Ganga
* Iran
* Closer ties with Russia
* Israel
* Operation Israel Guarantees
* Lithuania
* Moldova
* New Zealand
* Russia Sanctions Act
* North Korea
* Poland
* border crisis with Ukraine
* Syria [ru]
* Taiwan
* United Kingdom
* Economic Crime Act
* Homes for Ukraine
* Operation Interflex
* 2025 London Summit on Ukraine
* Coalition of the willing

United Nations|

* Emergency special session
* Resolution ES-11/1
* Resolution ES-11/2
* Resolution ES-11/3
* Resolution ES-11/4
* Resolution ES-11/5
* Resolution ES-11/6
* Resolution ES-11/7
* Security Council Resolution 2623
* Resolution A/RES/77/229
* Easter truce

International
organizations|

* Accession of Moldova to the EU
* Accession of Ukraine to the EU
* Brussels summit
* European Political Community
* 1st summit
* 2nd summit
* 3rd summit
* Madrid summit
* NATO virtual summit
* Operation Oscar
* Ramstein Air Base meeting
* EU–Ukraine Summit
* REPowerEU
* Steadfast Defender 2024
* SWIFT ban against Russian banks
* Ukraine Recovery Conference
* Versailles declaration
* 2023 Vilnius summit
* 15th BRICS summit
* 2024 Washington summit
* Weimar+

Other|

* Consecration of Russia
* F-16 training coalition
* Finland–NATO relations
* Finland–Russia border barrier
* Iron diplomacy
* Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia
* Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state
* Removal of monuments and memorials
* Streets renamed
* Ukraine Square, Oslo
* Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion
* Sweden–NATO relations
* Swedish anti-terrorism bill

Public|

| Protests|

* In Ukraine
* in Russian-occupied Ukraine
* demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin
* ArmWomenNow
* Ukrainian Artistic Front
* In Russia
* Angry patriots
* Club of Angry Patriots
* Anti-War Committee
* Suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople
* Congress of People's Deputies
* Council of Mothers and Wives
* Feminist Anti-War Resistance
* Flower protests
* Marina Ovsyannikova
* Russian Action Committee
* North Caucasian protests
* 2022 Russian Far East protests
* State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason
* White-blue-white flag
* In Belarus
* In China
* Great Translation Movement
* In Czech Republic
* Czech Republic First!

|

Companies|

* Address of the Russian Union of Rectors
* Boycott of Russia and Belarus
* "Do not buy Russian goods!"
* E.N.O.T. Corp.
* Igor Mangushev
* McDonald's in Russia
* Vkusno i tochka
* NashStore [ru]
* People's Satellite
* Starlink satellites
* Stop Bloody Energy
* Wagner Group
* Andrey Aleksandrovich Medvedev
* Death of Nemes Tarimo
* Yale CELI List of Companies

Technology|

* Anonymous and the invasion
* alerts.in.ua
* DDoS attacks on Romania
* DeepStateMap.Live
* Denys Davydov
* IT Army of Ukraine
* Killnet
* Liveuamap
* Open-source intelligence
* peacenotwar
* Russian Asset Tracker
* Squad303 [pl]
* Ukraine Siren Alerts
* Wikipedia
* threat to block in Russia
* detention of Mark Bernstein

Spies|

* Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War

Other|

* Association of Azovstal Defenders' Families
* Black Sea Grain Initiative
* Collaboration with Russia
* We Are Together with Russia
* Concert for Ukraine
* Free Buryatia Foundation
* Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum
* Game4Ukraine
* Get Lost
* Global Tour for Peace
* Go by the Forest
* Guide to the Free World
* Mozart Group
* Olena Zelenska Foundation
* Open letter from Nobel laureates
* Pavel Sudoplatov Battalion
* Rubikus.HelpUA
* Ruslan Shostak Charitable Foundation
* Russia's War Crimes House
* Save Ukraine
* Saving Ukrainian Cultural Heritage Online
* Serhiy Prytula Charity Foundation
* Spain letter bomb attacks
* Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions
* Pavel Filatyev
* True Russia
* Volos Declaration
* Wimbledon ban

Impact

Effects|

* Aircraft losses
* Casualties
* journalists killed
* Russian generals killed
* Economic impact
* Inflation surge
* 2022 Moldovan energy crisis
* protests
* 2025 Moldovan energy crisis
* Russia–EU gas dispute
* 2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage
* Russian debt default
* 2022 Russian oil price cap
* 2022-2024 German economic crisis
* 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap
* EU natural gas price cap
* Education
* End of the Whisky War
* Environmental impact
* European re-armament
* Eurovision Song Contest 2022
* Russia
* Ukraine
* Eurovision Song Contest 2023
* Food crises
* Impact on theatre [uk]
* List of notable deaths
* Lukoil oil transit dispute
* Nuclear power plants
* Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis
* Nuclear risk
* Religion
* Russian emigration
* The Ark
* Ship losses
* Ukrainian cultural heritage
* art theft and looting
* damaged cultural sites
* Trauma
* Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline explosion
* Ukrainian energy crisis
* Violations of non-combatant airspaces
* Women

Human
rights|

* Humanitarian impact
* Ukrainian refugee crisis
* 2025 Amsterdam stabbing attack
* Sobieskiego 100
* UN Commission of Inquiry
* UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission

Terms and
phrases|

* "And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from"
* "Anglo-Saxons"
* "Bavovna"
* "Grandpa in his bunker"
* "Good evening, we are from Ukraine"
* "Orc"
* "Putin khuylo!"
* "Khuy Voyne!"
* "Russia is here forever [uk]"
* "Russian warship, go fuck yourself"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Special military operation"
* "To bomb Voronezh"
* "Strength is in truth"
* "Westsplaining"
* "Where have you been for eight years?"
* "Without you"

Popular
culture|

| Songs|

* "12"
* "Bakhmut Fortress"
* "Bayraktar"
* "Bilia topoli"
* "City of Mary"
* "Flowers of Minefields"
* "Generation Cancellation"
* "Generation Z"
* "I'm Russian"
* "Oyda"
* "Hey, Hey, Rise Up!"
* "Mama ŠČ!"
* "Oi u luzi chervona kalyna"
* "Slava Ukraini!"
* "Stefania"
* "Ukraine"
* "Crushed"

|

Films|

* 20 Days in Mariupol
* A Rising Fury
* Follow Me
* Intercepted
* Russians at War
* Turn in the Wound
* Ukraine on Fire 2 [uk]

Other|

* Babylon'13
* Back to the Cold War
* Borodianka cat [uk]
* Ghost of Kyiv
* Kherson watermelon
* Královec Region
* Madonna of Kyiv
* North Atlantic Fella Organization
* Newspeak in Russia
* Patron
* "Putler"
* "Putinversteher"
* Raccoon of Kherson
* Saint Javelin
* Saint Mariuburg [ru; uk]
* Vasylkiv maiolica rooster
* Vladimir Putin's meeting table
* Walk of the Brave
* "Z" military symbol

Key people

Ukrainians|

* Volodymyr Zelenskyy
* speeches during the invasion
* visit to the United States
* visit to the United Kingdom
* visits to Europe
* Anatolii Kryvonozhko
* Anatoliy Barhylevych
* Andrii Hnatov
* Andriy Biletsky
* Andriy Yermak
* Denys Shmyhal
* Denys Kireyev  X
* Denys Monastyrsky  †
* Denys Prokopenko
* Ihor Klymenko
* Iryna Venediktova
* Kyrylo Budanov
* Mykhailo Drapatyi
* Mykola Oleschuk
* Oleksandr Pavlyuk
* Oleksandr Syrskyi
* Oleksii Reznikov
* Oleksiy Danilov
* Oleksiy Neizhpapa
* Ruslan Khomchak
* Rustem Umerov
* Sergiy Kyslytsya
* Serhiy Shaptala
* Serhii Sternenko
* Valerii Zaluzhnyi
* Vasyl Malyuk
* Vitali Klitschko
* Yevhen Moisiuk

Russians|

* Vladimir Putin
* Aleksandr Dvornikov
* Aleksandr Lapin
* Aleksey Dyumin
* Aleksey Nagin  †
* Alexander Bortnikov
* Andrei Kolesnikov
* Andrei Sychevoi
* Andrey Belousov
* Andrey Vorobyov
* Dmitry Medvedev
* Gennady Zhidko  #
* Igor Kastyukevich
* Ivan Popov
* Mikhail Mishustin
* Maria Lvova-Belova
* Nikolai Patrushev
* Oleg Salyukov
* Oleg Tsokov  †
* Ramzan Kadyrov
* Roman Berdnikov
* Rustam Muradov
* Sergey Kobylash
* Sergey Lavrov
* Sergey Naryshkin
* Sergei Shoigu
* Sergey Surovikin
* Timur Ivanov
* Valery Gerasimov
* Viktor Sokolov
* Viktor Zolotov
* Vitaly Gerasimov
* Vyacheslav Gladkov
* Vyacheslav Volodin
* Yevgeny Prigozhin  X

Other|

* Alexander Lukashenko
* Denis Pushilin
* Leonid Pasechnik
* Sergey Aksyonov
* Vitaly Ganchev
* Vladimir Saldo
* Yevgeny Balitsky
* Yuriy Barbashov

Related

* 2023 North Korea–Russia summit
* 2023 visit by Joe Biden to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Fumio Kishida to Ukraine
* 2023 visit by Xi Jinping to Russia
* 2023 visit by Yoon Suk Yeol to Ukraine
* 2025 Putin–Trump call
* Anti-drone mesh
* Anti-Russian sentiment
* Anti-Ukrainian sentiment
* Antonov An-225 Mriya
* Axis of Upheaval
* Azerbaijan Airlines Flight 8243
* Azovstal Iron and Steel Works
* Brovary helicopter crash
* Bryansk Oblast military aircraft crashes
* Claims of Vladimir Putin's incapacity and death
* Decolonization in Ukraine
* Decommunization in Ukraine
* Derussification in Ukraine
* Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine
* Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion
* Institute for the Study of War
* Irkutsk Su-30 crash
* Ivanovo Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Korochansky Ilyushin Il-76 crash
* Kyivstar cyberattack
* Lady R incident
* Moldovan coup d'état attempt allegations
* Nord Stream 2
* Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria
* Punisher
* Russian nuclear weapons
* Sarmat
* Rico Krieger
* Russian military presence in Transnistria
* Ryazan Il-76 crash
* Siberian wildfires
* Sinhury mid-air collision [uk; zh]
* Soloti military training ground shooting
* Soviet imagery
* Territorial Center of Recruitment and Social Support
* Turtle tank
* U-24 association
* Ukrainian-African Renaissance
* Ukrainian conscription crisis
* Western long-range weapons in Russia
* Ural Airlines Flight 1383
* "The Vladimir Putin Interview"
* Voronezh An-26 crash
* Wagner Group plane crash
* Yeysk Su-34 crash
* Yaroslav Hunka scandal
* Time of Heroes

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Russo-Ukrainian War

Background|

* Dissolution of the Soviet Union
* Black Sea Fleet dispute
* Budapest Memorandum
* 2003 Tuzla Island conflict
* Orange Revolution
* 2007 Munich speech of Vladimir Putin
* Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
* Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* Putinism
* Foundations of Geopolitics
* Ruscism
* Russian irredentism
* Russian imperialism

Main events|

* Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
* timeline
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* timeline
* 2014 Odesa clashes
* War in Donbas
* timeline
* List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine
* Kerch Strait incident
* Wagnergate
* Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* reactions
* Russian invasion of Ukraine
* timeline
* 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
* 2022 Russian annexation referendums
* 2023 Belgorod Oblast incursions
* destruction of the Kakhovka Dam

Impact and
reactions|

* International sanctions
* sanctioned people and organisations
* 2022–2023 Russia–European Union gas dispute
* Military aid to Ukraine
* OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine
* Act of 2014
* China and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* North Korea and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* ICJ case
* ORDLO
* ATO
* International reactions to the war in Donbas
* Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War
* journalists killed
* Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War
* 2014 Crimean status referendum
* Political status of Crimea
* 2021 Black Sea incident
* 2021–2023 global supply chain crisis
* Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine
* Eurointegration of Ukraine
* Soviet imagery
* Lend-Lease (2022)
* Diplomatic expulsions
* Russian spies
* ICC arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin
* Wagner Group rebellion
* LGBT people
* Lukoil oil transit dispute
* Ukrainian energy crisis

Cyberwarfare|

* 2015 Ukraine power grid hack
* 2016 Kyiv cyberattack
* 2016 Surkov leaks
* 2017 Ukraine ransomware attacks
* 2022 Ukraine cyberattacks
* IT Army of Ukraine
* 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia
* 2024 Ukrainian cyberattacks against Russia

Media|

* Little green men
* Social media
* Media portrayal
* Disinformation in the 2022 invasion
* Propaganda in Russia
* Films

Related|

* Russia–Ukraine relations
* Russian language in Ukraine
* Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine
* 2014 anti-war protests in Russia
* Ruscism
* 2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism
* Control of cities
* Aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Moldova and the Russo-Ukrainian War
* Ukraine and electronic warfare
* Ukrainian conscription crisis
* Forced transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Russia–Ukraine relations

Diplomatic posts|

* Embassy of Russia, Kyiv
* Embassy of Ukraine, Moscow
* Ambassadors of Ukraine to Russia

Diplomacy|

* Belovezh Accords
* Massandra Accords
* Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances
* Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet
* Russian–Ukrainian Friendship Treaty
* Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait
* 5+2 format
* Kharkiv Pact
* 17 December 2013 Russian–Ukrainian action plan

Russo-Ukrainian War|

* Outline
* Euromaidan
* Revolution of Dignity
* 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine
* 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine
* Crimean speech of Vladimir Putin
* Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation
* Political status of Crimea
* Occupied territories of Ukraine
* Russian-occupied territories
* War in Donbas
* Putin. War
* Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine
* Normandy Format
* Minsk agreements
* Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2019)
* Zapad 2017 exercise
* Russian invasion of Ukraine
* prelude
* reactions
* annexation referendums
* peace negotiations
* disinformation
* Russian sanctions against Ukraine
* Russian book ban in Ukraine
* Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods
* Russian information war against Ukraine
* Russo-Ukrainian cyberwarfare
* Ukraine v. Russian Federation (2022)
* Black Sea Grain Initiative
* "What Russia Should Do with Ukraine"
* Decommunization in Ukraine
* Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine
* Derussification in Ukraine
* Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine

Incidents|

* Siberia Airlines Flight 1812
* 2003 Tuzla Island conflict
* Orange Revolution
* Russia–Ukraine gas disputes
* 2005–2006 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute
* Remember about the Gas – Do not buy Russian goods!
* 2009 Russia–Ukraine gas dispute

Related|

* Russia–Ukraine border
* Russia–Ukraine relations in the Eurovision Song Contest
* Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations
* Urengoy–Pomary–Uzhhorod pipeline
* Black Sea Fiber-Optic Cable System
* ITUR
* Orthodox Church of Ukraine
* Russian language in Ukraine
* On the Independence of Ukraine
* "On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians"
* Spartak Moscow–Dynamo Kyiv rivalry
* International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic
* Donetsk People's Republic–Russia relations
* Luhansk People's Republic–Russia relations
* Wars between Russia and Ukraine

Category:Russia–Ukraine relations

Authority control databases

National|

* Germany
* United States
* France
* BnF data
* Czech Republic
* Latvia
* Poland
* Israel

Other|

* IdRef
* Yale LUX

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