Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)

Conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Tsardom of Russia

Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739
Austro-Turkish War of 1737–1739

Part of the Russo-Ottoman and Austro-Ottoman war series
| Date| 31 May 1735 – 3 October 1739

|

Location|

The Balkans and Eastern Europe

Result|  See aftermath
Territorial
changes|

* • Habsburg monarchy cedes Kingdom of Serbia, Oltenia, southern Banat to the Ottoman Empire
* • Ottoman Empire cedes Azov and Zaporizhzhia to the Russian Empire

Belligerents

Russian Empire

* Cossack Hetmanate

Habsburg monarchy

* Kingdom of Serbia

Ottoman Empire

* Crimean Khanate
* Moldavia
* Wallachia

Commanders and leaders
Burkhard Münnich
Peter Lacy
Ernst Gideon von Laudon|  Mehmed Pasha
Ali Pasha
Yahya Pasha
Grigore II Ghica
Constantin Mavrocordat
Casualties and losses

100,000-150,000 dead[1]

* 8,000[2]-30,000 in combat operations[3]

20,000 killed and wounded[4]|

44,427 casualties in battle[5]

Total casualties unknown

* v
* t
* e

Russo-Austro-Turkish War (1735–1739)

* Azov
* Perekop
* Lacy's campaign to Crimea
* Ochakov
* Banja Luka
* Radujevac
* Užice
* Orșova
* Bender
* Grocka
* Belgrade
* Stavuchany

* v
* t
* e

Russo-Turkish Wars

* 1568–70
* 1676–81
* 1686–1700
* 1710–11
* 1735–39
* 1768–74
* 1787–92
* 1806–12
* 1828–29
* 1853–56
* 1877–78
* 1914–1918
* 1916–1917

Turco-Mongol raids

The Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 between Russia and the Ottoman Empire was caused by the Ottoman Empire's war with Persia and the continuing raids by the Crimean Tatars.[6] The war also represented Russia's ongoing struggle for access to the Black Sea. In 1737, the Habsburg monarchy joined the war on Russia's side, known in historiography as the Austro-Turkish War of 1737–1739.

## Russian diplomacy before the war

[edit]

By the outbreak of the Russo-Turkish War, Russia had successfully secured a favorable international situation. This was achieved through the signing of treaties with the Persian Empire from 1732 to 1735 (which was engaged in a conflict with the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1735) and by supporting the accession of Augustus III to the Polish throne in 1735, instead of Stanislaw Leszczynski, who had been nominated by pro-Ottoman France. Austria had been Russia's ally since 1726.

## The course of the war in 1735–1738

[edit]

The casus belli was the raids of the Crimean Tatars on the Cossack Hetmanate at the end of 1735 and the Crimean Khan's military campaign in the Caucasus. In 1736, the Russian commanders envisioned the seizure of Azov and the Crimean Peninsula.

In 1735, on the eve of the war, Russia made peace with Persia, returning all the remaining territory conquered during the Russo-Persian War (Treaty of Ganja).[7]

Russian campaign 1736

On 20 May 1736, the Russian Dnieper Army (62,000 men), under the command of Field Marshal Burkhard Christoph von Münnich, stormed the Crimean fortifications at Perekop and occupied Bakhchysarai on June 17.[8] The Crimean khans failed to defend their territory and repel the invasion. In 1736, 1737, and 1738, Russian expeditionary armies broke through their defensive positions, pushing deep into the Crimean peninsula, driving the Tatar noblemen into the hills and forcing Khan Fetih II Giray to take refuge at sea.[9] They burned Gozlev, Karasubazar, and the khan's palace in the Crimean capital, Bakhchysarai. Additionally, they captured the Ottoman fortress at Azov.[9]

Khans Qaplan I Giray and Fetih II Giray were deposed by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud I for their incompetence.[9] However, the years 1737 to 1739 were notable plague years, and all sides of the conflict were crippled by disease and unsanitary conditions.[10] Despite his success and a string of battlefield victories,[9] the outbreak of an epidemic coupled with shortages[11] forced Münnich to retreat to Ukraine.

On 19 June 1736, the Russian Don Army of 28,000 men, under the command of General Peter Lacy, with support from the Don Flotilla under the command of Vice Admiral Peter Bredahl, seized the fortress of Azov.[8] The Crimean campaign of 1736 ended with Russian withdrawal into Ukraine, resulting in an estimated 30,000 lives lost. Only 2,000 of these losses were related to war, while the rest were due to disease, hunger, and famine. In July 1737, Münnich's army stormed the Turkish fortress of Ochakov. Lacy's army, already 40,000 men strong, marched into Crimea the same month and captured Karasubazar (see Lacy's campaign to Crimea). However, Lacy and his troops had to leave Crimea due to a lack of supplies.[12]

In July 1737, the Habsburg monarchy entered the war against the Ottoman Empire but was defeated several times, including in the Battle of Banja Luka on 4 August 1737,[13] the Battle of Grocka on 18, 21–22 July 1739,[14] and then lost Belgrade after an Ottoman siege from 18 July to September 1739. In August, Russia, Austria, and the Ottoman Empire began negotiations in Nemirov, which would turn out to be fruitless. There were no significant military operations in 1738. The Russian Army had to leave Ochakov and Kinburn due to a plague outbreak.

According to an Ottoman Muslim account of the war translated into English by C. Fraser, Bosnian Muslim women fought in battles, having "acquired the courage of heroes" against the Austrian Germans at the siege of Osterwitch-atyk (Östroviç-i âtık) fortress.[15][16] Women also fought in the defense of the fortresses of Būzin (Büzin) and Chetin (Çetin).[17] Their bravery was also described in a French account.[18] Yeni Pazar, Izvornik, Gradişka, and Banaluka were also struck by the Austrians.[19]

## The final stage of the war

[edit]

In 1739, the Russian army, commanded by Field Marshal Münnich, crossed the Dnieper, defeated the Turks at Stavuchany and occupied the fortresses of Khotyn (August 19) and Iaşi. However, Austria was defeated by the Turks at Grocka and signed a separate treaty in Belgrade with the Ottoman Empire on 21 August,[20] probably alarmed at the prospect of Russian military success.[21] This, coupled with the imminent threat of a Swedish invasion,[22] and Ottoman alliances with Prussia, Poland, and Sweden,[23] forced Russia to sign the Treaty of Niš with Turkey on 29 September, which ended the war.[24] The peace treaty granted Azov to Russia and consolidated Russia's control over the Zaporizhia[25] in exchange for Russia abandoning its claims to Crimea and Moldova.[26] Russian campaign ended indecisively for both sides, neither the Russians nor the Ottomans fulfilled their goals.[27][28] Although other historians have also claimed an Ottoman victory in the war.[29]

For Austria, the war proved a stunning defeat. The Russian forces were much more successful on the field, but they lost tens of thousands to disease.[30] The Russians had access to the Black Sea[31] but were not allowed to maintain any fleet in the Azov and Black Sea. [32][33]

## Military details

[edit]

This section summarizes Davies and Amin in sources.

### Geography

[edit]

Bakhchisarai

Kiev

Jassy

Or Kapi

Azov

Ochakov

Kaffa

Khotyn

Bender

Akkerman

class=notpageimage|

are Turkish forts

The Ottoman Empire held forts along the north shore of the Black Sea and on the eastern side of the Balkans. Azov kept the Don Cossacks out of the Sea of Azov. Kaffa dominated the Crimean Khanate. Or Kapi, behind the Perekop trenches, guarded the entrance to Crimea. Ochakov, at the mouth of the Dnieper, kept the Dnieper Cossacks out of the Black Sea. Khotyn, on the upper Dniester, watched the Polish Commonwealth. The Turkish border was close to the current Ukrainian border along the Dniester. Polish claims extended to the Dnieper, except for Kiev. Russia had a very vague border about 100 or more miles south of the current border. The semi-independent Zaporozhian Cossacks were along the Dnieper bend. The Crimean Khanate and its Nogai steppe allies raided Poland and Russia and sold the captives to the Turks at Kaffa.

### Before 1735

[edit]

In 1722, Russia and Turkey took advantage of Persian weakness to capture the northwest part of the Persian Empire. Russia took the west side of the Caspian and the Ottomans got as far as Tabriz. Nader Shah slowly restored Persian power. By 1734, Persia was reconquering its land south of the Caucasus, and it was clear that Russia could not hold its gains. In 1733 or 1734, the Turks ordered Crimea to send a force across the north Caucasus to attack the Persians. Eropkin on the Terek river tried to stop them and lost 55 men. The army went down the west shore of the Caspian as far as the Samur River, where it was recalled by Turkey for unexplained reasons.

### 1735: War starts

[edit]

In 1735, the Crimean khan led 80,000 men across the North Caucasus and south to Derbent. By the end of 1735, he received news of Leontev’s raid on Crimea and decided to turn back. During his return journey, he spent time foraging in Kabardia and eventually reached Crimea in the spring of 1736.[34] Crimean interference in the Caucasus served as one pretext for the war.

SamaraRiver

KonskaVoda

Perekop

Gozleve

Bakhchisarai

Kiev

Azov

Ochakov

Kinburn

Kammeny Zaton

Kaffa

class=notpageimage|

Leontev's raid. = Turkish fort

In March 1735, through the Treaty of Ganja, Russia returned its territorial gains to Persia and forged an alliance with Persia against Turkey. With Crimean troops absent from the peninsula and the Turks engaged with Persia, Russia seized the opportunity for a surprise attack. General Münnich moved south and discovered that his army would not be ready until the following year. In order not to waste that year's campaigning season, he dispatched Leontev on a raid.

1735:Leontev's raid: Leontev set off on 1 October 1735, far too late in the season. He started near the Samara River and marched south, east of the Dnieper bend. At Konska Voda, he killed about 1,000 Nogais and stole their livestock. He turned west with the river, and on 16 October, reached the Russian fort of Kamenny Zaton, about 10 days' march from Perekop. Here, he turned back because of the cold and the loss of 3,000 horses. The next day, a snowstorm killed another 1,000 horses. By late November, he was back where he started, having lost 9,000 of his 40,000 men and about 9,000 horses.

### 1736: 1st Crimea, Azov, Kinburn

[edit]

1736: Azov captured: Around 30 March 1736, Münnich and 5,000 men besieged Azov. Additional soldiers arrived, and on 7 April, Münnich left to join the main force on the Dnieper. In May Peter Lacy took over and on 26 June the Turks surrendered on condition of safe passage. Lacy set off for Crimea, but turned back when he heard of Münnich's withdrawal.

1736: First Russian invasion of Crimea: In mid-April, Münnich set off south with 54,000 men and 8,000 or 9,000 carts, following Leontiev’s route east of the Dnieper bend. On 4 May, the Tatars were defeated at the Bela Zirka river near Kamenny Zaton and withdrew to Perekop. By 19 May, Russia had 30,000 troops facing Perekop. On 20 May, the wall was breached, and on 22 May, the 2,254 Turks in the Or Qapi fort surrendered on parole.

Russia now entered Crimea for the first time. On 5 June, they raided Gozleve for supplies. On 17 June,[35] they captured Bakhchisarai. The khan’s palace was burned, either accidentally or deliberately. On 23 June, they burned the kalga’s seat at Ak Mechet. Most of the Crimean army had scattered to the hills, while the Turks withdrew to Kaffa. Münnich hoped to capture Kaffa before the Turks could send reinforcements, but on 25 June, he decided to withdraw. Dysentery had first been noted on 7 June. Soon, a third of the army was sick, and many of the rest weakened. There was not enough food, fresh water, or fodder to support his army. By 18 July, they were back on the Samara river. Half of the army had been lost, 2,000 in fighting, and the rest from disease. Because of the invasion, Crimean khan Qaplan I Giray was replaced by Fetih II Giray.

1736: Kinburn captured: After Perekop was captured, Leontev and 13,000 men were sent west to capture the fort on the Kinburn Peninsula, south of Ochakov. The garrison was allowed to abandon the fort and cross to Ochakov on the opposite bank.[36] 250 Russian prisoners were freed there.

### 1737: 2nd Crimea, Ochakov

[edit]

On 9 January 1737, Austria joined the war drawing Turkish troops away from the Black Sea. The Turko-Persian conflict had ended in September 1736, but it took time to move Turkish troops west. The plan for 1737 involved one army capturing the Turkish fort of Ochakov at the mouth of the Dnieper-Bug estuary, while a second army invaded Crimea.

1737:Capture of Ochakov: In early April, Münnich left the Kiev area with about 70,000 men. On 30 June, they reached Ochakov, which now had 20,000 defenders. Fighting began the next day, and on 3 July, heated shot set the town on fire. The fire spread to the powder magazine, which blew up, killing thousands of Turks. This caused the Turks to surrender the same day.

Münnich left 8,000 men to hold the fort and returned with the rest of the army to Poltava. In October, the Ottomans tried to retake the fort under the direct orders of Sultan Mahmut I. All of their attempts failed, and on 30 October, they withdrew. (Next spring, the plague appeared in the fort and was reported in Moldavia, Wallachia, Poland, and Zaporozhia. It increased, and in September 1738, Ochakov and Kinburn were evacuated to escape the plague because the weakened troops would not be able to resist if the Turks came back.)

Perekop Isthmus

Henichesk Strait

Chongar

Bakhchysarai

Karasubazar

Kaffa

Sea of Azov

class=notpageimage|

X=crossing points

1737: Second invasion of Crimea: The goal was to prevent the Crimeans from supporting Ochakov, damage Crimea as much as possible, and capture the Turkish fort of Kaffa if possible. On 3 May 1737, Peter Lacy set out from the Mius River near Taganrog, about 50 km west of Azov. Around 320 small boats with supplies and Don Cossacks followed along the coast. On 23 May, the two forces joined at what is now Mariupol, about 100 km further west. On 28 June, a Turkish fleet caught the Azov flotilla near Henichesk. After two gun duels, they were driven off (1 July). Soon after, a storm destroyed most of the flotilla along with its food and ammunition.

Instead of attacking the 60,000 Tatars waiting at Perekop, Lacy built a pontoon bridge out of water casks and crossed the Henichesk Strait onto the Arabat Spit, starting on 2 July. Khan Fetih headed south toward the far end of the spit, but Lacy again outflanked him by crossing to the mainland near the Salhyr River, causing the Crimeans to disperse. Lacy went southwest, and on 14 July, he burned Karasubazar. Three days later, he chose to withdraw.[37] He had lost most of his supplies with the flotilla; the Tatars were regrouping, there was not enough fresh water and fodder, and sickness was starting to appear. On 23 July, he crossed the Henichesk Strait, and a month later reached "Molochnye Vody".[38] Because of the invasion, the Turks replaced Khan Fetih II with Meñli II Giray.

### 1738: 3rd Crimea, western campaign

[edit]

Planning started in November 1737. The goal for 1738 was to tie down the Crimeans while Münnich attacked along the Dniester in support of the Austrians.

1738: Third invasion of Crimea: Peter Lacy started from Vol'chye Vody (location?) with an army about the same size as the previous year. On 19 May, he met the supply fleet at what is now Berdiansk on the Azov coast (see Azov fleet below). Lacy learned that Mengli and 30,000 men were waiting behind Perekop, and that Turkish troops had garrisoned Or Kapi. They rested at Molochnye Vody. Instead of attacking Perekop, Lacy chose to cross the Syvash by wading at low tide, possibly near the Chongar Strait. They turned west and got between Perekop and the khan’s army. They blasted Or Kapi with mortars,[39] which surrendered around the beginning of July. They turned south, but on 6 July, they decided to go home. There was little food or fodder because the Crimean interior had been trashed the previous year, supplies with the Azov fleet had been lost (see Azov fleet below), and disease was beginning to appear. They stopped a Tatar attack on 9 July, rested at Perekop for a month, ruined Perekop as much as they could, and returned to Molochnye Vody.

Azov fleet: Peter Bredal with a rebuilt Azov fleet, supplies, and 4,000 Don Cossacks, met Lacy’s army on 19 May. On 23 May, more Don Cossacks arrived with their own boats. On 25 May, Bredal was caught by a much larger Turkish fleet and blockaded at ‘Cape Vissarion’ (location?). The blockade was broken when the Turks unwisely pursued three escaping sloops. On 6 June, they were again caught at ‘Cape Fedotov’, probably on the long sand spit just east of Henichesk Strait. They hauled their boats across the sand spit and reassembled near Henichesk, where they were again caught on 16 June. They landed their guns, built a shore battery, and burned their boats. There was a two-day artillery duel, but the Turks chose not to land, perhaps because they lacked marines. The loss of the supply fleet forced Lacy to withdraw from Crimea.

1738: Western campaign: The goal was for Münnich to lead the main army to the Dniester and attack the border forts at either Khotin or Bender. On 17 April, he crossed the Dnieper south of Poltava, and in late June, he crossed the Bug. He reached the Dniester, but on 6 August, he abandoned the campaign because of Turkish resistance and reports of plague west of the river.

### 1739: 4th Crimea fails, western campaign, war ends

[edit]

1739: Failed invasion of Crimea: Levashev was supposed to march from Azov, but an epidemic forced him to halt at the Miuss River. He later returned to Azov because a fire had destroyed the Azov arsenal and granary. Bredal could not sail from Azov due to disease and a shortage of ships. Lacy left Izium on 10 May. His force was weakened because much had been transferred to the western campaign. In July, he learned that the Turks had sent troops and a fleet, and that Levashev had turned back. He marched toward Perekop, saw that there was no hope, and returned to the Ukrainian line, which he reached on 24 August.

1739: Western campaign: Münnich planned to capture Khotin to take pressure off the Austrians, who were doing poorly. He left Kiev in late April, crossing Polish territory because the land was better and the Poles were too weak to interfere. He won the Battle of Stavuchany in August, took Khotin, and marched south to Jassy. There he learned that Austria had signed a separate peace, which made his position untenable. On 23 September, he was ordered to return to Russian territory.

1739: Treaties: The war was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade with Austria in September and the Treaty of Niš (1739) with Russia in October. All three parties wanted out because the war as it was costing more than anything they might gain. Russia was also worried about the looming Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743). Russia kept nothing more than a demilitarized Azov and Zaporozhye, but it had demonstrated that it could reach Moldavia and was now a serious threat to Crimea. In the next war, Russia took Crimea and briefly occupied Bucharest.

### Note on the Austro-Turkish war

[edit]

Austria hoped to gain land in the Balkans while the Turks were tied down with Russia. The border was then about 100 km south of Belgrade in land gained in 1717. In 1737, Austria went south, captured Niš but soon gave it up. In 1738, the Turks advanced and took places in Serbia and on the Danube. In 1739, Austria crossed the Danube, fought a battle at Grocka, and fell back to the Danube. Belgrade was under siege by the Turks when talks began. Austria gave up Belgrade, Serbia south of the Danube, and western Wallachia, which was perhaps more than the military situation required. The war was poorly managed. The next year, the War of the Austrian Succession began.[40]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ William C. Fuller & Jr.، William C. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia 1600-1914.[1]
2. ^ Kernosovsky 1938, p. 42.
3. ^ Clodfelter, M. (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). McFarland. Page 92.
4. ^ Clodfelter, M. (2008). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (3rd ed.). McFarland. Page 96.
5. ^ Approximate losses that do not take into account losses from exhaustion and disease during the maneuvering of troops, as well as do not take into account the front with the Austrians. If all of the above factors are added up, the losses are greater. The losses comprise: Battle of Azov (2,427), First Siege of Ochakov (17,000), ru:Second Siege of Ochakov (10,000), Battle of Stavuchany (15,000).
6. ^ Stone 2006, p. 64.
7. ^ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 329.
8. ^ a b Tucker 2010, p. 732.
9. ^ a b c d Davies L. B. The Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774: Catherine II and the Ottoman Empire. 2016
10. ^ The Seven Years' War: Global Views. BRILL. 2012. P. 184
11. ^ Stone D. R. A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2006. P. 66
12. ^ Aksan 2007, p. 103.
13. ^ Ingrao, Samardžić & Pešalj 2011, p. 136-137.
14. ^ Ingrao, Samardžić & Pešalj 2011, p. 29.
15. ^ 'Umar (Būsnavī) (1830). History of the War in Bosnia During the Years 1737–1739. Oriental Translation-Fund. pp. 17–.
16. ^ Oriental Translation Fund (1830). Publications. Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 17–.
17. ^ 'Umar (Būsnavī) (1830). History of the War in Bosnia During the Years 1737–1739. Oriental Translation-Fund. pp. 48–.
18. ^ Michael Robert Hickok (1995). Looking for the Doctor's Son: Ottoman Administration of 18th Century Bosnia. University of Michigan. p. 34.
19. ^ Michael Robert Hickok (1997). Ottoman Military Administration in Eighteenth-Century Bosnia. BRILL. pp. 15–. ISBN 90-04-10689-8.
20. ^ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 210.
21. ^ Cook Ch., Broadhead Ph. The Routledge Companion to Early Modern Europe, 1453–1763. Routledge. 2006. P. 126
22. ^ Grinevetsky S., Zonn I., Zhiltsov S., Kosarev A., Kostianoy A. The Black Sea Encyclopedia. Springer. 2014. P. 661
23. ^ Somel S. Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. 2003. P. 169
24. ^ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 647.
25. ^ Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Volume 4. 1993. P. 476
26. ^ Erhan Afyoncu, A Short History of the Ottoman Empire (Yeditepe Yayınevi).[2]
27. ^ Егоршина 2023, p. 94.
28. ^ Петрухинцев Н.Н. Война с пространством / / С. 66.
29. ^ Wang, Kevin, and James Lee Ray. “Beginners and Winners: The Fate of Initiators of Interstate Wars Involving Great Powers Since 1495.” International Studies Quarterly, vol. 38, no. 1, 1994, pp. 139–54. JSTOR, Accessed 7 July 2024.
30. ^ Black. J. European Warfare, 1660–1815. Routledge. 2002
31. ^ Русско-турецкие войны С : [арх. L 29 ноября 20221 // Румыния - Сен-Жан-де-Люз. - М. : Большая российская энциклопедия, 2015. - С. 88-92. — (Большая российская энциклопедия : [в 35 т.] / гл. ред. Ю. С. Осипов ;
32. ^ Charles W. Ingrao; Nikola Samardžić; Jovan Pesalj (2011). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. p. 138[3]
33. ^ Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Volume 4. 1993. P. 476
34. ^ The sources used for these two campaigns, Davies, Howorth and Smirnov, are vague and somewhat contradictory
35. ^ Amin,p. 40, Davies, p. 198 has 11 Jun for the 'date they marched on Bakhchisarai'
36. ^ Davies, pp 196 and 197 has the Russians reach Perekop on 22 May and capture Kinburn on 29 May. Possibly a misprinted date.
37. ^ Amin, p. 74 has the withdrawal decision on 27 July, probably using new style dates. Davies' dates used in this article appear to be old style.
38. ^ Davies, p. 213, following Baiov. This sounds like the Molochna river, probably the southernmost crossing point near Melitopol. The place is 150km northeast of Perekop, not in Russian territory but directly south of the Dnieper bend. A rather inaccurate eighteenth map above in this article has a 'Molotzna R.' at the Molochna and a longer 'Molotznie Wodi' with a mouth near Perekop, something that cannot be found on modern maps.
39. ^ Davies does not explain how they moved mortars across a mudflat
40. ^ From Hochedlinger, Austria's Wars of Emergence,2003,pp. 212–218, Roider, Austria's Eastern Question, 1982, pp. 71–90. and DE:Russisch-Österreichischer Türkenkrieg (1736–1739)

## Sources

[edit]

* Kernosovsky, Anton (1938). История русской армии [History of the Russian army].
* Егоршина, Петрова (2023). История русской армии [The history of the Russian Army] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library. ISBN 978-5-699-42397-2.
* Aksan, Virginia H. (2013). Ottoman wars 1700-1870. Routledge.

See also: Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)

* Ćirković, Sima (2004). The Serbs. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405142915.
* Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO.
* Stone, David R. (2006). A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya. Greenwood Publishing Group.
* Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East, Vol. II. ABC-CLIO.
* Ingrao, Charles; Samardžić, Nikola; Pešalj, Jovan, eds. (2011). The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718. West Lafayette: Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557535948.
* Aksan, Virginia H. (2007). Ottoman Wars 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged. Routledge.
* Riasanovsky, Nicholas; Steinberg, Mark (2010). The History of Russia. Oxford University Press.
* Roider Jr, Karl A. (1972). The Reluctant Ally: Austria's policy in the Austro-Turkish War, 1737-1739. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
* Military details:Davies, Brian, Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe, 2011, Chapter Five
* Military maps:Amin, Agha H, Atlas of Russo Turkish Wars, Russo Turkish War 1735–39, Volume 4, no date

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* Bar Confederation
* Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
* Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
* Russo-Polish War (1792)
* Russian colonization of North America
* Kościuszko Uprising
* Russo-Persian War (1796)
* War of the Second Coalition
* War of the Third Coalition
* Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
* War of the Fourth Coalition
* Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
* Anglo-Russian War
* Finnish War
* War of the Fifth Coalition
* French invasion of Russia
* War of the Sixth Coalition
* War of the Seventh Coalition
* Russian conquest of the Caucasus
* Caucasian War
* Russo-Circassian War
* Murid War
* Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
* Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
* November Uprising
* Hungarian Revolution of 1848
* Crimean War
* Åland War
* Amur Annexation
* January Uprising
* Russian conquest of Central Asia
* Russian conquest of Bukhara
* Khivan campaign of 1873
* Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
* Boxer Rebellion
* Russian invasion of Manchuria

20th
century|

* Russo-Japanese War
* Russian occupation of Tabriz
* World War I
* Battle of Robat Karim
* Russian Civil War
* Ukrainian–Soviet War
* 1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
* Kazakhstan Campaign
* Finnish Civil War
* Sochi conflict
* Heimosodat
* Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
* Estonian War of Independence
* Latvian War of Independence
* Lithuanian–Soviet War
* Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
* Polish–Soviet War
* Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
* Red Army invasion of Armenia
* Red Army invasion of Georgia
* Red Army intervention in Mongolia
* East Karelian uprising
* Central Asian Revolt
* August Uprising
* Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
* Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
* Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
* Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
* Chechen uprising of 1932 [ru]
* Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
* Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
* Xinjiang War (1937)
* World War II
* Soviet invasion of Poland
* Winter War
* Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
* Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
* Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
* Continuation War
* Eastern Front (World War II)
* Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
* Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
* Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
* Soviet–Japanese War
* Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
* Guerrilla war in Ukraine
* Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
* Ili Rebellion
* First Indochina War
* Korean War
* East German uprising of 1953
* Hungarian Revolution of 1956
* Vietnam War
* Vlora incident
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
* Sino-Soviet border conflict
* War of Attrition
* Eritrean War of Independence
* Angolan Civil War
* Ogaden War
* South African Border War
* Soviet–Afghan War
* Gulf War
* Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
* First Nagorno-Karabakh War
* War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
* South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
* Transnistria War
* Georgian Civil War
* Tajikistani Civil War
* First Chechen War
* War of Dagestan
* Second Chechen War

21st
century|

* Russo-Georgian War
* Russo-Ukrainian War
* Outline
* Annexation of Crimea
* War in Donbas
* 2022 invasion
* Intervention in Syria
* Western Libya campaign
* Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
* Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)

* Russian Winter
* Russian Revolution
* Cold War
* Sphere of influence

* v
* t
* e

Armed conflicts involving Hungary

Hungary|

* 1918 Revolution (1918-1920)

International|

| vs Austria|

* Rákóczi's War of Independence (1703-1711)
* Peasants' Revolt (1735-36)
* Uprising in West Hungary (1921)

|

vs Soviet Union and allies|

* 1956 Revolution (1956)

vs Ottoman Empire/Turkey|

* Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
* Russo-Turkish War (1735-1739)

vs the Czech Republic and Slovakia
(or Czechoslovakia)|

* Slovak Uprising (1848-49)
* Hungarian–Czechoslovak War (1918-19)
* Slovak-Hungarian War (1939)
* Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968)

vs Iraq|

* Iraq War (2003-2011)

vs Romania|

* Hungarian–Romanian War (1918-1920)

* v
* t
* e

Wars and battles involving Serbs

Medieval|

| Serbian–Bulgarian|

* Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)
* Bulgar–Serb War (853)
* Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924
* Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt
* Bulgarian-Serb War (998)
* Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202)
* Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203)
* Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290)
* Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291)
* Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)
* Battle of Velbazhd

|

Serbian–Ottoman|

* Early skirmishes
* Battle of Gallipoli
* Battle of Stephaniana
* Battle of Demotika in 1352
* Battle of Sırp Sındığı in 1364
* Fall of the Serbian Empire
* Battle of Maritsa in 1371
* Battle of Dubravnica in 1381
* Battle of Savra in 1385
* Battle of Pločnik in 1386
* Battle of Kosovo in 1389
* Serbian Despotate
* Battle of Karanovasa
* Battle of Tripolje in 1402
* Siege of Novo Brdo in 1412
* Battle of Vitosha Pass in 1413
* Battle of Carmorlu
* First Scutari War
* Second Scutari War
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437
* Battle of Trnava (1430)
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444)
* Crusade of Varna
* Battle of Nish (1443)
* Battle of Zlatitsa in 1443
* Battle of Kunovica in 1444
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455)
* Battle of Kruševac in 1454
* Battle of Leskovac in 1454
* Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456
* Siege of Belgrade
* Siege of Smederevo
* Ottoman invasion and conquest of Serbia in 1459
* Battle of Breadfield in 1479
* Ottoman conquest of Zeta in 1499

Serbian–Byzantine|

* Serb Uprising of 1038–1042
* Battle of Bar
* Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje
* Battle of Zvečan (1094)
* Battle of Haram
* Siege of Ras (1127)
* Battle of Tara (1150)
* Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)
* Siege of Braničevo (1154)
* Battle of Pantina
* Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)
* Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328
* Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by Syrgiannes Palaiologos (1334)
* Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347

Other|

* Hungarian invasions of Europe
* Magyar–Serb conflict
* Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)
* Battle of Sirmium
* Battle of Gacko
* Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde
* Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia
* Mačva War
* Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324)
* War of Hum (1326–1329)
* Serbian civil war of 1331
* Serbian nobility conflict (1369)
* Battle of Rovine
* Battle of Nicopolis
* Battle of Ankara
* Battle of Kosmidion
* Battle of Çamurlu
* Battle of Despotovac
* Siege of Belgrade (1440)
* Battle of Kosovo (1448)
* Fall of Constantinople

Foreign rule|

| Habsburgs|

* Jovan Nenad's uprising
* Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528
* Battle of Szőlős
* Battle of Sződfalva
* Battle of Keresztes
* Great Turkish War
* Siege of Belgrade (1688)
* Battle of Batočina
* Battle of Niš (1689)
* Siege of Belgrade (1690)
* Battle of Lugos
* Rákóczi's War of Independence
* Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)
* Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)
* Siege of Belgrade (1717)
* Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)
* Battle of Zsibó
* Battle of Trenčín
* Battle of Petrovaradin
* Battle of Banja Luka
* Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)

|

Ottomans|

* Long War (Ottoman wars) (1593–1606)
* Banat Uprising (1594)
* Serb Uprising of 1596–1597
* Battle of Mohács (1687)
* Uprising in Vučitrn
* Serb uprising of 1737–1739
* Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion
* Battle of Martinići (1796)
* Battle of Krusi
* Battle of Lopate

Venice|

* Morean War
* Cretan War (1645–1669)
* Great Turkish War
* Battle on Vrtijeljka
* Battle of Slankamen
* Battle of Senta

Russia|

* Serbian Hussar Regiment
* Pruth River Campaign
* War of the Polish Succession
* Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
* Seven Years' War

19th century|

| Serbian Revolution|

* First Serbian Uprising
* Vračar
* Rudnik
* Svileuva
* Batočina and Jagodina
* Kragujevac
* Drlupa
* Čokešina
* Šabac
* Požarevac
* Karanovac
* Adakale
* Ivankovac
* Rudnik
* Vrbica
* Mišar
* Deligrad
* Belgrade (1806)
* Liberation of Belgrade
* Loznica
* Malajnica and Štubik
* Čegar
* Jasika
* Prahovo
* Suvodol
* Drina
* Varvarin
* Loznica
* Mačva
* Ravnje
* Hadži Prodan's Revolt
* Second Serbian Uprising
* Ljubić
* Čačak
* Palež
* Požarevac
* Rudnik
* Družetić
* Kragujevac
* Jagodina
* Karanovac
* Batočina
* Užice
* Valjevo
* Batočina

|

Ottoman|

* Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)
* Battle of Grahovac
* Battle of Kolašin
* Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)
* Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)
* Battle of Vučji Do
* Battle of Fundina
* Battles for Plav and Gusinje
* Velika attacks
* Battle of Novšiće
* Battle of Murino

Other|

* Kumanovo uprising
* Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814
* Jančić's rebellion
* Priest Jovica's Rebellion
* Several battles of Hungarian Revolution of 1848
* Battle of Vršac (1849)
* Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)
* Battle of Vranje
* Siege of Cattaro
* Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)
* Krivošije uprising (1869)
* Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
* AU-BiH War
* Battle of Jajce (1878)
* Battle of Vitez (1878)
* Battle of Sarajevo (1878)
* Serbo-Bulgarian War
* Battle of Pirot
* Battle of Slivnitsa

20th century|

| Macedonian Struggle|

* Fight on Šuplji Kamen
* Fight on Čelopek
* Fight in Tabanovce
* Fight in Velika Hoča
* Fight on Čelopek (1906)
* Battle of Pirot (1913)

|

Balkan Wars|

* First Balkan War
* Battle of Kumanovo
* Battle of Prilep
* Battle of Monastir
* Siege of Scutari
* Siege of Adrianople
* Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)
* Second Balkan War
* Battle of Bregalnica
* Battle of Kalimanci
* Battle of Knjaževac
* Siege of Vidin (1913)
* Ohrid–Debar uprising

World War I|

* Montenegrin campaign
* Battle of Mojkovac
* Serbian campaign
* Battle of Cer
* Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)
* Battle of Bazargic
* Battle of Dobro Pole
* Battle of the Drina
* Battle of Florina
* Battle of Kaymakchalan
* Battle of Kolubara
* Kosovo offensive (1915)
* Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)
* Battle of Malka Nidzhe
* Macedonian front
* Monastir offensive
* Morava Offensive
* Ovče Pole Offensive
* Vardar offensive
* Srem Offensive
* Toplica Uprising

Interwar|

* Carinthia War
* Uprising in Drenica
* Christmas Uprising
* Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
* Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)
* Drenica-Junik Uprising

World War II|

* Invasion of Yugoslavia
* Uprising in Serbia (1941)
* Uprising in Montenegro (1941)
* June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina
* Battle of Novi Pazar
* Battle of Pljevlja
* Battle of Kozara
* Battle of Loznica (1941)
* Battle of Livno
* Battle of Neretva
* Battle of the Sutjeska
* Raid on Drvar
* Battle of Knin
* Battle of Mostar
* Battle of Lijevče Field
* 1942 Montenegro offensive
* Bihać Operation
* Battle of Batina
* Belgrade Offensive
* Capture of Banja Koviljača
* Case Black
* Case White
* Operation Draufgänger
* Kozara Offensive
* Battle of Kupres (1942)
* Battle of Višegrad
* Mostar operation
* Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive
* Niš operation
* Battle of Odžak
* Capture of Olovo (1941)
* Operation Alfa
* Operation Delphin
* Operation Kopaonik
* Operation Kugelblitz
* Operation Mihailovic
* Operation Southeast Croatia
* Operation Trio
* Operation Uzice
* Battle of Poljana
* Operation Prijedor
* Siege of Rogatica (1941)
* Operation Rösselsprung (1944)
* Kosovo Operation (1944)
* Operation Spring Awakening
* Srb uprising
* Stratsin-Kumanovo operation
* Syrmian Front
* Battle of Zvornik
* Battle of Sarajevo (1945)
* Battle of Zelengora

Croatian War|

* Pakrac clash
* Plitvice Lakes incident
* Battle of Borovo Selo
* Operation Stinger
* 1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia
* Battle of Osijek
* Battle of Vukovar
* Battle of Gospić
* Battle of Šibenik
* Battle of Zadar
* Battle of Kusonje
* Battle of the Barracks
* Siege of Varaždin Barracks
* Siege of Bjelovar Barracks
* Battle of the Dalmatian Channels
* Siege of Dubrovnik
* Operation Otkos 10
* Operation Orkan 91
* Operation Whirlwind
* Operation Baranja
* Operation Jackal
* Battle of the Miljevci Plateau
* Operation Tiger
* Operation Maslenica
* Operation Medak Pocket
* Operation Winter '94
* Operation Flash
* Operation Summer '95
* Operation Storm

Bosnian War|

* Battle of Bosanski Brod
* Battle of Kupres
* Siege of Sarajevo
* Siege of Srebrenica
* Siege of Goražde
* Siege of Doboj
* Operation Jackal
* Siege of Bihać (1992–95)
* Operation Vrbas '92
* Operation Corridor 92
* Operation Bura
* Kravica attack
* Siege of Mostar
* Operation Irma
* Operation Bøllebank
* Operation Tiger
* Battle of Kupres
* Operation Amanda
* Operation Spider
* Operation Winter '94
* Battle of Vlašić
* Operation Leap 1
* Battle of Orašje
* Operation Leap 2
* Operation Summer '95
* Battle of Vrbanja Bridge
* Battle of Vozuća
* Operation Miracle
* Operation Mistral 2
* Operation Sana
* Operation Una
* Operation Southern Move
* NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
* 1995 Pale air strikes
* Operation Deny Flight
* Operation Deliberate Force
* Operation Maritime Monitor

Kosovo War|

* Insurgency in Kosovo
* Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)
* Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)
* April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
* Attack on Orahovac
* Attack on Prekaz
* Battle of Lođa
* Battle of Oraovica
* Battle of Belaćevac Mine
* Battle of Podujevo
* December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush
* Battle of Glođane
* July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes
* Battle of Junik
* Battle of Košare
* Insurgency in the Preševo Valley
* Prizren incident (1999)
* NATO bombing of Yugoslavia
* Dubrava Prison bombings and executions
* 1999 F-117A shootdown

21st century|

| Peacekeeping|

* Central African Republic
* Cyprus
* DR Congo
* Ivory Coast
* Lebanon
* Liberia
* Mali
* Somalia

|

Authority control databases: National |

* Israel
* United States

|

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