Ryan White CARE Act

U.S. Act to improve care for individuals and families affected by HIV

Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act of 1990

Long title| An Act to amend the Public Health Service Act to provide grants to improve the quality and availability of care for individuals and families affected by HIV, and for other purposes.
Nicknames|

* AIDS Prevention Act of 1990
* Ryan White Care Act

Enacted by| the 101st United States Congress
Effective| August 18, 1990
Citations
Public law| 101-381
Statutes at Large| 104 Stat. 576
Codification
Titles amended| 42 U.S.C.: Public Health and Social Welfare
U.S.C. sections created| 42 U.S.C. ch. 6A, subch. XXIV § 300ff et seq.
U.S.C. sections amended| 42 U.S.C. ch. 6A, subch. XXIII § 300ee et seq.
Legislative history

* Introduced in the Senate as S. 2240 by Ted Kennedy (D–MA) on March 6, 1990
* Committee consideration by Senate Labor and Human Resources
* Passed the Senate on May 16, 1990 (95-4)
* Passed the House on June 13, 1990 (passed voice vote)
* Reported by the joint conference committee on July 31, 1990; agreed to by the House on August 4, 1990 (passed voice vote) and by the Senate on August 4, 1990 (passed voice vote)
* Signed into law by President George H. W. Bush on August 18, 1990

The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency Act (Ryan White CARE Act, Pub. L. 101–381, 104 Stat. 576, enacted August 18, 1990) was an act of the United States Congress and is the largest federally funded program in the United States for people living with HIV/AIDS. The act made federal funding available through contingency grants to states for low-income, uninsured, and under-insured people to be treated with the chemotherapeutic drug AZT.[1] The act is named in honor of Ryan White, an Indiana teenager who contracted HIV through a tainted blood transfusion. He was diagnosed with AIDS in 1984 at age 13 and was subsequently expelled from school because of the disease. White became a well-known advocate for AIDS research and awareness until his death in 1990 at age 18.[2]

Ryan White programs are "payer of last resort" which fund treatment when no other resources are available. As AIDS has spread, the funding of the program has increased. In 1991, the first year funds were appropriated, around US$220 million were spent; by the early 2000s, this number had almost increased 10-fold. The Act was reauthorized in 1996, 2000, 2006, and 2009. The program provides some level of care for around 500,000 people a year and, in 2004, provided funds to 2,567 organizations. The Ryan White programs also fund local and state primary medical care providers, support services, healthcare provider training programs, and provide technical assistance to such organizations.[1]

In fiscal year 2005, federal funding for the Ryan White CARE Act was $2.1 billion. As of 2005, roughly one-third of this money went to the AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAP) which provides drugs for 30 percent of people living with HIV.[3] The primary activity of ADAP is providing FDA-approved prescription medication.[4] The Ryan White CARE Act mandates that EMS personnel can find out whether they were exposed to life-threatening diseases while providing care. (This notification provision was included in the original 1990 act, dropped in the 2006 reauthorization, and reinstated in the 2008 reauthorization).[5]

By one estimate, the Ryan White CARE Act saved the lives of 57,000 people through 2018. The cost of each avoided HIV/AIDS death was $334,000.[6]

## Waiting lists

[edit]

Throughout most of the 2000s, state Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program (RWHAP) Part B programs — ADAPs — were forced to place financially eligible  Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) on waiting lists to receive financial assistance to afford medications to treat HIV.[7][8] These waiting lists were largely the result of insufficient funding to keep up with the demand for ADAP services by new potential patients through the congressional appropriations process through which state ADAP programs are funded.

Unlike entitlement programs such as Medicaid, the state ADAP programs are funded as discretionary grant programs. This means that Congress chooses a portion of the RWHAP Part B appropriation for the ADAP base. The amount that each state receives is determined by the Health Resources and Services Administration through the use of a funding formula that takes into account the number of PLWHA in the state or territory in the most recent calendar year.

During the 2000s, states and territories across the United States were forced to develop waiting lists that ranged from as few as 1 person to as many as hundreds of people. Other states closed registration to new applicants or instituted state-level eligibility guidelines beyond those required by HRSA.[9] PLWHA who were financially eligible to receive assistance from state ADAP programs found themselves unable to receive them, forcing delays in care and treatment.

These treatment delays likely contributed to the 2006 deaths of at least three PLWHA who were on South Carolina's ADAP waiting list, the announcement of which led to nationwide calls for the appropriation of emergency funds and increased overall appropriations to end waiting lists.[10]

By 2017, ADAP waiting lists were all but been eliminated as a result of reprogrammed funding from other parts of the RWHAP and separate Congressional emergency funding allocations between 2010 and 2013.[11]

## 2006 reauthorization

[edit]

President Bush signs the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Modernization Act of 2006, in the Oval Office, December 19, 2006.

The Ryan White Care Act was due to be reauthorized at the end of 2005, but Congress could not reach agreement on changes, and the act was extended for one year under the old terms.[12] Then, in 2006, the act was reauthorized for three more years, ending on September 30, 2009 with a funding level of $2.1 billion.[13] Prior to the reauthorization, the act allocated money based on the proportion of patients with AIDS in each region. The 2006 reauthorization changed this allocation mechanism to also consider the number of people living with HIV who do not have a clinical diagnosis of AIDS [13]

A significant portion of funding from the act is emergency relief for Eligible Metropolitan Areas. The 2006 reauthorization redefined EMAs as cities with a population greater than 50,000, instead of previous versions which required 500,000.[12]

## 2009 reauthorization

[edit]

President Obama signs the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009.

In 2009, Congress passed the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act,[14] which was signed by President Obama on October 30, 2009.[15] This bill extends the Ryan White Care Act for an additional four years.[16]

## 2013 expiration

[edit]

In 2013, the Ryan White CARE Act expired; however the Program remains as Congress continues to appropriate funding.[17]

## Special Projects of National Significance

[edit]

The Special Projects of National Significance (often abbreviated to SPNS) program is a United States Department of Health program that helps to "advance knowledge and skills in the health and support services to underserved populations diagnosed with HIV infection." The current SPNS effort began in 1991 with several federal grants; portfolio of 72 grants currently address issues in HIV care.[18]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b "The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program". Health Resources and Services Administration. Archived from the original on November 27, 2001. Retrieved September 11, 2007.
2. ^ Johnson, Dirk (April 9, 1990). "Ryan White Dies of AIDS at 18; His Struggle Helped Pierce Myths". The New York Times.
3. ^ "AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAPs) - Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation Fact Sheet" (PDF). Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2008.
4. ^ Taylor, Jessamy (August 22, 2005). Caring for 'Ryan White': The Fundamentals of HIV/AIDS Treatment Policy (PDF). The George Washington University. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2008. Retrieved September 9, 2007.
5. ^ "Announcements: Reinstatement of Notification Requirements for Emergency Response Employees Potentially Exposed to Life-Threatening Infectious Diseases". Center for Disease Control and Prevention.
"Occupational Exposure to HIV".
6. ^ Dillender, Marcus (2023). "Evidence and Lessons on the Health Impacts of Public Health Funding from the Fight against HIV/AIDS". American Economic Review. 113 (7): 1825–1887\. doi:10.1257/aer.20220089. ISSN 0002-8282.
7. ^ "Waiting for AIDS Medications in the United States: An Analysis of ADAP Waiting Lists" (PDF). Kaiser Family Foundation. December 2004. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
8. ^ Michael S. Saag (November 15, 2006). "Which Policy to ADAP-T: Waiting Lists or Waiting Lines?". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 43 (10): 1356–167\. doi:10.1086/508664.
9. ^ "ADAP Waiting Lists in 12 States". National AIDS Treatment Advocacy Project. October 2002. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
10. ^ "HIV/AIDS Advocacy Group Calls for Emergency ADAP Funds To End Waiting Lists in South Carolina". Kaiser Family Foundation. November 9, 2006. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
11. ^ "AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAPs)". Kaiser Family Foundation. August 16, 2017. Retrieved November 3, 2023.
12. ^ a b "The Ryan White CARE Act: A Side-by-Side Comparison of Prior Law to the Newly Reauthorized CARE Act" (PDF). Kaiser Family Foundation. December 2006. Retrieved September 12, 2007.
13. ^ a b Reichmann, Deb (December 19, 2006). "Bush Signs 3 Health Care-Related Bills". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Retrieved September 12, 2007.
14. ^ "S.1793: Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009" - via GovTrack.
15. ^ "Remarks by the President at Signing of the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009". whitehouse.gov. October 30, 2009 - via National Archives.
16. ^ "Statement of Administration Policy: S.1793: Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009" (PDF). Office of Management and Budget. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2009.
17. ^ "NACCHO Commemorates the 25th Anniversary of the Ryan White CARE Act".
18. ^ "Special Projects of National Significance". HIV/AIDS bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2007.

## External links

[edit]

English Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Ryan White HIV/AIDS Treatment Extension Act of 2009

* The Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program
* Special projects of national significance

* v
* t
* e

George H. W. Bush

* 41st President of the United States (1989–1993)
* 43rd Vice President of the United States (1981–1989)
* Director of Central Intelligence (1976–1977)
* UN Ambassador (1971–1973)
* U.S. Representative for TX–7 (1967–1971)

Presidency|

* Transition
* Inauguration
* Timeline
* 1989
* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* January 1993
* Environmental policy
* Soviet Union summits
* Malta
* Helsinki
* Invasion of Panama
* Chemical Weapons Accord
* Gulf War
* 1991 Madrid Conference
* National Space Council
* New world order
* Somali Civil War
* Unified Task Force
* Negotiations for the North American Free Trade Agreement
* Cannabis policy
* Vomiting incident
* Broccoli comments
* White House horseshoe pit
* Presidential pardons
* International trips
* Oval Office desk
* Cabinet
* Quayle vice presidency
* Judicial appointments
* Thomas
* Supreme Court candidates
* controversies
* Executive orders
* Presidential proclamations

Life|

* Presidential Library
* Bush School of Government and Public Service
* Walker's Point Estate
* Post-presidency
* Death and state funeral

Speeches|

* Joint session of Congress (1989)
* State of the Union addresses
* 1990
* 1991
* 1992
* Chicken Kiev

Elections|

| U.S. Senate|

* 1964
* 1970

|

U.S. House|

* 1966
* 1968

Vice Presidential|

* 1980 campaign
* selection
* convention
* election
* transition
* 1984 campaign
* convention
* election

Presidential|

* 1980 campaign
* primaries
* 1988 campaign
* primaries
* running mate selection
* convention
* "a thousand points of light"
* "Read my lips: no new taxes"
* debates
* election
* 1992 campaign
* primaries
* convention
* debates
* election
* Clinton transition

Public image|

* Saturday Night Live parodies
* The X-Presidents
* Presidential Reunion (2010 short film)
* The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear (1991)
* What It Takes: The Way to the White House (1993)
* The Silence of the Hams (1994)
* George Bush: The Life of a Lone Star Yankee (1997)
* The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty (2004)
* George H.W. Bush (2008)
* Bad for Democracy (2008)
* Family of Secrets (2009)
* 41: A Portrait of My Father (2014 book)
* Destiny and Power (2015 book)

Books|

* A World Transformed (1998)
* All the Best (1999)

Legacy|

* Bibliography
* Presidential Library
* George H. W. Bush Monument
* Medal of Freedom
* Bush School of Government
* Reagan Award
* George Bush Intercontinental Airport
* USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77)

Family|

* Barbara Bush (wife)
* George W. Bush (son
* presidency)
* Pauline Robinson Bush (daughter)
* Jeb Bush (son)
* Neil Bush (son)
* Marvin Bush (son)
* Dorothy Bush Koch (daughter)
* Barbara Bush Coyne (granddaughter)
* Jenna Bush Hager (granddaughter)
* George P. Bush (grandson)
* Lauren Bush (granddaughter)
* Pierce Bush (grandson)
* Prescott Bush (father)
* Dorothy Walker Bush (mother)
* Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (sister)
* Jonathan Bush (brother)
* William H. T. Bush (brother)
* Samuel P. Bush (grandfather)
* George Herbert Walker (grandfather)
* James Smith Bush (great-grandfather)
* Obadiah Bush (great-great-grandfather)
* Millie (family dog)
* Sully (service dog)

* ← Ronald Reagan
* Bill Clinton →

* ← Walter Mondale
* Dan Quayle →

* Category

*[Pub. L.]: Public Law
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template