SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant

Variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19

"B117" redirects here. For other uses, see B117 (disambiguation).

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2021)

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Total number of B.1.1.7 sequences by country as of 25 March 2021[1]
Legend:

10,000+ confirmed sequences

5,000–9,999 confirmed sequences

1,000–4,999 confirmed sequences

500–999 confirmed sequences

100–499 confirmed sequences

2–99 confirmed sequences

1 confirmed sequence

None or no data available

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The Alpha variant, also known as lineage B.1.1.7,[a] is a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. One of several variants of concern, the variant is estimated to be 40–80% more transmissible than the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (with most estimates occupying the middle to higher end of this range).[b] It was first detected in November 2020 from a sample taken in September in the United Kingdom, and began to spread quickly by mid-December, around the same time as infections surged. This increase is thought to be at least partly because of one or more mutations in the virus' spike protein. The variant is also notable for having more mutations than normally seen.[2]

As of January 2021, more than half of all genomic sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 was carried out in the UK.[3] This has given rise to questions as to how many other important variants may be circulating around the world undetected.[4][5]

On 2 February 2021, Public Health England reported that they had detected "[a] limited number of B.1.1.7 VOC-202012/01 genomes with E484K mutations",[6] which they dubbed Variant of Concern 202102/02 (VOC-202102/02).[7] One of the mutations (N501Y) is also present in Beta variant and Gamma variant.

On 31 May 2021, the World Health Organization announced that the Variant of Concern would be labelled "Alpha" for use in public communications.[8][9]

## Contents

* 1 Classification
* 1.1 Names
* 1.2 Genetic profile
* 2 Symptoms
* 3 Diagnosis
* 4 Prevention
* 4.1 E484K mutation
* 5 Characteristics
* 5.1 Transmissibility
* 5.1.1 Incubation period
* 5.2 Virulence
* 6 Epidemiology
* 6.1 Spread in UK
* 6.2 Spread in Europe
* 6.3 Spread in North America
* 6.4 Development
* 6.5 Countries reporting a first case
* 6.5.1 December 2020
* 6.5.2 January 2021
* 6.5.3 February 2021
* 6.5.4 March 2021
* 6.6 N501Y mutation elsewhere
* 7 Statistics
* 7.1 Table
* 7.2 Graphics
* 7.2.1 Confirmed cases by countries
* 8 History
* 8.1 Detection
* 8.2 Control
* 9 Notes
* 10 References
* 11 See Also
* 12 External links

## Classification[edit]

### Names[edit]

The variant is known by several names. Outside the UK it is sometimes referred to as the UK variant or British variant or English variant,[10] despite the existence of other, less common, variants first identified in UK, such as Eta variant (lineage B.1.525). Within the UK, it is commonly referred to as the Kent variant after Kent, where the variant was found.[11][12]

In scientific use, the variant had originally been named the first Variant Under Investigation in December 2020 (VUI – 202012/01) by Public Health England (PHE),[13][c] but was reclassified to a Variant of Concern (Variant of Concern 202012/01, abbreviated VOC-202012/01) by Meera Chand and her colleagues in a report published by PHE on 21 December 2020.[d] In a report written on behalf of COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Andrew Rambaut and his co-authors, using the Phylogenetic Assignment of Named Global Outbreak Lineages (pangolin) tool, dubbed it lineage B.1.1.7,[15] while Nextstrain dubbed the variant 20I/501Y.V1.[16]

The name VOC-202102/02 refers to the variant with the E484K mutation (see below).[7]

### Genetic profile[edit]

* Amino acid mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant plotted on a genome map of SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on Spike.[17]

Defining mutations in VOC-202012/01

(change of amino acid only)

Gene | Nucleotide | Amino acid

|
|

ORF1ab | C3267T | T1001I
C5388A | A1708D
T6954C | I2230T
11288–11296 deletion | SGF 3675–3677 deletion
Spike | 21765–21770 deletion | HV 69–70 deletion
21991–21993 deletion | Y144 deletion
A23063T | N501Y
C23271A | A570D
C23604A | P681H
C23709T | T716I
T24506G | S982A
G24914C | D1118H
ORF8 | C27972T | Q27stop
G28048T | R52I
A28111G | Y73C
N | 28280 GAT→CTA | D3L
C28977T | S235F
Source: Chand et al., table 1 (p. 5)

Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 are common: over 4,000 mutations have been detected in its spike protein alone, according to the COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium.[18]

VOC-202012/01 is defined by 23 mutations: 14 non-synonymous mutations, 3 deletions, and 6 synonymous mutations[19] (i.e., there are 17 mutations that change proteins and six that do not[2]).

## Symptoms[edit]

Imperial College London investigated over a million people in England while the Alpha variant was dominant and discovered a wide range of further symptoms linked to Covid. "Chills, loss of appetite, headache and muscle aches" were most common in infected people, as well as classic symptoms. [20]

## Diagnosis[edit]

Several rapid antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 are in widespread use globally for COVID-19 diagnostics. They are believed to be useful in stopping the chain of transmission of the virus by providing the means to rapidly identify large numbers of cases as part of a mass-testing program. Following the emergence of VOC-202012/01, there was initially concern that rapid tests might not detect it, but Public Health England determined that rapid tests evaluated and used in the United Kingdom detect the variant.[21]

## Prevention[edit]

See also: Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine § Effectiveness, Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine § Effectiveness, Moderna COVID-19 vaccine § Effectiveness, Novavax COVID-19 vaccine § Efficacy, Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine § Variants, CoronaVac § Variants, Covaxin § Variants, and Abdala (vaccine) § Efficacy

As of late 2020, several COVID-19 vaccines were being deployed or under development.

However, as further mutations occur, concerns were raised as to whether vaccine development would need to be altered. SARS-CoV-2 does not mutate as quickly as, for example, influenza viruses, and the new vaccines that had proved effective by the end of 2020 are types that can be adjusted if necessary.[22] As of the end of 2020, German, British, and American health authorities and experts believe that existing vaccines will be as effective against VOC-202012/01 as against previous variants.[23][24]

On 18 December, NERVTAG determined "that there are currently insufficient data to draw any conclusion on… [a]ntigenic escape".[25]

As of 20 December 2020[update], Public Health England confirmed there is "no evidence" to suggest that the new variant would be resistant to the Pfizer–BioNTech vaccine currently being used in the UK's vaccination programme, and that people should still be protected.[26]

### E484K mutation[edit]

On 2 February 2021, Public Health England reported that they had detected "[a] limited number of B.1.1.7 VOC-202012/01 genomes with E484K mutations",[6] which is also present in the Beta and Gamma variants;[11] a mutation which may reduce vaccine effectiveness.[11] On 9 February 2021, it became known that some 76 cases with the E484K mutation had been detected, principally in Bristol, but with a genomically distinct group in Liverpool also carrying the mutation.[27] A week later a Research and analysis report from PHE gave a total of 77 confirmed and probable cases involving the E484K mutation across the UK, in two variants, VUI-202102/01 and VOC-202102/02, the latter described as 'B.1.1.7 with E484K'.[7]

On 5 March 2021, it was reported that a B.1.1.7 lineage with the E484K mutation has been detected in two US patients (in Oregon and New York states). Researchers think that the E484K mutation in the Oregon variant has arisen independently.[28][29]

## Characteristics[edit]

### Transmissibility[edit]

The transmissibility of the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7) has generally been found to be substantially higher than that of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 variants. A study by the Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine reported that the variant was 43 to 90% (range of 95% credible intervals, 38 to 130%) more transmissible than pre-existing variants in the United Kingdom, depending on the method used to assess increases in transmissibility, and measured similar increases in the transmissibility of lineage B.1.1.7 in Denmark, Switzerland, and the United States.[30] Furthermore, a simple model to account for the rapid rise of lineage B.1.1.7 in several countries and the world found that the variant is 50% more transmissible than the local wild type in these three countries and across the world as whole.[31] A study by COG-UK found transmissibility was 50-100% higher.[32] Another study concluded that it was 75% (70%–80%) more transmissible in the UK between October and November 2020.[33] A later study suggested that these earlier estimates overestimated the transmissibility of the variant and that the transmissibility increase was on the lower ends of these ranges.[34][35]

The Dutch Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport calculated, based on genome sequencing of positive cases, each week the transmissibility rate of the variant compared to the local wildtype, and found it to fluctuate between 28%-47% higher during the first six weeks of 2021.[36] The Danish Statens Serum Institut in comparison calculated it to be 55% (48%–62%) more transmissible in Denmark based upon the observed development of its relative frequency from 4 January to 12 February 2021.[37] The Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM) under University of Bern, calculated the transmissibility of lineage B.1.1.7 based on the weekly development of its observed fraction of all Covid-19 positives during the entire pandemic, and found for 95% confidence intervals under the assumption of a wildtype reproduction number Rw≈1 and an exponentially generation time of 5.2 days, that transmissibility was: 52% (45%–60%) higher when compared to the wildtype in Denmark and 51% (42%-60%) higher when compared to the wildtype in Switzerland.[38]

On 18 December 2020—early on in the risk assessment of the variant—the UK scientific advisory body New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group (NERVTAG) concluded that they had moderate confidence that VOC-202012/01 was substantially more transmissible than other variants, but that there were insufficient data to reach any conclusion on underlying mechanism of increased transmissibility (e.g. increased viral load, tissue distribution of virus replication, serial interval etc.), the age distribution of cases, or disease severity.[25] Data seen by NERVTAG indicated that the relative reproduction number ("multiplicative advantage") was determined to be 1.74—i.e., the variant is 74% more transmissible—assuming a 6.5-day generational interval. It was demonstrated that the variant grew fast exponentially with respect to the other variants.[39][40][41] The variant out-competed the ancestral variant by a factor of  1.74 14 / 6.5 = 3.3 {\displaystyle 1.74^{14/6.5}=3.3} every two weeks. Another group came to similar conclusions, generating a replicative advantage, independent of "protective measures", of 2.24 per generation of 6.73 days, out-competing the ancestral variant by  2.24 14 / 6.73 = 5.4 {\displaystyle 2.24^{14/6.73}=5.4} every two weeks.[42] Similarly, in Ireland, the variant—as indicated by the missing S gene[e] detection (S-gene target failure [SGTF]), which historically was rare—went from 16.3% to 46.3% of cases in two weeks. This demonstrates, based on the statistics of 116 positive samples, that the variant had a relative higher growth by a factor of  46.3 % ⋅ ( 100 % − 16.3 % ) / ( ( 100 % − 46.3 % ) ⋅ 16.3 % ) = 4.4 {\displaystyle 46.3\%\cdot (100\%-16.3\%)/((100\%-46.3\%)\cdot 16.3\%)=4.4} , when compared to the average growth for all other variants by the end of this two week period.[44] The variant became the dominant variant in London, East of England and the South East from low levels in one to two months. A surge of SARS-CoV-2 infections around the start of the new year is seen[by whom?] as being the result of the elevated transmissibility of the variant, while the other variants were in decline.[45][46][47]

One of the most important changes in lineage B.1.1.7 seems to be N501Y,[18] a change from asparagine (N) to tyrosine (Y) in amino-acid position 501.[48] This is because of its position inside the spike protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD)—more specifically inside the receptor-binding motif (RBM),[49] a part of the RBD[50]—which binds human ACE2.[51] Mutations in the RBD can change antibody recognition and ACE2 binding specificity[51] and lead to the virus becoming more infectious;.[18] Chand et al. concluded that "[i]t is highly likely that N501Y affects the receptor-binding affinity of the spike protein, and it is possible that this mutation alone or in combination with the deletion at 69/70 in the N-terminal domain (NTD) is enhancing the transmissibility of the virus".[52] In early 2021 a peer-reviewed paper found that the mentioned HV 69–70 deletion in vitro "appeared to have two-fold higher infectivity over a single round of infection compared to [wild-type SARS-CoV-2]" in lentiviral SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses.[53]

Using In Silico approach, Shahhosseini et al. demonstrated that the Y501 mutation in lineage B.1.1.7 forms a shorter H-bond (length of 2.94 Å) than its counterpart in the wild type (WT) variant residue N501, indicating that in lineage B.1.1.7 the RBD and hACE2 have a stable interaction. Furthermore, the Y501 mutation in lineage B.1.1.7 contributes more negatively to Binding Free Energy (BFE) (-7.18 kcal/mol) than its counterpart in the WT variant residue N501 (-2.92 kcal/mol). As a result of combining BFE and molecular interaction results, the N501Y mutation in RBD strengthens binding affinity of SARS-CoV-2 RBD to hACE2.[54]

#### Incubation period[edit]

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### Virulence[edit]

Matched cohort studies of the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7) found higher mortality rate than earlier circulating variants overall,[55][56] but not in hospitalised patients.[57] An ecological study found no difference in mortality overall.[58]

Initially, NERVTAG said on 18 December 2020 that there were insufficient data to reach a conclusion regarding disease severity. At prime minister Boris Johnson's briefing the following day, officials said that there was "no evidence" as of that date that the variant caused higher mortality or was affected differently by vaccines and treatments;[59] Vivek Murthy agreed with this.[60] Susan Hopkins, the joint medical adviser for the NHS Test and Trace and Public Health England (PHE), declared in mid-December 2020: "There is currently no evidence that this strain causes more severe illness, although it is being detected in a wide geography, especially where there are increased cases being detected."[18] Around a month later, however—on 22 January 2021—Johnson said that "there is some evidence that the new variant [VOC-202012/01]… may be associated with a higher degree of mortality", though Sir Patrick Vallance, the government's Chief Scientific Advisor, stressed that there is not yet enough evidence to be fully certain of this.[61]

In a paper analysing twelve different studies on lineage B.1.1.7 death rate relative to other lineages, it was found to have a higher death rate (71% according to LSHTM, 70% according to University of Exeter, 65% according to Public Health England, and 36% according to Imperial College London), and NERVTAG concluded: "Based on these analyses, it is likely that infection with VOC B.1.1.7 is associated with an increased risk of hospitalisation and death compared to infection with non-VOC viruses".[62] Results of the death studies were associated with some high uncertainty and confidence intervals, because of a limited sample seize related to the fact that UK only analysed the VOC status for 8% of all COVID-19 deaths.[63]

A UK case-control study for 54,906 participants, testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 between 1 October 2020 and 29 January 2021 in the community setting (not including vulnerable persons from care centres and other public institutions), reported that patients infected with the Alpha variant (VOC 202012/1) had a hazard ratio for death within 28 days of testing of 1.64 (95% confidence interval 1.32-2.04), as compared with matched patients positive for other variants of SARS-CoV-2.[64] Also in the UK, a survival analysis of 1,146,534 participants testing positive for SARS-CoV-2 between 1 November 2020 and 14 February 2021, including individuals in the community and in care and nursing homes, found a hazard ratio of 1.61 (95% confidence interval 1.42–1.82) for death within 28 days of testing among individuals infected with lineage B.1.1.7; no significant differences in the increased hazard of death associated with lineage B.1.1.7 were found among individuals differing in age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation level, or place of residence.[56] Both studies adjusted for varying COVID-19 mortality by geographical region and over time, correcting for potential biases due to differences in testing rates or differences in the availability of hospital services over time and space.[citation needed]

A Danish study found people infected by lineage B.1.1.7 to be 64% (32%–104%) more likely to get admitted to hospitals compared with people infected by another lineage.[65]

Genetic sequencing of VOC-202012/01 has shown a Q27stop mutation which "truncates the ORF8 protein or renders it inactive".[15] An earlier study of SARS-CoV-2 variants which deleted the ORF8 gene noted that they "have been associated to milder symptoms and better disease outcome".[66] The study also noted that "SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 is an immunoglobulin (Ig)–like protein that modulates pathogenesis", that "SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 mediates major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) degradation", and that "SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 suppresses type I interferon (IFN)–mediated antiviral response".[66]

Referring to amino-acid position 501 inside the spike protein, Chand et al. concluded that "it is possible that variants at this position affect the efficacy of neutralisation of virus",[52] but noted that "[t]here is currently no neutralisation data on N501Y available from polyclonal sera from natural infection".[52] The HV 69–70 deletion has, however, been discovered "in viruses that eluded the immune response in some immunocompromised patients",[67] and has also been found "in association with other RBD changes".[52]

## Epidemiology[edit]

Test determined growth curves on a logarithmic scale, for development of the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7) share among all coronavirus positive samples in Denmark, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Switzerland, and Ireland.[73] The slopes noted in brackets, are the relative exponential growth rate per day (e.g. 7.6% per day for Denmark).

Test determined growth curves on a logarithmic scale, for development of the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7) share among all coronavirus positive samples in the United Kingdom, countries in the UK, and regions of England.[76] The slopes noted in brackets, are the relative exponential growth rate per day (e.g. 8.6% per day for the UK).

Cases of the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7) are likely to be under-reported by most countries as the most commonly used tests do not distinguish between this variant and other SARS-CoV-2 variants, and as many SARS-CoV-2 infections are not detected at all. RNA sequencing is required for detection of this variant,[77] although RT-PCR test for specific variants[f] can be used as a proxy test for Alpha — or as a supplementing first-screening test before conducting the whole-genome sequencing.[78][70]

As of 23 March, the Alpha variant had been detected in 125 out of 241 sovereign states and dependencies (or 104 out of 194 WHO member countries),[g] of which some had reported existence of community transmission while others so far only found travel related cases.[82] As of 16 March, it had become the dominant COVID-19 variant for 21 countries: United Kingdom (week 52), Ireland (week 2), Bulgaria (week 4), Slovakia (week 5), Israel (week 5), Luxembourg (week 5), Portugal (week 6), Denmark (week 7), Netherlands (week 7), Norway (week 7), Italy (week 7), Belgium (week 7), France (week 8), Austria (week 8), Switzerland (week 8), Liechtenstein (week 9), Germany (week 9), Sweden (week 9), Spain (week 9), Malta (week 10) and Poland (week 11). The emergence and the fast spreading of the new variant has been detected in Lebanon and a relationship noted between SARS-CoV-2 transmission intensity and the frequency of the new variant during the first twelve days of January.[83] Since February, Alpha has become the dominant variant in Lebanon.[84]

As of February 2021, none of the countries from South America, Central America, Africa, Middle East (except Israel), Asia and Oceania had reported data for the detected share of the Alpha variant among their COVID-19 positives; rendering it unknown whether or not Alpha could be dominant for their COVID-19 pandemic.

### Spread in UK[edit]

The first case was likely in mid-September 2020 in London or Kent, United Kingdom.[85] As of 13 December 2020, 1,108 cases with this variant had been identified in the UK in nearly 60 different local authorities. These cases were predominantly in the south east of England. The variant has also been identified in Wales and Scotland.[86] By November, around a quarter of cases in the COVID-19 pandemic in London were being caused by the new variant, and by December, that was a third.[87] In mid-December, it was estimated that almost 60 percent of cases in London involved Alpha.[88] By 25 January 2021, the number of confirmed and probable UK cases had grown to 28,122.[89]

### Spread in Europe[edit]

The variant became dominant for:

* South East England in week 48, the last week of November 2020.[39]
* England in week 51 of 2020.[90]
* United Kingdom in week 52 of 2020.[72]
* Scotland and Northern Ireland in week 1 of 2021.[74]
* Wales in week 2 of 2021.[74]
* Ireland in week 2 of 2021.[44]

In Bulgaria, genome sequencing found the variant to be dominant with 52.1% in week 4, followed by 73.4% in week 9.[91]

Distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus variants after entering Germany

Also in Slovakia, a RT-PCR Multiplex DX test capable of detecting the 2 deletions specific for lineage B.1.1.7 (ΔH69/ΔV70 and ΔY144),[92] first found the variant nationwide in 74% of cases on 3 February (week 5), followed by 72% of cases on 15 February (week 7), and it then grew to 90% of cases on 3 March (week 9).[93] The same test found earlier on 8 January prevalence of the variant at a rate of 36% in the Michalovce District and 29% in Nitra.[94]

In Israel, the variant was first time detected by genome sequencing 23 December 2020.[95] Leumit Health Care Services however analysed with the proxy test RT-PCR (SGTF) and found the variant at a rate of 3‑4% on 15 December.[96] The national Ministry of Health estimated based on genome sequencing, that the prevalence of the variant became dominant (70%) on 6 February[97] followed by 90% on 16 February.[98]

In Luxembourg, a weekly genome sequencing revealed that the variant grew from 0.3% (week 51) to be dominant with a share of 53.0% in week 5, although results might not be fully representative due to the fact that no correction occurred from potential targeting bias from contact tracing, airport travellers and local outbreaks. Genome sequencing of a population representative randomized test pool - with no target bias - was conducted since week 6, and it confirmed the dominant status of the variant at a rate of 54.1% (week 6) growing to 62.8% (week 9), while the competing Beta variant (lineage B.1.351) was found to be at 18.5% in week 9.[99]

In Denmark the variant grew from 0.3% (week 46 of 2020) to become dominant with 65.9% (week 7 of 2021), and it grew further to 92.7% (week 10); with the regional prevalence ranging from 87.3% in the North Jutland Region to 96.1% in the Central Denmark Region.[100] The observed growth of the relative variant share, was in full accordance with the earlier modelled forecast,[37] that had predicted dominance (over 50%) around mid-February and a prevalence of around 80% of the total circulating variants by early March.[101] In comparison, the genome sequencing only found the competing Beta variant in 0.4% of the positive cases (9 times out of 2315 tests) in week 10.[102][103]

In the Netherlands, a randomly conducted genome sequencing found that the variant grew from 1.3% of cases in week 49 to a dominant share of 61.3% in week 7, followed by 82.0% in week 9; while the competing Beta variant in comparison was found to be at 3.0% in week 9.[69] In the City Region of Amsterdam, the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7) grew from 5.2% (week 52) to 54.5% (week 6).[104]

In Norway, the variant was found by genome sequencing to grow from 5.7% (week 1) into dominance by a 58.4% (week 7), followed by 65.0% (week 8).[105] Another large survey comprising results of both genome sequencing and PCR proxy tests, with a sample seize of more than 1000 tests per week (since week 4), at the same time found that the variant grew from 2.0% (week 48) into dominance by 60.0% (week 7), followed by 72.7% in week 10 - while only 2.2% of cases in comparison were found to be of the Beta variant.[106] The variant regionally had its highest share in the county of Oslo and Viken,[107] growing from 18% to 90% of analysed samples in Oslo from 20 January to 23 February (although with the data-corrected estimate a bit lower at 50-70% on 23 February); while growing from 21% to 80% of analysed samples in Viken from 25 January to 23 February (although with the data-corrected estimate a bit lower at 50% on 23 February).[108] For the period 15 February to 14 March, the combined survey of genome sequencing and PCR proxy tests, also found the Alpha variant was at a dominant rate over 50% for 8 out of 11 regions, with its highest rate (82%) found for Oslo; while the region Nordland was different from all other regions by having only 6% cases of Alpha along with a dominant 88% of cases represented by the Beta variant.[106]

In Portugal, the variant represented according to a national genome sequencing survey: 16.0% of the Covid-19 infections during 10–19 January (week 2),[109] followed by a dominant 58.2% in week 6.[110] A national RT-PCR proxy test based on SGTF and SGTL observations, found the variant at a rate of 33.5% in week 4, but observed afterwards a decelerating pace for the weekly rise of the variant share (reason unknown), and according to this study it only became dominant by 50.5% (91.8% of 55.0% SGTFL) in week 8, followed by 64.3% (91.8% of 70% SGTFL) in week 10.[70]

In Italy, the Alpha variant accounted for 17.8% of cases nationwide on 4-5 February (week 5),[111] followed by 54.0% on 18 February (week 7). The regional prevalence for week 7 ranged from 0% in Aosta Valley (although only one sample was tested) to 93.3% in Molise. In week 7, the competing Gamma variant had a prevalence of 4.3% (ranging between 0%-36.2% regionally) and the South African variant a prevalence of 0.4% (ranging between 0%-2.9% regionally).[112]

In Switzerland, a nationwide weekly genome sequencing survey found that the Alpha variant grew from 0.05% (week 51) to a dominant 58.2% of cases in week 8, followed by 71.1% in week 9.[71] This was in full accordance with a model from 9 February that had forecast dominance around mid-February.[113] In comparison, the competing Beta variant was only found nationwide in 1.0% of the positive cases in week 9.[71]

In Belgium, genome sequencing of samples selected randomly after excluding all samples from active targeted testing related to local outbreaks or travels (creating a statistical representative national sample with a seize equal to 4.4% of all COVID-19 positive tests), found that the Alpha variant share grew from 7.1% in week 1 to a dominant 51.5% in week 7, followed by 79.3% in week 10.[114] The variant was first time detected by targeted genome sequencing in week 49, but due to a small sample seize (not being random, and less than 100 tests per week) then no reliable variant share data could be determined before week 1.[115] The proxy test for the variant (RT-PCR SGTF) was also conducted for a sample seize equal to 25.8% of all COVID-19 positive tests, and found a dominant 54.8% SGTF rate for week 10. In comparison, the competing Beta variant was found to be at 3.6% and the Gamma variant had a prevalence of 1.8% in week 10.[114]

In France, scientists accurately forecast the Alpha variant (VOC-202012/01) would likely become dominant nationwide around week 8–11 of 2021.[116] A nationwide survey of randomly selected positive COVID-19 samples first analysed by a RT-PCR screening test and subsequently confirmed by genome sequencing, revealed that the variant grew from a share of 3.3% (388/11916) on 7-8 January (week 1)[117] to 13.3% (475/3561) on 27 January (week 4),[80] followed by 44.3% (273/615) on 16 February (week 7).[80] In week 8, the variant was found to have a dominant share of 56.4% (758/1345) according to the interpretable results of a weekly genome sequencing survey comprising 0.9% of all COVID-19 positive tests, or 59.5% according to a variant-specific RT-PCR survey testing 54% of all the COVID-19 positive tests.[118] In week 10, the variant was found to have a share of 71.9% according to a variant-specific RT-PCR survey testing 56.9% of all the COVID-19 positive tests. The spread of the variant differed regionally for the 96 departments located in Metropolitan France for week 10, with 91 departments over 50% and 5 departments with 30%-50% (of which the Moselle department in particular was notable due to finding a high 38.3% rate of the competing Beta variant, that - despite having declined from a dominant 54.4% value in week 8 - still was significantly above the 5.0% national average for this specific variant).[119]

In Austria, Agentur für Gesundheit und Ernährungssicherheit (AGES) collected data from N501Y RT-PCR specific tests combined with subsequent genome sequencing analysis, and found that the variant grew from 7.2% (week 1) to a dominant 61.3% (week 8), followed by 61.2% in week 9 and 48.3% in week 10. If all N501Y positive tests had been analysed further by genome sequencing, then these listed shares could have been even higher, for example they could have been as mcuh as: 2.4% higher for week 1, 23.0% higher for week 7, 4.0% higher for week 8, 6.8% higher for week 9 and 25.4% higher for week 10. The competing Beta variant was only found nationwide in 0.3% of the positive cases in week 10, and for the region Tyrol \- where it had been most prevalent - its share declined from 24.5% in week 4 to just 1.9% in week 10. Regionally Alpha was found to be dominant with over 50% for 7 out of 9 regions, with the only two exceptions being Tyrol and Vorarlberg.[120]

In Germany, the largest and probably most representative national survey published by the Robert Koch Institute (entitled RKI-Testzahlerfassung), determined the share of circulating COVID-19 variants for the latest week by analysing 53,272 COVID-19 positive samples either by genome sequencing or RT-PCR proxy tests, with data collected on a voluntary basis from 84 laboratories from the university / research / clinical / outpatient sector - spread evenly across the nation. The survey did not utilize data weights or data selection criteria to ensure existence of geographical representativity, but might still be regarded as somewhat representative for the national average due to its big sample seize. According to the RKI-Testzahlerfassung survey, the variant grew from a share of 2.0% (week 2) to a dominant share of 54.5% (week 9), followed by 63.5% in week 10. In comparison, the competing Beta variant was only found nationwide in 0.9% of the positive cases in week 10.[121]

In Malta, the variant was first time detected by genome sequencing on 30 December 2020,[122] and represented 8% of the positive cases in week 7.[123] A new RT-PCR variant specific test was introduced for the surveillance,[124] where the first results reported on 10 March revealed the variant now represented 61% of cases nationwide.[125]

In Sweden, the national authorities initially expected the variant would become dominant around week 12–14 under the assumption of 50% increased transmissibility compared to the original virus.[126] In average, the variant share was found growing from 10.8% (week 4) to 36.9% (week 7) across five of its southern regions (Skåne, Västra Götaland, Västmanland, Gävleborg and Örebro).[127] For week 7, the share of the variant was for the first time also calculated to 30.4% as the overall average for 19 out of 21 Swedish regions (ranging from 3.3% in Blekinge to 45% in Gävleborg). For week 9, the share of the variant was calculated to a dominant 56.4% as the overall average for the 19 regions (ranging from 16% in Kronoberg to 72% in Gävleborg). For week 10, the share of the variant was calculated to have increased further to 71.3% as the overall average for the 19 regions (ranging from 40% in Kronoberg to 84% in Jönköping). Although no geographical weights were applied to ensure geographical representativity for the calculated average for the 19 regions, the overall sample seize of 12,417 variant tests represented 43.1% of all COVID-19 positive PCR-tests for week 10, inferring that the result of the survey might be close to represent the actual true average for the nation as a whole.[81]

In the microstate Liechtenstein, the first case of Alpha was detected on 19 December 2020. During the entire pandemic, 67 VOC-N501Y PCR-positive cases were detected comprising 58 cases of Alpha, 1 of Beta (detected 1 February) and 8 un-identified N501Y cases (from 10 Dec. to 22 Feb.), as of 18 March 2021. The weekly average of each days calculated 7-day rolling average for the share of all detected VOC-N501Y cases (which is a good proxy for Alpha in Liechtenstein), was found to be 10.9% in week 5, followed by a dominant 52.2% in week 9 (where 8 out of 15 tests were found to be Alpha); and grew further to 73.4% in week 10 (where 6 out of 9 tests were found to be Alpha).[128]

In Spain, the variant share was estimated nationwide to be 5%-10% of cases on 29 January,[129] followed by 20%-25% of cases on 18 February[130][131] and 25%-30% of cases on 22 February,[132] and estimated to be dominant with over 50% as of 3 March (week 9).[133] As of week 10, the prevalence of the variant ranged from 18.3% to 97.0% for the 17 regions, with all but two regions having a dominant rate above 50%:[134]

* No data reported by Extremadura.
* 18.3% for week 10 in Aragon.
* 27.0% for week 7 in Canary Islands.
* 51.3% for week 8 in Castile and León.
* 52.2% for week 10 in Valencia.
* 52.8% for week 10 in Castilla–La Mancha.
* 53.3% for week 4 in Galicia.
* 59.5% for week 9 in La Rioja.
* 59.7% for week 10 in Madrid.
* 61.6% for week 11 in Andalusia.
* 76.1% for week 10 in Balearic Islands.
* 76.7% for week 10 in Murcia.
* 77.4% for week 10 in Basque Country.
* 77.8% for week 10 in Navarre.
* 83.1% for week 10 in Cantabria.
* 84.6% for week 9 in Catalonia.
* 97.0% for week 10 in Asturias.

In Poland, a national survey among infected teachers led to experts estimating that the variant share was between 5% to 10% nationwide as of 11 February,[135] while ECDC reported it to be 9% as of 15 February.[136] According to Health minister Adam Niedzielski, the variant was found at a rate of 5% in the first studies from the second half of January, and then it increased by ten percentage points every ten days, until it became dominant nationwide by a 52% rate on 16 March (week 11).[137][138] Regionally, the variant had already exceeded 70% for Warmian-Masurian and Pomeranian on 22-23 February (week 8),[139] and even reached 90% for the Greater Poland Voivodeship on 17 March (week 11).[140]

In Finland, no statistical representative national survey had been conducted as of February 2021, as the national genome sequencing mainly targeted further analysis of COVID-19 positive samples from travellers and local outbreak clusters.[141] Helsinky University Hospital (HUS), operating in the Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District, found the variant in 10% of all samples collected randomly during a few days ahead of 14 February in the capitol region (also known as the Helsinky constituency and Uusimaa constituency). For the capitol region, the variant was modelled to become dominant (over 50%) in the second half of March (week 11-13).[142]

In Iceland, the national authorities implemented a strict 3 test and quarantine regime for all persons entering the country from abroad, that so far successfully managed to prevent new infectious VOCs from gaining a foothold in the country. As of 4 March, a total of 90 travellers had tested positive for the Alpha variant at Iceland's borders and the 20 additional domestic cases were all closely connected to the border cases, with no cases related to community transmission.[143]

### Spread in North America[edit]

In the United States, the variant first appeared late November 2020,[144] grew from 1.2% in late January and became predominant around the end of March.[145][146]

In Canada, the variant first appeared in Ontario late December 2020.[147] By 13 February, it had spread to all ten provinces.[148] Testing and confirmation of the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7) in COVID-19-positive samples has been inconsistent across the country.[149] On 3 February, the province of Alberta was the first to screen all COVID-19 positive samples for variants of concern.[149][150] As of 23 March, the Alpha variant had been detected in 5812 cases, and was most prevalent in the province of Alberta.[151] In Ontario, a combined RT-PCR (N501Y) and genome sequencing study found that all VOCs represented 4.4% of all COVID-19 positives on 20 January (week 3), and that Alpha comprised 99% of all those VOCs.[152] Public Health Ontario laboratories found the variant in close to 7% of all COVID-19 positives in week 5, representing 97% (309/319) of all detected VOCs.[153] Alpha became the dominant variant on or around 16 March; 53% of all positive cases were VOCs, and it was presumed 97% of VOCs were Alpha.[154] In Quebec, where the variant was also widespread, it was expected to become dominant by late March or in April.[155]

The relatively low sensitivity of the projected dominance dates to the current percentage of the variant is due to its fast relative exponential growth. Recently, Delta appears to have overtaken Alpha in North America as it has in the UK.

### Development[edit]

Development of the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7)
(share of analysed SARS-CoV-2–positive tests in a given week)

Country  | Test  | 2020 Week 42 | Week 43 | Week 44 | Week 45 | Week 46 | Week 47 | Week 48 | Week 49 | Week 50 | Week 51 | Week 52 | Week 53 | 2021 Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 | Week 8 | Week 9 | Week 10
United Kingdom | Seq.[72] | 0.05%  | 0.35%  | 1.0%  | 2.7%  | 6.3%  | 10.2%  | 10.2%  | 13.9%  | 32.9%  | 45.7%  | 51.3% | 70.6% | 74.1% | 78.6% | 86.0% | 89.1% | – | – | – | – | – | –
England | SGTF[156]*Seq.%[157]

Seq.[90]
SGTF rawdata[h]
SGTF model[h]

| 0.07%

(0.02%)
(N/A)
(N/A)

| 0.4%

(0.5%)
(N/A)
(N/A)

| 0.9%

(1.2%)
(N/A)
(N/A)

| 2.9%

(1.5%)
(N/A)
(N/A)

| 5.5%

(5.3%)
(N/A)
(N/A)

| 9.1%

(7.8%)
(15.2%)
(m:13.3%)

| 18.0%

(11.4%)
(24.3%)
(m:15.9%)

| 32.2%

(22.1%)
(36.8%)
(m:22.0%)

| 51.8%

(38.1%)
(49.3%)
(m:32.1%)

| 63.7%

(61.8%)
(60.7%)
(m:57.2%)

| 72.4%

(62.1%)
(72.1%)
(m:68.9%)

| 77.9%

(78.4%)
(75.0%)
(m:74.0%)

| 82.1%

(76.7%)
(80.7%)
(m:78.3%)

| 87.5%

(79.7%)
(83.3%)
(m:82.1%)

| 90.6%

(–)
(88.2%)
(m:86.0%)

| 93.8%

(–)
(87.7%)
(m:89.3%)

| 95.7%

(–)
(93.4%)
(m:92.5%)

| 97.4%

(–)
(95.3%)
(m:94.5%)

| 98.1%

(–)
(97.0%)
(m:95.4%)

| 98.6%

(–)
(95.6%)
(m:95.5%)

| 98.7%

(–)
(94.2%)
(m:95.2%)

| –

(–)
(96.1%)
(m:94.1%)

Northern Ireland | SGTF rawdata[h]
SGTF model[h] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 17.9%
(m:14.0%) | 7.4%
(m:14.9%) | 37.5%
(m:16.3%) | 23.0%
(m:18.5%) | 50.0%
(m:36.1%) | 25.0%
(m:42.1%) | 58.8%
(m:44.7%) | 45.2%
(m:52.7%) | 71.4%
(m:67.0%) | 78.2%
(m:74.0%) | 72.4%
(m:81.4%) | 95.7%
(m:86.5%) | 88.9%
(m:90.5%) | 92.2%
(m:92.4%) | 100.0%
(m:93.0%) | 86.2%
(m:92.6%) | 100.0%
(m:91.1%)
Scotland | SGTF rawdata[h]
SGTF model[h] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 9.5%
(m:5.8%) | 9.7%
(m:6.7%) | 10.4%
(m:7.7%) | 11.7%
(m:10.2%) | 51.4%
(m:26.2%) | 40.0%
(m:39.5%) | 35.8%
(m:43.9%) | 64.1%
(m:49.8%) | 67.2%
(m:64.2%) | 63.3%
(m:65.0%) | 69.2%
(m:70.0%) | 70.6%
(m:77.3%) | 93.9%
(m:84.7%) | 82.0%
(m:90.0%) | 100.0%
(m:93.7%) | 93.0%
(m:95.8%) | 100.0%
(m:96.9%)
Wales | SGTF rawdata[h]
SGTF model[h] | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 27.9%
(m:18.1%) | 8.3%
(m:16.0%) | 10.7%
(m:13.3%) | 26.3%
(m:12.1%) | 13.4%
(m:15.0%) | 15.9%
(m:14.7%) | 19.8%
(m:20.4%) | 54.4%
(m:34.8%) | 61.5%
(m:59.6%) | 69.0%
(m:65.0%) | 68.1%
(m:68.7%) | 77.0%
(m:73.4%) | 71.8%
(m:76.6%) | 75.8%
(m:78.5%) | 87.9%
(m:78.9%) | 80.0%
(m:77.2%) | 69.9%
(m:73.3%)
Ireland | SGTF rawdata[44] | –  | –  | –  | 1.9%
(few data) | 0.0%
(few data) | 0.0%
(few data) | 6.1%
(few data) | 2.2%
(few data) | 1.6%
(few data) | 7.5%  | 16.3%  | 26.2%  | 46.3%  | 57.7% | 69.5% | 75.0% | 90.1% | 88.6% | 90.8% | – | – | –
Bulgaria | Seq.[91] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 52.1% | – | 70.8% | – | – | 73.4% | –
Israel | SGTF w.51+1
Seq. after w.1 | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 3–4%
(Dec.15)[96] | –  | –  | 10–20%
(Jan.5)[96] | 10–20%
(Jan.11)[160] | 30–40%
(Jan.19)[161] | 40–50%
(Jan.25)[162] | ~70%
(Feb.2)[97] | ~80%
(Feb.9)[163] | ~90%
(Feb.16)[98] | – | – | –
Slovakia | PCR (SGTF+ΔY144) [93] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | ~74%
(Feb.3) | – | ~72%
(Feb.15) | – | ~90%
(Mar.3) | –
Luxembourg | Seq.[99] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 0.3%  | 0.9%  | 4.2%  | 8.7%  | 15.5%  | 16.9%  | 36.2%  | 53.0% | 54.1% | 53.8% | 63.7% | 62.8% | –
Denmark | Seq.[100] | –  | –  | –  | –  | 0.3%  | 0.2%  | 0.4%  | 0.4%  | 0.4%  | 0.8%  | 1.8%  | 1.9%  | 3.5%  | 7.0%  | 13.1%  | 19.6%  | 29.6%  | 47.0%  | 65.9% | 75.3% | 85.1% | 92.7%
Netherlands | Seq.[69] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 1.3%  | 0.8%  | 0.5%  | 2.1%  | 4.4%  | 9.6%  | 15.9%  | 22.7%  | 24.7%  | 31.0.%  | 40.3%  | 61.3% | 75.2% | 82.0% | –
Norway | PCR proxy and Seq.[106]
Seq.[164][105] | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | 0.0%
(–) | 2.0%
(–) | 0.0%
(0.0%) | 4.9%
(0.0%) | 8.9%
(7.2%) | 6.0%
(2.9%) | 14.9%
(1.3%) | 18.9%
(5.7%) | 19.5%
(11.6%) | 15.2%
(9.3%) | 19.8%
(20.1%) | 34.1%
(30.3%) | 43.6%
(40.8%) | 60.0%
(58.4%) | 71.8%
(65.0%) | 76.7%
(–) | 72.7%
(–)
Italy | Seq.%[111][112] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 17.8%  | –  | 54.0% | – | – | –
France | PCR proxy
Seq.
SGTF*Seq.% | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(3.3%)[117] | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(–) | –
(–)
(13.3%)[80] | –
(–)
(–) | 36.1%[165]
(–)
(–) | 49.3%[166]
(45.8%)[166]
(44.3%)[80] | 59.5%[118]
(56.4%)[118]
(–) | 65.8%[80]
(69.0%)[119]
(–) | 71.9%[119]
(–)
(–)
Switzerland | Seq.[71] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 0.05%  | 0.4%  | 0.8%  | 2.6%  | 4.9%  | 9.2%  | 16.5%  | 26.0%  | 32.4%  | 47.0%  | 58.2% | 71.1% | –
Austria | PCR(N501Y)*Seq.%[120]
Seq.B117+unseq.N501Y[120] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 7.2%[i]
(9.6%) | 17.4%[i]
(23.8%) | 14.7%[i]
(19.6%) | 22.5%[i]
(28.6%) | 28.7%[i]
(37.2%) | 24.0%[i]
(45.4%) | 35.1%[i]
(58.1%) | 61.3%[i]
(65.3%) | 61.2%[i]
(68.0%) | 48.3%[i]
(73.7%)
Belgium | Seq.[115][114]
SGTF[115][114] | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | 0.0%
(<5%) | 0.0%
(<5%) | 0.0%
(<5%) | 13.6%
(<5%) | 0.0%
(<5%) | 7.1%
(7.2%) | 7.7%
(6.9%) | 13.4%
(16.6%) | 23.3%
(19.5%) | 39.4%
(22.4%) | 43.2%
(27.9%) | 51.5%
(34.4%) | 57.6%
(45.8%) | 66.5%
(46.3%) | 79.3%
(54.8%)
Portugal | SGTFL*Seq.%[70] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 1.7%  | 0.8%  | 1.2%  | 1.7%  | 2.9%  | 6.8%  | 12.3%  | 22.7%  | 33.5%  | 39.2%  | 40.9%  | 45.7%  | 50.5% | 56.0% | 64.3%
Sweden | Seq. all N501Y+A570D pos. tests[81] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 10.8%
(av. for 5 out of 21 regions)[j] | 15.1%
(av. for 5 out of 21 regions)[k] | 27.3%
(av. for 5 out of 21 regions)[l] | 30.4%
(av. for 19 out of 21 regions)[m] | 41.5%
(av. for 19 out of 21 regions)[n] | 56.4%
(av. for 17 out of 21 regions)[o] | 71.3%
(av. for 18 out of 21 regions)[p]
Germany | PCR proxy and Seq.[121]
Seq.[121] | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(–) | –
(2.6%) | 2.0%
(8.8%) | 3.6%
(4.9%) | 4.7%
(10.7%) | 7.2%
(17.7%) | 17.6%
(20.8%) | 25.9%
(33.2%) | 40.0%
(42.9%) | 54.5%
(48.3%) | 63.5%
(–)
Liechtenstein | PCR proxy: N501Y[128] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 10.9%  | 28.5%  | 32.8%  | 47.0%  | 52.2% | 73.4%
Spain | Estimated based on PCR proxy[134] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 5-10%
(Jan.29)[129] | –  | –  | 20-25%
(Feb.18)[131] | 25-30%
(Feb.22)[132] | >50%
(Mar.3)[133] | –
United States | SGTF*Seq.%[168] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 0.05%  | 0.2%  | 0.4%  | 0.5%  | 1.0%  | 1.9%  | 3.0%  | 4.7%  | 7.6%  | 12.4%  | 19.3%  | 28.8%  | 37.4%
California | SGTF*Seq.%[168] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 0.3%  | 0.3%  | 0.7%  | 1.1%  | 1.3%  | 2.0%  | 1.9%  | 4.2%  | 5.9%  | 13.1%  | 16.6%  | 18.8%  | 28.0%
Florida | SGTF*Seq.%[168] | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | –  | 0.2%  | 0.5%  | 0.9%  | 1.0%  | 2.3%  | 4.6%  | 8.1%  | 10.7%  | 14.5%  | 21.0%  | 28.3%  | 39.8%  | 47.0%
Other countries without weekly/periodic data, but with a variant share above 5%: 00 Malta (61%),[125] and Poland (52%).[138]

The following additional countries did not report variant shares, but are likely to have a significant share present due to their finding of more than 50 cases confirmed by whole genome sequencing per 13 March 2021:[169]

* Turkey (486 cases)
* Finland (268 cases)
* Australia (140 cases)
* Chile (124 cases)
* Croatia (121 cases)
* Nigeria (113 cases)
* South Korea (90 cases)
* Slovenia (87 cases)
* Latvia (83 cases)
* India (81 cases)
* Romania (76 cases)
* Ghana (67 cases)
* Singapore (66 cases)
* New Zealand (63 cases)
* North Macedonia (53 cases)
* Brazil (53 cases)
* Taiwan (32 cases)

The GISAID database of all sequenced COVID-19 genomes, calculates for each country for the past four weeks an average "Relative Variant Genome Frequency" for submitted samples. Those observed frequencies are however subject to sampling and reporting biases, and do not represent exact variant share prevalence due to absence of statistical representativity.[169]

### Countries reporting a first case[edit]

#### December 2020[edit]

Cases of the variant began to be reported globally during December, being reported in Denmark,[59][170] Belgium,[171] the Netherlands, Australia[59][170] and Italy.[172] Shortly after, several other countries confirmed their first cases, the first of whom were found in Iceland and Gibraltar,[173][174] then Singapore, Israel and Northern Ireland on 23 December,[175][176][177] Germany and Switzerland on 24 December,[178][179] and the Republic of Ireland and Japan confirmed on 25 December.[180][181]

The first cases in Canada, France, Lebanon, Spain and Sweden were reported on 26 December.[182][183][184][185] Jordan, Norway, and Portugal reported their first case on 27 December,[186][187] Finland and South Korea reported their first cases on 28 December,[188][189] and Chile, India, Pakistan and the United Arab Emirates reported their first cases on 29 December.[190][191][192][193] The first case of new variant in Malta and Taiwan are reported on 30 December.[122][194] China and Brazil reported their first cases of the new variant on 31 December.[195][196] The United Kingdom and Denmark are sequencing their SARS-CoV-2 cases at considerably higher rates than most others,[197] and it was considered likely that additional countries would detect the variant later.[198]

The United States reported a case in Colorado with no travel history on 29 December, the sample was taken on 24 December.[199] On 6 January 2021, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention announced that it had found at least 52 confirmed cases in California, Florida, Colorado, Georgia, and New York.[200] In the following days, more cases of the variant were reported in other states, leading former CDC director Tom Frieden to express his concerns that the U.S. will soon face "close to a worst-case scenario".[201]

#### January 2021[edit]

Turkey detected its first cases in 15 people from England on 1 January 2021.[202] It was reported on 1 January that Denmark had found a total of 86 cases of the variant, equalling an overall frequency of less than 1% of the sequenced cases in the period from its first detection in the country in mid-November to the end of December;[203][204] this had increased to 1.6% of sequenced tests in the period from mid-November to week two of 2021, with 7% of sequenced tests in this week alone being of Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7).[205] Luxembourg and Vietnam reported their first case of this variant on 2 January 2021.[206][207]

On 3 January 2021, Greece and Jamaica detected their first four cases of this variant[208][209] and Cyprus announced that it had detected Alpha (VOC 202012/01) in 12 samples.[210] At the same time, New Zealand and Thailand reported their first cases of this variant, where the former reported six cases made up of five from the United Kingdom and one from South Africa,[211] and the latter reported the cases from a family of four who had arrived from Kent.[212] Georgia reported its first case[213] and Austria reported their first four cases of this variant, along with one case of Beta variant, on 4 January.[214]

On 5 January, Iran,[215] Oman,[216] and Slovakia reported their first cases of VOC-202012/01.[217] On 8 January, Romania reported its first case of the variant, an adult woman from Giurgiu County who declared not having left the country recently.[218] On 9 January, Peru confirmed its first case of the variant.[219] Mexico and Russia reported their first case of this variant on 10 January,[220] then Malaysia and Latvia on 11 January.[221][222]

On 12 January, Ecuador confirmed its first case of this variant.[223] The Philippines and Hungary both detected the presence of the variant on 13 January.[224][225] The Gambia recorded first cases of the variant on 14 January with it being the first confirmation of the variant's presence in Africa.[226] On 15 January, the Dominican Republic confirmed its first case of the new variant[227] and Argentina confirmed its first case of the variant on 16 January.[228] Czech Republic and Morocco reported their first cases on 18 January[229][230] while Ghana and Kuwait confirmed their first cases on 19 January.[231][232] Nigeria confirmed its first case on 25 January.[233] On 28 January, Senegal detected its first case of the variant.[234]

In early January, an outbreak linked to a primary school led to the detection of at least 30 cases of the new variant in the Bergschenhoek area of the Netherlands, signifying local transmission.[235]

On 16 January, the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health confirmed the variant was detected in L.A. County, with public health officials believing that it is spreading in the community.[236]

On 24 January, a person travelling from Africa to Faroe Islands tested positive upon arrival to the islands, and went directly into quarantine.[237]

On 28 January, North Macedonia confirmed the variant was detected in a 46-year-old man, who had already recovered.[238]

#### February 2021[edit]

On 1 February, Lithuania has confirmed the first cases of the new lineage.[citation needed] On 4 February, health authorities in Uruguay announced the first case of the variant in the country. The case was detected in a person who entered the country on 20 December 2020 and has been in quarantine ever since.[239] On 10 February, the Health Ministry of Croatia confirmed that out of 61 sequenced samples since 20 January, the variant was detected in 3 samples: a male 50 year old and 3.5 year old from Zagreb, and a male 34-year-old from Brod-Posavina County.[240] On 12 February, the variant was detected from four areas in Sri Lanka,[241] and the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador confirmed an outbreak of the variant.[242]

#### March 2021[edit]

On 2 March, Indonesia reports its first cases of the variant in two migrant workers returning from Saudi Arabia.[243] On the same day, Tunisia[244] reported their first cases of the variant. The presence of the variant in Ivory Coast was confirmed on 25 March.[245]

### N501Y mutation elsewhere[edit]

The N501Y mutation arose independently multiple times in different locations:

* In April 2020, it was seen for the first time in a few isolated sequences in Brazil.[246]
* In June 2020, the mutation appeared in an Australian lineage.[246]
* In July 2020, (according to Dr Julian Tang, University of Leicester) N501Y appeared in a lineage circulating in United States.[246][citation needed]
* In September 2020, it was found in a lineage in Wales, that evolved independently and was different from lineage B.1.1.7.[48]
* In September 2020,[1] the much more transmissible and widespread lineage B.1.1.7 (501Y.V1) was detected for the first time in Kent (England).[15]
* In October 2020, another highly transmissible variant of concern termed lineage B.1.351 (501Y.V2, Beta variant) was first time detected by genome sequencing in Nelson Mendela Bay (South Africa).[247] Phylogeographic analysis suggests this lineage emerged already in July or August 2020.[248]
* In December 2020,[249] another highly transmissible variant termed lineage P.1 (501Y.V3, Gamma variant) was detected in Manaus (Brazil).[250]

## Statistics[edit]

### Table[edit]

Cases by country  Country  | Confirmed cases (GISAID)[251]
as of 13 August 2021  | Last Case Reported

|
|

United Kingdom  | 268,386  | 27 June 2021
Canada  | 228,525[252] | 6 July 2021
USA  | 212,465  | 29 June 2021
Germany  | 102,642  | 28 June 2021
Denmark  | 62,570  | 29 June 2021
Sweden  | 58,838  | 21 June 2021
France  | 32,782  | 28 June 2021
Netherlands  | 28,773  | 25 June 2021
Japan  | 32,899  | 1 July 2021
Italy  | 25,420  | 30 June 2021
Switzerland  | 21,726  | 26 June 2021
Spain  | 22,258  | 05 July 2021
Belgium  | 20,724  | 01 July 2021
Poland  | 14,804  | 21 June 2021
Ireland  | 15,798  | 23 June 2021
Lithuania  | 9,334  | 11 June 2021
Israel  | 7,988  | 24 June 2021
Norway  | 8,526  | 23 June 2021
Slovenia  | 8,366  | 20 June 2021
Finland  | 7,953[253] | 25 May 2021
Greece  | 5,481  | 07 June 2021
Portugal  | 5,015  | 23 June 2021
Slovakia  | 4,480  | 19 June 2021
Luxembourg  | 4,898  | 25 May 2021
Croatia  | 4,350  | 11 June 2021
Austria  | 3,836  | 20 June 2021
Czech Republic  | 4,299  | 24 June 2021
India  | 3,361  | 01 June 2021
Latvia  | 3,135  | 28 May 2021
Estonia  | 2,993  | 08 May 2021
Bulgaria  | 3,056  | 17 May 2021
Mexico  | 1,705  | 24 June 2021
Thailand  | 726  | 20 June 2021
Romania  | 767  | 15 June 2021
Philippines  | 1,001  | 30 March 2021
Turkey  | 637  | 25 May 2021
South Korea  | 735  | 08 June 2021
Aruba  | 551  | 16 June 2021
Brazil  | 584  | 01 June 2021
Australia  | 506  | 04 July 2021
Kenya  | 559  | 03 June 2021
Cambodia  | 470  | 26 June 2021
Sint Maarten  | 384  | 24 June 2021
Russia  | 361  | 12 June 2021
Curacao  | 318  | 19 May 2021
Sri Lanka  | 386  | 25 June 2021
Ghana  | 347  | 24 April 2021
North Macedonia  | 258  | 22 April 2021
Qatar  | 231  | 23 May 2021
Singapore  | 190  | 17 June 2021
Pakistan  | 179  | 28 May 2021
Bonaire  | 183  | 15 June 2021
Kazakhstan  | 162  | 27 April 2021
New Zealand  | 152  | 14 June 2021
Malta  | 148  | 11 June 2021
Chile  | 162  | 12 June 2021
Nigeria  | 140  | 19 March 2021
South Africa  | 165  | 17 June 2021
Gibraltar  | 131  | 08 March 2021
Argentina  | 139  | 07 May 2021
Ecuador  | 167  | 17 June 2021
China  | 102  | 07 June 2021
Canary Islands  | 110  | 10 March 2021
Morocco  | 106  | 22 April 2021
Costa Rica  | 129  | 24 May 2021
Bangladesh  | 93  | 08 June 2021
Colombia  | 99  | 25 May 2021
Jordan  | 90  | 04 May 2021
Bosnia and Herzegovina  | 68  | 21 June 2021
Iraq  | 48  | 09 March 2021
Guadeloupe  | 87  | 08 June 2021
Reunion  | 80  | 08 June 2021
Angola  | 79  | 23 April 2021
Gambia  | 72  | 25 March 2021
Indonesia  | 63  | 28 June 2021
Ukraine  | 70  | 18 March 2021
Iran  | 52  | 08 May 2021
Bahrain  | 54  | 14 June 2021
French Guiana  | 59  | 22 May 2021
Guam  | 39  | 11 May 2021
Gabon  | 44  | 05 May 2021
Guinea Bissau  | 31  | 05 February 2021
Taiwan  | 50  | 29 May 2021
Djibouti  | 62  | 31 March 2021
Hungary  | 29  | 26 February 2021
Albania  | 28  | 11 March 2021
Palestine  | 22  | 09 April 2021
Vietnam  | 25  | 06 May 2021
Georgia  | 66  | 06 April 2021
Serbia  | 45  | 11 March 2021
Kuwait  | 21  | 05 June 2021
Martinique  | 154  | 25 May 2021
Togo  | 21  | 25 February 2021
United Arab Emirates  | 19  | 29 December 2020
Barbados  | 26  | 21 May 2021
Iceland  | 20  | 05 January 2021
Saint Lucia  | 28  | 29 April 2021
Senegal  | 35  | 30 April 2021
Uganda  | 17  | 15 June 2021
Lebanon  | 767  | 03 May 2021
Cote d'Ivoire  | 15  | 09 March 2021
Jamaica  | 152  | 12 February 2021
Suriname  | 15  | 14 May 2021
Armenia  | 7  | 18 March 2021
Cameroon  | 11  | 17 April 2021
Egypt  | 7  | 17 May 2021
Guinea  | 25  | 30 March 2021
Malaysia  | 31  | 04 June 2021
Nepal  | 11  | 02 June 2021
Cyprus  | 10  | 27 January 2021
Wallis and Futuna  | 10  | 19 April 2021
Trinidad and Tobago  | 9  | 04 May 2021
Democratic Republic of the Congo  | 16  | 28 March 2021
Dominican Republic  | 16  | 14 April 2021
Peru  | 17  | 07 April 2021
Liechtenstein  | 14  | 16 May 2021
Montenegro  | 7  | 21 January 2021
Rwanda  | 6  | 21 May 2021
Antigua and Barbuda  | 12  | 06 May 2021
Cayman Islands  | 10  | 15 May 2021
Turks and Caicos Islands  | 5  | 22 March 2021
Dominica  | 16  | 01 April 2021
Paraguay  | 4  | 08 April 2021
Puerto Rico  | 4  | 11 June 2021
Azerbaijan  | 3  | 07 February 2021
Belarus  | 3  | 24 February 2021
Burkina Faso  | 3  | 03 February 2021
Ethiopia  | 3  | 04 February 2021
Kosovo  | 22  | 06 January 2021
Malta  | 148  | 10 June 2021
Moldova  | 16  | 03 March 2021
Monaco  | 3  | 17 April 2021
Republic of the Congo  | 29  | 05 March 2021
Tunisia  | 6  | 08 March 2021
Anguilla  | 2  | 23 March 2021
Bermuda  | 2  | 05 January 2021
Central African Republic  | 2  | 17 March 2021
Faroe Islands  | 2  | 04 May 2021
Grenada  | 3  | 08 April 2021
Malawi  | 2  | 08 March 2021
Mayotte  | 2  | 21 May 2021
Montserrat  | 2  | 05 February 2021
Myanmar  | 2  | 28 May 2021
Somalia  | 6  | 05 March 2021
Zambia  | 2  | 11 February 2021
Belize  | 1  | 20 January 2021
British Virgin Islands  | 1  | 19 April 2021
Equatorial Guinea  | 1  | 09 February 2021
Guatemala  | 17  | 07 April 2021
Haiti  | 1  | 19 May 2021
Honduras  | 1  | 23 April 2021
Mauritius  | 1  | 10 January 2021
Mozambique  | 1  | 21 April 2021
Northern Mariana Islands  | 1  | 29 April 2021
Oman  | 30  | 22 December 2020
Saudi Arabia  | 4  | 15 April 2021
Niger  | 1  | 9 January 2021
Libya  | 1  | 5 June 2021
South Sudan  | 1  | 3 April 2021
Burundi  | 1  | 27 May 2021
Chad  | 1  | \-
Uzbekistan  | 2  | 25 June 2021
Cabo Verde  | 4  | 3 February 2021
Benin  | 15  | 3 March 2021
Namibia  | 3  | March 2021
Maldives  | 4  | 29 March 2021
Venezuela  | 3  | 7 May 2021
World (167 countries)  | Total: 1,248,973 | Total as of 13 August 2021

### Graphics[edit]

#### Confirmed cases by countries[edit]

* Note: The graphs presented here are only viewable by computers and some phones. If you cannot view it on your cell phone, switch to desktop mode from your browser.
* Data provided by various sources, such as; governmental, press or officials are updated every week since their last publication.

>100 000 cases

>10 000 cases

>1 000 cases

>100 cases

## History[edit]

### Detection[edit]

False-colour transmission electron micrograph of the Alpha variant. The variant's increased transmissibility is believed to be due to changes in structure of the spike proteins, shown here in green.

The Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7) was first detected in early December 2020 by analysing genome data with knowledge that the rates of infection in Kent were not falling despite national restrictions.[2][254]

The two earliest genomes that belong to lineage B.1.1.7 were collected on 20 September 2020 in Kent and another on 21 September 2020 in Greater London.[15] These sequences were submitted to the GISAID sequence database (sequence accessions EPI_ISL_601443 and EPI_ISL_581117, respectively).[255]

Backwards tracing using genetic evidence suggests lineage B.1.1.7 emerged in September 2020 and then circulated at very low levels in the population until mid-November. The increase in cases linked to the variant first became apparent in late November when Public Health England (PHE) was investigating why infection rates in Kent were not falling despite national restrictions. PHE then discovered a cluster linked to this variant spreading rapidly into London and Essex.[26]

Also important was the nature of the RT-PCR test used predominantly in the UK, Thermo Fisher Scientific's TaqPath COVID-19. The test matches RNA in three locations, and stopped working for the spike gene due to the HV 69–70 deletion—a deletion of the amino acids histidine and valine in positions 69 and 70, respectively[256]—in the spike protein of lineage B.1.1.7. This made preliminary identification easier because it could be better suspected which cases were with lineage B.1.1.7 through genome sequencing.[257]

It has been suggested that the variant may have originated in a chronically infected immunocompromised person, giving the virus a long time to replicate and evolve.[258][2][259][260]

### Control[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)

|

In the presence of a more transmissible variant, stronger physical distancing and lockdown measures were opted for to avoid overwhelming the population due to its tendency to grow exponentially.[261]

All countries of the United Kingdom were affected by domestic travel restrictions in reaction to the increased spread of the virus—at least partly attributed to Alpha—effective from 20 December 2020.[262][263] During December 2020, an increasing number of countries around the world either announced temporary bans on, or were considering banning, passenger travel from the UK, and in several cases from other countries such as the Netherlands and Denmark. Some countries banned flights; others allowed only their nationals to enter, subject to a negative SARS-CoV-2 test.[264] A WHO spokesperson said that, "[a]cross Europe, where transmission is intense and widespread, countries need to redouble their control and prevention approaches". Most bans by EU countries were for 48 hours, pending an integrated political crisis response meeting of EU representatives on 21 December to evaluate the threat from the new variant and coordinate a joint response.[265][266]

Many countries around the world imposed restrictions on passenger travel from the United Kingdom; neighbouring France also restricted manned goods vehicles (imposing a total ban before devising a testing protocol and permitting their passage once more).[267] Some also applied restrictions on travel from other countries.[268][269][270][271] As of 21 December 2020[update], at least 42 countries had restricted flights from the UK,[264] and Japan was restricting entry of all foreign nationals after cases of the new variant were detected in the country.[272]

The usefulness of travel bans has been contested as limited in cases where the variant has likely already arrived, especially if the estimated growth rate per week of the virus is higher locally.[273][274]

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ Other names include:
– The UK variant
– The British variant
– The Kent variant
– 20I/501Y.V1
– Variant of Concern 20DEC-01 (shortened to VOC-20DEC-01, previously VOC-202012/01)
– See § Names
2. ^ See § Transmissibility.
3. ^ Written as VUI 202012/01 (Variant Under Investigation, year 2020, month 12, variant 01) by GISAID[275] and the ECDC.[276]
4. ^ The difference between the two is explained by PHE:

> SARS-CoV-2 variants, if considered to have concerning epidemiological, immunological, or pathogenic properties, are raised for formal investigation. At this point they are designated Variant Under Investigation (VUI) with a year, month, and number. Following a risk assessment with the relevant expert committee, they may be designated Variant of Concern (VOC).[14]

5. ^ a b SARS-CoV-2's S gene encodes its spike protein.[43]
6. ^ An example of this is the delta (Δ)–PCR test, which in connection to SARS-CoV-2, has been used to detect the HV 69–70 deletion in variants with this mutation[78] through what has been named "spike-gene target failure" (SGTF) or "spike-gene drop out"[70] for the spike (S) gene[e] in a subset of RT-PCR assays (e.g., TaqPath COVID-19 RT-PCR assay, ThermoFisher).[79] Though existing in a few other variants of SARS-CoV-2,[70] the HV 69–70 deletion in the spike protein is present in the vast majority of B.1.1.7 genomes, which enables the delta-PCR test to be used as a proxy test for the lineage—or as a supplementing first-screening test before conducting the whole-genome sequencing.[78][70]
Another example of a RT-PCR test intended to detect specific variants is the one detecting all genomes with the N501Y mutation (e.g., Alpha, Gamma variant, and Beta variant), which is now also being used as a first-step screening tool ahead of genome sequencing by several laboratories/countries (e.g. by some parts of France).[80]
A third and fourth RT-PCR test intended for detecting specific variants pre-screen the samples for variants respectively with the N501Y+A570D mutations (Alpha) and N501Y without the A570D mutation (Beta, Gamma, and other N501Y variants).[81]
7. ^ 104 WHO members had reported a detection of the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7), as of 23 March 2021: Albania, Angola, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Cabo Verde, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, North Macedonia, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea (South Korea), Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam.[82]

90 WHO members had not reported any detection of the Alpha variant (lineage B.1.1.7), as of 23 March 2021: Afghanistan, Algeria, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Bahamas, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Congo, Cook Islands, Côte d'Ivoire, Cuba, Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Guinea, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mongolia, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Qatar, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syrian Arab Republic, Tajikistan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe.[82]
8. ^ a b c d e f g h The weekly UK infection survey lists for each country in Great Britain a set of raw data and average-smoothed modelled data from SGTF analysed PCR tests collected from private households (excl. tests from hospitals, care centres and public institutions). Raw data as well as model data for Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland must be treated with caution due to a small number of collected samples, resulting in great data uncertainty.[158][159]
* All PCR tests were analysed for 3 genes present in the coronavirus: N protein, S protein and ORF1ab (see Table 6A in the Infection Survey). Each PCR test can have any one, any two or all three genes detected. Coronavirus positives are those where one or more of these genes is detected in the swab (other than tests that are only positive on the S-gene which is not considered a reliable indicator of the virus if found on its own). The new B.1.1.7 variant of COVID-19 has genetic changes in the S gene, that results in the S-gene no longer being detected in the current test, meaning that it will only be positive on the ORF1ab and the N gene. The survey uses the terms "New UK variant compatible" for ORF1ab + N protein gene positives, "not compatible with new UK variant" for ORF1ab + N protein + S protein gene positive, and "virus too low to be identifiable" for all other gene patterns (a reasonable definition given that all samples taken from the first phase of the COVID-19 disease where virus exist by identifiable quantity, either will be positive by "ORF1ab+N" or "ORF1ab+N+S"). However, further uncertainty exists given that not all "New UK variant compatible" SGTF cases (positive on ORF1ab and N-genes, but not the S-gene) will be the new UK variant - due to some other competing variants also delivering this same test pattern; and prior to mid-November 2020 the data should not be read as being an indicator of the variant at all.[158][159]
* The weekly B.1.1.7 variant share raw data is calculated from Table 6A, by dividing the "ORF1ab+N" percentage with the percentage sum of "ORF1ab+N" and "ORF1ab+N+S". Table 6C utilized the raw data from table 6A as input for calculation of some modelled (average-smoothed and weighted) daily estimated figures for the respective percentage of the population being coronavirus positive by either the "New UK variant compatible virus", or a "Not compatible with new UK variant virus" or a "virus too low to be identifiable", with data from earlier dates in 2020 also being available when downloading the published earlier editions of the Infection Survey. The modelled weekly average value for the Alpha variant, noted in this table as the value (m: %), is calculated as the average for the listed seven days in each week of "New UK variant compatible percentage" divided by the sum of "New UK variant compatible percentage" and "Not compatible with new UK variant percentage".[158][159]
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j In Austria, the listed B.1.1.7 variant shares represent the percentage of all positive COVID-19 tests being confirmed to be B.1.1.7 by genome sequencing. However, many N501Y positive RT-PCR tests were not variant determined further by genome sequencing, and likely would have returned a B.1.1.7 positive result for the vast majority of such tests if the genome sequencing analysis had been done. If all N501Y positive tests had been analysed further by genome sequencing, then the listed weekly B.1.1.7 shares could have been uptil: 9.6% for week 1 (2.4% higher), 23.8% for week 2 (6.4% higher), 19.6% for week 3 (4.9% higher), 28.6% for week 4 (6.1% higher), 37.2% for week 5 (8.5% higher), 45.4% for week 6 (21.4% higher), 58.1% for week 7 (23.0% higher), 65.3% for week 8 (4.0% higher), 68.0% for week 9 (6.8% higher) and 73.7% for week 10 (25.4% higher).[120]
10. ^ In Sweden, a study comprising 11% of all SARS-CoV-2–positive PCR samples nationwide for week 4 found the B.1.1.7 share to be 10.8% (243/2244). Samples were, however, only collected from five southern regions (Skåne, Västra Götaland, Västmanland, Gävleborg and Örebro), which were not considered to be statistically representative for the demography and geography of Sweden as a whole. The national authorities plan to expand the weekly study to cover more regions for the following weeks in February 2021.[167][127]
11. ^ In Sweden, a study comprising 16% of all SARS-CoV-2–positive PCR samples nationwide for week 5 found the B.1.1.7 share to be 15.1% (488/3224). Samples were, however, only collected from five southern regions (Skåne, Västra Götaland, Västmanland, Gävleborg and Örebro), which were not considered to be statistically representative for the demography and geography of Sweden as a whole. The national authorities also calculated a two-week average (week 5+6) for 19 out of 21 regions, and plan to expand the weekly study to cover more regions for the following weeks in February 2021.[127]
12. ^ In Sweden, a study comprising 18% of all SARS-CoV-2–positive PCR samples nationwide for week 6 found the B.1.1.7 share to be 27.3% (1021/3742). Samples were, however, only collected from five southern regions (Skåne, Västra Götaland, Västmanland, Gävleborg and Örebro), which were not considered to be statistically representative for the demography and geography of Sweden as a whole. The national authorities also calculated a two-week average (week 5+6) for 19 out of 21 regions, and plan to expand the weekly study to cover more regions for the following weeks in February 2021.[127]
13. ^ In Sweden, a study comprising 47.8% of all SARS-CoV-2–positive PCR samples nationwide for week 7, collected samples from 19 out of 21 regions (all except Gotland and Västerbotten), and found the B.1.1.7 share to be 30.4% (3316/10910) as a simple overall average (with a potential geographically skewed misrepresentation in the calculation as no data weights were used to normalize/correct each regions share of the overall sample).[81]
14. ^ In Sweden, a study comprising 42.2% of all SARS-CoV-2–positive PCR samples nationwide for week 8, collected samples from 19 out of 21 regions (all except Gotland and Västerbotten), and found the B.1.1.7 share to be 41.5% (4643/11191) as a simple overall average (with a potential geographically skewed misrepresentation in the calculation as no data weights were used to normalize/correct each regions share of the overall sample).[81]
15. ^ In Sweden, a study comprising 37.8% of all SARS-CoV-2–positive PCR samples nationwide for week 9, collected samples from 17 out of 21 regions (all except Gotland, Västerbotten, Norrbotten and Östergötland), and found the B.1.1.7 share to be 56.4% (5939/10528) as a simple overall average (with a potential geographically skewed misrepresentation in the calculation as no data weights were used to normalize/correct each regions share of the overall sample).[81]
16. ^ In Sweden, a study comprising 43.1% of all SARS-CoV-2–positive PCR samples nationwide for week 10, collected samples from 18 out of 21 regions (all except Gotland, Västerbotten and Östergötland), and found the B.1.1.7 share to be 71.3% (8850/12417) as a simple overall average (with a potential geographically skewed misrepresentation in the calculation as no data weights were used to normalize/correct each regions share of the overall sample).[81]

## References[edit]

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## See Also[edit]

* COVID-19 portal
* Medicine portal
* Viruses portal

* Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Theta, Iota, Kappa, Lambda, Mu, Omicron

## External links[edit]

| Scholia has a profile for SARS-CoV-2 Alpha variant (Q104376647).

|

* Corum, Jonathan; Zimmer, Carl (18 January 2021). "Inside the B.1.1.7 Coronavirus Variant". The New York Times.
* Public Health England: Variants: UK distribution – summary of 4 nations distribution
* PANGO lineages: New Variant Report - Report on global distribution of lineage B.1.1.7
* GISAID sequencing data base - Tracking of COVID-19 variants

Portals:

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* Cayman Islands
* Falkland Islands
* Gibraltar
* Montserrat
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* Turks and Caicos Islands

Impact|

* Society
* Protests
* Economy
* Education
* Exam grading controversy
* Politics
* COVID Recovery Group
* Dominic Cummings scandal
* Westminster Christmas parties controversy
* Greensill scandal
* Northern Research Group
* Public inquiry
* Virtual House of Commons

Science and
healthcare|

* Antiviral Taskforce
* Cancer Monitoring Project
* COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium
* COVID Symptom Study
* COVID passports
* RECOVERY Trial

| Temporary hospitals|

* England
* Birmingham
* Harrogate
* London
* Manchester
* Washington
* Glasgow
* Cardiff
* Gibraltar
* Jersey

|

Testing programme|

* NHS COVID-19 app
* NHS Test and Trace (England)
* Test, Trace, Protect (Wales)
* Operation Moonshot
* Test to Release
* UK Rapid Test Consortium

Vaccination programme|

* Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine
* European Commission–AstraZeneca dispute
* Vaccines Manufacturing and Innovation Centre
* Taskforce
* Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for COVID-19 Vaccine Deployment

Responses|

* Government response
* contracts
* lockdown
* National Tutoring Programme
* Pick for Britain
* Project Birch

| Military|

* United Kingdom
* Overseas territories

|

Legislation|

| Current|

* Public Health (Control of Disease) Act 1984
* 2020 budget
* Coronavirus Act 2020
* Contingencies Fund Act 2020
* Contingencies Fund Act 2021
* Coronavirus mini-budget
* Winter Economy Plan
* Stamp Duty Land Tax (Temporary Relief) Act 2020
* Corporate Insolvency and Governance Act 2020
* Business and Planning Act 2020
* Nightingale Court
* Culture Recovery Fund
* 2021 budget

Health
protection|

* Coronavirus, Restrictions (England) (No. 3) Regulations 2020
* Coronavirus, Restrictions (Self-Isolation) (England) Regulations 2020
* Coronavirus, Restrictions (All Tiers and Self-Isolation) (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2021
* Coronavirus, International Travel and Operator Liability (England) Regulations 2021
* The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Wearing of Face Coverings) (England) Regulations 2021
* The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Entry to Venues and Events) (England) Regulations 2021

Revoked|

* Health Protection (Coronavirus) Regulations 2020
* Health Protection (Coronavirus, Business Closure) (England) Regulations 2020
* Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) Regulations 2020
* COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England
* First COVID-19 tier regulations in England
* The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) (No. 4) Regulations 2020
* Coronavirus, Restrictions (All Tiers) (England) Regulations 2020
* Coronavirus, International Travel (England) Regulations 2020
* Face Coverings on Public Transport (England) Regulations 2020
* Face Coverings in a Relevant Place (England) Regulations 2020
* Coronavirus, Restrictions (Steps) (England) Regulations 2021
* Coronavirus, Restrictions (Local Authority Enforcement...) (England) Regulations 2020

Expired|

* Coronavirus, Restrictions (No. 2) (England) Regulations 2020

Timelines|

* England
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* 2021
* Northern Ireland
* 2020
* 2021
* Scotland
* 2020
* 2021
* Wales
* 2020
* 2021

Advisory bodies|

* Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team
* Independent SAGE
* Joint Biosecurity Centre
* Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation
* New and Emerging Respiratory Virus Threats Advisory Group
* Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies

Key people|

* Kevin Fenton
* Neil Ferguson
* Matt Hancock
* Dido Harding
* Jenny Harries
* Sajid Javid
* Boris Johnson
* Wei Shen Lim
* Phil Prosser
* June Raine
* Maggie Throup
* Patrick Vallance
* Jonathan Van-Tam
* Chris Whitty
* Nadhim Zahawi

| England|

* Stephen Powis
* Amanda Pritchard
* Simon Stevens

|

Northern Ireland|

* Arlene Foster
* Paul Givan
* Charlotte McArdle
* Michael McBride
* Michelle O'Neill
* Robin Swann

Scotland|

* Catherine Calderwood
* Joe FitzPatrick
* Jeane Freeman
* Jason Leitch
* Gregor Smith
* Devi Sridhar
* Nicola Sturgeon
* John Swinney
* Humza Yousaf

Wales|

* Frank Atherton
* Mark Drakeford
* Vaughan Gething
* Eluned Morgan

Media depictions|

* "Can You Hear Me" (Doctors)
* Failures of State
* Grayson's Art Club
* Help
* Hold Still: A Portrait of Our Nation in 2020
* Staged
* This Sceptred Isle

See also|

* The 2.6 Challenge
* Cabinet Secretary for Covid Recovery (Scotland)
* Can you look them in the eyes?
* Captain Tom Moore
* Catch It, Bin It, Kill It
* Clap for Our Carers
* Coronavirus Tech Handbook
* Coughs and sneezes spread diseases
* COVID-19 Bereaved Families for Justice
* Death of Belly Mujinga
* Exercise Cygnus
* EveryDoctor
* Notable deaths
* London COVID-19 Pandemic Memorial Garden
* Lineage B.1.1.7
* National Covid Memorial Wall
* Thank You NHS

COVID-19 portal

* v
* t
* e

Pandemics, epidemics and notable disease outbreaks

* List of epidemics

Local|

| Ancient|

* Hittite plague (c. 1320–1300 BC)
* Plague of Athens (429–426 BC)
* Antonine Plague (165–180 AD)
* Plague of Cyprian (250–266)

|

Post-classical|

* First plague pandemic (541–767)
* Plague of Justinian (541–542)
* Roman Plague (590)
* Plague of Sheroe (627–628)
* Plague of Amwas (638–639)
* Plague of 664 (664–689)
* Japanese smallpox (735–737)
* Black Death (1346–1353)
* Sweating sickness (1485–1551)

Early modern|

| 16th century|

* Influenza pandemic (1510)
* Mexican smallpox (1520)
* Influenza pandemic (1557–1559)
* London plague (1563–1564)
* Maltese plague (1592–1593)
* London plague (1592–1593)
* Atlantic plague (1596–1602)

|

17th century|

* Maltese plague (1623)
* Italian plague (1629–1631)
* Massachusetts smallpox (1633)
* Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty (1633–1644)
* Great Plague of Seville (1647–1652)
* Maltese plague (1655)
* Naples Plague (1656)
* Great Plague of London (1665–1666)
* Maltese plague (1675–1676)
* Great Plague of Vienna (1679)

|

18th century|

* Great Northern War plague (1710–1712)
* Great Plague of Marseille (1720–1722)
* Great Plague of 1738 (1738)
* Russian plague (1770–1772)
* Persian Plague (1772)
* North American smallpox (1780–1782)
* Philadelphia yellow fever (1793–1798)

|

Modern|

| 19th century|

* Ottoman plague (1812–1819)
* Maltese plague (1813–1814)
* Caragea's plague (1813)
* Groningen epidemic (1829)
* Great Plains smallpox (1837–1838)
* Typhus (1847–1848)
* Copenhagen cholera (1853)
* Stockholm cholera (1853)
* Broad Street cholera (1854)
* Guam smallpox (1856)
* Pacific Northwest smallpox (1862–1863)
* Barcelona yellow fever (1870)
* Buenos Aires yellow fever (1871)

|

20th century|

* San Francisco plague (1900–1904)
* Manchurian plague (1910–1911)
* LA pneumonic plague (1924)
* Croydon typhoid (1937)
* NYC smallpox (1947)
* Yugoslav smallpox (1972)
* London flu (1972–1973)
* Indian smallpox (1974)
* Surat plague (1994)
* Malaysian Nipah virus (1998–1999)

|

21st century|

* SARS (2002–2004)
* Bird flu (2003–2005)
* Singaporean dengue (2005)
* Indian dengue (2006)
* Chikungunya outbreaks (2006)
* Pakistani dengue (2006)
* Iraqi cholera (2007)
* Zimbabwean cholera (2008–2009)
* Madagascar plague (2008–2017)
* Bolivian dengue (2009)
* Gujarat hepatitis (2009)
* Western African meningitis (2009–2010)
* Haiti cholera (2010–2019)
* Pakistani dengue (2011)
* Darfur yellow fever (2012)
* MERS (2012)
* Swansea measles (2013)
* Chikungunya (2013–2014)
* Western African Ebola (2013–2016)
* DR Congo Ebola (2014)
* Madagascar plague (2014)
* Odisha jaundice (2014)
* Polio declaration (2014)
* Indian swine flu (2015)
* South Korean MERS (2015)
* Zika (2015–2016)
* Angolan yellow fever (2016)
* Yemeni cholera (2016–present)
* Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis (2017)
* Saudi Arabian MERS (2018)
* Kerala Nipah virus (2018)
* Équateur province Ebola (2018)
* Kivu Ebola (2018–2020)
* Madagascar measles (2018)
* Samoa measles (2019–present)
* Philippine measles (2019–present)
* Pacific NW measles (2019)
* New York measles (2019)
* Kuala Koh measles (2019)
* Tonga measles (2019)
* DRC measles (2019–2020)
* New Zealand measles (2019–2020)

|

Global|

* Second plague pandemic (1348–19th century)
* Influenza pandemic (1510)
* Influenza pandemic (1557–1559)
* First cholera pandemic (1816–1826)
* Second cholera pandemic (1829–1851)
* Third cholera pandemic (1852–1860)
* Third plague pandemic (1855–1960)
* Fourth cholera pandemic (1863–1879)
* Fifth cholera pandemic (1881–1896)
* Russian flu (1889–1890)
* Sixth cholera pandemic (1899–1923)
* Spanish flu (1918–1920)
* Asian flu (1957–1958)
* Seventh cholera pandemic (1961–1975)
* Hong Kong flu (1968–1970)
* Russian flu pandemic (1977–1979)
* HIV/AIDS (1981–present)
* Swine flu (2009–2010)
* COVID-19 (2019–present)

* v
* t
* e

Taxonomy of the Coronaviridae

Higher taxonomy: Riboviria > Orthornavirae > Pisuviricota > Pisoniviricetes > Nidovirales > Cornidovirineae > Coronaviridae

Orthocoronavirinae

Alphacoronavirus|

| Colacovirus|

* Bat coronavirus CDPHE15

Decacovirus|

* Bat coronavirus HKU10
* Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013

Duvinacovirus|

* Human coronavirus 229E

Luchacovirus|

* Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus

Minacovirus|

* Mink coronavirus 1

Minunacovirus|

* Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1
* Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8

Myotacovirus|

* Myotis ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-2011

Nyctacovirus|

* Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013
* Pipistrellus kuhlii coronavirus 3398

Pedacovirus|

* Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
* Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512

Rhinacovirus|

* Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2

Setracovirus|

* Human coronavirus NL63
* NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b

Soracovirus|

* Sorex araneus coronavirus T14

Sunacovirus|

* Suncus murinus coronavirus X74

Tegacovirus|

* Alphacoronavirus 1
* Feline coronavirus
* Canine coronavirus
* Canine coronavirus HuPn-2018
* Transmissible gastroenteritis virus

Betacoronavirus|

| Embecovirus|

* Betacoronavirus 1
* Bovine coronavirus
* Human coronavirus OC43
* China Rattus coronavirus HKU24
* Human coronavirus HKU1
* Murine coronavirus
* Rat coronavirus
* Myodes coronavirus 2JL14

Hibecovirus|

* Bat Hp-betacoronavirus Zhejiang2013

Merbecovirus|

* Hedgehog coronavirus 1
* Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
* London1_novel CoV/2012
* MERS coronavirus EMC/2012
* Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5
* Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4

Nobecovirus|

* Eidolon bat coronavirus C704
* Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1
* Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9

Sarbecovirus|

* Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus
* SARS-CoV-1
* SARS-CoV-2
* Variants
* Bat SARS-like coronavirus WIV1
* RacCS203
* RaTG13
* RmYN02
* RpYN06
* SHC014-CoV

Gammacoronavirus|

| Brangacovirus|

* Goose coronavirus CB17

Cegacovirus|

* Beluga whale coronavirus SW1

Igacovirus|

* Avian coronavirus
* Avian coronavirus 9203
* Duck coronavirus 2714

Deltacoronavirus|

| Andecovirus|

* Wigeon coronavirus HKU20

Buldecovirus|

* Bulbul coronavirus HKU11
* Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21
* Coronavirus HKU15
* Munia coronavirus HKU13
* White-eye coronavirus HKU16

Herdecovirus|

* Night heron coronavirus HKU19

Letovirinae

| Alphaletovirus|

| Milecovirus|

* Microhyla letovirus 1

Source: ICTV ––  Wikispecies

* v
* t
* e

COVID-19 pandemic

* COVID-19 (disease)
* SARS-CoV-2 (virus)

Timeline

| Pre-pandemic|

* Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
* Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)
* Crimson Contagion
* Disease X
* Event 201
* Exercise Cygnus
* 2019

|

2020|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

2021|

* January
* responses
* February
* responses
* March
* responses
* April
* responses
* May
* responses
* June
* responses
* July
* responses
* August
* responses
* September
* responses
* October
* responses
* November
* responses
* December
* responses

Locations

| Africa

* (timeline

national
responses)

| Northern|

* Algeria
* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Egypt
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Melilla
* Morocco
* Sudan
* Tunisia
* Western Sahara
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

|

Eastern|

* Burundi
* Comoros
* Djibouti
* Eritrea
* Ethiopia
* Kenya
* Madagascar
* Mauritius
* Mayotte
* Réunion
* Rwanda
* Seychelles
* Somalia
* Puntland
* Somaliland
* South Sudan
* Tanzania
* Uganda

Southern|

* Angola
* Botswana
* Eswatini
* Lesotho
* Malawi
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* South Africa
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

Central|

* Cameroon
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Gabon
* São Tomé and Príncipe

Western|

* Benin
* Burkina Faso
* Cape Verde
* Equatorial Guinea
* Gambia
* Ghana
* timeline
* March–July 2020
* August–December 2020
* 2021
* government response
* impact
* education
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Ivory Coast
* timeline
* Liberia
* Mali
* Niger
* Nigeria
* timeline
* February–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* January–June 2021
* government response
* Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
* Senegal
* Sierra Leone
* Togo

Asia|

| Central/North|

* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Russia
* timeline
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* impact
* economic
* social
* political
* Tajikistan
* Turkmenistan
* Uzbekistan

|

East|

* Hong Kong
* Japan
* timeline
* Tokyo 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Macau
* Mongolia
* Taiwan
* respirator diplomacy

Mainland China|

* lockdown
* detail
* statistics
* vaccination
* Beijing
* Heilongjiang
* Henan
* Hubei
* Inner Mongolia
* Liaoning
* Shanghai
* Sichuan
* Tibet
* Xinjiang

South|

* Afghanistan
* timeline
* Bangladesh
* timeline
* Bhutan
* Maldives
* Nepal
* timeline
* Pakistan
* timeline
* Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
* Sri Lanka

India|

* timeline
* January–May 2020
* June–December 2020
* 2021
* economic impact
* evacuations
* lockdown
* migrant workers' crisis
* union government response
* PM CARES Fund
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund
* state government responses
* vaccination
* Vaccine Maitri
* Statistics
* Andaman and Nicobar Islands
* Andhra Pradesh
* Arunachal Pradesh
* Assam
* Bihar
* Chandigarh
* Chhattisgarh
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
* Delhi
* Tablighi Jamaat hotspot
* Goa
* Gujarat
* Haryana
* Himachal Pradesh
* Jammu and Kashmir
* Jharkhand
* Karnataka
* Kerala
* timeline
* Ladakh
* Lakshadweep
* Madhya Pradesh
* Maharashtra
* Manipur
* Meghalaya
* Mizoram
* Nagaland
* Odisha
* Puducherry
* Punjab
* Rajasthan
* Sikkim
* Tamil Nadu
* Telangana
* Tripura
* Uttar Pradesh
* Uttarakhand
* West Bengal

Southeast|

* Brunei
* Cambodia
* East Timor
* Indonesia
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* social restrictions
* Community Activities Restrictions Enforcement
* Laos
* Myanmar
* Singapore
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* circuit breaker response
* statistics
* Thailand
* timeline
* Vietnam
* timeline
* government response

Malaysia|

* impact
* social
* economic
* political
* Aid and relief efforts
* movement control order
* Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* statistics
* Johor
* Kuala Lumpur
* Sabah
* Sarawak
* Selangor

Philippines|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* government response
* community quarantines
* Luzon
* evacuations
* testing controversy
* vaccination
* Bangsamoro
* Bicol Region
* Cagayan Valley
* Calabarzon
* Caraga
* Central Luzon
* Central Visayas
* Cordillera
* Davao Region
* Eastern Visayas
* Ilocos Region
* Metro Manila
* cases
* Mimaropa
* Northern Mindanao
* Soccsksargen
* Western Visayas
* Zamboanga Peninsula
* Overseas Filipinos
* cases

West|

* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Artsakh
* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Egypt
* Georgia
* Abkhazia
* South Ossetia
* Iran
* Iraq
* Kurdistan Region
* Israel
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* vaccination [ar]
* Syria
* Turkey
* timeline
* United Arab Emirates
* Yemen

Europe|

| United Kingdom|

* history
* timeline
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* January–June 2021
* July–December 2021
* responses
* government response
* Operation Rescript
* contracts
* impact
* social
* economic
* education
* England
* January–June 2020 timeline
* July–December 2020 timeline
* 2021 timeline
* London
* COVID-19 local lockdown regulations in England
* First COVID-19 tier regulations in England
* Northern Ireland
* 2020 timeline
* 2021 timeline
* Scotland
* 2020 timeline
* 2021 timeline
* Wales
* 2020 timeline
* 2021 timeline

Crown dependencies|

* Isle of Man
* Jersey
* Guernsey

Overseas territories|

* Akrotiri and Dhekelia
* British Indian Ocean Territory
* Gibraltar
* response

Eastern|

* Belarus
* timeline
* Kazakhstan
* Moldova
* Gagauzia
* Transnistria
* Russia
* timeline
* government responses
* political impact
* Crimea
* Sevastopol
* Turkey
* timeline
* Ukraine
* Donetsk
* Luhansk

Western Balkans|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Kosovo
* Montenegro
* North Macedonia
* Serbia
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* statistics

European Union|

* Austria
* Belgium
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* timeline
* Cyprus
* Northern Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia
* Finland
* Åland
* France
* Guadeloupe
* French Guiana
* Réunion
* Martinique
* Mayotte
* Normandy
* Saint Martin
* Germany
* North Rhine-Westphalia
* government response
* Greece
* Hungary
* Ireland
* timeline
* January–June 2020
* July–December 2020
* January–June 2021
* July–December 2021
* economic impact
* social impact
* vaccination
* Italy
* lockdown
* timeline
* Latvia
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* timeline
* Netherlands
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* timeline
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* timeline
* Asturias
* Canary Islands
* Ceuta
* Community of Madrid
* Melilla
* Sweden
* timeline
* government response
* Operation Gloria

EFTA countries|

* Iceland
* Liechtenstein
* Norway
* Switzerland

Microstates|

* Andorra
* Monaco
* San Marino
* Vatican City

North
America|

| Central America|

* Belize
* Costa Rica
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* timeline
* Nicaragua
* Panama

|

Canada|

* timeline
* economic impact
* federal aid
* vaccination
* by province
* military response
* Atlantic Bubble
* Alberta
* timeline
* British Columbia
* Manitoba
* New Brunswick
* Newfoundland and Labrador
* Northwest Territories
* Nova Scotia
* Nunavut
* Ontario
* timelines
* 2020
* 2021
* Ottawa
* Peel Region
* Toronto
* Prince Edward Island
* Quebec
* Montreal
* boroughs
* timeline
* Saskatchewan
* timeline
* Yukon

Caribbean|

* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Barbados
* British Overseas Territories
* Anguilla
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Montserrat
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* response
* Cuba
* Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Dutch Caribbean
* Aruba
* Curaçao
* Sint Maarten
* Caribbean Netherlands
* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius
* French West Indies
* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* Grenada
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* timeline
* US insular areas
* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

United States|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* impact
* social
* economic
* 2021 hospital crisis
* responses
* federal government
* state and local governments
* California government response
* New York government response
* Texas government response
* Eastern States Multi-state Council
* Midwest Governors Regional Pact
* Western States Pact
* Trump administration communication
* Alabama
* Alaska
* American Samoa
* Arizona
* Navajo Nation
* Arkansas
* California
* timeline
* S.F. Bay Area
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* timeline
* Massachusetts
* timeline
* Boston
* timeline
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* timeline
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* New York City
* timeline
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Ohio
* Columbus
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Portland
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* timeline
* Austin
* U.S. Virgin Islands
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* Washington, D.C.
* White House
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Atlantic|

* Bermuda
* Greenland
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Oceania|

* American Samoa
* Cook Islands
* Easter Island
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Fiji
* timeline
* French Polynesia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* New Caledonia
* New Zealand
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* government response
* social impact
* managed isolation
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Bougainville
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Vanuatu
* Wallis and Futuna

Australia|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* January–June
* July–December
* Australian Capital Territory
* New South Wales
* Northern Territory
* Queensland
* South Australia
* Tasmania
* Victoria
* Western Australia

South
America|

* Argentina
* timeline
* statistics
* human rights
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* São Paulo
* Chile
* statistics
* Easter Island
* Colombia
* Ecuador
* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Cusco
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* Venezuela

Others|

* Antarctica
* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess
* Grand Princess
* Naval ships
* Charles de Gaulle
* USS Theodore Roosevelt

Impacts

| Culture and
entertainment|

* Arts and cultural heritage
* References in popular culture
* Cinema
* films affected
* Disney
* Education
* homeschooling
* by country
* Ghana
* Ireland
* United Kingdom
* exam grading controversy
* United States
* Events affected
* Fashion industry
* Music industry
* Performing arts
* Sports
* By country
* Ireland
* Philippines
* By sport
* association football
* combat sports
* cricket
* disc golf
* Gaelic games
* motorsport
* NBA
* rugby league
* Television
* U.S.
* programs affected
* Video games

|

Society
and rights|

* Social
* social media
* stigma
* COVID-19 parties
* Children
* foster care in the U.S.
* Gender
* Healthcare workers
* Hospitals
* ICU capacity
* Human rights
* Legal
* abortion in the U.S.
* crime
* crime in Ireland
* domestic violence
* prisons
* U.S. immigration detention
* LGBT community
* African-American communities
* Native American communities
* Long-term care facilities
* Public transport
* Religion
* Catholic Church
* Hajj
* Strikes
* Xenophobia and racism

Economic|

* Aviation
* Airlines
* Cannabis industry
* Charitable activity
* COVID-19 scams
* COVID-19 recession
* Economic
* Canada
* India
* Ireland
* COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* U.K.
* U.S.
* Financial markets
* Food industry
* meat industry in Canada
* meat industry in the U.S.
* restaurant industry in the U.S.
* Global stock market crash
* Global supply chain
* Hospitals
* Mink farming
* Oil price war
* Retail
* Great Resignation
* Tourism
* Travel restrictions
* Working from home in the U.S.

Information|

* Journalism
* Media coverage
* Misinformation
* Governments
* China
* United States
* Plandemic
* Wikipedia's response

Politics|

* National responses
* Legislation
* Protests
* Canada
* Italy
* Germany
* Idar-Oberstein shooting
* the Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Serbia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Open the States
* International relations
* Aid
* Italy
* Moldovan–Romanian collaboration
* Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan
* European Union
* Ireland
* Malaysia

Language|

* Doomscrolling
* Flattening the curve
* Long-hauler
* Quarantini
* Social distancing
* Superspreader
* Zoom
* Zoom towns

Others|

* Animals
* Anthropause
* Environment
* Military
* Science and technology
* Food security

Health issues

| Medical topics|

* Transmission
* Symptoms
* Cancer
* Skin manifestations
* Long COVID
* Mental health
* neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes
* Pregnancy
* Non-COVID-19–related health issues
* Shortages
* Raise the line
* Rehabilitation
* Unproven medical methods

|

Testing and
epidemiology|

* Disease testing
* Breathalyzer
* Operation Moonshot
* Test to Release
* UK Rapid Test Consortium
* AbC-19 rapid antibody test
* Rapid antigen test
* investigations into the origins
* lab leak theory
* Surveillance
* Death rates by country
* Datasets
* Apps
* careFIJI
* COVID Alert (Canada)
* COVID AlertSA (South Africa)
* COVIDSafe
* COVID Tracker Ireland
* Coronavirus Australia
* Aarogya Setu
* NZ COVID Tracer
* TraceTogether
* BlueTrace
* Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
* NHS COVID-19
* MySejahtera
* SwissCovid
* TCN Protocol
* Exposure Notification
* COVID Symptom Study
* Test, Trace, Protect
* NHS Test and Trace
* Undercounting COVID-19 deaths
* Use and development of software

Prevention|

* Social distancing
* Face masks
* Mask refusal
* United States
* Flattening the curve
* Workplace hazard controls
* Lockdowns
* Evacuations
* International aid
* Safe Hands Challenge
* COVID fatigue
* Great Barrington Declaration
* Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine

Vaccines|

| Topics|

* Development
* Clinical research
* Authorizations
* Deployment
* Post-vaccination complications
* Operation Warp Speed (U.S.)
* Vaccine passports
* Vaccine card
* Misinformation and hesitancy
* US

|

Authorized|

| DNA|

* ZyCoV-D

|

Inactivated|

* Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
* CoronaVac
* Covaxin
* COVIran Barekat
* CoviVac (Russia)
* FAKHRAVAC
* Minhai
* QazCovid-in
* Sinopharm BIBP
* Sinopharm WIBP

RNA|

* Moderna
* Pfizer–BioNTech

Subunit|

* Abdala
* COVAX-19
* EpiVacCorona
* MVC
* Novavax
* Razi Cov Pars
* Soberana 02
* Soberana Plus
* ZF2001 (Zifivax)

Viral vector|

* Convidecia
* Janssen
* Oxford–AstraZeneca
* Sputnik V
* Sputnik Light

In trials|

| Attenuated|

* COVI-VAC (United States)

|

DNA|

* AG0302-COVID‑19
* GX-19
* Inovio

Inactivated|

* KD-414
* TurkoVac
* Valneva

RNA|

* ARCT-021
* ARCT-154
* Bangavax
* CureVac (terminated)
* HGC019
* mRNA-1283
* PTX-COVID19-B
* Sanofi–Translate Bio (terminated)
* Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
* Walvax

Subunit|

* 202-CoV
* AKS-452
* Corbevax (Bio E COVID-19)
* EuCorVac-19
* GBP510
* IVX-411
* Nanocovax
* Noora
* ReCOV
* Sanofi–GSK
* S-268019
* SCB-2019
* SCTV01C
* UB-612
* V-01
* V451 (terminated)
* Vabiotech
* West China Hospital
* Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech‎

Viral vector|

* AdCLD-CoV19
* BBV154
* BriLife
* COH04S1
* DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
* GRAd-COV2
* ImmunityBio
* INNA-051
* NDV-HXP-S
* Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine

Virus-like particles|

* ABNCoV2
* CoVLP
* LYB001
* MigVax-101
* VBI-2902

Deployment
by location|

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eswatini
* Ghana
* Morocco
* Nigeria
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Zimbabwe

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Mainland China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* Philippines
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* Vietnam

Europe|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Moldova
* Norway
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

North America|

* Canada
* Quebec
* Cuba
* Haiti
* Mexico
* United States
* mandates

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand

South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Peru

Others|

* Antarctica

Treatment|

* Drug development
* Drug repurposing research
* Dexamethasone
* Baricitinib
* RECOVERY Trial (UK)
* Solidarity trial (WHO)
* Open-source ventilator
* Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Monoclonal antibodies|

* Bamlanivimab/etesevimab
* Bamlanivimab
* Etesevimab
* Casirivimab/imdevimab
* Regdanvimab
* Sarilumab
* Sotrovimab
* Tocilizumab

Small molecule antivirals|

* Broad-spectrum
* Remdesivir
* Molnupiravir

Variants

* Alpha
* Beta
* Gamma
* Delta
* Epsilon
* Zeta
* Eta
* Theta
* Iota
* Kappa
* Lambda
* Mu
* Omicron
* Timeline
* Cluster 5

* Lineage B.1.617
* Variant of concern

Institutions

| Hospitals and
medical clinics|

| Mainland China|

* Central Hospital of Wuhan
* Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre
* Fangcang hospitals
* Huoshenshan Hospital
* Leishenshan Hospital
* Xinjia Express Hotel
* Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital

|

Others|

* Hospital ships
* Canberra Coronavirus Field Hospital (Australia)
* Hospital El Salvador
* SevenHills Hospital (India)
* Kemayoran Athletes Village (Indonesia)
* Pyongyang General Hospital (North Korea)
* Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (Malaysia)
* Mega Ligtas COVID Centers (Philippines)
* Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre (Sri Lanka)
* Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom
* Dragon's Heart Hospital (Wales)
* NHS Louisa Jordan (Scotland)
* NHS Nightingale Hospitals (England)
* Birmingham
* London
* North East
* North West
* Yorkshire and the Humber

Organizations|

| Global|

* Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
* Coronavirus Tech Handbook
* COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund
* Covid Watch
* EcoHealth Alliance
* International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
* Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation
* MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund
* Pasteur Institute
* in Cambodia
* UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force (WHO)
* United Nations
* resolutions
* World Health Organization

|

By location|

* Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (African Union)
* National Cabinet (Australia)
* National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board (Australia)
* COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (Canada)
* COVID-19 Supply Council (Canada)
* ScienceUpFirst (Canada)
* Wuhan Institute of Virology (China)
* PREPARE (European Union)
* Ghana Infectious Disease Centre (Ghana)
* Department of Health (Hong Kong)
* National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (India)
* PM CARES Fund (India)
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund (India)
* COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force (Indonesia)
* National Public Health Emergency Team (Ireland)
* Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting (Japan)
* Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (South Korea)
* Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (Malaysia)
* Outbreak Management Team (Netherlands)
* Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee (Philippines)
* Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Philippines)
* National Institute for Communicable Diseases (South Africa)
* Central Epidemic Command Center (Taiwan)
* Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan)
* Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board (Turkey)
* COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (United Kingdom)
* Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (United Kingdom)
* Independent SAGE (United Kingdom)
* Joint Biosecurity Centre (United Kingdom)
* Vaccine Taskforce (United Kingdom)
* Artist Relief (United States)
* COVID-19 Advisory Board (United States)
* Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups (United States)
* White House Coronavirus Task Force (United States)
* White House COVID-19 Response Team (United States)
* GACH (Uruguay)

People

| Medical
professionals|

* Ai Fen
* Corona Rintawan
* Li Wenliang
* Liu Wen
* Xie Linka
* Zhang Wenhong

|

Researchers|

* Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
* Roberto Burioni
* Chen Wei
* Kizzmekia Corbett
* Andrea Crisanti
* Peter Daszak
* Christian Drosten
* Neil Ferguson
* Dale Fisher
* George F. Gao
* Azra Ghani
* Sarah Gilbert
* Guan Yi
* Kentaro Iwata
* Katalin Karikó
* Matt Keeling
* Trudie Lang
* Li Lanjuan
* W. Ian Lipkin
* Ma Xiaowei
* Shabir Madhi
* Allison McGeer
* Camilla Rothe
* Shi Zhengli
* Moncef Slaoui
* Mike Tildesley
* John Todd
* Wang Chen
* Wang Guangfa
* Drew Weissman
* Yuen Kwok-yung
* Zeng Guang
* Zhang Jixian
* Zhang Yongzhen
* Zhong Nanshan

Officials|

| WHO|

* Tedros Adhanom (Director-General of the WHO)
* Bruce Aylward (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)
* Maria Van Kerkhove (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)
* Michael J. Ryan (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)

|

By location|

* Frank Atherton (Wales)
* Ashley Bloomfield (New Zealand)
* Catherine Calderwood (Scotland)
* Chang Shan-chwen (Taiwan)
* Anutin Charnvirakul (Thailand)
* Chen Shih-chung (Taiwan)
* Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching (Taiwan)
* Victor Costache (Romania)
* Fabrizio Curcio (Italy)
* Carmen Deseda (Puerto Rico)
* Jaap van Dissel (the Netherlands)
* Christian Drosten (Germany)
* Francisco Duque III (Philippines)
* Anthony Fauci (United States)
* Francesco Paolo Figliuolo (Italy)
* Graça Freitas (Portugal)
* Henrique Gouveia e Melo (Portugal)
* Matt Hancock (United Kingdom)
* Hamad Hasan (Lebanon)
* Greg Hunt (Australia)
* Tony Holohan (Ireland)
* Jeong Eun-kyeong (South Korea)
* Fahrettin Koca (Turkey)
* Li Keqiang (China)
* Michael McBride (Northern Ireland)
* Oriol Mitjà (Andorra)
* Zweli Mkhize (South Africa)
* Doni Monardo (Indonesia)
* Alma Möller (Iceland)
* Saeed Namaki (Iran)
* Ala Nemerenco (Moldova)
* Nguyễn Thanh Long (Vietnam)
* Noor Hisham Abdullah (Malaysia)
* Ali Pilli (Northern Cyprus)
* Daniel Salinas (Uruguay)
* Jérôme Salomon (France)
* Fernando Simón (Spain)
* Gregor Smith (Scotland)
* Su Ih-jen (Taiwan)
* Łukasz Szumowski (Poland)
* Theresa Tam (Canada)
* Anders Tegnell (Sweden)
* Þórólfur Guðnason (Iceland)
* Sotiris Tsiodras (Greece)
* Harsh Vardhan (India)
* Víðir Reynisson (Iceland)
* Carla Vizzotti (Argentina)
* Vlad Voiculescu (Romania)
* Chris Whitty (United Kingdom)
* Lawrence Wong (Singapore)
* Jeffrey Zients (United States)

Others|

* Chen Qiushi
* Brett Crozier
* Fang Bin
* Fang Fang
* Joseph Ashitey Hammond
* Li Zehua
* Captain Tom Moore
* Qiu Menghuang
* Ren Zhiqiang

Deaths|

List

Data (templates)

| Global|

* Cases, deaths, recoveries by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision
* WHO situation reports
* cases
* January 2020
* February 2020
* March 2020
* April 2020
* May 2020
* June 2020
* July 2020
* August 2020
* September 2020
* October 2020
* November 2020
* December 2020
* January 2021
* February 2021
* April 2021
* May 2021
* June 2021
* July 2021
* deaths
* World map by countries: confirmed per capita
* China
* Hospital beds by country
* Lockdowns

|

Africa|

* Algeria
* chart
* Angola
* chart
* Benin
* chart
* Botswana
* chart
* Burkina Faso
* chart
* Burundi
* chart
* Cameroon
* chart
* Comoros
* chart
* Egypt
* chart
* Eswatini
* chart
* Ethiopia
* chart
* Ghana
* chart
* Ivory Coast
* chart
* Kenya
* chart
* Libya
* chart
* Malawi
* chart
* Mali
* chart
* Mauritania
* chart
* Mauritius
* chart
* Morocco
* chart
* Mozambique
* chart
* Namibia
* chart
* Nigeria
* chart
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* chart
* Senegal
* chart
* Seychelles
* chart
* Sierra Leone
* chart
* South Africa
* chart
* South Sudan
* chart
* Sudan
* chart
* Tanzania
* chart
* Togo
* chart
* Tunisia
* chart
* Uganda
* chart
* Zambia
* chart
* Zimbabwe
* chart

Americas|

* Argentina
* chart
* Bolivia
* chart
* Brazil
* chart
* Canada
* by province
* chart
* vaccinations by province
* Chile
* by commune
* chart
* Colombia
* chart
* Costa Rica
* chart
* Cuba
* chart
* Dominican Republic
* chart
* Ecuador
* chart
* El Salvador
* chart
* Guatemala
* chart
* Haiti
* chart
* Honduras
* chart
* Mexico
* chart
* Nicaragua
* chart
* Panama
* chart
* Paraguay
* chart
* Peru
* chart
* United States
* by state
* chart
* Uruguay
* chart
* Venezuela
* chart

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* chart
* Armenia
* chart
* Azerbaijan
* chart
* Bahrain
* chart
* Bangladesh
* chart
* Bhutan
* chart
* summary
* Brunei
* chart
* Cambodia
* chart
* summary
* Mainland China
* aggregate
* chart
* confirmed per capita
* areas of lockdown
* Cyprus
* chart
* Egypt
* chart
* Georgia
* chart
* Hong Kong
* chart
* India
* chart
* summary
* Indonesia
* chart
* Iran
* chart
* Iraq
* chart
* Israel
* chart
* Japan
* chart
* Jordan
* chart
* Kazakhstan
* chart
* South Korea
* chart
* vaccinations charts
* Kuwait
* graph
* chart
* Kyrgyzstan
* chart
* Laos
* Lebanon
* chart
* Malaysia
* chart
* Myanmar
* chart
* Nepal
* chart
* by district
* PCR tests
* Oman
* chart
* Pakistan
* chart
* Palestine
* chart
* Philippines
* chart
* areas of quarantine
* vaccinations chart
* Qatar
* chart
* Russia/North Asia
* by federal subject
* chart
* Saudi Arabia
* chart
* Singapore
* chart
* Sri Lanka
* chart
* Syria
* chart
* Taiwan
* chart
* Tajikistan
* chart
* Thailand
* chart
* summary
* Turkey
* by province
* chart
* United Arab Emirates
* chart
* Uzbekistan
* chart
* Vietnam
* chart
* Yemen
* chart

Europe
(chart)|

* Albania
* chart
* Austria
* chart
* Belarus
* chart
* Belgium
* chart
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* chart
* Bulgaria
* chart
* Croatia
* chart
* Cyprus
* chart
* Czech Republic
* chart
* Denmark
* chart
* Estonia
* chart
* Faroe Islands
* chart
* Finland
* chart
* France
* chart
* Germany
* chart
* Greece
* chart
* Hungary
* chart
* Iceland
* chart
* Ireland
* chart
* Italy
* chart
* vaccinations chart
* Kosovo
* chart
* Latvia
* chart
* Lithuania
* chart
* Luxembourg
* chart
* Malta
* chart
* Moldova
* chart
* Monaco
* chart
* Montenegro
* chart
* Netherlands
* chart
* North Macedonia
* chart
* Norway
* chart
* Poland
* chart
* Portugal
* chart
* Romania
* chart
* Russia
* by federal subject
* chart
* San Marino
* chart
* Serbia
* chart
* Slovakia
* by region
* chart
* Slovenia
* chart
* Spain
* chart
* Asturias
* Community of Madrid
* Sweden
* chart
* Switzerland
* chart
* Turkey
* by province
* chart
* Ukraine
* chart
* Donetsk People's Republic
* Luhansk People's Republic
* United Kingdom
* Scotland
* chart
* vaccinations chart
* daily
* by nation
* Vatican City
* chart

Oceania|

* Australia
* chart
* by state/territory
* Fiji
* chart
* French Polynesia
* chart
* New Caledonia
* chart
* New Zealand
* chart
* Papua New Guinea
* chart
* Solomon Islands
* chart

Others|

* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess

* COVID-19 portal
* Category

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[RBD]: Receptor-binding domain
*[c.]: circa