SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant

Variant of SARS-CoV-2

For lineage B.1.617.2, see SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant.

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Kappa variant[1] is a variant of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. It is one of the three sublineages of Pango lineage B.1.617. The SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant is also known as lineage B.1.617.1 and was first detected in India in December 2020.[2] By the end of March 2021, the Kappa sub-variant accounted for more than half of the sequences being submitted from India.[3] On 1 April 2021, it was designated a Variant Under Investigation (VUI-21APR-01) by Public Health England.[4]

## Contents

* 1 Mutations
* 2 History
* 2.1 International detection
* 2.2 Community transmission
* 3 Statistics
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Mutations[edit]

* Amino acid mutations of SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant plotted on a genome map of SARS-CoV-2 with a focus on the spike.[5]

Defining mutations in
SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant
Gene | Nucleotide[6] | Amino acid[6][7]

|
|

ORF1ab | C3457T | \-
C4957T | T1567I
A11201G | T3646A
G17523T | M5753I
A20396G | K6711R
| P314L
| G1129C
| M1352I
| K2310R
| S2312A
Spike | T21895C | \-
T21895C | E154K
T22917G | L452R
G23012C | E484Q
| D614G
C23604G | P681R
| Q1071H
N | G28881T | R203M
| D377Y
M |  | I82S
ORF3a | C25469T | S26L
ORF1a |  | T1567I
| T3646A
ORF7a | T27638C | V82A
Source: covariants.org[7] and PHE Technical Briefing 9[6]

The Kappa variant has three notable alterations in the amino-acid sequences, all of which are in the virus's spike protein code.[5]

The three notable substitutions are: L452R, E484Q, P681R[8]

* L452R. The substitution at position 452, a leucine-to-arginine substitution. This exchange confers stronger affinity of the spike protein for the ACE2 receptor along with decreased recognition capability of the immune system.[9][10]
* E484Q. The substitution at position 484, a glutamic acid-to-glutamine substitution. This alteration confers the variant stronger binding potential to Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, as well as better ability to evade hosts' immune systems.[11][12]
* P681R. The substitution at position 681, a proline-to-arginine substitution.[13][11]

The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) also list a fourth spike mutation of interest:[14]

* D614G. This is a substitution at position 614, an aspartic acid-to-glycine substitution.[15] Other variants which have the D614G mutation include the Beta and Delta variants, and the mutation is associated with increased infectivity.[16][17]

The two other mutations which can be found closer to either end of the spike region are T95I and Q1071H.[5]

## History[edit]

### International detection[edit]

The Kappa variant was first identified in India in December 2020.[2]

By 11 May 2021, the WHO Weekly Epidemiological Update had reported 34 countries with detections of the subvariant,[18] however by 25 May 2021, the number of countries had risen to 41.[19][20] As of 19 May 2021[update], the United Kingdom had detected a total of 418 confirmed cases of the SARS-CoV-2 Kappa variant.[21] On 6 June 2021, a cluster of 60 cases identified in the Australian city of Melbourne were linked to the Kappa variant.[22] According to GISAID in July 2021, India had submitted more genetic samples of the Kappa variant than any other country.[23]

### Community transmission[edit]

A Public Health England technical briefing paper of 22 April 2021 reported that 119 cases of the sub-variant had been identified in England with a concentration of cases in the London area and the regions of the North West and East of England. Of the 119 cases, 94 had an established link to travel, 22 cases were still under investigation, but the remaining 3 cases were identified as not having any known link to travel.[6]

On 2 June, the Guardian reported that at least 1 in 10 of the cases in the outbreak in the Australian state of Victoria were due to contact with strangers and that community transmission was involved with clusters of the Kappa variant. However, infectious disease expert, Professor Greg Dore, said that the Kappa variant was behaving "the same as we've seen before" in relation to other variants in Australia.[24]

Vaccine efficacy

Vaccines are effective against the Kappa variant, albeit to a lower extent than against the original strain.

A study conducted by Oxford University in June 2021 said that the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine and the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine were effective against the Kappa and Delta variants, suggesting that the current vaccines offer protection against these variants, although with slight reductions in neutralization.[25]

Covaxin was also found to be effective against the Kappa variant (B.1.617.1) as for other variants.[26]

The Moderna COVID-19 vaccine was also found to be effective against the Kappa variant, albeit with a 3.3-3.4 fold reduction in neutralization.[27]

## Statistics[edit]

Cases by country (Updated as of 13 September 2021) GISAID[28] Country  | Confirmed cases  | Collection date

|
|

India | 4,437  | 26 May 2021
United Kingdom | 545  | 31 May 2021
United States | 308  | 24 June 2021
Canada | 372  | 12 May 2021
Ireland | 206  | 8 June 2021
Australia | 128  | 15 June 2021
Germany | 102  | 22 June 2021
Singapore | 59  | 13 May 2021
Denmark | 28  | 31 May 2021
Netherlands | 27  | 12 June 2021
Japan | 27  | 7 May 2021
Angola | 6  | 20 April 2021
France | 16  | 20 May 2021
Belgium | 17  | 13 May 2021
China | 13  | 18 April 2021
Qatar | 7  | 17 May 2021
South Korea | 12  | 27 April 2021
Switzerland | 10  | 4 May 2021
Portugal | 9  | 4 May 2021
Italy | 19  | 24 May 2021
Bahrain | 8  | 10 April 2021
Mexico | 7  | 2 June 2021
South Africa | 15  | 18 June 2021
Finland | 11  | 23 May 2021
Luxembourg | 10  | 26 April 2021
Spain | 5  | 19 May 2021
Sweden | 5  | 17 April 2021
Ghana | 5  | 20 April 2021
Kenya | 7  | 29 April 2021
Czech Republic | 4  | 4 May 2021
Jordan | 4  | 25 April 2021
Myanmar | 4  | 2 June 2021
New Zealand | 4  | 8 April 2021
Malaysia | 4  | 1 June 2021
Indonesia | 2  | 29 April 2021
Guadeloupe | 2  | 10 March 2021
Nepal | 2  | 9 May 2021
Sint Maarten | 2  | 3 April 2021
Austria | 2  | 1 August 2021
Curaçao | 1  | 23 April 2021
Greece | 1  | 6 April 2021
Slovakia | 1  | 19 April 2021
Slovenia | 2  | 6 April 2021
Thailand | 1  | 26 April 2021
Uganda | 1  | 26 March 2021
Zambia | 1  | 2 May 2021
Romania | 1  | 5 May 2021
Morocco | 1  | 22 April 2021
Cayman Islands | 3  | 16 April 2021
Poland | 1  | 6 May 2021
Turkey | 1  | 12 March 2021
Brazil | 2  | 10 February 2021
Israel | 2  | 2 January 2021
Saudi Arabia | 1  | 14 April 2021
Russia | 1  | 11 April 2021
Gabon | 1  | 14 April 2021
Oman | 2  | 16 May 2021
Nigeria | 1  | 21 April 2021
Philippines | 1  | 8 November 2021
World (58 countries)  | Total: 6,476 | Total as of 13 September 2021

## See also[edit]

* COVID-19 portal
* Medicine portal
* Viruses portal

* Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Epsilon, Zeta, Eta, Theta, Iota, Lambda, Mu, Omicron

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants". www.who.int. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
2. ^ a b "Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 27 April 2021" (PDF). World Health Organization. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
3. ^ Le Page, Michael (4 June 2021). "Indian covid-19 variant (B.1.617)". New Scientist. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
4. ^ It was considered a previously circulating variant of interest by the World Health Organization on March 2022.SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England - Technical briefing 10 (PDF) (Report). London. Public Health England. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021. "A variant first detected in India was designated under investigation on 1 April 2021 as VUI-21APR-01 (B.1.617.1)." This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3.0:
5. ^ a b c "Spike Variants: Kappa variant, aka B.1.617.1". covdb.stanford.edu. Stanford University Coronavirus Antiviral & Resistance Database. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2021.
6. ^ a b c d SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and variants under investigation in England - Technical briefing 9 (PDF) (Report). London. Public Health England. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021. This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3.0:
7. ^ a b "Dedicated 21A/S:154K Nextstrain build". covariants.org. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
8. ^ Nuki, Paul; Newey, Sarah (16 April 2021). "Arrival of India's 'double mutation' adds to variant woes, but threat posed remains unclear". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
9. ^ Starr, Tyler N.; Greaney, Allison J.; Dingens, Adam S.; Bloom, Jesse D. (April 2021). "Complete map of SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutations that escape the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 and its cocktail with LY-CoV016". Cell Reports Medicine. 2 (4): 100255. doi:10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100255. PMC 8020059. PMID 33842902.
10. ^ Zhang, Wenjuan; Davis, Brian D.; Chen, Stephanie S.; Sincuir Martinez, Jorge M.; Plummer, Jasmine T.; Vail, Eric (6 April 2021). "Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California". JAMA. 325 (13): 1324–1326. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.1612. PMC 7879386. PMID 33571356.
11. ^ a b Haseltine, William. "An Indian SARS-CoV-2 Variant Lands In California. More Danger Ahead?". Forbes. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
12. ^ Harvey, WT; Carabelli, AM; Jackson, B; Gupta, RK; Thomson, EC; Harrison, EM; et al. (2021). "SARS-CoV-2 variants, spike mutations and immune escape". Nat Rev Microbiol. 19 (7): 409–424. doi:10.1038/s41579-021-00573-0. PMC 8167834. PMID 34075212. "For example, recently detected viruses of lineage B.1.617.1 were anticipated to show altered antigenicity due to the presence of the substitutions L452R and E484Q, which have been described as affecting antibody recognition."
13. ^ "SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions". cdc.org. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 11 February 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2021.
14. ^ "SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern as of 3 June 2021". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
15. ^ Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta, Ph.D (15 March 2021). "D614G Mutation in SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein". News Medical. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
16. ^ Korber, Bette; Fischer, Will M.; Gnanakaran, Sandrasegaram; Yoon, Hyejin; Theiler, James; Abfalterer, Werner; et al. (20 August 2020). "Tracking Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike: Evidence that D614G Increases Infectivity of the COVID-19 Virus". Cell. 182 (4): 812–827. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.043. PMC 7332439. PMID 32697968.
17. ^ "SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions". cdc.gov. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021. "These variants share one specific mutation called D614G... ...There is evidence that variants with this mutation spread more quickly than viruses without this mutation."
18. ^ "Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 11 May 2021" (PDF). World Health Organization. 11 May 2021. p. 4. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
19. ^ "Weekly epidemiological update on COVID-19 - 25 May 2021" (PDF). World Health Organization. 25 May 2021. p. 10. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
20. ^ "B.1.617 Covid variant, first found in India, now in 53 countries: WHO". Business Standard. India. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021. "According to it, B.1.617.1 is found in 41 countries..."
21. ^ "Variants: distribution of cases data". gov.uk. Public Health England. 9 February 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021. This article incorporates text published under the British Open Government Licence v3.0:
22. ^ Taylor, Josh (6 June 2021). "Where did Australia's first cases of the Covid Delta variant come from and how infectious is it?". The Guardian. Melbourne. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
23. ^ Baro, Dimple (11 July 2021). "All you need to know about the COVID-19 Kappa variant". EastMojo.
24. ^ Davey, Melissa (2 June 2021). "Experts dispute Victoria claim that Kappa variant is more infectious than previous Covid outbreaks". The Guardian. Victoria. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
25. ^ "Coronavirus: AstraZeneca, Pfizer vaccines effective against Delta, Kappa variants, shows study".
26. ^ "Covaxin neutralises double mutant strain of SARS-CoV-2: ICMR study". 21 April 2021.
27. ^ "Small studies indicate Moderna COVID-19 vaccine may be effective against Delta, Kappa and Eta variants". July 2021.
28. ^ "GISAID - hCov19 Variants". www.gisaid.org. Retrieved 13 September 2021.

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* Cuba
* Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* Grenada
* Haiti
* Jamaica
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Trinidad and Tobago
* timeline

|

British Overseas Territories|

* Anguilla
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Montserrat
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* response

Dutch Caribbean|

* Aruba
* Curaçao
* Sint Maarten

Caribbean Netherlands|

* Bonaire
* Saba
* Sint Eustatius

French West Indies|

* Guadeloupe
* Martinique
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin

US insular areas|

* Puerto Rico
* U.S. Virgin Islands

Central America|

* Belize
* Costa Rica
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Honduras
* Mexico
* timeline
* vaccination
* Nicaragua
* Panama

United States|

* Trump administration communication
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* social impact
* economic impact
* 2021 hospital crisis

responses|

* federal government
* state and local governments
* California government response
* New York government response
* Texas government response
* Eastern States Multi-state Council
* Midwest Governors Regional Pact
* Western States Pact

By location|

* Alabama
* Alaska
* American Samoa
* Arizona
* Navajo Nation
* Arkansas
* California
* timeline
* S.F. Bay Area
* Colorado
* Connecticut
* Delaware
* Florida
* Georgia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Idaho
* Illinois
* Indiana
* Iowa
* Kansas
* Kentucky
* Louisiana
* Maine
* Maryland
* timeline
* Massachusetts
* timeline
* Boston
* timeline
* Michigan
* Minnesota
* Mississippi
* Missouri
* Montana
* Nebraska
* Nevada
* timeline
* New Hampshire
* New Jersey
* New Mexico
* New York
* New York City
* timeline
* North Carolina
* North Dakota
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Ohio
* Columbus
* Oklahoma
* Oregon
* Portland
* Pennsylvania
* Philadelphia
* Puerto Rico
* Rhode Island
* South Carolina
* South Dakota
* Tennessee
* Texas
* timeline
* Austin
* U.S. Virgin Islands
* Utah
* Vermont
* Virginia
* Washington
* Washington, D.C.
* White House
* West Virginia
* Wisconsin
* Wyoming

Oceania|

* American Samoa
* Cook Islands
* Easter Island
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Fiji
* timeline
* French Polynesia
* Guam
* Hawaii
* Kiribati
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* New Caledonia
* Niue
* Northern Mariana Islands
* Palau
* Papua New Guinea
* Bougainville
* Pitcairn Islands
* Samoa
* Solomon Islands
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* Vanuatu
* Wallis and Futuna

Australia|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* January–June
* July–December
* 2022
* Australian Capital Territory
* Christmas Island
* Cocos (Keeling) Islands
* New South Wales
* Norfolk Island
* Northern Territory
* Queensland
* South Australia
* Tasmania
* Victoria
* Western Australia

New Zealand|

* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* 2022
* economic impact
* government response
* Alert levels
* Traffic light system
* social impact
* managed isolation

South
America|

* Argentina
* timeline
* statistics
* human rights
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* São Paulo
* Chile
* statistics
* Easter Island
* Colombia
* timeline
* Ecuador
* Falkland Islands
* French Guiana
* Guyana
* Paraguay
* Peru
* statistics
* Cusco
* Suriname
* Uruguay
* timeline
* 2020
* 2021
* Venezuela

Others|

* Antarctica
* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess
* Grand Princess
* Naval ships
* Charles de Gaulle
* USS Theodore Roosevelt

Impact

| Culture and
entertainment|

* Arts and cultural heritage
* references in popular culture
* Cinema
* films affected
* Corona-chan [ja; tl; zh]
* Disney
* Fashion industry
* Music industry
* Performing arts
* Television
* U.S.
* U.S. sports
* programs affected
* Video games

Education|

* Female education
* Homeschooling

By country|

* Ghana
* Ireland
* United Kingdom
* exam grading controversy
* United States

Sports|

* Bio-secure bubble

By country|

* Ireland
* Philippines

By sport|

* Association football
* Baseball
* Basketball
* NBA
* Combat sports
* Cricket
* Disc golf
* Gaelic games
* Gridirion football (NCAAF, NFL, and CFL)
* Ice hockey
* Motorsport
* Rugby league

Society
and rights|

| Social impact|

* Social media
* Stigma
* COVID-19 parties
* Children
* foster care in the U.S.

|

Labor|

* Healthcare workers
* Indian migrant workers
* Great Resignation
* Strikes

Human rights|

* Argentina
* Hong Kong
* Myanmar
* North Korea
* Turkmenistan

Legal|

* Abortion in the U.S.
* Crime
* Ireland
* Domestic violence
* Prisons
* U.S. immigration detention

Minority|

* Gender
* LGBT community
* African-American communities
* Disability community
* Native American communities
* Xenophobia and racism

Religion|

* Catholic Church
* Hajj

Economic|

* Charitable activity
* COVID-19 scams
* Travel restrictions

By country|

* Canada
* India
* Ireland
* COVID-19 Pandemic Unemployment Payment
* Malaysia
* New Zealand
* Russia
* U.K.
* U.S.

By industry|

* Aviation
* Airlines
* Cannabis industry
* Food industry
* meat industry in Canada
* meat industry in the U.S.
* restaurant industry in the U.S.
* Hospitals
* ICU capacity
* Long-term care facilities
* Mink farming
* Public transport
* Retail
* Tourism

Supply and trade|

* Chip supply
* Energy
* Global supply chain
* Oil price war
* Food security

Financial markets|

* Global stock market crash
* COVID-19 recession
* Inflation

Information|

* Journalism
* Media coverage
* Wikipedia's response

Misinformation|

* Governments
* Canada
* China
* United States
* By country
* Philippines
* Ivermectin
* Plandemic

Politics|

* National responses
* Legislation
* European Union

Political impact|

* Ireland
* Malaysia
* Russia

Protests|

* Canada
* convoy protest
* Italy
* Germany
* Idar-Oberstein shooting
* the Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Serbia
* United Kingdom
* United States
* Open the States

International relations|

* Aid
* Italy
* Moldovan–Romanian collaboration
* Nicaragua–Taiwan relations
* Respirator diplomacy of Taiwan
* Vaccine diplomacy

Language|

* Anthropause
* Doomscrolling
* Flattening the curve
* Green recovery
* Living with COVID-19
* Long COVID
* Quarantini
* Social distancing
* Superspreader
* Zero-COVID
* Zoom
* Zoom towns

Others|

* Animals
* Cluster 5
* Environment
* Military
* Science and technology

Health issues

| Medical topics|

* Transmission
* Symptoms
* Cancer
* Skin manifestations
* Long COVID
* Mental health
* neurological, psychological and other mental health outcomes
* Pregnancy
* Non-COVID-19–related health issues
* Shortages
* Raise the line
* Rehabilitation
* Unproven medical methods

|

Testing and
epidemiology|

* Disease testing
* Breathalyzer
* Operation Moonshot
* Test to Release
* UK Rapid Test Consortium
* AbC-19 rapid antibody test
* Rapid antigen test
* investigations into the origins
* lab leak theory
* Surveillance
* Death rates by country
* Datasets
* Undercounting COVID-19 deaths
* Use and development of software

Apps|

* Aarogya Setu
* BlueTrace
* careFIJI
* Coronavirus Australia
* Corona-Warn-App
* COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application
* COVID Alert (Canada)
* COVID AlertSA (South Africa)
* COVIDSafe
* COVID Symptom Study
* COVID Tracker Ireland
* Covid Watch
* Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing
* Exposure Notification
* Health Code
* Healthy Together
* Immuni
* Koronavilkku
* LeaveHomeSafe
* MySejahtera
* NHS COVID-19
* NZ COVID Tracer
* NZ Pass Verifier
* PathCheck
* PeduliLindungi
* SafeEntry
* SafePass
* StaySafe.ph
* SwissCovid
* TCN Protocol
* Test, Trace, Protect
* Thai Chana
* TousAntiCovid
* TraceTogether
* Valtrace

Prevention|

* Public health mitigation
* Social distancing
* Face masks
* Anti-mask sentiment
* United States
* Flattening the curve
* Zero-COVID
* Workplace hazard controls
* Lockdowns
* Evacuations
* International aid
* Safe Hands Challenge
* COVID fatigue
* Great Barrington Declaration
* Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine

Vaccines|

| Topics|

* Development
* Clinical research
* Authorizations
* Deployment
* Post-vaccination complications
* Operation Warp Speed (U.S.)
* Vaccine passports
* Vaccine card
* EU Certificate
* Misinformation and hesitancy
* Deaths of anti-vaccine advocates
* US

|

Authorized|

| DNA|

* ZyCoV-D

|

Inactivated|

* Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
* CoronaVac
* Covaxin
* COVIran Barekat
* CoviVac (Russia)
* FAKHRAVAC
* Minhai
* QazCovid-in
* Sinopharm BIBP
* Sinopharm WIBP
* Turkovac
* Valneva

mRNA|

* Moderna
* Pfizer–BioNTech

Subunit|

* Abdala
* Corbevax (Bio E COVID-19)
* COVAX-19
* EpiVacCorona
* MVC
* Noora
* Novavax
* Razi Cov Pars
* Sinopharm CNBG
* Soberana 02
* Soberana Plus
* ZF2001 (Zifivax)

Viral vector|

* Convidecia
* Janssen
* Oxford–AstraZeneca
* Sputnik V
* Sputnik Light

Virus-like particles|

* CoVLP

In trials|

| Attenuated|

* COVI-VAC (United States)

|

DNA|

* AG0302-COVID‑19
* GX-19
* Inovio

Inactivated|

* KD-414
* NDV-HXP-S

RNA|

* ARCT-021
* ARCT-154
* Bangavax
* CureVac (terminated)
* HGC019
* mRNA-1283
* PTX-COVID19-B
* Sanofi–Translate Bio (terminated)
* Stemirna COVID-19 vaccine
* Walvax

Subunit|

* 202-CoV
* AKS-452
* EuCorVac-19
* IVX-411
* Nanocovax
* ReCOV
* Sanofi–GSK
* S-268019
* SCB-2019
* SCTV01C
* SKYCovione
* UB-612
* V-01
* V451 (terminated)
* Vabiotech
* West China Hospital
* Zhongyianke Biotech–Liaoning Maokangyuan Biotech‎

Viral vector|

* AdCLD-CoV19
* BBV154
* BriLife
* COH04S1
* DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT
* GRAd-COV2
* ImmunityBio
* INNA-051
* NDV-HXP-S
* Vaxart COVID-19 vaccine

Virus-like particles|

* ABNCoV2
* LYB001
* MigVax-101
* VBI-2902

Deployment
by location|

| Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Cameroon
* Chad
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eswatini
* Ghana
* Morocco
* Nigeria
* Senegal
* South Africa
* Zimbabwe

|

Asia|

* Bangladesh
* Bhutan
* Mainland China
* India
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Israel
* Japan
* Kazakhstan
* Malaysia
* Nepal
* Philippines
* Russia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* Sri Lanka
* Taiwan
* Thailand
* Turkey
* United Arab Emirates
* Vietnam

Europe|

* Albania
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Denmark
* France
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
* Italy
* Moldova
* Norway
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom

North America|

* Canada
* Ontario
* Quebec
* Cuba
* Haiti
* Mexico
* United States
* mandates

Oceania|

* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand

South America|

* Argentina
* Brazil
* Colombia
* Peru

Others|

* Antarctica

Treatment|

* Drug development
* Drug repurposing research
* Dexamethasone
* Baricitinib
* RECOVERY Trial (UK)
* Solidarity trial (WHO)
* PANORAMIC trial (UK)
* Open-source ventilator
* Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Monoclonal antibodies|

* Bamlanivimab/etesevimab
* Bamlanivimab
* Etesevimab
* Bebtelovimab
* Casirivimab/imdevimab
* Regdanvimab
* Sarilumab
* Sotrovimab
* Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
* Tocilizumab

Small molecule antivirals|

* Broad-spectrum
* Remdesivir
* Molnupiravir
* Co-packaged
* Nirmatrelvir
* ritonavir

Variants

* Alpha
* Beta
* Gamma
* Delta
* Epsilon
* Zeta
* Eta
* Theta
* Iota
* Kappa
* Lambda
* Mu
* Omicron
* timeline

* Cluster 5
* Lineage B.1.617
* Lineage B.1.640.2
* Variant of concern

Institutions

| Hospitals and
medical clinics|

| Mainland China|

* Central Hospital of Wuhan
* Dabie Mountain Regional Medical Centre
* Fangcang hospitals
* Huoshenshan Hospital
* Leishenshan Hospital
* Xinjia Express Hotel
* Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital

|

Others|

* Hospital ships
* Canberra Coronavirus Field Hospital (Australia)
* Hospital El Salvador
* SevenHills Hospital (India)
* Kemayoran Athletes Village (Indonesia)
* Pyongyang General Hospital (North Korea)
* Malaysia Agro Exposition Park Serdang (Malaysia)
* Mega Ligtas COVID Centers (Philippines)
* Kandakadu Treatment and Rehabilitation Centre (Sri Lanka)
* Sancaktepe Prof. Dr. Feriha Öz Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* Yeşilköy Prof. Dr. Murat Dilmener Emergency Hospital (Turkey)
* COVID-19 hospitals in the United Kingdom
* Dragon's Heart Hospital (Wales)
* NHS Louisa Jordan (Scotland)
* NHS Nightingale Hospitals (England)
* Birmingham
* London
* North East
* North West
* Yorkshire and the Humber

Organizations|

| Global|

* Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations
* Coronavirus Tech Handbook
* COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund
* Covid Watch
* EcoHealth Alliance
* International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
* Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation
* MusiCares COVID-19 Relief Fund
* Pasteur Institute
* in Cambodia
* UN COVID-19 Supply Chain Task Force (WHO)
* United Nations
* resolutions
* World Health Organization

|

By location|

* National Cabinet (Australia)
* ScienceUpFirst (Canada)
* Wuhan Institute of Virology (China)
* Independent SAGE (United Kingdom)

Health
institutes|

* Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (African Union)
* Ghana Infectious Disease Centre (Ghana)
* Department of Health (Hong Kong)
* Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (South Korea)
* National Institute for Communicable Diseases (South Africa)
* Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (Taiwan)

Pandemic
institutes|

* National COVID-19 Commission Advisory Board (Australia)
* COVID-19 Immunity Task Force (Canada)
* COVID-19 Supply Council (Canada)
* PREPARE (European Union)
* National Expert Group on Vaccine Administration for COVID-19 (India)
* COVID-19 Response Acceleration Task Force (Indonesia)
* National Public Health Emergency Team (Ireland)
* Novel Coronavirus Expert Meeting (Japan)
* Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (Malaysia)
* Defeat COVID-19 Ad Hoc Committee (Philippines)
* Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (Philippines)
* Central Epidemic Command Center (Taiwan)
* Coronavirus Scientific Advisory Board (Turkey)
* COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium (United Kingdom)
* Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (United Kingdom)
* Joint Biosecurity Centre (United Kingdom)
* Vaccine Taskforce (United Kingdom)
* COVID-19 Advisory Board (United States)
* Great American Economic Revival Industry Groups (United States)
* White House Coronavirus Task Force (United States)
* White House COVID-19 Response Team (United States)
* GACH (Uruguay)

Relief funds|

* PM CARES Fund (India)
* SAARC COVID-19 Emergency Fund (India)
* Artist Relief (United States)

People

| Medical
professionals|

* Ai Fen
* Corona Rintawan
* Li Wenliang
* Liu Wen
* Xie Linka
* Zhang Wenhong

|

Researchers|

* Awang Bulgiba Awang Mahmud
* Roberto Burioni
* Chen Wei
* Kizzmekia Corbett
* Andrea Crisanti
* Peter Daszak
* Christian Drosten
* Neil Ferguson
* Dale Fisher
* George F. Gao
* Azra Ghani
* Sarah Gilbert
* Guan Yi
* Kentaro Iwata
* Katalin Karikó
* Matt Keeling
* Trudie Lang
* Li Lanjuan
* W. Ian Lipkin
* Ma Xiaowei
* Shabir Madhi
* Allison McGeer
* Camilla Rothe
* Shi Zhengli
* Moncef Slaoui
* Mike Tildesley
* John Todd
* Wang Chen
* Wang Guangfa
* Drew Weissman
* Yuen Kwok-yung
* Zeng Guang
* Zhang Jixian
* Zhang Yongzhen
* Zhong Nanshan

Officials|

| WHO|

* Tedros Adhanom (Director-General of the WHO)
* Bruce Aylward (Team lead of WHO-China COVID-19 mission)
* Maria Van Kerkhove (Technical Lead for COVID-19 response)
* Michael J. Ryan (Executive Director of the WHO Health Emergencies Programme)

|

By location|

* Frank Atherton (Wales)
* Ashley Bloomfield (New Zealand)
* Catherine Calderwood (Scotland)
* Chang Shan-chwen (Taiwan)
* Anutin Charnvirakul (Thailand)
* Chen Shih-chung (Taiwan)
* Kenneth Chuang Yin-ching (Taiwan)
* Victor Costache (Romania)
* Fabrizio Curcio (Italy)
* Carmen Deseda (Puerto Rico)
* Jaap van Dissel (the Netherlands)
* Christian Drosten (Germany)
* Francisco Duque III (Philippines)
* Anthony Fauci (United States)
* Francesco Paolo Figliuolo (Italy)
* Graça Freitas (Portugal)
* Henrique Gouveia e Melo (Portugal)
* Matt Hancock (United Kingdom)
* Hamad Hasan (Lebanon)
* Greg Hunt (Australia)
* Tony Holohan (Ireland)
* Jeong Eun-kyeong (South Korea)
* Fahrettin Koca (Turkey)
* Li Keqiang (China)
* Hugo López-Gatell Ramírez (Mexico)
* Michael McBride (Northern Ireland)
* Oriol Mitjà (Andorra)
* Zweli Mkhize (South Africa)
* Doni Monardo (Indonesia)
* Alma Möller (Iceland)
* Saeed Namaki (Iran)
* Ala Nemerenco (Moldova)
* Nguyễn Thanh Long (Vietnam)
* Noor Hisham Abdullah (Malaysia)
* Ali Pilli (Northern Cyprus)
* Daniel Salinas (Uruguay)
* Jérôme Salomon (France)
* Fernando Simón (Spain)
* Gregor Smith (Scotland)
* Su Ih-jen (Taiwan)
* Łukasz Szumowski (Poland)
* Theresa Tam (Canada)
* Anders Tegnell (Sweden)
* Þórólfur Guðnason (Iceland)
* Sotiris Tsiodras (Greece)
* Harsh Vardhan (India)
* Víðir Reynisson (Iceland)
* Carla Vizzotti (Argentina)
* Vlad Voiculescu (Romania)
* Chris Whitty (United Kingdom)
* Lawrence Wong (Singapore)
* Jeffrey Zients (United States)

Others|

* Chen Qiushi
* Brett Crozier
* Fang Bin
* Fang Fang
* Joseph Ashitey Hammond
* Li Zehua
* Captain Tom Moore
* Qiu Menghuang
* Ren Zhiqiang

Deaths|

List

Data (templates)

| Global|

* Cases, deaths, recoveries by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country
* Tests, cases, tests per capita, cases per capita by country subdivision
* WHO situation reports
* cases
* January 2020
* February 2020
* March 2020
* April 2020
* May 2020
* June 2020
* July 2020
* August 2020
* September 2020
* October 2020
* November 2020
* December 2020
* January 2021
* February 2021
* April 2021
* May 2021
* June 2021
* July 2021
* deaths
* World map by countries: confirmed per capita
* China
* Hospital beds by country
* Lockdowns

|

Africa|

* Algeria
* Angola
* Benin
* Botswana
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Comoros
* Egypt
* Eswatini
* Ethiopia
* Ghana
* cases chart
* Ivory Coast
* Kenya
* Libya
* Malawi
* Mali
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Morocco (including occupied Western Sahara)
* Mozambique
* Namibia
* Nigera
* cases chart
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* South Africa
* cases chart
* South Sudan
* Sudan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Tunisia
* Uganda
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe
* cases chart

Americas|

* Argentina
* Bolivia
* Brazil
* Canada
* by province
* vaccinations by province
* Chile
* by commune
* Colombia
* Costa Rica
* cases chart
* Cuba
* Dominican Republic
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Guatemala
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Mexico
* cases chart
* Nicaragua
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* United States
* by state
* Uruguay
* Venezuela

Asia|

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Artsakh
* Azerbaijan
* Bahrain
* Bangladesh
* by division
* Bhutan
* cases chart
* Brunei
* Cambodia
* cases chart
* summary
* China
* cases chart
* confirmed per capita
* lockdowns
* by province
* Hong Kong
* Macau
* Cyprus
* East Timor
* Egypt
* Georgia
* India
* Indonesia
* cases chart
* Iran
* cases chart
* Iraq
* Israel
* cases chart
* Japan
* cases chart
* Jordan
* Kazakhstan
* Kuwait
* cases chart
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Lebanon
* Malaysia
* cases chart
* charts
* Myanmar
* cases chart
* summary
* Nepal
* cases chart
* Oman
* cases chart
* Pakistan
* cases chart
* Philippines
* cases chart
* areas of quarantine
* vaccinations chart
* Qatar
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* North Asia
* Saudi Arabia
* Singapore
* South Korea
* cases chart
* vaccinations charts
* Sri Lanka
* Syria
* Taiwan
* vaccination charts
* Tajikistan
* Thailand
* cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* United Arab Emirates
* cases chart
* Uzbekistan
* cases chart
* Vietnam
* statistics charts
* Yemen

Europe|

* Albania
* Austria
* cases chart
* Belarus
* Belgium
* cases chart
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* cases chart
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* cases chart
* Faroe Islands
* Estonia
* cases chart
* Finland
* France
* cases chart
* Germany
* cases chart
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* cases chart
* Ireland
* cases chart
* Italy
* cases chart
* statistics charts
* vaccinations chart
* Kosovo
* Latvia
* cases chart
* Lithuania
* cases chart
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* cases chart
* Poland
* cases chart
* by voivodeship
* Portugal
* cases chart
* Romania
* cases chart
* Russia
* cases chart
* by federal subject
* North Asia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* cases chart
* by region
* Slovenia
* cases chart
* Spain
* cases chart
* Sweden
* cases chart
* Switzerland
* cases chart
* Turkey
* cases chart
* Ukraine
* Donetsk People's Republic
* Luhansk People's Republic
* United Kingdom
* Scotland
* 2020
* 2021
* Gibraltar
* vaccinations chart
* daily
* by nation
* Vatican City

Oceania|

* Australia
* by state/territory
* Fiji
* French Polynesia
* New Caledonia
* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Solomon Islands

Others|

* Cruise ships
* Diamond Princess

* COVID-19 portal
* Category

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