SS Cayuga

American freighter, in service 1889–1895

For other items of a similar name, see USS Cayuga.

45°43′14.34″N 85°11′24.06″W﻿ / ﻿45.7206500°N 85.1900167°W﻿ / 45.7206500; -85.1900167

Cayuga on the ways, prior to her launching

History
United States
Name| Cayuga
Namesake| Cayuga Creek
Operator|

* Lehigh Valley Transit Company, Buffalo, New York
* Managed by John Gordon, later W.P. Henry

Port of registry| Buffalo, New York, United States
Builder| Globe Iron Works Company, Cleveland, Ohio
Yard number| 24
Launched| April 2, 1889
In service| 1889
Out of service| May 10, 1895
Identification| US official number 126556
Fate| Sank in a collision on Lake Michigan
General characteristics
Class and type| Package freighter
Tonnage|

* 2,669 GRT
* 1,939 NRT

Length|

* 308.8 feet (94.1 m) LOA
* 290 feet (88 m) LBP

Beam| 40.66 feet (12.39 m)
Draught| 16.5 feet (5.0 m)
Depth| 23.5 feet (7.2 m)
Installed power|

* Engine:
* 1 × 1,500 hp (1,100 kW) 85 rpm triple expansion steam engine
* Boilers:
* 3 × 160 pounds per square inch (1,100 kPa) Scotch marine boilers

Propulsion| 1 × 4–bladed fixed pitch propeller
Speed| c. 14 miles per hour (12 kn)
Capacity| c. 3,000 long tons (3,000 t)
Crew| 30

SS Cayuga was a steel-hulled American package freighter in service between 1889 and 1895. She was built in 1889 in Cleveland, Ohio, by the Globe Iron Works Company for the Lehigh Valley Transit Company of Buffalo, New York. One of five identical sister ships, Cayuga entered service in 1889, carrying package freight between Buffalo and Chicago, Illinois, also making stops in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Gladstone, Michigan. Prior to her sinking, Cayuga was involved in two accidents. In the first in 1890, when she went aground in a gale just outside of Buffalo harbour; six tugboats managed to pull her free that same day. The second accident occurred in 1891, when Cayuga was involved in a collision with the package freighter Delaware near Cheboygan, Michigan.

On the morning of May 10, 1895, Cayuga while bound for Buffalo with a cargo of oats, flour and general merchandise. A thick fog hung over Lake Michigan. As Cayuga neared Ile Aux Galets, her crew spotted the lights of the downbound wooden freighter Joseph L. Hurd. At 4:00 or 4:30 a.m., Joseph L. Hurd struck Cayuga on her starboard side, tearing a hole in her hull; Joseph L. Hurd lost her bow, but was kept afloat by her cargo, while Cayuga sank 25 minutes later. The passing freighter Manola rescued the crews of the two vessels. The steward/cook of Joseph L. Hurd was the only casualty.

The wreck of Cayuga was located later in 1895. Due to her value, multiple attempts to raise her were made between 1896 and 1900 by Captain James Reid of Bay City, Michigan. His efforts were plagued by problems such as decompression sickness, the loss of several steel pontoons, a derrick barge and the alleged death of a hard-hat diver. Cayuga's wreck was re-discovered in the spring of 1969 by John Steele and Gene Turner.

## History

[edit]

### Background

[edit]

In 1843, the gunship USS Michigan, built in Erie, Pennsylvania, became the first iron-hulled vessel constructed on the Great Lakes.[1] In the mid-1840s, Canadian companies began importing iron vessels prefabricated by shipyards in the United Kingdom. However, it would not be until 1862 that the first iron-hulled merchant ship, Merchant, was fabricated in Buffalo, New York.[1] Despite the success of Merchant, wooden vessels remained preferable to iron ones until the 1880s, due to their affordability and the region's abundance of timber.[2][3][4] In the early 1880s, shipyards around the Great Lakes began to construct iron ships on a relatively large scale; in 1882, Onoko, an iron freighter, temporarily became the largest ship on the lakes.[4][5] In 1884, the first steel freighters were built on the Great Lakes, and by the 1890s, the majority of ships constructed on the lakes were steel.[6]

### Design and construction

[edit]

Cayuga's blueprints

Cayuga (US official number 126556) was built on the banks of the Cuyahoga River in 1889 in Cleveland, Ohio, by the Globe Iron Works Company.[7][8][9] The second of five identical sister ships built between 1888 and 1890, she was one of the first steel freighters built on the Great Lakes, as well as the fourteenth steel ship built by the Globe Iron Works Company.[10][11][12][A] Cayuga was named after Cayuga Creek, a stream in western New York.[17][B]

Cayuga's overall hull length was 308.8 feet (94.1 m) (some sources state 306.8 feet (93.5 m) or 308 feet (94 m)) with a length between perpendiculars of 290 feet (88 m) (one source states 292.2 feet (89.1 m)).[7][9][18][19] Her beam was 40.66 feet (12.39 m) (some sources state 40.8 feet (12.4 m) or 41 feet (12 m)) wide, while her hull was 23.5 feet (7.2 m) (some sources state 22.6 feet (6.9 m) or 25.5 feet (7.8 m)) deep.[7][8][9][18] Cayuga's gross register tonnage was 2,669, with a net register tonnage of 1,939.[7][8][18][20] She had a cargo capacity of about 3,000 long tons (3,000 t); when Cayuga was fully loaded, she had a draft of 16.5 feet (5.0 m).[9]

She was powered by a 1,500 hp (1,100 kW) 85 rpm triple expansion steam engine. The cylinders of the engine were 24 inches (61 cm), 38 inches (97 cm) and 61 inches (150 cm) in diameter and had a stroke of 42 inches (110 cm).[8][18] Steam for the engine was provided by two 11.1 by 12 feet (3.4 by 3.7 m) 160 pounds per square inch (1,100 kPa) Scotch marine boilers.[8][21] Cayuga's engine and boilers were both built by the Globe Iron Works Company. She was propelled by a single, four-bladed, fixed-pitch propeller and had a top speed of about 14 miles per hour (12 kn).[8][9][10][21] She cost $250,000 (equivalent to $7.68 million in 2023[C]) to build.[19][22][23]

### Service history

[edit]

Cayuga in 1892

Commissioned by Buffalo's Lehigh Valley Transit Company whose fleet was managed by John Gordon and later W.P. Henry,[24][25] Cayuga was launched on April 2, 1889 as yard number 24, and made her maiden voyage in May that same year.[7][18][26] Although her home port was Buffalo, she was initially enrolled in Cleveland on May 31, 1889.[18][27] She was re-enrolled in Buffalo on June 3, 1889.[18] She carried package freight on her regular route between Buffalo and Chicago and made stops in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and Gladstone, Michigan.[8][10][18][19]

Throughout her career, Cayuga was involved in several accidents.[8] The first serious incident occurred on April 9, 1890.[8][23] She was unladen and left Buffalo harbor at around 4:00 p.m. towed by the tug S.W. Gee. Upon clearing the breakwater in a full gale, Cayuga became unmanageable.[23] She drifted onto a shoal, broke free and onto the rocks at the foot of Georgia Street.[23] Due to the storm, the life saving crew could not shoot a breeches buoy to Cayuga until the weather had abated and her stern was firmly aground.[23] Cayuga was freed at around 9:00 a.m. by six tugs.[23] Several of her keel plates were damaged; all of her propeller blades broke off; and she lost her rudder shoe.[8][23]

In November 1891, Cayuga collided with the wooden package freighter Delaware off Cheboygan, Michigan.[8]

### Final voyage

[edit]

Joseph L. Hurd being towed to Harbor Springs, Michigan, by the tug Favorite

On May 10, 1895, Cayuga, under the command of Captain George Graser, was bound for Buffalo with a cargo of 35,000 or 38,000 bushels of oats, flour and 1,500 pounds (680 kg) of general merchandise.[8][19][28][29] Sources differ whether Cayuga was heading to Buffalo from Chicago or Milwaukee.[19][28][30] One source states she left Buffalo for Milwaukee on May 5, and left Milwaukee at 8:00 a.m. on May 9.[19][28][30][31] Meanwhile, the wooden freighter Joseph L. Hurd, commanded by Captain Charles E. Wilson, was bound from Duluth, Minnesota, for Chicago with a cargo of lumber (specifically pine boards) and package freight.[17][19][28]

A thick fog obscured visibility as the wind distorted the sound of the vessels' fog whistles.[28][30] When Cayuga and Joseph L. Hurd neared each other near Ile Aux Galets, they spotted each other's lights when they were about 10 miles (16 km) apart.[28] The fog soon concealed the vessels from one other.[28] At 4:00 or 4:30 a.m., when Cayuga and Joseph L. Hurd were less than 250 feet (76 m) apart, they were on a collision course.[17][19][28] Cayuga's engine was reversed which only slowed her down rather of stopping her.[17][19][28] Joseph L. Hurd crashed into Cayuga, tearing a hole 2 feet (0.61 m) wide and 6 feet (1.8 m) deep into her starboard side.[19][32] Joseph L. Hurd lost 15 feet (4.6 m) of her bow, but was kept afloat by her cargo of pine boards.[17][19][30][32] The force of the collision caused Cayuga to roll to port; she then righted herself, and began to sink.[19] Cayuga went down in 25 minutes.[19][32]

### Aftermath

[edit]

The crew of Cayuga and Joseph L. Hurd escaped in lifeboats and were picked up by the bulk freighter Manola.[19][31][32] The only casualty of the accident was Joseph L. Hurd's cook/steward George Johnson, who fell overboard and drowned.[22] The day after the collision, Joseph L. Hurd was towed to Harbor Springs, Michigan, by the wrecking tug Favorite.[22] She was repaired and returned to service.[22] Cayuga was insured for $175,000 (equivalent to $5.57 million in 2023[C]) and her cargo was insured for $90,000 (equivalent to $2.87 million in 2023[C]).[28][33]

Lloyd's of London libeled Joseph L. Hurd's owners for $200,000 (equivalent to $6.37 million in 2023[C]).[34] The collision was determined to have been caused by mistaken passing signals.[35] Captain Graser stated in a letter to supervising inspector general James Dumont that if Joseph L. Hurd had also reversed her engine, the collision would not have occurred.[36][37]

## Cayuga wreck

[edit]

### Salvage attempts

[edit]

The day after Cayuga sank, the Chicago Tribune stated that:

> Among practical marine men, it was believed that the steamer [Cayuga] could ultimately be got afloat again, but it was thought the expense would amount to nearly all she was worth. The work must be done with pontoons, and will be a long, tedious job.[22]

James Reid's tug Protector, with several pontoons, at Cayuga's wreck site

The first expedition attempting to locate Cayuga on May 13, 1895 was cancelled due to a gale.[19] Several people searched for Cayuga after she sank.[19][22] Five days after the incident, Captain Cyrus H. Sinclair of the Chicago based C.A. McDonald & Company spent a day unsuccessfully searching for her.[22][38][39][40] He concluded that her wreck lay in between 102 and 120 feet (31 and 37 m) of water, and doubted whether she could be raised.[22] By June, the underwriters had offered a $1,000 (equivalent to $31,841 in 2023[C]) reward to anyone who could find Cayuga's wreck.[41] On June 18, Captain Wilbur of the package freighter City of Grand Haven abandoned his search for Cayuga after ten days.[19]

On June 28, Captain Sinclair travelled to Cheboygan, to begin a new search.[39] Using the tug George W. Cuyler, on June 30 he steamed to the position recorded by Captain Martin Swain of the wrecking tug Favorite.[39] Sinclair planned to locate the wreck by dragging George W. Cuyler's anchor.[39] A few minutes after Sinclair began searching for Cayuga, he managed to locate her, and planted a buoy at the wreck site.[39] The following day, George W. Cuyler and the tug Major Dana recovered a flagpole, a boom and portions of Cayuga's bulwarks and rigging.[39] For his efforts, Captain Sinclair was paid $2,000 (equivalent to $63,682 in 2023[C]) by the underwriters.[42]

By August 22, the underwriters had received bids from the Murphy Wrecking Company of Detroit, Michigan, and James Reid & Sons of Bay City, Michigan, to raise the wreck.[22][43][44] On September 12, Captain James Reid signed a $100,000 (equivalent to $3.18 million in 2023[C]) contract with the underwriters to raise Cayuga's wreck .[22] Reid planned to start work on Cayuga in 1896, once the ice on Lake Michigan had melted.[45]

Captain Reid planned to position eighteen 8-inch (20 cm) thick cables under Cayuga's hull, which would then be attached to a scow with a carrying capacity of 1,000 long tons (1,000 t).[31][46][47] He also planned to attach eight steel pontoons (25 feet (7.6 m) (or 30 feet (9.1 m)) long and 13 feet (4.0 m) wide, with a lifting capacity of about 500 long tons (510 t) to Cayuga's wreck with thick cables, partially fill them with enough air to lift the wreck 8 to 10 feet (2.4 to 3.0 m) off the lake bottom, and then tow it into shallower water in Little Traverse Bay. There it would be patched up and pumped out.[17][22][31][46][48] Most of the oats in Cayuga's cargo hold were recovered.[31][46] In November, Captain Reid suspended the salvage operations, but claimed he would resume them in spring 1897.[49] By February 1897, Captain Reid claimed to have spent more than $40,000 (equivalent to $1.26 million in 2023[C]) on his salvage efforts.[31][50] On June 9, Captain Reid managed to break Cayuga free from the mud where she was embedded.[31][51] He continued to work on Cayuga's wreck until 1900, when he abandoned the salvage attempts.[20][30][52][53]

Reid's salvage efforts were plagued by problems.[17][22] The pontoons attached to her hull frequently broke free.[17] Captain Reid and several of his divers sustained severe injuries and decompression sickness.[22][31] One diver allegedly died when a derrick barge reportedly sank on top of him.[17][54] The barge later sank completely when one of the air-filled pontoons broke free and shot to the surface.[10][17] One tug used in the salvage operation burned.[55] The salvage attempts nearly bankrupted Captain Reid's company.[10][17][18][30]

### Cayuga today

[edit]

Cayuga's wreck

The wreck of Cayuga was re-discovered in spring 1969 by John Steele and Gene Turner of Illinois.[10] Her wreck rests with a 35° port list in 102 feet (31 m) of water at the lake bottom, and 75 feet (23 m) to her deck, southwest of Grays Reef Light, near Ile Aux Galets.[10][56][57][58] Her cabins no longer exist.[56] The wreck is partially collapsed forward of the engine room with the bow has broken away and is lying on its port side. Her stern is intact.[11][59] The remains of Cayuga's cargo remain in her hold.[60] There are also two spare propeller blades within the hull.[11][61] Four of the pontoons used during the salvage attempts are still attached to Cayuga's hull and the sunken derrick barge lies off her port side.[10][11][17][56] The air hose of the lost diver was reportedly still poking out from under the derrick barge when the wreck was found.[54] Cayuga's wreck is protected by the 148-square-mile (380 km2) Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve as part of an underwater museum.[11]

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Her sister ships were E.P. Wilbur (1888), Seneca (1889), Saranac (1890) and Tuscarora (1890).[13][14][15][16]
2. ^ Cayuga and her sister ships (except E.P. Wilbur) were named after rivers in the eastern United States.[17]
3. ^ a b c d e f g h Johnston, Louis & Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Bugbee (1962a), p. 24.
2. ^ Bugbee (1962a), p. 26.
3. ^ Bowlus (2010), p. 85.
4. ^ a b Thompson (1994), p. 32.
5. ^ Bugbee (1962b), p. 48.
6. ^ Bugbee (1962b), pp. 49–51.
7. ^ a b c d e Bowling Green State University (2021).
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (2021a).
9. ^ a b c d e The Marine Record (1889a), p. 4.
10. ^ a b c d e f g h Kohl (2005), p. 284.
11. ^ a b c d e Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve (2021).
12. ^ Colton (2021).
13. ^ Berry (2021b).
14. ^ Berry (2021c).
15. ^ Berry (2021d).
16. ^ Berry (2021e).
17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m McGreevy (2014).
18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Berry (2021a).
19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1895a).
20. ^ a b Swayze (2001).
21. ^ a b Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (2021b).
22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kohl (2005), p. 281.
23. ^ a b c d e f g Buffalo Evening News (1890).
24. ^ The Marine Review (1892b), p. 5.
25. ^ The Marine Review (1895a), p. 10.
26. ^ The Marine Record (1889b), p. 1.
27. ^ Inland Lloyd's (1894), p. 10.
28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kohl (2005), p. 279.
29. ^ The Marine Review (1892a), p. 6.
30. ^ a b c d e f Harrington (1998), p. 254.
31. ^ a b c d e f g h Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1895b).
32. ^ a b c d Kohl (2005), p. 280.
33. ^ The Marine Record (1895a), p. 6.
34. ^ The Marine Record (1895c), p. 2.
35. ^ The Marine Record (1895b), p. 6.
36. ^ The Marine Review (1895b), p. 11.
37. ^ The Marine Record (1895c), p. 4.
38. ^ The Marine Review (1895b), p. 3.
39. ^ a b c d e f The Marine Review (1895d), p. 5.
40. ^ The Marine Review (1896a), p. 15.
41. ^ The Marine Record (1895d), p. 2.
42. ^ The Marine Review (1895d), p. 10.
43. ^ The Marine Review (1895e), p. 11.
44. ^ The Marine Review (1895f), p. 23.
45. ^ The Marine Review (1896a), p. 10.
46. ^ a b c The Marine Review (1896c), p. 13.
47. ^ The Marine Review (1896d), p. 11.
48. ^ The Marine Review (1896e), p. 13.
49. ^ The Marine Review (1896f), p. 14.
50. ^ The Marine Review (1897a), p. 11.
51. ^ The Marine Review (1897b), p. 13.
52. ^ The Marine Review (1897c), p. 11.
53. ^ The Marine Review (1898), p. 14.
54. ^ a b Kohl (2005), pp. 281–284.
55. ^ The Marine Record (1899), p. 3.
56. ^ a b c Harrington (1998), p. 255.
57. ^ Hanakova (2021).
58. ^ The Marine Review (1895c), p. 11.
59. ^ Beaver Island History (2021), p. 3.
60. ^ Beaver Island History (2021), p. 4.
61. ^ Beaver Island History (2021), p. 6.

## Sources

[edit]

* "Cayuga (1889, Package Freighter)". Alpena, Michigan: Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library. 2021a. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
* "Cayuga (1889, Package Freighter)". Alpena, Michigan: Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library. 2021b. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
* "Cayuga". Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University. 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
* "A Steamer Ashore". Buffalo Evening News. April 10, 1890. Retrieved August 1, 2021 - via Maritime History of the Great Lakes.
* Amherstburg Echo (1895–1896). "Echo Soundings: Marine News of 1895–96". Amherstburg, Ontario: Marsh Collection Society. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* Beaver Island History (2021). "Cayuga" (PDF). Beaver Island, Michigan: Beaver Island Historical Society.
* Berry, Sterling (2021a). "Cayuga". Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Vessel Histories. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
* Berry, Sterling (2021b). "E.P. Wilbur". Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Vessel Histories. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
* Berry, Sterling (2021c). "Seneca". Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Vessel Histories. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
* Berry, Sterling (2021d). "Saranac". Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Vessel Histories. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
* Berry, Sterling (2021e). "Tuscarora". Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Vessel Histories. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
* Bowlus, W. Bruce (2010). Iron Ore Transport on the Great Lakes: The Development of a Delivery System to Feed American Industry. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 9780786486557. Retrieved March 3, 2021.
* Bugbee, Gordon P. (1962a). "Iron Merchant Ships: An Upper Lakes Centennial - Part One" (PDF). Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Maritime Institute. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
* Bugbee, Gordon P. (1962b). "Iron Merchant Ships: An Upper Lakes Centennial – Part Two" (PDF). Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Maritime Institute. Retrieved February 21, 2021.
* Colton, Tim (2021). "Globe Iron Works, Cleveland OH". Shipbuilding History. Retrieved April 3, 2021.
* Hanakova, Jitka (2021). "Freighter Cayuga". Milwaukee, Wisconsin: Shipwreck Explorers. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
* Harrington, Steve (1998). Divers Guide to Michigan. St. Ignace, Michigan: Maritime Press & Great Lakes Diving Council, Inc. ISBN 0-9624629-8-5. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
* Inland Lloyd's (1894). "The Inland Lloyds Vessel Register, 1894". Cleveland, Ohio: W. R. Smellie. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
* Kohl, Cris (2005). The 100 Best Great Lakes Shipwrecks – Volume II. West Chicago, Illinois: Seawolf Communications. ISBN 978-0-9679-9766-7. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
* Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1895a). "Cayuga (Propeller), U126556, sunk by collision, 10 May 1895". Ontario, Canada: Maritime History of the Great Lakes. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
* Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1895b). "Two Steamers Collide, 13 May 1895". Ontario, Canada: Maritime History of the Great Lakes. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
* McGreevy, Robert (2014). "The Cayuga". Harbor Beach, Michigan: Lakeshore Guardian. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
* Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve (2021). "Cayuga". Michigan: Straits of Mackinac Shipwreck Preserve. Retrieved May 20, 2021.
* Swayze, David (2001). "Great Lakes Shipwrecks – C". Port Huron, Michigan: Boatnerd. Archived from the original on April 16, 2002. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
* The Marine Record (1889a). "The Marine Record, April 4, 1889". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Record. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
* The Marine Record (1889b). "The Marine Record, May 16, 1889". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Record. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
* The Marine Record (1895a). "The Marine Record (Cleveland, OH1883), May 16, 1895". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Record. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Record (1895b). "The Marine Record (Cleveland, OH1883), May 23, 1895". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Record. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Record (1895c). "The Marine Record (Cleveland, OH1883), June 13, 1895". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Record. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Record (1895d). "The Marine Record (Cleveland, OH1883), June 27, 1895". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Record. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Record (1899). "The Marine Record (Cleveland, OH1883), June 15, 1899". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Record. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1892a). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 7 Apr 1892". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1892b). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 20 Oct 1892". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1895a). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 23 May 1895". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1895b). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 30 May 1895". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1895c). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 4 Jul 1895". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1895d). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 11 Jul 1895". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1895e). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 22 Aug 1895". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1895f). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 12 Sep 1895". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1896a). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 27 Feb 1896". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1896b). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 19 Mar 1896". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1896c). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 9 Jul 1896". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1896d). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 23 Jul 1896". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1896e). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 30 Jul 1896". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1896f). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 19 Nov 1896". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1897a). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 18 Feb 1897". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1897b). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 17 Jun 1897". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1897c). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 1 Jul 1897". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* The Marine Review (1898). "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 13 Jan 1898". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved August 6, 2021.
* Thompson, Mark L. (1994). Queen of the Lakes. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2393-6. Retrieved February 24, 2021.

* v
* t
* e

Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1890

Shipwrecks|

* 28 Jan: Irex
* 28 Feb: Quetta
* 1 Mar: Colonist
* 12 Mar: Agnes
* 13 Jul: Sea Wing
* 18 Sep: Ertuğrul
* 10 Nov: Serpent
* Unkn: Assaye
* Unkn: Dunedin
* Unkn: Marlborough
* Unkn: Mexico

Other incidents|

* 2 Jan: Britannic
* Jan: La Bourgogne
* 6 Sep: Honfleur
* 19 Nov: Equity
* c. Dec: Coptic

* ← 1889
* 1891 →

* v
* t
* e

Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1891

Shipwrecks|

* 8 Jan: Kaffraria
* 13 Mar: USS Galena, USS Nina, USS Hope
* 15 Mar: USS Triana
* 17 Mar: Utopia
* 19 Mar: Compadre
* 20 Mar: Sovereign
* 23 Apr: Blanco Encalada
* 2 Jun: Mayflower
* 10 Oct: USS Despatch
* 22 Nov: Samuel Mather
* Unkn: Sea Serpent

Other incidents|

* 8 Feb: Bruce
* 13 Mar: British Peer
* 17 Mar: HMS Anson
* 4 Jul: Pickhuben
* c. Jul: Equity
* 5 Sep: USFC Grampus
* 11 Sep: Virawa
* 16 Oct: Baltimore
* 23 Dec: Oakland
* 29 Dec: Inishtrahull
* Unkn: Emily Reed

* ← 1890
* 1892 →

* v
* t
* e

Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1895

Shipwrecks|

* 2 Jan: Antoinette
* c. Jan: Chicora
* 30 Jan: Elbe
* 5 Feb: Laiyuan
* 7 Feb: Jingyuan
* 7 Feb: George H. Warren
* 10 Feb: Dingyuan
* 9 Mar: Reina Regente
* 13 Mar: George Peabody
* 28 Mar: EG 4 Drie Gezusters
* 8 Aug: Catterthun
* 29 Sep: Cristóbal Colón
* 24 Oct: Thasos
* 14 Dec: Elwood
* 24 Dec: Kingstown lifeboat disaster
* Unkn: Lord Spencer

Other incidents|

* 19 Mar: Nubia
* c. Mar: Conde del Venadito
* c. Jun: Oakland

* ← 1894
* 1896 →

* v
* t
* e

Recreational dive sites

Reef diving regions

* Akumal
* Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area
* Aliwal Shoal
* Amed (Bali)
* Anilao
* Apo Island
* Apo Reef
* Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park
* Bay of Pigs
* Belize Barrier Reef
* Biscayne National Park
* Bohol Sea
* Bowie Seamount
* Bunaken
* Bunaken National Park
* Cahuita National Park
* Calve Island
* Capurganá
* Ċirkewwa
* Cliff Villa Peninsula
* Cozumel
* Dhilba Guuranda-Innes National Park
* Edmonds Underwater Park
* El Ikhwa Islands
* False Bay
* Għar Qawqla
* Gili Islands
* Great Barrier Reef
* Great Southern Reef
* Guadalupe Island Biosphere Reserve
* Haql
* Hol Chan Marine Reserve
* iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
* Sodwana Bay
* John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park
* Kadmat Island
* Ko Tao
* Lighthouse Reef
* Mantanani Islands
* Malapascua
* Martin's Haven
* Marsa Alam
* Molasses Reef
* Molokini
* Neptune Islands
* Osprey Reef
* Palancar Reef
* Panglao, Bohol
* Pescador Island
* Petit Saint Vincent
* Poor Knights Islands
* Porteau Cove Provincial Park
* Puerto Galera
* Punta Cana
* Ras Muhammad National Park
* Rondo Island
* Rottnest Island
* San Andrés (island)
* San Pedro Nolasco Island
* Shaʽb Abu Nuħas
* Shadwan Island
* Similan Islands
* Sipadan
* Socorro Island
* Sound of Mull
* St. Crispin's Reef
* Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
* Taganga
* Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area
* Tubbataha Reef
* Utila
* Wakatobi Regency
* Weh Island

Reef dive sites

* Azure Window
* Cod Hole
* Daedalus Reef
* Darwin's Arch
* Devil's Throat at Punta Sur
* Elphinstone Reef
* Eyemouth
* Fanadir
* Frederiksted Pier
* French Reef
* Fowey Rocks Light
* Gamul Kebir
* Hillsea Point Rock
* Inland Sea, Gozo
* Kennack Sands
* The Manacles
* Magic Point
* Octopus Hole
* Pope's Eye
* Portsea Hole
* Second Valley
* Sund Rock
* St Abbs
* Stingray City, Grand Cayman
* Wolf Rock

| Artificial reefs|

* Edithburgh jetty
* Gibraltar Artificial Reef
* Merkanti Reef
* Port Hughes jetty
* Port Noarlunga jetty
* Rapid Bay jetty
* Shark River Reef
* South Channel Fort
* Osborne Reef

|

Underwater artworks|

* Cancún Underwater Museum
* Christ of the Abyss
* Circle of Heroes
* Kristu tal-Baħħara
* Molinere Underwater Sculpture Park

Snorkelling sites|

* Fungus Rock

Wreck diving regions

* Bullhead Point Historical and Archeological District
* Calve Island
* Chuuk Lagoon
* Coron Bay
* Edmonds Underwater Park
* Shipwrecks of Isle Royale
* Loch Long
* Maritime Heritage Trail – Battle of Saipan
* Michigan Underwater Preserves
* Pearl and Hermes Atoll
* Porteau Cove Provincial Park
* Robben Island Marine Protected Area
* Scapa Flow
* Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
* Tulagi
* Tulamben
* Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
* List of shipwrecks in the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary
* Ve Skerries
* Wardang Island
* Western Rocks, Isles of Scilly
* Whitefish Point Underwater Preserve
* Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary
* List of shipwrecks in the Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary
* Wreck Alley, San Diego

Wreck dive sites

* 115 (barge)

| A|

* HMS A1
* HMS A3
* USS Aaron Ward
* Abessinia
* USS Accokeek
* HMAS Adelaide
* Admiral Sampson
* Adolphus Busch
* Aeolian Sky
* USS Aeolus
* Agat World War II Amtrac
* Ajax
* Albert C. Field
* USS Algol
* Algoma
* Al Munassir
* Amaryllis
* America
* USS Anderson
* Andrea Doria
* Antilla
* Antilles
* USS Apogon
* Appomattox
* Aquila
* Aratama Maru
* Arctic
* USS Arkansas
* Arratoon Apcar
* USS Arthur W. Radford
* Atlanta
* USS Atlanta
* Australasia

|

* Bärenfels
* HMAS Bayonet
* Ben Doran
* Benwood
* Bianca C.
* USCGC Bibb
* Binnendijk
* USS Blenny
* HMS Boadicea
* Booya
* HMSAS Bloemfontein
* Breda
* Brian Davis
* HMAS Brisbane
* HMHS Britannic
* Bud Bar
* Bungsberg
* Byron

* HMAS Canberra
* HMCS Cape Breton
* USCGC Cape Henlopen
* Captain Keith Tibbetts
* Carl D. Bradley
* USS Carlisle
* Carnatic
* Carthaginian II
* Cayuga
* Cedarville
* Chaudière
* Christina Nilsson
* ROCS Chen Hai
* Chester A. Congdon
* City of Bangor
* City of Everett
* City of Launceston
* Clan Ranald
* Clifton
* USCGC Comanche
* Comet
* Constandis
* HMAS Coogee
* SMS Cormoran
* Cornelia B. Windiate
* HMS Coronation
* Crusader
* Cuba
* Cumberland
* USS Curb
* USCGC Cuyahoga

* Dania
* Daniel Lyons
* David Tucker
* SMS Dresden
* D.R. Hanna
* USCGC Duane
* Dunraven
* Dwight L. Moody

* Eagle
* Eastfield
* Eber Ward
* Edgar E. Clark
* HMT Elk
* Ellengowan
* USS Emmons
* SS Emperor
* RMS Empress of Ireland
* Erie L. Hackley
* Espagne
* Etruria

* HMS Falmouth
* Fifi
* Fleetwing
* SS Francisco Morazan
* Francis Hinton
* Frank O'Connor
* F.T. Barney
* Fujikawa Maru
* Fumizuki

* Gallinipper
* SATS General Botha
* USNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg
* George A. Marsh
* George Dewey
* George M. Cox
* Georg Thiele
* HMS Ghurka
* USS Gilliam
* Glenlyon
* Glen Strathallan
* SAS Good Hope
* HMAS Goorangai
* Gothenburg
* Grace A. Channon
* Grecian
* Green Bay
* Gregory Poole
* Gunilda

* MT Haven
* SS Henry Chisholm
* MT Hephaestus
* Hermann Künne
* HMS Hermes
* Herzogin Cecilie
* SS Hesper
* Hilma Hooker
* Hispania
* Home
* HMS Hood
* HMAS Hobart

* Igara
* USS Indra
* SS Ironsides
* SS Isaac M. Scott
* Island City

* HMAS J1
* HMAS J2
* HMAS J4
* HMAS J5
* James Eagan Layne
* J.S. Seaverns
* SS John B. Cowle
* John M. Osborn
* SS John Mitchell
* Jura

* SS Kamloops
* Kashi Maru
* PS Keystone State
* King Cruiser
* USS Kittiwake
* Kizugawa Maru
* SMS Kronprinz
* Kyarra
* Kyle Spangler

* PS Lady Elgin
* Lady Thetis
* HMS Laforey
* SS Lakeland
* USS Lamson
* USAT Liberty
* SS Louisiana
* Louis Sheid
* SS L.R. Doty
* USS LST-507
* Lumberman

* HMS M2
* HMCS Mackenzie
* Madeira
* SMS Markgraf
* SS Marquette
* Mayflower (scow)
* Mikhail Lermontov
* Maine
* Maloja
* HMS Maori
* SS Maori
* SS Margaret Olwill
* Marguerite
* SS Mauna Loa
* USAT Meigs
* Mendi
* MV Mercedes I
* USCGC Mesquite
* Metamora
* SS Midland City
* USS Mindanao
* Minnedosa
* SS Miowera
* SS Milwaukee
* USS Mizpah
* Miztec
* USCGC Mohawk
* Mohegan
* RMS Moldavia
* SS Monarch
* SS Monrovia
* HMS Montagu
* SS M.M. Drake
* MV RMS Mulheim
* USS Muliphen
* SS Myron

* Nagato
* Niagara
* Niagara (tug)
* HMCS Nipigon
* SS Norman
* Northerner

* Oceana
* SS Onoko
* USS Oriskany
* Oslofjord
* Ozone

* P29
* P31
* SS Panay
* SS Papoose
* Pedernales
* Persier
* HMAS Perth
* SS Pewabic
* SAS Pietermaritzburg
* USS Pilotfish
* Piłsudski
* SS Pioneer
* USCGC Point Swift
* Pool Fisher
* SS Port Kembla
* HMS Port Napier
* Preußen
* President Coolidge
* HMS Prince of Wales

* Queen Victoria

* R.P. Resor
* Radaas
* USS Rankin
* Rainbow Warrior
* Regina
* HMS Repulse
* RMS Rhone
* Riva Palacio
* Robert C. Pringle
* Robert Wallace
* USS Rochester
* Rondo
* Rosehill
* Rosinco
* Rotorua
* Rouse Simmons
* Royal Adelaide
* Royal Charter
* Rozi
* Russia

* HMS Safari
* Sagamore
* HMCS Saguenay
* Sakawa
* Salem Express
* Samuel Mather
* Samuel P. Ely
* Sanko Harvest
* USS Saratoga
* HMCS Saskatchewan
* S.C. Baldwin
* USS Schurz
* USS Scuffle
* USS Scrimmage
* HMS Scylla
* Selah Chamberlain
* HMS Sidon
* USCGC Spar
* South Australian
* USS Spiegel Grove
* Sport
* Stanegarth
* Stanwood
* Stella
* Stepas Darius
* HMS St Lawrence
* Superior City
* HMAS Swan
* Sweepstakes

* Tahoe
* USCGC Tamaroa
* USS Tarpon
* Thesis
* Thistlegorm
* Thomas Friant
* Thomas Wilson
* Thunderbolt
* Toa Maru
* HMAS Tobruk
* Tokai Maru
* Torrey Canyon
* SAS Transvaal
* Treasure
* HMNZS Tui

* U-40
* U-352
* U-1195
* Um El Faroud

* V 1605 Mosel
* Varvassi
* USS Vermilion
* Vernon
* Vienna

* HMNZS Waikato
* Walter L M Russ
* HMS Warrior
* Washingtonian
* Waubuno
* HMNZS Wellington
* Wexford
* William C. Moreland
* Wisconsin
* USS Wilkes-Barre

* USS Yancey
* YO-257
* Yongala
* HMCS Yukon

* Zenobia
* Zealandia
* Zingara

Cave dive sites

Cave diving regions of the world

Cave dive sites:

* Blauhöhle
* Blue hole
* Blue Hole (Red Sea)
* Great Blue Hole
* Blue Hole (Guam)
* Boesmansgat
* Cenote
* Dzibilchaltun
* Chinhoyi Caves
* Cocklebiddy, Western Australia
* Devil's Throat at Punta Sur
* Engelbrecht Cave
* Fossil Cave
* Hranice Abyss
* Jordbrugrotta
* Kilsby sinkhole
* Molnár János Cave
* Nereo Cave
* Piccaninnie Ponds
* Pluragrotta
* Pollatoomary
* Ricks Spring
* The Shaft
* Sistema Dos Ojos
* Sistema Huautla
* Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich
* Sistema Ox Bel Ha
* Sistema Sac Actun
* Uamh an Claonaite
* Vortex Spring
* Wakulla Springs
* Wondergat
* Zacatón

Freshwater dive sites

* Blue Hole (New Mexico)
* Blue Lake (Utah)
* Dinorwic quarry
* Dorothea quarry
* Dutch Springs
* Ewens Ponds
* Homestead caldera
* Little Blue Lake
* Logue Brook Dam
* Ponce de Leon Spring
* Rum Jungle
* Silfra
* Vortex Spring
* Wast Water
* Wazee Lake

Training sites

* Blue Abyss
* Capernwray Dive Centre
* Deep Dive Dubai
* Deepspot
* Eccleston Quarry
* Hotel Terme Millepini
* National Diving and Activity Centre
* Nemo 33
* Seacrest Cove 2
* Slickstones Quarry, Cromhall
* Stoney Cove
* Swanage Pier

Related topics

* Black-water diving
* Blue-water diving
* Low impact diving
* Recreational diving
* Scuba diving
* Scuba diving tourism
* Underwater archaeology
* Underwater diving
* Wall diving

* Outline of recreational dive sites
* Category: Underwater diving sites
* Index of recreational dive sites
* Portal:Underwater diving

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