Sabil (fountain)

Public fountain in Islamic architecture

The sebil-fountain of Abdülhamid I, a historic sebil in Istanbul dating from 1777. It includes both an actual sebil (the curved kiosk with windows) and two wall fountains with taps (çesme in Turkish) on either side. Part of a series on

Arabic culture

Architecture

Styles

* Islamic
* Yemeni
* Nabataean
* Umayyad
* Abbasid
* Fatimid
* Moorish
* Mamluk

Features

* Ablaq
* Alfiz
* Arabesque
* Arabic dome
* Banna'i
* Gardens
* Girih
* Horseshoe arch
* Howz
* Hypostyle
* Islamic calligraphy
* Islamic geometric patterns
* Islamic ornament
* Iwan
* Liwan
* Mashrabiya
* Riad
* Mosaic
* Multifoil arch
* Muqarnas
* Nagash painting
* Qadad
* Reflecting pool
* Riwaq
* Sahn
* Socarrat
* Stucco decoration
* Tadelakt
* Vaulting
* Voussoir
* Windcatcher
* Zellij

Types

* Albarrana tower
* Alcázar
* Bazaar
* Caravanserai
* Bimaristan
* Hammam
* Kasbah
* Madrasa
* Maqam
* Mazar
* Mosque
* Medina quarter
* Qalat
* Ribat
* Sabil
* Shadirvan
* Tekyeh
* Well house
* Zawiya

Art

Styles

* Ancient South Arabian art
* Nabataean art
* Islamic art
* Fatimid art
* Mamluk art

Types

* Arabic calligraphy
* Arabic graffiti
* Arab carpet
* Arabic miniature
* Arabic pottery
* Palestinian wood carving
* Islamic embroidery
* Islamic hardstone carving
* Islamic garden
* Islamic glass
* Islamic ivory carving
* Islamic Metalwork

Features

* Arabesque
* Arabic geometric patterns
* Banna'i
* Damascus steel
* Damask
* Girih tiles
* Hedwig glass
* Kiswah
* Muqarnas
* Pseudo-Arabic
* Zellij

Cuisine

* Khalij (Arabian Peninsula)
* Arab Mashriq (Levant)
* Mashriq (Mesopotamia)
* Mawset (Egypt)
* Mawset (Sudan)
* Arab Maghreb (North Africa)

Dress

Headwear

* Agal
* Battoulah
* Haik
* Keffiyeh
* Litham
* Madhalla
* Sidara
* Taqiyah
* Tantour
* Tarboush (fez)
* Turban

Clothing

* Abaya
* Bisht
* Burnous
* Djellaba
* Durra'ah
* Fouta towel
* Izaar
* Jellabiya
* Kaftan
* Macawis
* Robe of honour
* Sirwal
* Takchita
* Thawb
* Tiraz

Music

Theory

* Arabic maqam
* Arab tone system
* Algerian scale
* Jins
* Lazma
* Quarter tone
* Rhythm in Arabic music
* Tarab
* Teslim
* Arabic musical instruments
* Great Book of Music
* Kitab al-Aghani

Genres

* Arabic pop
* Arabic hip hop
* Arabic rock
* Arabic jazz
* Classical Arab music
* Opera
* Al Jeel
* Khaliji
* Raï

Art music

* Andalusian classical music
* Andalusi nubah
* Bashraf
* Dawr
* Dulab
* Layali
* Malhun
* Iraqi maqam
* Mawwal
* Muwashshah
* Qasidah
* Qudud Halabiya
* Sama'i
* Tahmilah
* Taqsim
* Waslah

Folk

* Ataaba
* Algerian Raï
* Bedouin
* Chaabi (Algeria)
* Chaabi (Morocco)
* Egyptian folk
* Fann at-Tanbura
* Fijiri
* Gnawa (North Africa)
* Liwa
* Mawwal
* Mezwed
* Samri
* Sawt
* Shaabi
* Zajal

Dance

* Ardah
* Belly dance
* Dabke
* Deheyeh
* Guedra
* Hagallah
* Khaleegy
* Liwa
* Mizmar
* Ouled Nail
* Raqs Sharqi
* Samri
* Shamadan
* Schikhatt
* Tahtib
* Tanoura
* Yowlah
* Zār

Scripts

* Old Arabic
* Nabataean Arabic
* Paleo-Arabic
* Classical Arabic
* Modern Standard Arabic

Literature

Prose

* Epic literature
* Saj (ryhmed prose)
* Maqama
* Love in Arabic literature
* Arabic erotic literature
* Arabic grimoires
* Literary_criticism
* Arabic short story
* Tabaqat
* Tezkire
* Rihla
* Mirrors for princes

Islamic

* Quran
* Tafsir
* Hadith
* Sīra
* Fiqh
* Aqidah

Poetry

* Anthologies
* Poets
* Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry
* Modern Arabic poetry

Genres

* Madih
* Hija
* Rithā'
* Waṣf
* Ghazal
* Khamriyyah
* Tardiyyah
* Khawal
* Fakhr
* Hamasah

Forms

* Diwan
* Qasida
* Muwashshah
* Urjūza
* Mathnawi
* Ruba'i
* Nasīb
* Riddles
* Kharja
* Zajal
* Mawwal
* Nabati
* Ghinnawa
* Humayni

Arabic prosody

* Bayt
* Ṭawīl
* Madīd
* Basīṭ
* Kamil
* Wāfir
* Hazaj
* Rajaz
* Ramal
* Munsariħ
* Khafīf
* Muqtaḍab
* Mujtathth
* Muḍāriʿ
* Sarīʿ
* Mutaqārib
* Mutadārik

National literatures of Arab States

* Algeria
* Bahrain
* Comoros
* Djibouti
* Egypt
* Iraq
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Mauritania
* Morocco
* Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* Saudi Arabia
* Somalia
* Sudan
* Syria
* Tunisia
* U.A.E.
* Yemen

Science

* Arabic chemistry
* Arabic astrology
* Arabic astronomy
* Arabic geography
* Arabic Golden Age
* Arabic mathematics
* Arabic medicine
* Arabic psychology
* Arabic technology

Philosophy

* Early Arabic Philosophy
* Islamic Aristotelianism
* Islamic Platonism
* Islamic Logic
* Kalam
* Sufi metaphysics
* Sufi philosophy
* Farabism
* Avicennism
* Averroism

Concepts

* Al-aql al-faal
* Aql bi-l-fi'l
* Al-Insān al-Kāmil
* Dhati
* Peace
* Arcs of Descent and Ascent
* Asabiyyah
* Hal
* Irfan
* Nafs
* Qadar
* Qalb

Texts

* Liber de Causis
* The Theology of Aristotle
* Al-isharat
* The Book of the Apple
* Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity
* The Incoherence of the Philosophers
* The Incoherence of the Incoherence
* Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
* Theologus Autodidactus
* On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy
* Muqaddimah
* Sicilian Questions
* Fusus al-Hikam

Mythology

* Ababil
* Atlantis of the Sands
* Bahamut
* Beast of the Earth
* Book of Idols
* Book of Wonders
* Buraq
* Dandan
* Falak
* Ghoul
* Hinn
* Houri
* Ifrit
* Iram of the Pillars
* Jinn
* Karkadann
* Kujata
* Luqman
* Magic carpet
* Marid
* Mount Qaf
* Nasnas
* One Thousand and One Nights
* Qareen
* Qutrub
* Roc
* Shaddad
* Shadhavar
* Shams al-Ma'arif
* She-Camel of God
* Wāḳwāḳ
* Zulfiqar
* Zarqa al Yamama

Fictional Arab people

* Aladdin
* Abdul Alhazred
* Ali Baba
* Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad
* Battal Gazi
* Hayy ibn Yaqdhan
* Kara Ben Nemsi
* King Marsile
* Layla and Majnun
* Othello
* Palamedes
* Princess Jasmine
* Ra's al Ghul
* Sindbad
* Talia al Ghul

Spirituality

North Arabian deities

* Allah
* Al-‘Uzzá
* Al-Lat
* Manāt
* Dushara
* Chaabou
* Manaf
* Nuha
* Al-Kutbay
* Asira
* Awal
* Azizos
* Bajir
* Quzah
* Manāt
* Manāt
* A'ra
* Abgal
* Aglibol
* Al-Qaum
* Atarsamain
* Baalshamin
* Bēl
* Hubal
* Suwa'
* Theandrios
* Wadd
* Malakbel
* Orotalt
* Ruda
* Sa'd
* Yarhibol
* Isāf and Nā'ila

South Arabian deities

* Almaqah
* Amm
* Anbay
* Athtar
* Dhat-Badan
* Haubas
* Ta'lab
* Qaynan
* Basamum
* Dhul Khalasa
* Haukim
* Nasr
* Sīn
* Ya'uq
* Yaghūth
* Yatha

* v
* t
* e

A sabil or sebil (Arabic: سبيل, romanized: sabīl; Turkish: sebil) is a small kiosk in the Islamic architectural tradition where water is freely dispensed to members of the public by an attendant behind a grilled window. The term is sometimes also used to refer to simple unmanned fountains with a tap for drinking water,[1] though other names often exist for such fountains (such as çesme in Turkish).[2]

Historically, sabils are structures of both civic and religious importance in Muslim cities, most prominently in the cities of the Ottoman Empire,[3][4] based in Istanbul, and of the Mamluk Empire, based in Cairo.[5] They were built at crossroads, in the middle of city squares, and on the outside of mosques and other religious complexes to provide drinking water for travelers and to assist ritual ablutions before prayer.

## Etymology

[edit]

The word sabil comes from the Arabic verb root sabala (سبل) meaning "to let fall, drop, to let hang down, to close eyes or to shed tear".[6]: 34 Sabil initially meant "road" or "path" and is used both metaphorically and literally in multiple instances in the Qur'an.[6] Its use as an architectural term for a public water building or fountain likely derives from a more abstract meaning it acquired to refer to general acts or provisions done for the sake of God (such as a charitable act).[6][7]

## Description and function

[edit]

A typical sabil was built over an underground cistern which supplied the water for distribution.[8] In some cases, the water drawn from the cistern then ran down a decorative carved marble panel called a salsabil, which may also have served the purpose of aerating the water as it came from the cistern.[8]: 63, 262 An attendant collected the water and distributed it to passers-by outside the sabil, usually through a window with a metal grille.

This service was free to members of the public, and was paid for by the revenues or funds of a charitable endowment, an Islamic waqf, provided or set up by the patron who commissioned the building.[8][3][5] Endowing money for the construction of sabils was considered an act of piety, and the construction of many sabils was considered the hallmark of a beneficent ruler.[7][9]

* The street facade of the Sabil of Tusun Pasha (or Sabil of Muhammad Ali), Cairo, completed in 1820.

* Water dispensing area inside the sabil. (Sabil of Tusun Pasha or Muhammad Ali, Cairo, 19th century.)

* The underground water cistern for the sabil. (Sabil of Tusun Pasha or Muhammad Ali, Cairo, 19th century.)

## History

[edit]

### Origins in the Islamic world

[edit]

A typical Mamluk "sabil-kuttab" in Cairo, attached to the Wikala and Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay (near al-Azhar Mosque) and completed in 1477.

During the formative period of early Islamic society (seventh century onward), the Islamic world inherited the water traditions of the late antiquity Mediterranean world (formerly under Roman and Byzantine rule) and Iranian world (formerly under Sasanian rule).[10] Islamic society developed existing methods into new ones or revived neglected ones.[10] In addition to the regular water needs for drinking and for agriculture, water also had an important religions role in the ablutions or purification ritual required before prayer in Islam, such that even early mosques were equipped with either a water basin or fountain.[10][6] Water also had other religious or spiritual symbolic importance, being associated with Paradise (heaven) and being used in the Qur'an as a symbol of Creation.[6] The Qur'an describes water as a blessing from God (Allah), and some hadiths exhort Muslims to offer water to thirsty humans and animals.[6]

As a result, water became an important element in Islamic architecture, both as a practical/religious provision as well as for aesthetic effects. Hammams (public bathhouses), inherited from the Roman thermae, continued to be an essential public facility in Islamic cities in addition to public fountains. At the same time, water was featured in palace and garden design as early as the Umayyad Caliphate (7th–8th centuries).[9] It played a role in formal gardens (such as Persian gardens) and in palace architecture such as in the famous example of the Alhambra in Spain.[10]

How the architectural format of the sabil itself first developed is debated. While water was implicated in architectural design across the Muslim world, the sabil as a recognizable structure with a particular purpose is associated mainly with the Mamluk Sultanate and with the Ottoman Empire, with both Istanbul and Cairo having numerous examples.[6] Its architecture has been argued to draw inspiration from the descriptions of Paradise in the Qur'an.[6]

### Sabils in Mamluk Cairo

[edit]

Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay in Cairo

The oldest sabil for which we have a date is in Damascus, Syria, and is dated to 1077–78 CE (570 AH) according to its inscription, which is well before Ayyubid or Mamluk rule in Egypt and Syria. The earliest (surviving) sabil in Cairo is the one installed by the Mamluk sultan al-Nasir Muhammad at the corner of his father's monumental hospital-madrasa-mausoleum complex during restorations in 1325–26.[6][8][5] As Mamluk architecture developed, sabils became a standard feature of the religious and funerary complexes built by the Mamluk elites and also came to be typically accompanied by a kuttab (a space offering primary education, especially reading of the Qur'an).[6][5][8] These "sabil-kuttab" structures were often located at the corner of the building complex along a busy road or at an intersection.[6] The sabil was located at ground or street level (where it was accessible to passersby) while the kuttab was usually above it on the upper levels. Mamluk sabils had facades with large windows covered by heavy bronze grilles and their exteriors were well-decorated, typically with stone-carving along their surfaces and with multi-coloured marble panels above the windows.[6] The interiors were also typically decorated with marble mosaics and with painted wooden ceilings, while the water from the cistern often trickled over an ornamental carved marble panel (known as a salsabil) before being collected by the sabil's attendant.[6][8]

During the Mamluk period, such structures were almost always integrated into a larger building, and were rarely ever built as separate or stand-alone structures.[6] The earliest free-standing or independent sabil-kuttab was the one built by Sultan Qaytbay in 1479 (the Sabil-Kuttab of Qaytbay) along Saliba Street.[11][8] It was only under Ottoman rule (from 1517 onward) that independent sabil-kuttabs became a common building type in Cairo, with notable examples like the Sabil-kuttab of Abd al-Rahman Katkhuda at Bayn al-Qasrayn.[8] This was in part because the Ottoman governors and elites of this period had relatively limited resources and Cairo itself had become densely built-up, leaving little space to build more. As such, the small but multi-level "sabil-kuttab" structure became a cost-effective option for political elites to offer charitable services to the general population, which in turn helped them publicly display their piety.[8]

### Sebils in Ottoman Istanbul

[edit]

The Fountain and sebil of Sultan Ahmed III in Istanbul, built in 1728 in front of the Topkapı Palace gate.

In 16th century Istanbul, sebils[a] were a symbol of public possession. The attempt to add spigots (taps) was opposed because this was perceived as limiting public access to the blessings of nature.[7] In later centuries, sebils became elaborately decorated structures, either attached to mosque complexes or existing as stand-alone structures, often at busy intersections or street corners.[7] They were a prominent type of construction in the "Tulip period" during the reign of Ahmed III in the early 18th century, which saw an emergence of the "Rococo" Ottoman architectural style, and during the later "Baroque" phase of Ottoman architecture that followed.[3][2] The Fountain of Ahmed III, next to Topkapı Palace and the Hagia Sophia, is one of the most famous and elaborate examples.[2][4] Like other public monuments, they were often inscribed with Ottoman Turkish verses that formed a chronogram using the Abjad numbers to date the construction.[7] Historically, during holidays and major celebrations, some sebils also distributed a sweetened fruit drink known as "sherbet" or another fruit juice.[7]

Until the spread of in-house plumbing by the end of the 20th century, sebils and other fountains were essential for the daily life of the inhabitants of Istanbul. In present-day Istanbul, many sebils have either been abandoned or serve other functions such as commercial shops.[7] Some have been restored as part of wider historical architectural complexes, but still do not serve their original purpose.[7][4]

## Examples

[edit]

* Hafsid-era fountain or sabil near Bab Sidi Abdessalem, Tunis

* Fountain of Qayt Bay at the Temple Mount, Jerusalem (1482)

* The 16th-century Mouassine Fountain in Marrakech

* The Grand Fountain in Samokov, Bulgaria, built by the Ottomans in 1660

* Sabil-Kuttab of Katkhuda, Cairo, (1744)

* Damat Ibrahim Mosque sebil, Istanbul (1720)

* Sultan Ahmed III Fountain in Üsküdar, Istanbul (1728)

* A sabil window in Tunis, next to the entrance of the Madrasa al-Bashiya, dating from 1752

* The Sebilj in Baščaršija, Sarajevo (1753)

* Sabil of Ali Bey Al-Kabir in Tanta, Egypt (18th century)

* Sabil of Isma'il Pasha in Cairo (1828)

* An Ottoman sabil attached to the al-Jazzar Mosque in Acre

* Early 19th-century Ottoman fountain-sabil attached to the Mahmoudiya Mosque in Jaffa, Israel.

* Fountain-sabil outside Rachel's Tomb, near Bethlehem. A late Ottoman coat of arms is carved on its face

* The Nejjarine Fountain in Fes, Morocco (19th-century)

## See also

[edit]

* Cantharus (Christianity), a fountain in the esonarthex of Christian churches for ablutions
* Shadirvan, a typical Ottoman fountain usually built in the yard or at the entrance of religious buildings (mosques, khanqahs, madrasas) and caravanserais.

## References

[edit]

### Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Sebil is the Turkish rendition of sabil.

### Citations

[edit]

1. ^ Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. New York: Routledge. pp. 254. ISBN 0415213320.
2. ^ a b c Goodwin, Godfrey (1971). A History of Ottoman Architecture. Thames & Hudson.
3. ^ a b c Kuban, Doğan (2010). Ottoman Architecture. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 9781851496044.
4. ^ a b c Sumner-Boyd, Hilary; Freely, John (2010). Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 9781848851542.
5. ^ a b c d Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007). Cairo of the Mamluks: A History of Architecture and Its Culture. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774160776.
6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Mostafa, Saleh Lamei (1989). "The Cairene Sabil: Form and Meaning". Muqarnas. 6: 33–42\. doi:10.2307/1602278. JSTOR 1602278.
7. ^ a b c d e f g h Saǧlar Onay, Nilüfer; Uǧurlu, Ayşe Hilal (2010). "A public meeting point: "Sebil" of Nuruosmaniye". A Z: ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture. 7 (1): 38–53\. ISSN 2564-7474.
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i Williams, Caroline (2008). Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide (6th ed.). Cairo: American University in Cairo Press. ISBN 9789774162053.
9. ^ a b Ottoman sabils of Jerusalem Archived 24 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine
10. ^ a b c d "Fountain". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009.
11. ^ Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan (1995). The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250–1800. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. p. 92.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sebils.

* Sebil in the dictionary of Islamic architecture
* Fountains of Istanbul

* v
* t
* e

Islamic architecture

Styles|

* Abbasid
* Anatolian Seljuk
* Ayyubid
* Chinese
* Fatimid
* Hausa
* Indo-Islamic
* Bengali
* Deccan
* Qutb Shahi
* Mughal
* Indonesian / Malaysian
* Ilkhanid
* Iranian
* Great Seljuk
* Ilkhanid
* Timurid
* Safavid
* Mamluk
* Moorish
* Aghlabid
* Almoravid
* Almohad
* Hafsid
* Zayyanid
* Ottoman
* Somali
* Sudano-Sahelian
* Swahili
* Tatar
* Umayyad
* Yemeni

Elements|

| Materials|

* Qadad
* Tadelakt

|

Arches|

* Chahartaq
* Discharging arch
* Four-centred arch
* Horseshoe arch
* Lambrequin arch
* Multifoil arch
* Ogee arch
* Pointed arch
* Squinch
* Vaulting

Roofs|

* Dome (Arabic dome / Onion dome / Persian dome / South Asian dome)
* Semi-dome
* Tajug
* Chhajja

Religious
objects|

* Anaza
* Bedug
* Dikka (or müezzin mahfili)
* Gonbad
* Hussainiya
* Imamzadeh
* Kiswah
* Loudspeakers
* Maqsurah
* Mihrab
* Minaret
* Minbar
* Qibla
* Zarih

Decorations|

* (For overview, see Islamic ornament)
* Ablaq
* Āina-kāri
* Alfiz
* Arabesque
* Banna'i
* Girih
* Girih tiles
* Haft-rang
* Islamic calligraphy
* Islamic geometric patterns
* Jali
* Mo'araq
* Mosque lamp
* Muqarnas
* Nagash painting
* Qashani
* Sebka (Darj-wa-ktaf)
* Shabaka
* Shamsa
* Sitara
* Socarrat
* Stucco decoration
* Zellij

Rooms|

* Andaruni
* Harem
* Iwan
* Liwan
* Mirador
* Hosh
* Qa’a
* Zenana

Gardens|

* Bagh
* Charbagh
* Islamic garden
* Mughal garden
* Paradise garden
* Persian gardens
* Reflecting pool
* Riad

Outdoor
objects|

* Chhatri
* Eidgah
* Fina
* Mechouar
* Sebil
* Shadirvan

Passive
cooling|

* Hypostyle
* Howz
* Jharokha
* Kucheh
* Mashrabiya
* Riwaq
* Sahn
* Salsabil
* Shabestan
* Shading Umbrellas
* Windcatcher

Types|

| Religious|

* Congregational mosque
* Dar al-Muwaqqit
* Dargah
* Gongbei
* Jama'at Khana
* Külliye
* Kuttab (or maktab)
* Madrasa
* Maqam
* Maqbara
* Mazar
* Mosque
* Musalla
* Qubba
* Rauza
* Surau
* Sufi lodge (khanqah)
* Takyeh
* Türbe
* Zawiya

|

Civilian|

* Baradari
* Bazaar
* Caravanserai
* Bimaristan
* Ghorfa
* Hammam
* Hasht-Bihisht
* Kasbah
* Mahal
* Medina quarter
* Souq
* Well house

Military|

* Albarrana tower
* Alcázar
* Amsar
* Kasbah
* Ksar
* Qalat
* Ribat

Resources|

* Aga Khan Award for Architecture
* ArchNet
* Museum with No Frontiers

Influences|

* Indo-Saracenic Revival
* Influences on Western architecture
* Moorish Revival
* Mudéjar

Part of Islamic arts • Architecture portal • Islam portal
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template