Sac spider

Family of spiders

Sac spider

Temporal range: Palaeogene–present

PreꞒ

Clubiona trivialis
Scientific classification
Domain:  | Eukaryota
Kingdom:  | Animalia
Phylum:  | Arthropoda
Subphylum:  | Chelicerata
Class:  | Arachnida
Order:  | Araneae
Infraorder:  | Araneomorphae
Family:  | Clubionidae
Simon, 1878
Diversity
18 genera, 665 species

The sac spiders of the family Clubionidae[a] are nocturnal, sac-building hunting spiders with a near-worldwide distribution. Their sacs, silken retreats in which they hide during the day, may be made in a variety of places, including between folded leaves or grass blades, under bark and below rocks or other ground litter.[1]

Although formerly a much larger catch-all taxon, in its current definition the family contains less than 700 described species across 18 genera, of which Clubiona is by far most species-rich, with 528 accepted species as of November 2024[update].[2]

## Taxonomy

[edit]

The Clubionidae have a complex taxonomic history. Historically, the family was a large catch-all taxon for a variety of spiders that shared the following morphological and behavioral similarities: having eight eyes arranged in two rows; having conical anterior spinnerets that touched; and being nocturnal wandering predators that build "sacs" to retreat to during the day.[citation needed]

A large number of genera have been transferred from Clubionidae to other families, and several former subfamilies of the Clubionidae are now treated as separate families.[3] The Zoropsidae, to which genera Anachemmis, Lauricius and Liocranoides were transferred, is much more closely related to the lynx spiders of family Oxyopidae than to the remaining Clubionidae.[4]

According to 2023 cladistic research by Siddharth Kulkarni, Hannah M. Wood and Gustavo Hormiga, the remaining Clubionidae remain polyphyletic as a result of the current placement of genus Elaver.[4]

## Genera

[edit]

Main article: List of Clubionidae species

As of November 2024[update], the Clubionidae consist of over 665 species in 18 genera worldwide,[5] with by far the majority of species in genus Clubiona. The following genera are accepted by the World Spider Catalog:[6]

* Arabellata Baert, Versteirt & Jocqué, 2010 — New Guinea
* Bucliona Benoit, 1977 — St. Helena, Kenya, Russian Far East, Korea, Japan, China, Taiwan
* Clubiona Latreille, 1804 — Africa, North America, Asia, Oceania, South America, Europe, Panama
* Clubionina Berland, 1947 — St. Paul Is.
* Elaver O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 — North America, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Philippines
* Femorbiona Yu & Li, 2021 — China, Vietnam
* Invexillata Versteirt, Baert & Jocqué, 2010 — New Guinea
* Malamatidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia
* Matidia Thorell, 1878 — Asia, Papua New Guinea
* Nusatidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Asia
* Porrhoclubiona Lohmander, 1944 — Asia, Africa, Europe
* Pristidia Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia
* Pteroneta Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Asia, Australia
* Ramosatidia Yu & Li, 2021 — China
* Scopalio Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 — Indonesia
* Simalio Simon, 1897 — Asia, Trinidad
* Sinostidia Yu & Li, 2021 — China
* Tixcocoba Gertsch, 1977 — Mexico

Additionally, the World Spider Catalog considers Carteroniella Strand, 1907 to be a nomen dubium.[7]

## See also

[edit]

* List of Clubionidae species

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ the term "sac spider" is also part of the common name of various non-clubionid spiders—such as yellow sac spiders (Cheiracanthiidae) or corinnid sac spiders (Corinnidae)—many of which were formerly included in Clubionidae

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Das Sarkar, Irina; Quasin, Shazia; Siliwal, Manju (April 2023). "Two new species of sac spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae) from the Indian Western Himalayas". Serket. 19: 126. Retrieved 26 April 2025.
2. ^ "Clubiona Species list". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
3. ^ "Clubionidae Simon, 1878". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
4. ^ a b Kulkarni, Siddharth; Wood, Hannah M.; Hormiga, Gustavo (December 2023). "Advances in the reconstruction of the spider tree of life: A roadmap for spider systematics and comparative studies". Cladistics. 39 (6): 479–532\. doi:10.1111/cla.12557. ISSN 0748-3007. PMID 37787157.
5. ^ "Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Family Detail". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
6. ^ "Clubionidae Simon, 1878 - Genus List". World Spider Catalog Version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. 2024. Retrieved 26 November 2024.
7. ^ "Carteroniella Strand 1907". World Spider Catalog version 25.5. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 26 November 2024.

## External links

[edit]

Wikispecies has information related to Clubionidae.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Clubionidae.

* Family Anyphaenidae Sac spiders, ghost spiders
* Australian sac spiders, family Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, Miturgidae, Corinnidae
* [1]
* [2]

* v
* t
* e

Extant Araneae families

* Kingdom: Animalia
* Phylum: Arthropoda
* Subphylum: Chelicerata
* Class: Arachnida

Suborder Mesothelae

* Liphistiidae (segmented spiders)
* Heptathelidae (segmented spiders)

Suborder Opisthothelae

| Mygalomorphae|

* Actinopodidae (mouse spiders and relatives)
* Anamidae
* Antrodiaetidae (folding trapdoor spiders)
* Atracidae (Australian funnel-web spiders)
* Atypidae (atypical tarantulas or purseweb spiders)
* Barychelidae (brushed trapdoor spiders)
* Bemmeridae
* Ctenizidae (cork-lid trapdoor spiders)
* Cyrtaucheniidae (wafer trapdoor spiders)
* Dipluridae (funnel-web tarantulas)
* Entypesidae
* Euagridae
* Euctenizidae
* Halonoproctidae
* Hexathelidae (funnel-webs or venomous funnel-web tarantulas)
* Hexurellidae
* Idiopidae
* Ischnothelidae
* Macrothelidae
* Mecicobothriidae (dwarf tarantulas)
* Megahexuridae
* Microhexuridae
* Microstigmatidae
* Migidae (tree trapdoor spiders)
* Nemesiidae (funnel-web tarantulas)
* Paratropididae (bald-legged spiders)
* Porrhothelidae
* Pycnothelidae
* Rhytidicolidae
* Stasimopidae
* Theraphosidae (true tarantulas)

Araneomorphae|

| Non-entelegynes|

* Archaeidae (pelican spiders)
* Archoleptonetidae
* Austrochilidae
* Caponiidae
* Diguetidae (coneweb spiders)
* Drymusidae (false violin spiders)
* Dysderidae (woodlouse hunters)
* Filistatidae (crevice weaver spiders)
* Gradungulidae (large-clawed spiders)
* Huttoniidae
* Hypochilidae (lampshade spiders)
* Leptonetidae
* Mecysmaucheniidae
* Ochyroceratidae (midget ground weavers)
* Oonopidae (goblin spiders)
* Orsolobidae
* Pacullidae
* Palpimanidae (palp-footed spiders)
* Periegopidae
* Pholcidae (cellar spiders)
* Plectreuridae
* Psilodercidae
* Scytodidae (spitting spiders)
* Segestriidae (tube-dwelling spiders)
* Sicariidae (violin spiders, assassin spiders)
* Stenochilidae
* Telemidae (long-legged cave spiders)
* Tetrablemmidae (armored spiders)
* Trogloraptoridae (Trogloraptor marchingtoni)

Entelegynae|

* Agelenidae (araneomorph funnel weavers)
* Amaurobiidae (tangled nest spiders)
* Anapidae
* Ancylometidae
* Anyphaenidae (anyphaenid sac spiders)
* Araneidae (orb-weaver spiders)
* Arkyidae
* Cheiracanthiidae
* Cicurinidae
* Cithaeronidae
* Clubionidae (sac spiders)
* Corinnidae (dark sac spiders)
* Ctenidae (wandering spiders or tropical wolf spiders)
* Cyatholipidae
* Cybaeidae
* Cycloctenidae
* Deinopidae (net-casting spiders)
* Desidae (intertidal spiders)
* Dictynidae
* Dolomedidae
* Eresidae (velvet spiders)
* Fonteferreidae
* Gallieniellidae
* Gnaphosidae (flat-bellied ground spiders)
* Hahniidae (dwarf sheet spiders)
* Hersiliidae (tree trunk spiders)
* Homalonychidae
* Lamponidae (white-tailed spiders)
* Linyphiidae (sheet weavers or money spiders)
* Liocranidae (liocranid sac spiders)
* Lycosidae (wolf spiders)
* Macrobunidae
* Malkaridae (shield spiders)
* Megadictynidae
* Mimetidae (pirate spiders)
* Miturgidae
* Myrmecicultoridae
* Mysmenidae (spurred orb-weavers)
* Nesticidae (cave cobweb spiders)
* Nicodamidae (red and black spiders)
* Oecobiidae (disc web spiders)
* Oxyopidae (lynx spiders)
* Penestomidae
* Philodromidae (running crab spiders)
* Phrurolithidae
* Physoglenidae
* Phyxelididae
* Pimoidae
* Pisauridae (nursery web spiders) (including Halidae)
* Prodidomidae
* Psechridae
* Salticidae (jumping spiders)
* Selenopidae
* Senoculidae (bark hunters)
* Sparassidae (huntsman spiders)
* Stiphidiidae
* Symphytognathidae (dwarf orb-weavers)
* Synaphridae
* Synotaxidae
* Tetragnathidae (long jawed orb-weavers)
* Theridiidae (tangle-web spiders)
* Theridiosomatidae (ray spiders)
* Thomisidae (crab spiders)
* Titanoecidae
* Toxopidae
* Trachelidae
* Trachycosmidae
* Trechaleidae
* Trochanteriidae
* Udubidae
* Uloboridae (cribellate orb weavers)
* Viridasiidae
* Xenoctenidae
* Zodariidae (ant spiders)
* Zoropsidae

* Spider taxonomy
* Bold are families with more than 1000 species

Taxon identifiers

Clubionidae|

* Wikidata: Q8634
* Wikispecies: Clubionidae
* ADW: Clubionidae
* AFD: Clubionidae
* BioLib: 552
* BOLD: 1405
* BugGuide: 1955
* CoL: 8CH
* EoL: 8811
* EPPO: 1CLUBF
* Fauna Europaea: 10681
* Fauna Europaea (new): 15e43439-6668-4657-b274-e9de107c1f98
* GBIF: 3401
* iNaturalist: 121773
* IRMNG: 100053
* ITIS: 871518
* NBN: NBNSYS0000159718
* NCBI: 210000
* NZOR: fa1e3f3c-c7c7-4800-bd01-e8db32bffd67
* Open Tree of Life: 802563
* Paleobiology Database: 133859
* Plazi: 856B8C05-FA1D-57E8-7533-1AD890C71004
* WoRMS: 231936
* WSC: urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spiderfam:0048

Authority control databases: National |

* Israel

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