Saeima

Parliament of Latvia

Not to be confused with Seimas.

Saeima

14th Saeima
Type
Type|

Unicameral

History
Founded| 7 November 1922; 102 years ago (1922-11-07)
Disbanded|

* 1934–1940
* 1940–1991

Preceded by| Constitutional Assembly of Latvia
Leadership

Speaker

Daiga Mieriņa, Union of Greens and Farmers
since 20 September 2023

Structure
Seats| 100

Political groups

| Government (50)

*   JV (25)[a]
*   ZZS (16)[b]
*   P (9)

Confidence and supply (3)

*   Ind. (3)[c]

Opposition (47)

*   AS (13)[d]
*   NA (12)
*   ST! (10)
*   LPV (8)
*   Ind. (4)[e]

Committees|

* Foreign Affairs
* Budget and Finance (Taxation)
* Legal Affairs
* Human Rights and Public Affairs
* Education, Culture and Science
* Defence, Internal Affairs and Corruption Prevention
* Public Administration and Local Government
* Economic, Agricultural, Environmental and Regional Policy
* Social and Employment Matters
* Mandate, Ethics and Submissions
* Parliamentary Inquiry
* Public Expenditure and Audit
* National Security
* Citizenship, Migration and Social Cohesion
* European Affairs
* Sustainable Development

Length of term

| 4 years
Elections

Voting system

| Open list proportional representation with a 5% electoral threshold

First election

| 7 and 8 October 1922

Last election

| 1 October 2022

Next election

| By 3 October 2026
Meeting place
House of the Livonian Noble Corporation, Riga
Website
www.saeima.lv

The Saeima (Latvian pronunciation: [ˈsai.ma]) is the parliament of the Republic of Latvia. It is a unicameral parliament consisting of 100 members who are elected by proportional representation, with seats allocated to political parties which gain at least 5% of the popular vote. Elections are scheduled to be held once every four years, normally on the first Saturday of October. The most recent elections were held in October 2022.

The President of Latvia can dismiss the Saeima and request early elections. The procedure for dismissing it involves substantial political risk to the president, including a risk of loss of office. On 28 May 2011 president Valdis Zatlers decided to initiate the dissolution of the Saeima, which was approved in a referendum, and the Saeima was dissolved on 23 July 2011.[1]

The current Speaker of the Saeima is Daiga Mieriņa of the Union of Greens and Farmers party. The basic document that regulates the proceedings of the parliament is the Rules of Order of Saeima (Saeimas kārtības rullis, also Rules of Procedure), adopted 23 March 1923 with amendments in 1929 and 1994.[2][3]

## History and etymology

[edit]

The Saeima traces its origins to the Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland, which led to the creation of the Sejm (Seimas) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later to the creation of the Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Polish Livonia, a part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, was exposed to the Polish mode of administration and introduced to the Sejm-system. The Warsaw Sejm of 1677 settled the case of remaining part of Polish Livonia or Latgale (Polish: Inflanty), naming it a voivodeship and a duchy, with the right to name three senators: the Bishop, the Voivode and the Castellan of Inflanty (...) Local sejmiks took place at Daugavpils, while starostas resided at Daugavpils, Ludza, Rēzekne and Viļaka. The voivodeship had six deputies to the Sejm, but only two of them came from Inflanty, the other four were symbolically named by the king, to remember the lost part of Livonia[4] (Swedish Livonia). However, the rest of Latvia belonged to the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, which was governed by the Dukes and the Landtag of Courland.

The word sejm derives from the verb "sjąć się" meaning "to get together", with similar words in some other Slavic languages,[5] of proto-Slavic origin *sъjęti < *sъjemti[6] Sejm, then, as a noun meant "a gathering, a meeting, a council."

Representatives of the 1st Saeima of the Republic of Latvia in 1922

In the 19th century, as the concept of nations began to emerge, Juris Alunāns, a member of a Latvian nationalist group called the Young Latvians, claimed ownership to the word "saeims". Despite the similar sound, similar semantic structure and clear historical connotations, he claimed that it was a purely Latvian word that he had invented. As mentioned earlier, the word bears a similar meaning: "a gathering, a meeting, a council". [citation needed] He claimed that the word he constructed stemmed from the archaic Latvian word eima instead, meaning "to go" (derived from the PIE *ei "to go" and also a cognate with the Ancient Greek eimi, Gaulish eimu, among others).[7]

He could not explain, however, how the s- prefix got added to the word, and what sense this addition made within the limits of the Latvian language. Nevertheless, according to Alunāns, the word is purely Latvian and completely independent of the aforementioned historical context. However, the prefix sa- to a verb in modern Latvian language usually stands for a complete action and the word "Saeima" can stand for a meaning "let's gather together completely".

In the pre-war Latvia, the Saeima was elected for three-year terms. The 1st Saeima met from 7 November 1922 to 2 November 1925, the 2nd from 3 November 1925 to 5 November 1928, the 3rd from 6 November 1928 to 2 November 1931, and the 4th from 3 November 1931 to 15 May 1934 (date of the Latvian coup d'état).

Politics of Latvia

Constitution

* President

Edgars Rinkēvičs

Government

* Prime Minister

Evika Siliņa
* Cabinet

Siliņa

Saeima

* Speaker

Edvards Smiltēns
* Dissolution

Elections

* Recent elections

* Saeima: 2018
* 2022
* next

* Presidential: 2015
* 2019
* 2023

* European: 2014
* 2019
* 2024

Political parties

* JV
* ZZS
* AS
* NA
* ST!
* LPV
* PRO

Administrative divisions

* Planning regions

Foreign relations

* Ministers of foreign affairs

* Latvia portal

* Other countries

* v
* t
* e

## Elections

[edit]

The Saeima is an entirely elected body. All Latvian citizens (including naturalized citizens) over the age of 18 are eligible to vote. Candidates must be qualified to vote, but must also be over 21, must not be former employees of the USSR and Latvian SSR State security services, intelligence or counter-intelligence services or any other foreign affiliated organizations, must not have been convicted of a criminal offence or deemed to be of diminished mental capacity.[8]

The term of the Saeima is four years. An election may be called early, but doing so is more complicated than in other parliamentary democracies. If the President proposes that the Saeima be dissolved, a national referendum must be held to confirm the dissolution. If the dissolution is not approved, the President is removed from office. If one-tenth of the electorate signs a petition demanding a dissolution, a referendum can be held without the involvement of the President.

There are five constituencies, Kurzeme (12 deputies), Latgale (14), Riga (35), Vidzeme (25), and Zemgale (14). Overseas votes are counted for the Riga constituency.

Seats are distributed in each constituency by open list proportional representation among the parties that overcome a 5% national election threshold using an unmodified version of the Webster/Sainte-Laguë method.

Voters cast a vote for a party list, which consists of the candidates that the party has submitted in that constituency. Although a specific ordering is listed for each candidate, which is determined by the party, this has no effect on the actual chances of each candidate. Instead, voters cast "specific votes" for candidates. These votes can be either positive votes or negative votes. The number of votes for each candidate is determined by taking the number of votes for the respective list, and adding it to the candidate's positive votes, before subtracting the number of negative votes for that candidate. The candidates with the highest number of votes fill the party's seats. A positive vote is indicated by drawing a plus sign (+) next to the candidate's name on the ballot paper. A negative vote is indicated by crossing out the candidate's name. Voters may only cast specific votes for the candidates on the list that they voted for.

It is uncommon for any party to achieve more than 30% of the vote in an election. The record is 32.4% for the Latvian Way party in the 1993 election. This means that a coalition has always been necessary.[citation needed]

If a seat falls vacant during a term of the Saeima, it is filled by the next candidate on the appropriate list.

The Communist Party of Latvia is the only political party that is banned.

## Most recent election

[edit]

Main article: 2022 Latvian parliamentary election

Saeima House, the parliament building, in 2015. Deputies are elected from five constituencies, based on the cultural regions of Latvia.

Summary of the 1 October 2022 Latvian Saeima election results

Party| Votes| %| Seats| +/–
| New Unity (JV)| 173,425| 18.97| 26| +18
| Union of Greens and Farmers (ZZS)| 113,676| 12.44| 16| +5
| United List (AS)| 100,631| 11.01| 15| New
| National Alliance (NA)| 84,939| 9.29| 13| 0
| For Stability! (S!)| 62,168| 6.80| 11| New
| Latvia First (LPV)| 57,033| 6.24| 9| New
| The Progressives (PRO)| 56,327| 6.16| 10| +10
| Development/For! (AP!)| 45,452| 4.97| 0| –13
| Harmony (S)| 43,943| 4.81| 0| –23
| For Each and Every One (KuK)| 33,578| 3.67| 0| New
| Latvian Russian Union (LKS)| 33,203| 3.63| 0| 0
| Sovereign Power (SV)| 29,603| 3.24| 0| New
| The Conservatives (K)| 28,270| 3.09| 0| –16
| Republic (R)| 16,088| 1.76| 0| New
| Force of People's Power (TVS)| 10,350| 1.13| 0| New
| People's Servants for Latvia (TKL)| 9,176| 1.00| 0| 0
| Union for Latvia (AL)| 2,985| 0.33| 0| –16
| United for Latvia (VL)| 1,413| 0.15| 0| New
| Progressive Christian Party (KPP)| 1,379| 0.15| 0| New
| Blank votes| 10,383| 1.14| –| –
Total| 914,022| 100.00| 100| 0
Valid votes| 903,511| 99.70|
Invalid/blank votes| 2,714| 0.30|
Total votes| 906,225| 100.00|
Registered voters/turnout| 1,542,407| 58.75|
Source: CVK

## Structure of former legislatures

[edit]

### 5th Saeima

[edit]

36  | 15  | 13  | 12  | 7  | 6  | 6  | 5

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Latvian Way | LNNK | Harmony | LZS | Equal Rights | For Fatherland and Freedom | KDS | Democratic Centre

### 6th Saeima

[edit]

18  | 17  | 16  | 14  | 8  | 8  | 8  | 6  | 5

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Saimnieks | Latvian Way | People's movement "For Latvia" | For Fatherland and Freedom | LVP | LZS/KDS | LNNK/LZP | Harmony | LSP

### 7th Saeima

[edit]

24  | 21  | 17  | 16  | 14  | 8

|
|
|
|
|

TP | Latvian Way | For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK | Harmony | LSDSP | JP

### 8th Saeima

[edit]

26  | 25  | 20  | 12  | 10  | 7

|
|
|
|
|

JL | PCTVL | TP | ZZS | LPP | For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK

### 9th Saeima

[edit]

23  | 18  | 18  | 17  | 10  | 8  | 6

|
|
|
|
|
|

TP | ZZS | JL | Harmony | LPP/LC | For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK | PCTVL

### 10th Saeima

[edit]

33  | 29  | 22  | 8  | 8

|
|
|
|

Unity | Harmony | ZZS | NA | (AŠ)²

### 11th Saeima

[edit]

31  | 22  | 20  | 14  | 13

|
|
|
|

Harmony | Reform | Unity | NA | ZZS

### 12th Saeima

[edit]

24  | 23  | 21  | 17  | 8  | 7

|
|
|
|
|

Harmony | Unity | ZZS | NA | LRA | NSL

### 13th Saeima

[edit]

23  | 16  | 16  | 13  | 13  | 11  | 8

|
|
|
|
|
|

Harmony | KPV | JKP | AP! | NA | ZZS | JV

### 14th Saeima

[edit]

26  | 16  | 15  | 13  | 11  | 10  | 9

|
|
|
|
|
|

JV | ZZS | AS | NA | ST! | PRO | LPV

## See also

[edit]

* Category:Deputies of the Saeima
* Deputies of the Saeima
* List of Deputy Speakers of the Saeima
* People's Council of Latvia – provisional parliament from 1918–1920
* Constitutional Assembly of Latvia – consented to the Satversme in 1922

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^
*   V (22)
*   LP (1)
*   VuV (1)
*   Ind. (1)
2. ^
*   LZS (11)
*   LuV (3)
*   LSDSP (2)
3. ^
*   V (1)
*   GKR (1)
*   Ind.(1)
4. ^
*   LRA (7)
*   LZP (3)
*   LP (2)
*   Ind. (1)
5. ^
*   TZV (1)
*   MTuN (1)
*   LZP (1)
*   LPV (1)

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Zatlers nolemj rosināt Saeimas atlaišanu" [Zatlers decides to initiate thedissolution of the Saeima]. Delfi (in Latvian). 28 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
2. ^ "Saeimas kārtības rullis". LIKUMI.LV (in Latvian). Retrieved 31 January 2024.
3. ^ "Speaker Smiltēns at the centenary of the law governing parliamentary work: The Saeima Rules of Procedure are the traffic rules of legislation". saeima.lv. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
4. ^ "Geografia historyczna..." literat.ug.edu.pl.
5. ^ Aleksander Brückner, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, 2005 Krakowska spółka wydawnicza, s. 502
6. ^ "«Сейм» в словаре Шанского Н. М." ΛΓΩ.
7. ^ Zuicena, Ieva; Migla, Ilga (2008). "Jura Alunāna devums latviešu leksikogrāfijā" (PDF). LU Raksti (in Latvian). 731: 75. ISSN 1407-2157. Retrieved 27 May 2010.
8. ^ "Saeimas vēlēšanu likums". LIKUMI.LV.

## External links

[edit]

* Latvijas Republikas Saeima
* Central Election Commission of Latvia

* v
* t
* e

Latvia articles

History|

* Balts
* Kunda culture
* Narva culture
* Corded Ware culture
* Terra Mariana
* Kingdom of Livonia
* Swedish Livonia
* Polish Livonia
* Russian Livonia
* The First Latvian National Awakening
* New Current
* Latvian Riflemen
* War of Independence
* Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940)
* by Nazi Germany
* by the Soviet Union (1944)
* Holocaust
* Soviet deportations from Latvia
* Guerrilla war
* Latvian partisans
* Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1944–1991
* Restoration of independence
* Modern history

Geography|

* Climate
* Cultural regions
* Lakes
* Protected areas
* Rivers

Politics|

* Administrative divisions
* Constitution
* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Government
* Government institutions
* Human rights
* LGBT
* Language policy
* Law enforcement
* Military
* Political parties
* President
* Prime Minister
* Saeima (parliament)
* Statistical regions

Economy|

* Agriculture
* Central bank
* Energy
* Latvian euro coins
* Stock Exchange
* Tourism
* Telecommunications
* Transport
* 2008 financial crisis

Society|

* Demographics
* Healthcare
* Education
* Ethnic groups
* Crime
* Illegal immigration
* Language
* Public holidays
* Religion

Culture|

* Anthem
* Cinema
* Coat of arms
* Cuisine
* Flag
* Latvian names
* Literature
* Music
* Mythology
* Pottery
* Sport
* Television

* Outline

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

National legislatures in Europe

Sovereign states|

* Albania
* Andorra
* Armenia
* Austria
* Azerbaijan
* Belarus
* Belgium
* Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Bulgaria
* Croatia
* Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Denmark
* Estonia
* Finland
* France
* Georgia
* Germany
* Greece
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Ireland
*   * Italy
* Kazakhstan
* Latvia
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malta
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Montenegro
* Netherlands
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Russia
* San Marino
* Serbia
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland
* Turkey
* Ukraine
* United Kingdom
* Northern Ireland
* Scotland
* Wales
* Vatican City

States with limited
recognition|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* South Ossetia
* Transnistria

Dependencies and
other entities|

* Åland
* Faroe Islands
* Gibraltar
* Guernsey
* Isle of Man
* Jersey

Other entities|

* European Union

* v
* t
* e

National unicameral legislatures

Federal|

* Comoros
* Germany
* Iraq
* Federated States of Micronesia
* Saint Kitts and Nevis
* United Arab Emirates
* Venezuela

Unitary|

* Afghanistan
* Albania
* Andorra
* Angola
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Benin
* Botswana
* Brunei
* Bulgaria
* Burkina Faso
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* China
* Costa Rica
* Croatia
* Cuba
* Cyprus
* Denmark
* Djibouti
* Dominica
* East Timor
* Ecuador
* El Salvador
* Eritrea
* Estonia
* Fiji
* Finland
* Gambia
* Georgia
* Ghana
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Guyana
* Honduras
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Iran
* Israel
* Kiribati
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Latvia
* Lebanon
* Libya
* Liechtenstein
* Lithuania
* Luxembourg
* Malawi
* Maldives
* Mali
* Malta
* Marshall Islands
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Moldova
* Monaco
* Mongolia
* Montenegro
* Mozambique
* Nauru
* New Zealand
* Nicaragua
* Niger
* North Macedonia
* Norway
* Palestine
* Panama
* Papua New Guinea
* Peru
* Portugal
* Qatar
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Samoa
* San Marino
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Saudi Arabia
* Senegal
* Serbia
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Singapore
* Slovakia
* Solomon Islands
* Sri Lanka
* Suriname
* Sweden
* Syria
* Tanzania
* Tonga
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* Tuvalu
* Uganda
* Ukraine
* Vanuatu
* Holy See (Vatican City)
* Vietnam
* Yemen
* Zambia

Dependent and
other territories|

* Åland Islands
* Anguilla
* Aruba
* Azores
* British Virgin Islands
* Cayman Islands
* Cook Islands
* Curaçao
* Falkland Islands
* Faroe Islands
* French Polynesia
* Gibraltar
* Greenland
* Guam
* Guernsey
* Hong Kong
* Jersey
* Madeira
* Macau
* Montserrat
* New Caledonia
* Niue
* Pitcairn Islands
* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Helena
* Saint Martin
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon
* Sint Maarten
* Tobago
* Tokelau
* Turks and Caicos Islands
* U.S. Virgin Islands
* Wallis and Futuna

Non-UN states|

* Abkhazia
* Kosovo
* Northern Cyprus
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* South Ossetia
* Taiwan
* Transnistria

Historical|

* Artsakh (1991–2023)
* Confederate States (1861–1862)
* Czechoslovakia (1948–1969)
* Irish Republic (1919–1922)
* Norfolk Island
* Orange Free State (1854–1902)
* Philippines (1976-1987)
* Scotland
* Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)
* Sicily
* Sikkim (1953–1975)
* South African Republic (1857–1902)

Related|

* Bicameralism
* Tricameralism
* Multicameralism
* List of legislatures by country

* National bicameral legislatures
* National lower houses
* National upper houses

Authority control databases |

* ISNI

|

56°57′04″N 24°06′18″E﻿ / ﻿56.95111°N 24.10500°E﻿ / 56.95111; 24.10500
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template