Saint Kitts

Island in the West Indies; part of the Federation of St. Kitts and Nevis

This article is about the island in the West Indies. For the Canadian city sometimes referred to as St. Kitts, see St. Catharines.

"Saint Christopher Island" and "Île Saint-Christophe" redirect here. For other islands with these names, see Saint Christopher Island (disambiguation).

Saint Kitts

Map showing Saint Kitts and Nevis

Location of Saint Kitts among the Leeward Islands.

Geography
Location| Caribbean Sea
Coordinates| 17°19′N 62°43′W﻿ / ﻿17.31°N 62.72°W﻿ / 17.31; -62.72
Archipelago| Leeward Islands
Total islands| 8
Major islands| 2
Area| 174 km2 (67 sq mi)
Length| 29 km (18 mi)
Width| 8 km (5 mi)
Highest elevation| 1,156 m (3793 ft)
Highest point| Mount Liamuiga
Administration

Saint Kitts and Nevis

2 divisions of Saint Kitts
Largest settlement| Basseterre (pop. 15,500)
Demographics
Population| 34,918[1] (2011)
Pop. density| 208.33/km2 (539.57/sq mi)
Ethnic groups| African descent, Indian, British, Portuguese, Lebanese

Saint Kitts, officially Saint Christopher, is an island in the West Indies. The west side of the island borders the Caribbean Sea, and the eastern coast faces the Atlantic Ocean. Saint Kitts and the neighbouring island of Nevis constitute one country: the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Saint Kitts and Nevis are separated by a shallow 3-kilometre (2 mi) channel known as "The Narrows".

Saint Kitts became home to the first Caribbean British and French colonies in the mid-1620s.[2][3] Along with the island of Nevis, Saint Kitts was a member of the British West Indies until gaining independence on 19 September 1983.[4]

The island is one of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles. It is situated about 2,100 km (1,300 mi) southeast of Miami, Florida, US. The land area of Saint Kitts is about 168 km2 (65 sq mi), being approximately 29 km (18 mi) long and on average about 8 km (5.0 mi) across.

Saint Kitts has a population of about 40,000, the majority of whom are of African descent. The primary language is English, with a literacy rate of approximately 98%.[5] Residents call themselves Kittitians. The island is named after the Christian Saint Christopher; "Kit" was formerly a common diminutive of "Christopher".

Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the largest fortress ever built in the Eastern Caribbean. The island of Saint Kitts is home to the Warner Park Cricket Stadium, which was used to host 2007 Cricket World Cup matches. This made Saint Kitts and Nevis the smallest nation to ever host a World Cup event. Saint Kitts is also home to several institutions of higher education, including Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Windsor University School of Medicine, and the University of Medicine and Health Sciences.

## Geography

[edit]

See also: Saint Kitts and Nevis § Climate

The capital of the two-island nation, and also its largest port, is the town of Basseterre on Saint Kitts. There is a modern facility for handling large cruise ships there. A ring road goes around the perimeter of the island with smaller roads branching off it; the interior of the island is too steep for habitation.[citation needed]

Saint Kitts is 10 km (6.2 mi) away from Sint Eustatius to the north and 3 km (1.9 mi) from Nevis to the south. St. Kitts has three distinct groups of volcanic peaks: the North West or Mount Misery Range; the Middle or Verchilds Range and the South East or Olivees Range. The highest peak is Mount Liamuiga, formerly Mount Misery, a dormant volcano 1,156 metres (3,793 ft) high.[citation needed]

### Geology

[edit]

The youngest volcanic centre is Mt. Liamuiga, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in diameter and rising to an elevation of 1,155 metres (3,789 ft). Its last eruption was 1,620 years ago, corresponding with the Steel Dust series of pyroclastic deposits on the western flank. The Mansion Series of pyroclastic deposits and andesite with basalt layers occur on the northern flank, along with mudflows. This volcano has a crater 900 metres (3,000 ft) wide and 244 metres (801 ft) deep, plus two distinct parasitic domes consisting primarily of andesite, Brimstone Hill and Sandy Point Hill which is coalesced with Farm Flat. Brimstone Hill is noted for having limestone on its flanks, which was dragged upward with the formation of the dome 44,400 years ago. Mt. Liamuiga partially overlays the Middle Range to the southeast. This Middle Range is another stratovolcano 976 m in height with a small summit crater containing a lake. Next in line is the 900 metres (3,000 ft) South East Range, 1 Myr in age, consisting of four peaks. Ottley's dome and Monkey Hill dome are on the flanks, while the older volcanoes represented by Canada Hills, and Conaree Hills lie past the airport and Basseterre on the southeast flank. The Salt Dome Peninsula contains the oldest volcanic deposits, 2.3–2.77 Myr in age, consisting of at least nine Pelean domes rising up to 319 metres (1,047 ft) in height, which includes Williams Hill and St. Anthony's Peak.[6][7][8][9]

## History

[edit]

French and English partitions of west St. Kitts. Note the location of Fort Charles and the sulphur mine further to the west.

French and English partitions of east St. Kitts. Note the location of Fort Basseterre.

Siege of Brimstone Hill, 1782, as described by an observer in a French engraving titled "Attaque de Brimstomhill".

Main article: History of Saint Kitts and Nevis

During the last ice age, the sea level was up to 91 metres (300 ft) lower and St. Kitts and Nevis were one island along with Saba and Sint Eustatius (also known as Statia).[10]

St. Kitts was originally settled by pre-agricultural, pre-ceramic "Archaic people", who migrated south down the archipelago from Florida. In a few hundred years they disappeared, to be replaced by the ceramic-using and agriculturalist Saladoid people around 100 BC, who migrated to St. Kitts north up the archipelago from the banks of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. Around 800 AD, they were replaced by the Igneri people, members of the Arawak group.[citation needed]

Around 1300 AD, the Kalinago, or Carib people arrived on the islands. These agriculturalists quickly dispersed the Igneri, and forced them northwards to the Greater Antilles. They named Saint Kitts "Liamuiga" meaning "fertile island", and would likely have expanded further north if not for the arrival of Europeans.[citation needed]

A Spanish expedition under Christopher Columbus arrived and claimed the island for Spain in 1493.[citation needed]

The first English colony was established in 1623, followed by a French colony in 1625. The English and French briefly united to pre-empt a Kalinago ambush. They massacred the local Kalinago,[11] and then partitioned the island, with the English colonists in the middle and the French on either end. In 1629, a Spanish force sent to clear the islands of foreign settlement seized St. Kitts. The English settlement was rebuilt following the 1630 peace between England and Spain.[citation needed]

The island alternated repeatedly between English (then British) and French control during the 17th and 18th centuries, as one power took the whole island, only to have it switch hands due to treaties or military action. Actions included the Siege of Brimstone Hill and the Battle of Saint Kitts. Parts of the island were heavily fortified, as exemplified by the UNESCO World Heritage Site at Brimstone Hill and the now-crumbling Fort Charles.[citation needed]

Since 1783, Saint Kitts has been affiliated with the Kingdom of Great Britain, which became the United Kingdom.[12]

### Slavery

[edit]

The island originally produced tobacco, but farmers switched to sugarcane in 1640 because of stiff competition from the colony of Virginia. The labour-intensive cultivation of sugar cane was the reason for the large-scale importation of African slaves. The importation began almost immediately upon the arrival of Europeans to the region even though sugarcane wasn't cultivated for another two hundred years on the island, leading some to discredit the earliest claims of imported African labour.[13]

The purchasing of enslaved Africans was outlawed in the British Empire by an Act of Parliament in 1807[14]. Slavery was abolished by an Act of Parliament which became law on 1 August 1834. This emancipation was followed by four years of forced enslavement,[dubious - discuss] put in place to protect the "planters" (plantation owners) from losing their free labour force.[citation needed]

1 August is now celebrated as a public holiday and is called Emancipation Day. In 1883, Saint Kitts, Nevis, and Anguilla were all linked under one presidency, located on Saint Kitts, to the dismay of the Nevisians and Anguillans. Anguilla left this arrangement in 1971, after an armed raid on Saint Kitts in 1967.[15]

Sugar production continued to dominate the local economy until 2005, when, after 365 years of having a monoculture, the government closed the sugar industry. This decision was made because of huge losses and European Union plans to greatly cut sugar prices.[citation needed]

## Government

[edit]

Main article: Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis

For purposes of governing, the island is divided into nine parishes:

* Christ Church Nichola Town
* Saint Anne Sandy Point
* Saint George Basseterre
* Saint John Capisterre
* Saint Mary Cayon
* Saint Paul Capisterre
* Saint Peter Basseterre
* Saint Thomas Middle Island
* Trinity Palmetto Point

## Economy

[edit]

Saint Kitts & Nevis uses the Eastern Caribbean dollar, which maintains a fixed exchange rate of 2.7-to-one with the United States dollar.[16] The US dollar is almost as widely accepted on the island as the Eastern Caribbean dollar.[17]

For hundreds of years, Saint Kitts operated as a sugar monoculture, but due to decreasing profitability, the government closed the industry in 2005. Tourism is a major and growing source of income to the island, although the number and density of resorts is less than on many other Caribbean islands. Transportation, non-sugar agriculture, manufacturing and construction are the other growing sectors of the economy.[18]

Saint Kitts is dependent on tourism to drive its economy. Tourism has been increasing since 1978. In 2009, there were 587,479 arrivals to Saint Kitts compared to 379,473 in 2007, a growth of just under 40% in a two-year period. As tourism grows, the demand for vacation property increases in conjunction.[citation needed]

Saint Kitts & Nevis also acquires foreign direct investment from their unique citizenship-by-investment programme, outlined in their Citizenship Act of 1984.[19] Interested parties can acquire citizenship if they pass the government's strict background checks and make an investment into an approved real estate development. Purchasers who pass government due diligence and make a minimum investment of US$400,000, into qualifying government-approved real estate, are entitled to apply for citizenship of the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Many projects are approved under the citizenship-by-investment programme.

The country hosts an annual St. Kitts Music Festival.

## Transportation

[edit]

Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport serves Saint Kitts.

The Basseterre Ferry Terminal facilitates travel between Saint Kitts and sister island Nevis.[citation needed]

The narrow-gauge (30 inches[20]) St. Kitts Scenic Railway circles the island and offers passenger service from its headquarters near the airport, although the service is geared more for tourists than as day-to-day transportation for residents. Built between 1912 and 1926 to transport sugar cane from farms to the sugar factory in Basseterre, since 2003 the railway has offered a 3.5-hour, 30-mile circle tour of the island on specially designed double-decker open-air coaches, with 12 miles of the trip being by bus.[21]

## Notable natives and residents

[edit]

Saint Kitts is or was the residence of:

* Sir Kennedy Alphonse Simmonds, first Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis. Dr. Simmonds instigated Porte Zante and the South East Peninsula Road on Frigate Bay in Saint Kitts which is named in his honour: Dr. Kennedy Simmonds Highway.

* Joan Armatrading, a British singer-songwriter.
* George Astaphan, born in St. Kitts, was a physician who gave steroids to the sprinter Ben Johnson.
* Imruh Bakari, born in St. Kitts, film maker and writer.
* Hutchens C. Bishop, pre-civil-rights-era clergyman who led the 1917 Negro Silent Protest Parade in New York, U.S.[22]
* Robert Bradshaw, first Premier of Saint Kitts and Nevis.
* Archibald Burt, born in Saint Kitts, first Chief Justice of Western Australia.
* Burt Caesar, born in Saint Kitts, actor, broadcaster and director.
* Pogus Caesar, British artist, author, television producer and director.
* Linda Carty, possessing both United States and British citizenship and on death row in Texas.
* Kim Collins is a former world champion sprinter (2003).
* Felix Dexter was an actor, comedian, and writer.
* Pavel Durov, co-founder of VK and Telegram.
* Nikolai Durov, co-founder of VK and Telegram.
* Bertil Fox was born in Saint Kitts, became a professional bodybuilder and was convicted of murder.[23][24][25][26]
* James Grainger, Scottish doctor and planter, who published the georgic poem The Sugar Cane in 1764 and also wrote about diseases among the slaves.
* Keith Gumbs, an international football player who currently plays as a striker for the Liga Indonesia side Sriwijaya FC.
* Sir James Harford was Administrator of Saint Christopher from 1940 to 1946.
* Atiba Harris is a Kittitian footballer who currently plays for FC Dallas, United States, in Major League Soccer.[27]
* Virgil Hodge is a sprinter specialising in the 200 metres event.
* Konris Maynard is a Calypso musician and politician.
* Major-General Sir Robert Nickle was governor of Saint Christopher from 1830.
* Caryl Phillips, born in St. Kitts, novelist, playwright and essayist.
* Tiandra Ponteen, a sprinter specialising in the 200 metres and the 400 metres.
* Marcus Rashford, professional footballer for Manchester United and England. Born in Manchester of Kittitian descent.
* Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead, was governor of Saint Christopher from 1855 to 1859.
* Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Governor-General of St Kitts-Nevis from 1 January 1996 to 31 December 2012, his retirement.
* Joseph Matthew Sebastian was a Caribbean trade union leader and politician.
* Shirley Skerrit-Andrew, former High Commissioner to Canada.
* Julius Soubise was a freed Afro-Caribbean slave who became a well-known fop in the UK during the 1760s and 1770s.
* Neil Strauss is an American author and journalist.
* Roger Ver businessman who renounced his U.S. citizenship.
* Desai Williams is a former sprinter who won a bronze medal in the 1984 Olympics.
* Ned Young, born in Saint Kitts, was a sailor, mutineer from the HMS Bounty incident and co-founder of the mutineers' Pitcairn Island settlement.
* The Hon Dr Timothy Harris Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (2015–2022).
* The Hon Dr. Terrance Drew Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (2022 - present).
* Angela Griffin, a British actress and television presenter. Born in Leeds of Kittitian descent.
* Mikyle Louis, first Kittitian to play Test cricket for the West Indies.

## Gallery

[edit]

* View from Sir Timothy's Hill

* Southeast Peninsula (Saint Kitts). The island on the left is Nevis.

* St. Kitts at dawn as seen from a ship entering the port of Basseterre

* Downtown Basseterre

* Diver and fish, MV River Taw wreck

* Brimstone Hill Fortress

* Ruins at Brimstone Hill

* Battle of St. Kitts in January 1782

* Flying towards the north end of the island, looking down part of the west or Caribbean coast

## See also

[edit]

* Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands
* Culture of St. Kitts and Nevis
* Map of Saint Kitts
* Nevis, St. Kitts' sister island

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "ST. KITTS AND NEVIS". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 19 April 2017.
2. ^ Lucas, Sir Charles Prestwood (1890). "A Historical Geography of the British Colonies: The West Indies". Retrieved 30 July 2017.
3. ^ Tisdall, Nigel (5 February 2016). "St Kitts: the Gibraltar of the West Indies". The Telegraph. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
4. ^ "Caribbean's St. Kitts gets independence, new name". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 30 July 2017.
5. ^ "Saint Kitts and Nevis | CIA World Factbook". www.cia.gov. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
6. ^ "St. Kitts – Geology". University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
7. ^ "St. Kitts Geology". Caribbean Volcanoes. Archived from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
8. ^ "Volcanic Hazard Assessment for St. Kitts". Volcanic Hazard Assessment for St. Kitts, Lesser Antilles.
9. ^ Wetsermann, J.H.; Kiel, H. (1961). The Geology of Saba and St. Eustatius. Utrecht: Kemink & Zn. pp. 158–161.
10. ^ Hubbard, Vincent (2002). A History of St. Kitts. Macmillan Caribbean. p. 1. ISBN 9780333747605.
11. ^ "Top 10 attractions in St Kitts". The Guardian. 1 October 2013.
12. ^ "Saint Kitts and Nevis". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
13. ^ O'Callaghan, Sean (2000). To Hell or Barbados. Dublin: Brandon, O'Brien Press. pp. 66, 137, 148, 173, 176, 202. ISBN 978-0-86322-287-0.
14. ^ "How did the slave trade end in Britain? | Royal Museums Greenwich". www.rmg.co.uk. Retrieved 8 August 2024.
15. ^ "Introduction ::Anguilla". 10 January 2023.
16. ^ "USD/XCD Chart". XE.com. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
17. ^ St Kitts Tourism Authority Archived 13 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Eastern Caribbean Dollar (XCD$). U.S. bills are accepted by most stores and businesses and change is given in E.C. currency. U.S. coins are not accepted.
18. ^ [1][permanent dead link]
19. ^ "Citizenship-by-Investment Introduction". Elevay Global. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
20. ^ Schwartzman, M. T. "St. Kitts Railway: One Sweet Ride,"[permanent dead link] Cruise Travel, December 2005, accessed 15 December 2012.
21. ^ Saint Kitts Scenic Railway, official site, accessed 15 December 2012.
22. ^ Milward, Jessica (15 December 2015). Finding Charity's Folks. ISBN 9780820348797. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
23. ^ "A letter from Bertil: Bertil Fox is serving a life sentence for double murder on the island of St. Kitts. In this FLEX exclusive, he gives his version of what happened on that fateful day in 1997". Flex. 2005. Archived from the original on 14 November 2006.
24. ^ "The Muscle Murders". CNN. 18 May 1998.
25. ^ "BERTIL FOX: STARS OF BODYBUILDING | MRO Fansite | History of Mr. and Masters Olympia | The Best Bodybuilders, Muscle Gallery, Bodybuilder, photos, links, pics, videos, biography, news, interview". Schwarzenegger.it. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
26. ^ [2] Archived 26 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
27. ^ [3]Archived 29 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine

## External links

[edit]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Saint Kitts.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Kitts.

* Official Government of Saint Kitts & Nevis website
* Saint Kitts & Nevis News
* Saint Kitts & Nevis Media Portal
* Mustrad.org.uk: "Christmas Sports in Saint Kitts"
* St. Kitts Tourism Authority Website

* v
* t
* e

Parishes of Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Kitts|

* Christ Church Nichola Town
* Saint Anne Sandy Point
* Saint George Basseterre
* Saint John Capisterre
* Saint Mary Cayon
* Saint Paul Capisterre
* Saint Peter Basseterre
* Saint Thomas Middle Island
* Trinity Palmetto Point

Nevis|

* Saint George Gingerland
* Saint James Windward
* Saint John Figtree
* Saint Paul Charlestown
* Saint Thomas Lowland

* v
* t
* e

Sovereign Military Order of Malta topics

Catholic order of chivalry and sovereign subject of international law, founded in 1099 in Jerusalem,  Kingdom of Jerusalem

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|

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|

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Africa

| 17th and 18th centuries| 19th century| 20th century

|
|

* Since 1658 Saint Helena23
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* Since 1815 Ascension Island23
* Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha23
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* 1919–1961 Cameroons13
* 1920–1963 Kenya
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* 1923–1965 and 1979–1980 Southern Rhodesia14
* 1924–1964 Northern Rhodesia15

* 6\. Now Lesotho.
* 7\. Now Ghana.
* 8\. Now Botswana.
* 9\. Now part of Tanzania.
* 10\. Now Malawi.
* 11\. Now named Eswatini.
* 12\. Now Namibia.
* 13. League of Nations mandate. British Cameroons is now part of Cameroon, while Tanganyika is part of Tanzania.
* 14. Self-governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 (as Rhodesia) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
* 15\. Now Zambia.

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Asia

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|
|

* 1685–1824 Bencoolen
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* Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory (before as part of Mauritius and Seychelles)26

* 16\. Now Sri Lanka.
* 17\. Now part of Malaysia.
* 18\. Now India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
* 19. League of Nations mandate. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
* 26\. Legitimacy of territorial establishment disputed

* v
* t
* e

North America

| 17th century and before| 18th century| 19th and 20th centuries

|
|

* 1579 New Albion
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* 1605–1979 *Saint Lucia
* 1607–1776 Virginia
* Since 1619 Bermuda
* 1620–1691 Plymouth
* 1623–1983 Saint Kitts
* 1624–1966 *Barbados
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* 1841–1867 Canada
* 1843 Paulet affair
* 1849–1866 Vancouver Island
* 1853–1863 Queen Charlotte Islands
* 1858–1866 British Columbia
* 1859–1870 North-Western Territory
* 1860–1981 *Antigua and Barbuda
* 1862–1863 Stickeen
* 1866–1871 British Columbia
* 1867–1931 *Dominion of Canada2
* 1871–1981 *Belize
* 1882–1983 *Saint Kitts and Nevis
* 1889–1962 Trinidad and Tobago
* 1907–1949 Newfoundland3
* 1958–1962 West Indies Federation
* 1967–1983 West Indies Associated States

* 1. Occupied jointly with the United States.
* 2. In 1931, Canada and other British dominions obtained self-government through the Statute of Westminster. See Name of Canada.
* 3. Gave up self-rule in 1934, but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949.

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Oceania

| 18th and 19th centuries| 20th century

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* 1788–1901 New South Wales
* 1803–1901 Van Diemen's Land/Tasmania
* 1807–1863 Auckland Islands20
* 1824–1980 New Hebrides21
* 1824–1901 Queensland
* 1829–1901 Swan River/Western Australia
* 1836–1901 South Australia
* since 1838 Pitcairn Islands

* 1841–1907 New Zealand
* 1846–1847 North Australia
* 1851–1901 Victoria
* 1874–1970 Fiji
* 1877–1976 Western Pacific Territories
* 1884–1902 Papua
* 1888–1901 Rarotonga/Cook Islands20
* 1889–1948 Union Islands20
* 1892–1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands22
* 1893–1978 *Solomon Islands

* 1900–1970 Tonga
* 1900–1974 Niue20
* 1901–1942 *Australia
* 1907–1947 *New Zealand
* 1914–1962 Samoa
* 1919–1942 and 1945–1968 Nauru

* 20. Now part of the *Realm of New Zealand.
* 21\. Now Vanuatu.
* 22. Now Kiribati and *Tuvalu.

South America

* 1631–1641 Providence Island
* 1651–1667 Willoughbyland
* 1670–1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands4
* 1831–1966 Guiana
* Since 1833 Falkland Islands5
* Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands5

* 4. Now a department of Colombia.
* 5. Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April–June 1982.

Antarctica and the South Atlantic

* Since 1658 Saint Helena23
* Since 1815 Ascension Island23
* Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha23
* Since 1833 Falkland Islands
* 1841–1933 Australian Antarctic Territory (transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia)
* 1841–1947 Ross Dependency (transferred to the Realm of New Zealand)
* Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory24
* Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands25

* 23. Since 2009 part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
* 24. Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the Antarctic Treaty.
* 25\. Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985

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