Saltukids

Ruling dynasty of a 12th-century Anatolian beylik

Saltukids

1071–1202

Map of the Saltukids ( )

Capital| Erzurum
Common languages| Turkish , Western Armenian
Government| Monarchy
History|

• Established

| 1071

• Disestablished

| 1202

The Saltukids or Saltuqids (Modern Turkish: Saltuklu Beyliği) were a dynasty ruling one of the Anatolian beyliks of the Seljuk Empire, founded after the Battle of Manzikert (1071) and centered on Erzurum. The Saltukids ruled between 1071 and 1202. The beylik was founded by Emir Saltuk, one of the Turkmen[1] commanders of the Great Seljuk Alp Arslan. The beylik fought frequently against the Georgian Kingdom for hegemony of the Kars region. The center of the beylik, Erzurum, was briefly re-occupied by the Byzantine Empire between 1077 and 1079, and was besieged by the Georgian King Giorgi III in 1184. It comprised the entirety of present-day Erzurum and Bayburt provinces, lands east of Erzincan, most of Kars, and lands north of Ağrı and Muş provinces during its height.

## Origin

[edit]

Salduq b. `Ali under the authority of Seljuk Emperor Tughril Beg, Erzurum, 540-70 H (1146-1176 CE)

The first known Saltukid is Ali, who was ruler of Erzurum in 1103. His son and successor was Saltuk, who succeeded him sometime after 1123. Saltuk had a female relative, a daughter or sister, who married Shah-i- Armind of Akhlat, Sukman II.[2]

In 1132, Ali's son Izz al-Din Saltuk became malik.[3] Izz al-Din was defeated captured in 1154 by Georgians, led by Dimitri I.[3] He would be ransomed by Sökmen of the Artuqids, who later married a daughter of Izz al-Din.[3] In 1161, Izz al-Din along with other Turkish allies besieged the Georgians at Ani, but was defeated.[3] He sent a daughter to marry Kilij Arslan II, but she was captured by the Danishmendid Yağıbasan and married off to his nephew.[3]

The Saltukid dynasty is also notable for having a woman, Melike Mama Hatun, sister of Nasiruddin Muhammed, directly administering its realm for an estimated nine years, between 1191 and 1200. She was later dethroned by the Beys and replaced by her son Malik-Shah once she had started searching for a husband among the Mamluk nobility. Mama Hatun built an impressive caravanserai in the town of Tercan, where her mausoleum also stands. Tercan itself used to be called "Mamahatun", and is sometimes still called as such locally.

Muhammad b. Salduq under the authority of Tughril Beg, Rukh al-Din Abu Talib, Erzurum, 574 H (1178-1179 CE).[4]

At one point, the son of Muhammad b. Saltuq II offered to convert to Christianity in order to marry the Georgian Queen Tamar.[5]

The name of the ruling dynasty of the beylik should not be confused with that of Sarı Saltuk, a Turkish mystic and saint; who is of later date, more associated with western Anatolia and the Balkans (especially Dobruja), and to whom the epic Saltuknâme is dedicated.

The last ruler of the Saltukids, Alaeddin Muhammed, was dethroned and imprisoned by the Sultan of Rum Süleymanshah II during Süleymanshah's Georgian rout in 1202, and the Saltukid beylik was subsequently annexed by the Sultanate of Rum.[1] During 30 years after this conquest, the region of Erzurum was then ruled by the two Seljuq princes Tughril ibn Kılıç Arslan II and his son Jahan Shah bin Tughril as an appanage, before being incorporated into the Sultanate of Rum under Kay Qubadh I in 627/1230.[5]

## Architecture

[edit]

Caravanserai of Mama Hatun, 1190-1200 CE, Tercan

Gate of the enclosure for the tomb of Mama Hatun, with Muqarnas decoration, 1190-1200 CE, Tercan

The beys of Saltuk left important works of architecture such as the Tepsi Minare in Erzurum and the caravanserai in Mama Hatun.[3]

## Rulers

[edit]

* Saltuk I (1071–1102)
* Ali (1102–1124)
* Muzaffer Gazi (1124–1132)
* Izzeddin Saltuk II (1132–1168)
* Nasiruddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
* Melike Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
* Alaeddin Muhammed (1200–1202)

## Notes

[edit]

History of the Turkic peoples pre–14th century

Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.

Turkic peoples

|  Onogurs|

|

Oghuz Turks|
Saragurs|
Utigurs|
Bulgars|
Sabir|
Kutrigurs|
Karluks|
Kimek|
Kipchaks|
Cherniye Klobuki|
Uyghurs|
Tatars|
Kumyks|
Yakuts|
Dolgans|
Krymchaks|
Crimean Karaites|

Turkic Languages

|  Turkish|

|

Azerbaijani|
Uzbek|
Kazakh|
Uyghur|
Turkmen|
Tatar|
Kyrgyz|
Bashkir|
Chuvash|
Qasgqai|
Karakalpak|
Sakha|
Kumyk|
Karachay-Balkar|
Tuvan|
Gagauz|
Karaim|
Krymchak|

Turkic Mythology

|  Belief system: Tengrism and Shamanism|

|

Chief gods and goddesses: Kayra and Ülgen|
Epics and heroes: Ergenekon and Asena|
Major concepts: Sheka and Grey wolf|

Pre-14th century

|  Yenisei Kyrgyz People 202 BCE–13th CE

* Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate

Dingling 71 BC–?? AD

* Tiele (Gaoche)

Göktürks

* First Turkic Khaganate 552–581
* Western Turkic Khaganate 581–657

(Tokhara Yabghus, Turk Shahis)

* Eastern Turkic Khaganate 581–650
* Second Turkic Khaganate 682–744

Sabiri People
Khazar Khaganate 618–1048
Xueyantuo 628–646
Kangar Union 659–750
Turk Shahi 665-850
Türgesh Khaganate 699–766
Kimek–Kipchak Confederation 743–1035
Uyghur Khaganate 744–840
Oghuz Yabgu State 750–1055
Karluk Yabgu State 756–940
Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212

* Western Kara-Khanid
* Eastern Kara-Khanid

Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom 848–1036
Qocho 856–1335
Pecheneg Khanates 860–1091
Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186
Seljuk Empire 1037–1194

* Sultanate of Rum

Cuman–Kipchak Confederation 1067–1239
Khwarazmian Empire 1077–1231
Kerait Khanate 11th century–13th century
Atabegs of Azerbaijan 1136–1225
Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526

* Mamluk dynasty
* Khalji dynasty
* Tughlaq dynasty

Qarlughid Kingdom 1224–1266
Golden Horde 1242–1502
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo) 1250–1517

* Bahri dynasty

Ottoman State 1299–1922

* v
* t
* e

1. ^ a b Bosworth 1996, p. 218.
2. ^ Cahen 1968, p. 106-107.
3. ^ a b c d e f Leiser 1995, p. 1001.
4. ^ "Copper alloy fals of Muhammad b. Salduq/Tughril Beg, Rukh al-Din Abu Talib, Erzurum/Arzarum, 574 H. 1917.216.762". numismatics.org. American Numismatic Society.
5. ^ a b Bosworth 1996, p. 218 Quote: "The Saltuqids' main role in the political and military affairs of the time was in warfare with the Georgians, expanding southwards from the time of their king David the Restorer (1089–1125), often as allies of the Shah-i Armanids (see above, no. 97); but in a curious episode, Muhammad b. Saltuq II's son offered to convert to Christianity in order to marry the celebrated Queen T'amar of Georgia. The last years of the family are unclear, but in 598/1202 the Rum Seljuq Sulayman II, while en route for a campaign against the Georgians, put an end to the Saltuqids; and for some thirty years after this, Erzurum was to be ruled by two Seljuq princes as an appanage before Kay Qubadh I in 627/1230 incorporated it into his sultanate."

## References

[edit]

* Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7.
* Mustafa Güler, İlknur Aktuğ Kolay. "12. yüzyıl Anadolu Türk Camileri" [12th century Turkish mosques in Anatolia] (PDF) (in Turkish). Istanbul Technical University Magazine (İtüdergi). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-04.
* (Book cover) Oktay Aslanapa (1991). Anadolu'da ilk Türk mimarisi: Başlangıcı ve gelişmesi [Early Turkish architecture in Anatolia: Beginnings and development] (in Turkish). AKM Publications, Ankara. ISBN 975-16-0264-5.
* Cahen, Claude (1968). Pre-Ottoman Turkey: A General Survey of the Material and Spiritual Culture and History C. 1071-1330. Sidgwick and Jackson.
* Leiser, G. (1995). "Saltuk Oghullari". In Bosworth, C.E.; Van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. VIII:Ned-Sam. E.J. Brill.

## External links

[edit]

* "Üç Kümbetler (Three tombs) or Emir Saltuk Tomb, Erzurum". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2011-02-23.
* "Great Mosque (Ulu Cami) of Erzurum". ArchNet. Archived from the original on 2005-12-19.
* "Mama Hatun Caravanserai, Tercan". ArchNet.
* "Mama Hatun Tomb, Tercan". ArchNet.

* v
* t
* e

States in late medieval Anatolia (after 1071)

Muslim states|

* Ahis
* Aq Qoyunlu
* Alaiye
* Artuqids
* Aydinids
* Candaroğulları
* Canik
* Chobanids
* Çubukoğulları
* Danishmendids
* Dilmachids
* Dulkadirids
* Eretnids
* Erzincan
* Eshrefids
* Germiyanids
* Hacıemir
* Hamidids
* Inalids
* Kadi Burhan al-Din
* Karamanids
* Karasids
* Ladik
* Mengüjekids
* Menteshe
* Ottoman Empire
* Pervâneoğlu
* Qara Qoyunlu
* Ramadanids
* Shah-Armens
* Sultanate of Rum
* Sahib Ataids
* Saltukids
* Sarukhanids
* Tacettinids
* Tanrıbermiş
* Teke
* Tzachas

Christian states|

* Byzantine Empire
* Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
* Empire of Nicaea
* Empire of Trebizond
* Knights Hospitaller
* Latin Empire
* Philaretos Brachamios
* Zaccaria family

* v
* t
* e

Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Ancestor

Qutalmish
Founder

Suleyman I
Capital

İznik, then Konya

| Important centers and extension|

* Konya
* Kayseri
* Sivas (1175)
* Malatya (1178)
* Alanya
* Antalya

|

Dynasty|

* Suleyman I (1077–1086)
* Kilij Arslan I (1092–1107)
* Melikshah (1107–1116)
* Mesud I (1116–1156)
* Kilij Arslan II (1156–1192)
* Kaykhusraw I (1192–1196)
* Süleymanshah II (1196–1204)
* Kilij Arslan III (1204–1205)
* Kaykhusraw I (2nd reign) (1205–1211)
* Kaykaus I (1211–1220)
* Kayqubad I (1220–1237)
* Kaykhusraw II (1237–1246)
* Kaykaus II (1246–1260)
* Kilij Arslan IV (1248–1265)
* Kayqubad II (1249–1257)
* Kaykhusraw III (1265–1282)
* Mesud II (1282–1284)
* Kayqubad III (1284)
* Mesud II (2nd reign) (1284–1293)
* Kayqubad III (2nd reign) (1293–1294)
* Mesud II (3rd reign) (1294–1301)
* Kayqubad III (3rd reign) (1301–1303)
* Mesud II (4th reign) (1303–1307)
* Mesud III (1307)

Chronology|

* Timeline of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Wars and major battles|

* Byzantine–Seljuk wars
* Siege of Nicaea (1097)
* Battle of Dorylaeum (1097)
* Battle of Dorylaeum (1147)
* Battle of Mount Cadmus (1148)
* Battle of Myriokephalon (1176)
* Battle of Iconium (1190)
* Battle of Köse Dağ (1243)
* Battle of Elbistan (1277)

Culture|

| Arts|

* Anatolian Seljuk architecture

|

Writers and scholars|

* Rumi
* Haji Bektash Veli
* Fakhr al-Din Iraqi
* Siraj al-Din Urmavi
* Karim al-Din Aqsarayi
* Ibn Bibi

Other notable people|

* Gevher Nesibe
* Gurju Khatun
* Sâhib Ata
* Baba Ishak
* Shams al-Din Altınapa
* Sa'd al-Din Köpek
* Ikhtiyar al-Din Hasan ibn Ghafras
* Manuel Maurozomes
* Mu'in al-Din Parwana
* Shams al-Din Isfahani

Anatolian beyliks

Tzachas (1081 - 1092)

Founder

Tzachas
Capital

İzmir

Important centers and extension:|

* Ephesus
* Lesbos
* Chios

Shah-Armens (1100–1207)

Founder

Sökmen el Kutbi
Capital

Ahlat

Important centers and extension:|

* Silvan
* Malazgirt
* Erciş
* Adilcevaz
* Başkale
* Eleşkirt
* Van
* Tatvan
* Bitlis
* Muş
* Hani

Dynasty:|

* Sökmen el Kutbi (1100–1112)
* Ibrahim bin Sökmen (? - ?)
* Ahmed bin Ibrahim (? - ?)
* Sökmen the Second (1128–1185)
* Seyfeddin Begtimur (1185–1193)
* Aksungur (1193–1197)
* Muhammed bin Begtimur (1185–1207)

Important works:|

* Ahlat Tombs

Artuqids (1102 - )

Ancestors

Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder

Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
Capitals

Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput

Important centers and extension:|

* Diyarbakır
* Hasankeyf
* Silvan
* Mardin
* Midyat
* Harput
* Palu
* Aleppo (temporarily in 1117)

Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty:|

* Müinüddin Sökmen Bey (1102–1104)
* Sökmenli Ibrahim Bey (1104–1131)

Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty:|

* Necmeddin Ilgazi (1106–1122)
* Hüsameddin Timurtaş (1122–1154)
* Necmeddin Alp (1154–1176)

Harput Dynasty:|

* Belek Bey (1112–1124)
* Nureddin Muhammed (? - ?)
* Sökmen the Second (? - ?)

Danishmends (1071–1178)

Founder

Danishmend Gazi
Capitals

Sivas
Niksar

Important centers and extension:|

* Sivas
* Niksar
* Malatya
* Kayseri
* Tokat
* Amasya
* Kastamonu
* Ankara

Dynasty:|

* Danishmend Gazi (1071–1084)
* Gazi Gümüshtigin (1084–1104)
* Emir Gazi (1104–1134)
* Melik Mehmed (1134–1142)
* Melik Zünnun (1142–1143)
* Yağıbasan (1143–1164)
* Melik Ismail (1164–1175)
* Nasreddin Muhammed (1175-1178)

Mengujekids (1071–1277)

Founder

Mengücek Bey
Capitals

Erzincan, later also Divriği

Important centers and extension:|

* Erzincan
* Divriği
* Kemah
* Şebinkarahisar

Dynasty:|

Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
1120–1142

Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends

Erzincan and Kemah Branch|

Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?)
1228

Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Divriği Branch|

Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
1277

Beylik destroyed by Abaka

Saltukids (1072–1202)

Founder

Saltuk Bey
Capital

Erzurum

Important centers and extension:|

* Erzurum
* Tercan

Dynasty:|

* Saltuk Bey (1072–1102)
* Ali bin Ebu'l-Kâsım (1102 - ~1124)
* Ziyâüddin Gazi (~1124–1132)
* Izzeddin Saltuk (1132–1168)
* Nâsırüddin Muhammed (1168–1191)
* Mama Hatun (1191–1200)
* Melikshah bin Muhammed (1200–1202)

Aydinids (1307–1425)

Founder

Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
Capitals

Birgi, later Ayasluğ

Important centers and extension:|

* Tire
* İzmir
* Alaşehir
* Aydın
* Sakız/Chios (between 1336–1344)

Dynasty:|

* Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey (1307–1334)
* Umur Beg (1334–1348)
* Aydınoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
* Aydınoğlu Isa Bey (- 1390)

Events|

1390

First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1414

Second period of Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1403–1405)
İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
1425

Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II

Candaroğulları (~1300–1461)

Founder

Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander descended from Kayı branch of Oghuz Turks in the imperial army of Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Kastamonu

Important centers and extension:|

* Sinop
* Eflani
* Çankırı
* Kalecik
* Tosya
* Araç
* Samsun (temporarily)

Dynasty:|

* Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha (1309 - ~1340)
* Candaroğlu Ibrahim Bey (1340–1345)
* Candaroğlu Adil Bey (1340–1361)
* Celaleddin Bayezid (1361–1385)
* Candaroğlu Süleyman Pasha the Second (1384–1392)

Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty :|

* Isfendiyar Bey (1385–1440)
* Taceddin Ibrahim Bey (1440–1443)
* Kemaleddin Ismail Bey (1443–1461)

Chobanids (1227–1309)

Founder

Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Kastamonu

Important centers and extension:|

* Kastamonu
* Taşköprü

Dynasty:|

* Hüsamettin Çoban Bey (1309 - ?)
* Alp Yürek (? - ?)
* Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan (? - ?)
* Çobanoğlu Mahmud Bey (? - 1309)

Dulkadirids (1348- ~1525)

Ancestor

Hasan Dulkadir
Founder

Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
Capital

Elbistan

Important centers and extension:|

* Maraş
* Malatya
* Harput
* Kayseri
* Antep

Dynasty:|

* Zeyneddin Karaca Bey (1348–1348)
* Dulkadiroğlu Halil Bey (1348–1386)
* Sûli Bey (1386–1396)
* Nâsıreddin Mehmed Bey (1396–1443)
* Dulkadiroğlu Süleyman Bey (1443–1454)
* Melik Arslan (?-?)
* Shah Budak (?-1492)
* Şahsuvar (?-?)
* Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey (1492–1507)
* Şahsuvaroğlu Ali Bey (1507- ~1525)

Eretnids (1328–1381)

Founder

Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash
Capital

Sivas, later Kayseri

Important centers and extension:|

* Sivas
* Kayseri
* Niğde
* Tokat
* Amasya
* Erzincan
* Şebinkarahisar
* Niksar

Dynasty:|

* Eretna Bey (1328–1352)
* Giyath al-Din Muhammad (1352–1365)
* Alâeddin Ali Bey (1365–1380)
* Mehmed Bey the Second (1380–1381)

Eshrefids (1288–1326)

Founder

Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Beyşehir

Important centers and extension:|

* Beyşehir
* Akşehir
* Bolvadin

Dynasty:|

* Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey (1288–1302)
* Eşrefoğlu Mehmed Bey (1302–1320)
* Eşrefoğlu Süleyman Bey the Second (1320–1326)

Germiyanids (1300–1429)

Ancestor

Kerimüddin Alişir
Founder

Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
Capital

Kütahya

Important centers and extension:|

* Kula (District), Manisa
* Simav
* Yenicekent
* Yenicekent (Beylik of Lâdik between 1300–1368)

Dynasty:|

* Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First (1300–1340)
* Germiyanlı Mehmed Bey (1340–1361)
* Germiyanlı Süleyman Shah (1361–1387)

Hamidids (~1280–1374)

Ancestors

Hamid and his son Ilyas Bey, frontier rulers under Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Founder

Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
Capital

Isparta

Important centers and extension:|

* Eğirdir
* Uluborlu
* Gölhisar
* Korkuteli and Antalya transferred in 1301 to Dündar Bey's brother Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey

Dynasty:|

* Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey (~1280–1324)
* Hamidoğlu Hızır Bey (1324–1330)
* Hamidoğlu Necmeddin Ishak Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Muzafferüddin Mustafa Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Hüsameddin Ilyas Bey (? - ?)
* Hamidoğlu Kemaleddin Hüseyin Bey (? - 1391)

Karamanids (~1250–1487)

Ancestor

Nure Sûfi from Afshar Oghuz clan
Founder

Kerimeddin Karaman Bey
Capitals

successively Ereğli
Ermenek
Larende (Karaman)
Konya
Mut

Dynasty:|

* Kerîmeddin Karaman (1256–1261)
* Mehmet I (1261–1283)
* Güneri (1283–1300)
* Bedreddin Mahmut (1300–1308)
* Yahşı Han (1308–1312)
* Bedreddin Ibrahim I (1312–1333)
* Alâeddin Halil Mirza (1333–1348)
* Bedreddin Ibrahim I, 2nd reign (1348–1349)
* Fahreddin Ahmed (1349–1350)
* Şemseddin (1350–1351)
* Burhaneddin Musa (1351–1356)
* Seyfeddin Süleyman (1356–1357)
* Alâeddin Ali (1357–1398)
* Nasreddin Mehmed Bey (1398–1399)
* Sultanzâde Mehmet II (1398–1399, 1402–1420, 1421–1423)
* Bengi Alâeddin Ali (1418–1424)
* Ibrahim II (1424–1464)
* Sultanzâde Ishak (1464)
* Sultanzâde Pîr Ahmed (1464–1469)
* Kasım (1469–1483)
* Turgutoğlu Mahmud Bey (1483–1487)

Karasids (1303–1360)

Ancestor

Melik Danişmend Gazi
Founder

Karesi Bey
Capital

Balıkesir

Important centers and extension:|

* Aydıncık
* Bergama
* Edremit
* Bigadiç
* Ezine

Dynasty:|

* Karesi Bey (1307–1328)
* Demir Han (1328–1345)
* Yahşı Han (1328–1345)
* Süleyman Bey (1345–1360)

Ladik (~1300–1368)

Ancestor

Germiyanlı Ali Bey
Founder

Inanç Bey
Capital

Denizli

Important centers and extension:|

* Denizli

Dynasty:|

* Inanç Bey (~1300 - ~1314)
* Murad Arslan (~1314 - ?)
* Inançoğlu Ishak Bey (? - ~1360)
* Süleyman Bey (1345–1368)

Menteshe (~1261–1424)

Founder

Menteshe Bey
Capitals

Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat

Important centers and extension|

* present-day Muğla Province
* Muğla
* Finike
* Kaş
* Çameli
* Acıpayam
* Tavas
* Bozdoğan
* Çine
* temporarily Aydın and Güzelhisar, also Rhodes between 1300–1314

Dynasty:|

* Menteshe Bey (~1261 - ~1282)
* Mesut (~1282 - ~1320)
* Orhan (~1320 - ~1340)
* Ibrahim (~1340 - ~1360)

Pervâneoğlu (1261–1322)

Ancestor

Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî (vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum)
Founder

Süleyman Pervâne
Capital

Sinop

Important centers and extension:|

* Sinop

Dynasty:|

* Süleyman Pervâne (1261–1277)
* Pervâneoğlu Mehmed Bey (1277–1296)
* Pervâneoğlu Mesud Bey (1296–1300)
* Pervâneoğlu Gazi Çelebi (1300–1326)

Ramadanids (1352–1516)

Founder

Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan
Capitals

Adana

Important centers and extension:|

* Adana
* Tarsus

Dynasty:|

* Ibrahim Bey (1344-?)
* Ahmed Bey (?-1416)
* Ibrahim Bey (1416–1417)
* Hamza Bey (1417–1427)
* Mehmed Bey (1427-?)
* Eyluk Bey (? - ?)
* Dündar Bey (? - ?)
* Omer Bey (?-1490)
* Giyas al-Din Halil Bey (1490–1511)
* Hahmud Bey (1511–1516)
* Selim Bey (?-?)
* Kubad Bey (1517-?)

Sahib Ataids (1275–1341)

Founder

Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali, vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital

Afyonkarahisar

Important centers and extension:|

* Akşehir
* Beyşehir
* Sandıklı
* Denizli

Dynasty|

* Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali (1275–1288) and sons
* Nusreddin Ahmed (1288–1341)

Sarukhanids (1302–1410)

Founder

Saruhan Bey
Capital

Manisa

Important centers and extension:|

* Demirci
* Nif (Kemalpaşa)
* Akhisar
* Gördes
* Menemen

Dynasty|

* Saruhan Bey (1302–1345)
* Fahreddin Ilyas Bey
* Muzafferuddin Ishak Bey (-1388)
* Hızır Shah (1388–1390)

Teke (1301–1423)

Ancestors

Hamidoğlu dynasty
Founder

Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Capitals

Antalya
Korkuteli

Important centers and extension:|

* Antalya (lost to the Kingdom of Cyprus between 1361–1373)
* Teke Peninsula

Dynasty:|

* Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey (1301-?)
* Tekeoğlu Mehmud Bey (?-1327)
* Tekeoğlu Hızır Bey (? - ?)
* Tekeoğlu Dadı Bey (?-?)
* Zincirkıran Mehmed Bey (~1360 - ~1375)
* Tekeoğlu Osman Bey (~1375–1390)

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