Samuel Wendell Williston

American paleontologist

Samuel Wendell Williston

Born| (1852-07-10)July 10, 1852

Boston, Massachusetts, United States

Died| August 30, 1918(1918-08-30) (aged 66)

Chicago, Illinois, United States

Nationality| American
Citizenship| United States
Alma mater| Kansas State Agricultural College
Yale University
Known for| Allosaurus, Diplodocus, illustrations, terrestrial origin of bird flight
Scientific career
Fields| Paleontology
Institutions| Yale University
University of Kansas
University of Chicago
Doctoral students| Maurice Mehl
Signature

Samuel Wendell Williston (July 10, 1852 – August 30, 1918) was an American educator, entomologist, and paleontologist who was the first to propose that birds developed flight cursorially (by running), rather than arboreally (by leaping from tree to tree). He was a specialist on the flies, Diptera.

He is remembered for Williston's law, which states that parts in an organism, such as arthropod limbs, become reduced in number and specialized in function through evolutionary history.

## Early life[edit]

Williston in 1891

Williston was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Samuel Williston and Jane A. Williston née Turner. As a young child, Williston's family travelled to Kansas Territory in 1857 under the auspices of the New England Emigrant Aid Company to help fight the extension of slavery. He was raised in Manhattan, Kansas, attended public high school there, and graduated from Kansas State Agricultural College (now Kansas State University) in 1872, afterwards receiving a Master of Arts from that institution.[1]

In 1874, he went on his first field fossil hunting expedition for Othniel Charles Marsh at Yale University under the mentorship of Benjamin Franklin Mudge, and led his first expedition in 1877.[2] With Mudge, Williston discovered the first fossils of the dinosaurs Allosaurus and Diplodocus. He was noted for painstakingly illustrating the finds. In 1880, he matriculated to Yale University, for several years was a post-graduate student and faculty member. Around this time, he proposed the first explicit model for the terrestrial origin of bird flight (i.e., that dinosaurs developed flight by running along the ground rather than jumping from trees).

Williston returned to Kansas in 1890, to take a position on the faculty at the University of Kansas as a professor of geology and anatomy.[1] In 1899, he was named the first Dean of the new School of Medicine there. He was also a member of the state boards of health and medical examiners. In 1902, Williston left Kansas again, and took the chair of paleontology at the University of Chicago.

Williston was a fellow of the Geological Society of America, a foreign correspondent for the London Geological and Zoölogical societies, a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences,[3] a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,[4] and a member of the American Philosophical Society.[5] He was president of the Kansas Academy of Science, and in 1903 became president of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. He was the author of several books, and the Smithsonian Institution now administers an endowment fund in his name.

## Work on Diptera[edit]

Although never employed as a professional entomologist, Samuel W. Williston was a Fellow of the Entomological Society of America since 1915,[6] and was well-renowned specialist on the taxonomy and systematics of flies (Diptera). He became the first North American specialist on this group, publishing over 50 books and papers, and naming more than 1250 species. His best-known works were the three editions of the Manual of North American Diptera (1888, 1896, 1908).[7]

## The Osteology of the Reptiles[edit]

In 1925, Williston published a comprehensive survey of the reptilian skeleton,[8] which was a precursor to the monumental Osteology of Reptiles by A. S. Romer.

## Williston's law[edit]

Williston's law states that in lineages such as the arthropods, limbs tend to become fewer and more specialised, as shown by the crayfish (right), whereas its trilobite ancestors had many similar legs.

Williston noticed that, over evolutionary time, the modular and serially repeated parts distinguishing animal groups exhibited trends in numbers and types. For instance, ancient vertebrates were characterized by mouths that contained mostly similar teeth, whereas recent vertebrates are characterized by mouths with different kinds of teeth, adapted for biting, tearing, and compacting food; differences ultimately characterized different diets, with carnivores bearing incisors, canines and carnassials, and grazers bearing mostly molars. In 1914, Williston declared that "it is also a law in evolution that the parts in an organism tend toward reduction in number, with the fewer parts greatly specialized in function".[9] However, empirical studies have not always confirmed this generalization. For instance, a study of the evolution in the number of branchiostegal rays in osteichthyans has failed to support a generalized trend towards reduction. Instead, this series of elements shows an early burst pattern (rapid evolution early in the history of the group, followed by a decrease in evolutionary rate).[10]

## Notes[edit]

1. ^ a b Blackmar 1912.
2. ^ Williston 1898.
3. ^ "Samuel W. Williston". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
4. ^ "Samuel Wendell Williston". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. February 9, 2023. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
5. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
6. ^ "List of ESA Fellows". Entomological Society of America. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
7. ^ Beckemeyer 2009.
8. ^ Williston, Samuel W.; Gregory, William K. (1925). The osteology of the reptiles. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
9. ^ Williston, Samuel Wendell (1914). Water Reptiles of the Past and Present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
10. ^ Ascarrunz, E.; Sánchez-Villagr, M. R.; Betancur-R, R.; Laurin, M. (2019). "On trends and patterns in macroevolution: Williston's law and the branchiostegal series of extant and extinct osteichthyans". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 19 (1): 117. doi:10.1186/s12862-019-1436-x. PMC 6558815. PMID 31182024.

## References[edit]

* Aldrich, John Merton (1918). "Samuel Wendell Williston". Entomological News. 29: 322–327.
* Beckemeyer, Roy J. (2009). "Samuel Wendell Williston — The First and Foremost Kansas Dipterist". Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science. 112 (3–4): 225–228. doi:10.1660/062.112.0412. S2CID 86197579.
* Blackmar, Frank W. (1912). Kansas; a cyclopedia of state history, embracing events, institutions, industries, counties, cities, towns, prominent persons, etc., volume II. Chicago: Standard Publishing Company. p. 920.
* Lull, Richard Swann (1924). "Biographical Memoir, Samuel Wendell Williston, 1852-1918" (PDF). Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 17 (5): 115–141.
* Osborn, Henry Fairfield (1918). "Samuel Wendell Williston 1852-1918". The Journal of Geology. 26 (8): 673–689. Bibcode:1918JG.....26..673O. doi:10.1086/622630. JSTOR 30063514. S2CID 129085529.
* Shimer, =Hervey Woodburn (1919). "Samuel Wendell Williston (1852-1918)". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 54 (6): 421–423. Bibcode:1918JG.....26..673O. doi:10.1086/622630. S2CID 129085529.
* Shor, Elizabeth (1971). Fossils and Flies: The Life of a Compleat Scientist Samuel Wendell Williston. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-0949-1.

## External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Samuel Wendell Williston.

Wikisource has original works by or about:
Samuel Wendell Williston

* Excerpts from A Brief History of Fossil Collecting in the Niobrara Chalk prior to 1900, (1898).
* Williston's Contributions to the Geological Survey of Kansas, Volume IV, from 1899.

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* Allen's rule Shorter appendages in colder climates
* Bateson's rule Extra limbs mirror their neighbours
* Bergmann's rule Larger bodies in colder climates
* Cope's rule Bodies get larger over time
* Deep-sea gigantism Larger bodies in deep-sea animals
* Dollo's law Loss of complex traits is irreversible
* Eichler's rule Parasites co-vary with their hosts
* Emery's rule Insect social parasites are often in same genus as their hosts
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* Foster's rule (Insular gigantism, Insular dwarfism) Small species get larger, large species smaller, after colonizing islands
* Gause's law Complete competitors cannot coexist
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* Haldane's rule Hybrid sexes that are absent, rare, or sterile, are heterogamic
* Harrison's rule Parasites co-vary in size with their hosts
* Hamilton's rule Genes increase in frequency when relatedness of recipient to actor times benefit to recipient exceeds reproductive cost to actor
* Kleiber's law An animals metabolic rate decreases with its size
* Hennig's progression rule In cladistics, the most primitive species are found in earliest, central, part of group's area
* Jarman–Bell principle The correlation between the size of an animal and its diet quality; larger animals can consume lower quality diet
* Jordan's rule Inverse relationship between water temperature and no. of fin rays, vertebrae
* Lack's principle Birds lay only as many eggs as they can provide food for
* Rapoport's rule Latitudinal range increases with latitude
* Rensch's rule Sexual size dimorphism increases with size when males are larger, decreases with size when females are larger
* Rosa's rule Groups evolve from character variation in primitive species to a fixed character state in advanced ones
* Schmalhausen's law A population at limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect
* Thorson's rule No. of eggs of benthic marine invertebrates decreases with latitude
* Van Valen's law Probability of extinction of a group is constant over time
* von Baer's laws Embryos start from a common form and develop into increasingly specialised forms
* Williston's law Parts in an organism become reduced in number and specialized in function

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* Countergradient variation Where genetics opposes environment as a factor
* Gigantothermy Large ectothermic animals more easily maintain constant body temperature

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