San Juan Hill, Manhattan

Former neighborhood in New York City

A row of residential housing and commercial establishments along 63rd Street, 1956

San Juan Hill was a community in what is now the Lincoln Square neighborhood of the Upper West Side in Manhattan, New York City. Its residents were mostly African-American, Afro-Caribbean, and Puerto Rican, and comprised one of the largest African-American communities in New York before World War I. San Juan Hill was bound by 59th Street to the south, West End Avenue to the west, 65th Street to the north, and Amsterdam Avenue (part of Tenth Avenue) to the east.[1] The site is now occupied by Lincoln Center, a 16.3-acre (6.6 ha) complex dedicated to the performing arts.

## Etymology[edit]

There are different opinions as to why the area was called San Juan Hill. Some critics say that it refers to the Spanish–American War of 1898 fought in Cuba. It is also said that it was because African-American veterans from the war lived in the area. Others say that the name was given to the area due to the constant ethnic gang fights between African-Americans and Irish-American gangs.[2]

## History[edit]

African-Americans moved into the area around the late 19th century from Little Africa in Greenwich Village, where an earlier African-American community existed.[3][4] Before the construction of Lincoln Center and the subsequent destruction of San Juan Hill, jazz and art thrived in this area as its popularity began to grow. The neighborhood had a jazz club called "Jungle Cafe" nicknamed the jungle by the members of the neighborhood. This term was used by Mezz Mezzrow, a white jazz clarinetist. Mezzrow was introduced to jazz while living in Harlem, where he heard recordings of James P. Johnson, the pianist from San Juan Hill in which he said "Here’s a boy from the Jungles who makes all the other piano players look sick!”[5] Moreover, this basement club was where the Charleston dance was reputedly born and got its start. The area's musical history continues today at Jazz at Lincoln Center.[6] Historian Marcy S. Sacks writes that San Juan Hill had many tenement basement clubs ranging from dives to higher-level clubs. And that there were also poolrooms, saloons, dance halls, and bordellos.[7][page needed]

Before there was Harlem, there was San Juan Hill. Like Harlem, heavily populated by Black people. It was also called 'The Jungles'. There was a place on Sixty-second street) called the Jungles Casino a dance hall. It was also known as Drake's Dancing Class. Many of the customers came from the South Carolina and Georgia sea islands. They were known as Gullahs and the Geechies. This is where the dance the Charleston was born. James P. Johnson published a number called "The Charleston", which was later used in a Broadway show called Runnin' Wild in 1923. [8]

San Juan Hill had many African-American churches that, according to historian Marcy Sacks, moved into the area around the 1880s and 1890s.[7][page needed] Among these were St. Mark's Methodist Episcopal, Mt. Olivet Baptist, as well as St. Benedict the Moor Church in neighboring Hell's Kitchen.[5] The area had numerous community and fraternal organizations, such as the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows, Negro Elks, and the Colored Freemasons. This community also attracted war veterans returning from the Spanish- American War of 1898 which could have given rise to its name.[9]

Aerial view of the construction of Lincoln Center and demolition of San Juan Hill, 1962

On October 8, 2022, David Geffen Hall opened with a tribute to San Juan Hill. David Geffen Hall was formally known as Avery Fisher at Lincoln Center.[10] [11]

The opening of David Geffen Hall opened with two concerts with works composed by and featuring Etienne Charles. The new work is called, San Juan Hill: A New York Story-which was performed by Etienne Charles & Creole Soul, and the New York Philharmonic conducted by Music Director Jaap van Zweden.

San Juan Hill: A New York Story is a multimedia work via music, visuals, first-person accounts of the history of the San Juan Hill neighborhood that was razed to build the Lincoln Center complex.

The San Juan Hill: A New York Story uses the sounds of music of the people who use to live in San Juan Hill. Multiple musical traditions and sounds; Ragtime, Jazz Stride piano, Swing, Blues, Mambo, Paseo, Antillean Waltz, Calypso, Funk, Disco, Bebop along with historical film clips and interviews. It is stated in an article that Lincoln Center chose San Juan Hill: A New York Story to lay the foundation for a new future for Lincoln Center and diversity.[12]

### Displacement[edit]

San Juan Hill was mostly erased due to the mid-20th-century sweep of urban renewal to create Lincoln Center, displacing thousands of families, and removing the history that the neighborhood existed.[13] In the early 20th century African-Americans started to move uptown from San Juan Hill to Harlem. The African-American population decreased while the Puerto Rican population grew. More Puerto Rican families started moving there in the 1950s coinciding with a massive influx of Puerto Rican migration after World War II. In the 1940s the neighborhood of San Juan Hill was designated as a slum and called "the worst slum district of New York City" by the New York City Housing Authority.

In 1947, the City of New York made San Juan Hill an area for redevelopment. Parts of San Juan Hill, from 61st to 64th Streets along Amsterdam to West End Avenues were demolished in 1947 to make way for the Amsterdam Houses project, completed in 1948. More than 1,100 families, mostly African-American and Puerto Rican, were evicted to build the Amsterdam Houses. During this time, the displacement of more than 7,000 lower-class families and 800 businesses occurred, largely because of an increase in real estate prices resulting from the ongoing renewal process. Although 4,400 new housing units were intended for future residents, the actual price rooms would rent for after the completion of the urban renewal project ranged from $40-$50 a unit, well out of the price range of original residents. Few tenement houses still stand in the neighborhood today, one such survivor being the 1906-Phipps Houses on 63rd Street. The buildings make up the oldest affordable housing units in the neighborhood, offering building amenities at the time of their construction that could not be found in the overcrowded, unsanitary, poorly-maintained tenement apartments most of the city's working class then-lived in. The Phipps Houses drew many families to the neighborhood seeking a healthy, safe and accessible living environment in which to raise their children, marking the beginnings of San Juan Hill's development in the first half of the twentieth century into a vibrant working-class district predominated by African Americans and (later) Puerto Ricans. The strong appeal comfortable affordable housing had for families of humble means at the turn of the century can be found in the recollections of Roseanna Weston, a resident of San Juan Hill who lived in Phipps Houses as a child. Weston recounted that her family had previously occupied a run-down tenement and had moved to Phipps in order to escape the deleterious environment of the slums.[9] Known as the ideal tenement, Phipps was one of the last tenement buildings left standing after the demolition of San Juan Hill.[14]

Writing-off the area of San Juan Hill as a slum was the first step in a post-WWII city redevelopment scheme that would spell the end of the working-class neighborhood. Robert Moses, chairman of the Committee on Slum Clearance and leader of city urban renewal projects throughout most of the 1950s and 1960s, employed a federal statute (Title I of the Housing Act of 1949) allowing for the seizing of land in San Juan Hill under the mechanism of eminent domain to facilitate his urban renewal projects. These projects created housing for the middle class while displacing lower-income families and made room for the performing arts complex of Lincoln Center. This post-WWII transformation of San Juan Hill neighborhood is considered to be an early example of urban gentrification.[15][14]

In the 1950s, the neighborhood was almost completely torn down and Lincoln Center was built. By 1955, Robert Moses struck a deal with the Met Opera to develop the neighborhood north of Columbus Circle into a home for the arts. Other organizations such as Fordham University, the New York Philharmonic, and the Juilliard School of Music soon followed suit moved their headquarters and campuses to the center.[16] The area had been the home of over 17,000 residents.[17][5][18] Construction on the development project started in 1959.[14][15][19]

## Legacy[edit]

Lincoln Center in 2010

San Juan Hill was known as the birthplace of the Charleston and Bebop. Today, Lincoln Center is the home of the New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic, New York City Ballet, and the Metropolitan Opera.

The 1926 David Belasco musical Lulu Belle is set in part in the community. It was adapted into the 1948 film.

Location work for the film West Side Story (1961) used parts of San Juan Hill following the condemning of the neighborhood's buildings; piles of debris from recently demolished buildings feature in many shots.[16] The same neighborhood serves as the setting for the 2021 film, with the added context of the impending construction of Lincoln Center serving as a major plot point.[20]

## Notable residents[edit]

Thelonious Monk in 1947

Thelonious Monk, the jazz pianist, grew up in San Juan Hill, raised in the Phipps houses on West 63rd street. A portion of a street in the old San Juan Hill neighborhood was named after Thelonious Monk. After his death, Monk's family created the Thelonious Monk Foundation to help improve music education throughout the United States.[21] Jazz pianist Herbie Nichols was also born in the neighborhood, and became a friend of Monk later in life.[22]: 156, 174

Pianist James P. Johnson, one of the pioneers of the stride style of piano playing family moved to San Juan Hill in 1908. Johnson composed the Roaring Twenties popular song "Charleston". Willie "The Lion" Smith, Luckey Roberts, were co-pioneers in the creation of the stride piano technique. Notable historian Arturo Schomburg, of the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, lived in San Juan Hill with his first wife and 3 sons.

Barbara Hillary, the first African-American woman to reach the North Pole, and then the first African-American woman to reach the South Pole, and therefore the first African-American woman to have reached both poles, was born in the neighborhood.[23]

## See also[edit]

* Vintage Photos: The Lost San Juan Hill, Lincoln Center, and a West Side Story
* The Case Against Lincoln Center (1968)
* A City Versus its People: the Triumph of Lincoln Center and the Tragedy of San Juan Hill

## External links[edit]

* WEEKEND HISTORY: San Juan Hill
* The Many Lives of San Juan Hill a project of Landmark West!, an architecture, arts, and culture non-profit organization.
* Legacies of San Juan Hill a project of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts

## References[edit]

1. ^ "Photographic image" (JPG). Images8.webydo.com. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
2. ^ "Vintage Photos: The Lost San Juan Hill, Lincoln Center and a West Side Story". Untappedcities.com. 19 March 2014.
3. ^ "Lincoln Center: From Dutch enclave and notorious San Juan Hill to a thriving cultural center - 6sqft". 6sqft.com.
4. ^ "Manhattan's Long Gone San Juan Hill - Destinations". Noirguides.com.
5. ^ a b c "A west side story". Nypress.com. 2016-11-07. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
6. ^ Geberer, Raanan. "NY Times -Weekend Explorer". YouTube.
7. ^ a b Sacks, M.S. (2013). Before Harlem: The Black Experience in New York City Before World War I. Politics and Culture in Modern America. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-8122-0335-6. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
8. ^ "Down in the Jungles".
9. ^ a b "Remembering Neighborhood Voices Part 1". Archives of NYC Department of Records and Information Services.
10. ^ ""Before There Were Seats Here, There Were Streets Here" — Tribute to San Juan Hill as David Geffen Hall Reopens at Lincoln Center". 7 October 2022.
11. ^ "Lincoln Center is Reckoning with Its Racist History". 30 December 2021.
12. ^ "San Juan Hill · Lincoln Center".
13. ^ Tsioulcas, Anastasia (October 7, 2022). "Revisiting San Juan Hill, the neighborhood destroyed to make way for Lincoln Center". NPR News. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
14. ^ a b c Williams, Keith (2017-12-21). "How Lincoln Center Was Built (It Wasn't Pretty)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
15. ^ a b Sara (25 April 2011). "American Civilization: From the Slum to the Center: Robert Moses and the Creation of Lincoln Center". Sghistory.blogspot.com.
16. ^ a b "Lincoln Center: Making Music atop San Juan Hill". Keithyorkcity.wordpress/com. 2012-10-10. Retrieved 2019-05-10.
17. ^ Strausbaugh, John (2008-02-01). "Weekend Explorer - Lincoln Center Area". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
18. ^ "Manhattan's long-gone San Juan Hill". Ephemeralnewyork.wordpress.com. 15 October 2008.
19. ^ "San Juan hill Lincoln Center west side story". LifeDocLifetime.com.
20. ^ Acevedo, Nicole. "Spielberg ditches the brownface in a 'West Side Story' remake that centers Puerto Ricans". NBC. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
21. ^ Gray, Christopher (2003-11-23). "Streetscapes/Henry Phipps and Phipps Houses; Millionaire's Effort to Improve Housing for the Poor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-16.
22. ^ Spellman, A.B. (1985). Four Lives in the Bebop Business. New York: Limelight Editions. ISBN 0879100427.
23. ^ "Barbara Hillary, 1st Black Woman at North, South Poles, Dies".

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Upper West Side (including Lincoln Square, Manhattan Valley, Riverside South)

Manhattan, New York City

Buildings

| 59th–72nd Sts|

* 1 Lincoln Plaza
* 1 Riverside Park
* 5 West 63rd Street
* 15 Central Park West
* 50 West 66th Street
* 55 Central Park West
* 101 Central Park West
* 200 Amsterdam
* Bradford Hotel
* The Brentmore
* The Century
* Deutsche Bank Center
* The Dorilton
* Empire Hotel
* First Battery Armory
* Harperly Hall
* IRT Powerhouse
* Hotel des Artistes
* Lincoln Towers
* The Majestic
* Millennium Tower
* Park Loggia
* The Prasada
* Pythian Temple
* The Sofia
* Trump International Hotel and Tower
* Waterline Square

|

72nd–86th Sts|

* 257 Central Park West
* 520 West End Avenue
* The Ansonia
* The Apthorp
* Apple Bank Building
* The Astor
* Hotel Beacon
* Hotel Belleclaire
* The Beresford
* Bretton Hall
* The Dakota
* Endicott Hotel
* The Greystone
* The Kenilworth
* The Langham
* The Level Club
* Olcott Hotel
* Public School 9
* Red House
* Rossleigh Court
* The San Remo

86th–110th Sts|

* 161 West 93rd Street
* 353 Central Park West
* 360 Central Park West
* 370 Riverside Drive
* 601 West End Avenue
* The Ariel
* Association Residence Nursing Home
* Astor Court Building
* The Belnord
* Claremont Riding Academy
* Columbus Square
* The Cornwall
* The El Dorado
* Frederick Douglass Houses
* Isaac L. Rice Mansion
* Master Apartments
* Hotel Paris
* New York Cancer Hospital
* The Normandy
* Pomander Walk
* Schinasi Mansion
* The Turin

Former|

* Apthorp Farm
* Astor Market
* Charles M. Schwab House
* Lincoln Arcade
* Somerindyck House

Culture

| Shops, restaurants|

* Asiate
* Atlantic Grill
* Barney Greengrass
* Essential by Christophe
* Jean-Georges
* Murray's Sturgeon Shop
* Salumeria Rosi Parmacotto
* Zabar's

|

Museums|

* American Museum of Natural History
* Children's Museum of Manhattan
* Museum of Biblical Art
* New-York Historical Society

Theaters/performing arts|

* Arclight Theatre
* Beacon Theatre
* Stand Up NY
* Symphony Space
* Triad Theatre

| Lincoln Center|

* Alice Tully Hall
* David Geffen Hall
* David H. Koch Theater
* Rose Hall
* Metropolitan Opera House
* Vivian Beaumont Theater
* Walter Reade Theater

|

Former|

* Andanada
* Café des Artistes
* Century Theatre
* Dovetail
* Eighty One
* Metro Theater
* Mikell's
* Nicholas Roerich Museum
* A Photographer's Gallery
* Telepan

Green spaces and recreation

* Central Park
* Damrosch Park
* Riverside Park
* Sherman Square
* Septuagesimo Uno
* Verdi Square
* West Side Community Garden

Education

| Primary and secondary|

* The Anderson School PS 334
* Calhoun School
* Collegiate School
* Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School
* Dwight School
* Edward A. Reynolds West Side High School
* Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School
* Gateway School
* Innovation Diploma Plus High School
* Manhattan Day School
* PS 9 Sarah Anderson School
* PS 166
* The School at Columbia University
* Solomon Schechter School of Manhattan
* Stephen Gaynor School
* Studio Maestro
* Trinity School

|

Post-secondary|

* Bard Graduate Center
* Fordham University School of Law
* William E. Macaulay Honors College
* Yeshivat Hadar

Music schools|

* Bloomingdale School of Music
* Kaufman Music Center
* Mannes School of Music

Religion

| Churches, chapels|

* Advent Lutheran Church
* All Angels' Church
* Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church
* Broadway United Church of Christ
* Christ & Saint Stephen's Episcopal Church
* Church of St. Paul and St. Andrew
* Church of the Ascension, Roman Catholic
* Church of the Blessed Sacrament
* First Baptist Church in the City of New York
* First Church of Christ, Scientist
* Fourth Universalist Society in the City of New York
* Holy Name of Jesus Roman Catholic Church
* Holy Trinity Church
* Holy Trinity Lutheran Church
* Riverside Memorial Chapel
* Rutgers Presbyterian Church
* St. Agnes Chapel
* Second Church of Christ, Scientist
* St. Gregory the Great Church
* St. Ignatius of Antioch Church
* St. Michael's Episcopal Church
* Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church of Manhattan
* West End Collegiate Church
* West-Park Presbyterian Church

|

Synagogues|

* Ansche Chesed
* B'nai Jeshurun
* Congregation Habonim
* Congregation Ohab Zedek
* Congregation Rodeph Sholom
* Congregation Shaare Zedek
* Congregation Shearith Israel
* Jewish Center
* Lincoln Square Synagogue
* Ramath Orah
* Stephen Wise Free Synagogue

Transportation

| Subway stations|

* 59th Street–Columbus Circle
* 66th Street–Lincoln Center
* 72nd Street/Central Park West
* 72nd Street/Broadway
* 79th Street
* 81st Street–Museum of Natural History
* 86th Street/Central Park West
* 86th Street/Broadway
* 96th Street/Central Park West
* 96th Street/Broadway
* 103rd Street/Central Park West
* 103rd Street/Broadway
* Cathedral Parkway–110th Street/Central Park West
* Cathedral Parkway–110th Street/Broadway

|

Streets|

* 66th Street
* 72nd Street
* 74th Street
* 79th Street
* 85th Street
* 89th Street
* 95th Street
* 96th Street
* Amsterdam Avenue
* Broadway
* Central Park West
* Columbus Avenue
* Columbus Circle
* Frederick Douglass Circle
* Riverside Drive
* West End Avenue

Other|

* New York Central Railroad 69th Street Transfer Bridge
* 79th Street Boat Basin

Related topics

* Central Park West Historic District
* Manhattantown
* San Juan Hill

See also: Manhattan Community Board 7

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Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan

Lower Manhattan
below 14th St
(CB 1, 2, 3)|

* Alphabet City
* Battery Park City
* Bowery
* Chinatown
* Civic Center
* Cooperative Village
* East Village
* Essex Crossing
* Financial District
* Greenwich Village
* Hudson Square
* Little Australia
* Little Fuzhou
* Little Italy
* Loisaida
* Lower East Side
* Meatpacking District
* NoHo
* Nolita
* SoHo
* South Street Seaport
* South Village
* Tribeca
* Two Bridges
* West Village
* World Trade Center

Midtown Manhattan (CB 5)|

* Columbus Circle
* Diamond District
* Flatiron District
* Garment District
* Herald Square
* Koreatown
* Madison Square
* Midtown South
* NoMad
* Silicon Alley
* Theater District
* Times Square

West Side (CB 4, 7)|

* Chelsea
* Hell's Kitchen
* Hudson Yards
* development
* Lincoln Square
* Manhattan Valley
* Penn South
* Pomander Walk
* Riverside South
* Upper West Side

East Side (CB 6, 8)|

* Carnegie Hill
* Gramercy Park
* Kips Bay
* Lenox Hill
* Murray Hill
* Peter Cooper Village
* Rose Hill
* Stuyvesant Square
* Stuyvesant Town
* Sutton Place
* Tudor City
* Turtle Bay
* Union Square
* Upper East Side
* Waterside Plaza
* Yorkville

Upper Manhattan
above 110th St
(CB 9, 10, 11, 12)|

* Astor Row
* East Harlem
* Fort George
* Hamilton Heights
* Harlem
* Hudson Heights
* Inwood
* Le Petit Senegal
* Manhattanville
* Marble Hill (Bx CB 8)
* Mount Morris Park
* Morningside Heights
* Sugar Hill
* Sylvan
* Washington Heights

Islands|

* Ellis Island (CB 1)
* Governors Island (CB 1)
* Liberty Island (CB 1)
* Randalls Island (CB 11)
* Roosevelt Island (CB 8)
* Wards Island (CB 11)

Former|

* Five Points (CB 3)
* Gas House District (CB 6)
* Jones's Wood (CB 8)
* Ladies' Mile (CB 5)
* Little Germany (CB 3)
* Little Spain (CB 4)
* Little Syria (CB 1)
* Manhattantown (CB 7)
* Radio Row (CB 1)
* San Juan Hill (CB 7)
* Seneca Village
* Tenderloin (CB 4)
* Yiddish Theatre District (CB 3)

* Community boards: 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* Joint interest area:
* 64 (Central Park)

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