Sanandaj

City in Kurdistan province, Iran

For the administrative division of Kurdistan province, see Sanandaj County.

City in Kurdistan, Iran

Sanandaj

Kurdish: سنە

Sine

City

Persian: سنندج

Sanandaj from Abidar, Sanandaj Museum, Khosro Abad Mansion, Qeshlaq Bridge

Seal

Sanandaj

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Sanandaj

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Coordinates: 35°18′41″N 46°59′46″E﻿ / ﻿35.31139°N 46.99611°E﻿ / 35.31139; 46.99611[1]
Country| Iran
Province| Kurdistan
County| Sanandaj
District| Central
Government

• Mayor| Seyed Anwar Rashidi[2]
Area

• Total

| 3,033 km2 (1,171 sq mi)
Elevation

| 1,538 m (5,046 ft)
Population

(2016)[3]

• Total

| 412,767
• Density| 140/km2 (350/sq mi)
Time zone| UTC+3:30 (IRST)
Area code| 087
Climate| Csa
Website| e-sanandaj.ir

Sanandaj (Persian: سنندج; pronounced [sænænˈdædʒ] ⓘ)[a] is a city in the Central District of Sanandaj County, in the Kurdistan province of Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.[5] With a population of 414,069,[6] Sanandaj is the 23rd largest city in Iran and the second largest Kurdish city.[citation needed]

## History

[edit]

Sanandaj's founding is fairly recent, (about 250 years ago), yet in its short existence it has grown to become one of the centers of Kurdish culture.[7][8] During the Iran–Iraq War the city was attacked by Iraqi planes and saw disturbances.[9] Since 2019, UNESCO has recognized Sanandaj as Creative City of Music.[10]

The name "Sinna" first appears in records from the 14th century CE.[11] Before this, the main city in the region was Sisar, whose exact location is unknown.[11] Sisar was also called "Sisar of Sadkhaniya", or "Sisar of the hundred springs", and it has been proposed that the current name of "Sinna" is a contracted form of "Sadkhaniya".[11]

The name "Sisar" disappears in the 14th century and the name "Sinna" replaces it, for example in the works of Hamdallah Mustawfi who refers to a mountain and a pass with this name.[11] Then the Kurdish historian Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi mentions that in 1580 an Ardalan ruler named Timur Khan had a land grant including Sinna and the earlier Ardalan capital of Hasanabad.[12] However, the local historian Ali-Akbar Munshi Waqayi-Nigar wrote in 1892/3 that Sinna was founded later, by the ruler Soleyman Khan Ardalan, on the site of an earlier settlement; the chronogram he gives for this event corresponds to 1046 AH, or 1636-7 CE.[12]

Sinna was developed significantly under the reign of Aman Allah "the Great" (from 1797-1825).[12] 19th-century Sinna was "a lively commercial center, exporting oak galls, tragacanth, furs, and carpets".[12] Its population was mostly Kurdish, with a significant Jewish minority and smaller numbers of Armenian and Assyrian Christians (the latter of which are predominantly Chaldean Catholic).[12]

## Demographics

[edit]

### Ethnicity

[edit]

The population of Sanandaj is mainly Kurdish. The city also had an Armenian minority who gradually emigrated from the city. Until the Iranian Revolution (1979), the city had a small Aramaic-speaking Jewish community of about 4,000 people.[7] The city boasted a sizable Assyrian community that spoke a unique dialect of Aramaic called Senaya, they are mostly members of the Chaldean Catholic Church.[13]

### Language

[edit]

The linguistic composition of the city:[14]

| Sanandaj linguistic composition

Language |  | percent
Central Kurdish |

| 86%
Hawrami |

| 7%
New Persian |

| 4.95%
Southern Kurdish |

| 2%
Aramaic |

| 0.05%

### Religion

[edit]

Most of the people of Sanandaj follow the Shafi‘i branch of Sunni Islam.[15][16]

### Population

[edit]

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 311,446 in 81,380 households.[17] The following census in 2011 counted 373,987 people in 106,771 households.[18] The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 412,767 people in 126,240 households.[3]

## Geography

[edit]

### Location

[edit]

The city is between the Qishlaq river, a tributary of the Diyala, and Mount Awidar, which separates it from the old Ardalan capital of Hasanabad.[12] Carpet making is the biggest industry in Sanandaj.[12]

### Climate

[edit]

Sanandaj city center in 2021

Sanandaj has a Mediterranean climate (Csa) according to the Köppen climate classification, bordering a dry-summer continental climate (Dsa), with cold and wet winters and very hot and dry summers.

The synoptic station of Sanandaj started working in the autumn of 1959.[19]

Highest recorded temperature: 44°C on 16 July 1981[20]

Lowest recorded temperature: -31°C on 6 February 1974[21]

Climate data for Sanandaj (1991-2020, extremes 1959-2020)

Month  | Jan  | Feb  | Mar  | Apr  | May  | Jun  | Jul  | Aug  | Sep  | Oct  | Nov  | Dec  | Year
Record high °C (°F)  | 17.5
(63.5)  | 21.4
(70.5)  | 27.8
(82.0)  | 32.8
(91.0)  | 36.6
(97.9)  | 41.0
(105.8)  | 44.0
(111.2)  | 43.0
(109.4)  | 39.4
(102.9)  | 33.8
(92.8)  | 26.0
(78.8)  | 22.9
(73.2)  | 44.0
(111.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 15.0
(59.0)  | 20.5
(68.9)  | 26.4
(79.5)  | 33.7
(92.7)  | 37.7
(99.9)  | 37.5
(99.5)  | 32.5
(90.5)  | 24.9
(76.8)  | 15.3
(59.5)  | 9.7
(49.5)  | 22.5
(72.5)
Daily mean °C (°F)  | 0.8
(33.4)  | 3.0
(37.4)  | 7.8
(46.0)  | 12.8
(55.0)  | 17.8
(64.0)  | 24.3
(75.7)  | 28.4
(83.1)  | 27.6
(81.7)  | 21.9
(71.4)  | 15.4
(59.7)  | 7.8
(46.0)  | 3.1
(37.6)  | 14.2
(57.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)  | −4.4
(24.1)  | −2.7
(27.1)  | 1.1
(34.0)  | 5.4
(41.7)  | 9.1
(48.4)  | 13.6
(56.5)  | 18.1
(64.6)  | 17.1
(62.8)  | 11.1
(52.0)  | 6.8
(44.2)  | 1.8
(35.2)  | −2.1
(28.2)  | 6.2
(43.2)
Record low °C (°F)  | −28.0
(−18.4)  | −31.0
(−23.8)  | −16.0
(3.2)  | −7.0
(19.4)  | −2.0
(28.4)  | 3.0
(37.4)  | 7.0
(44.6)  | 5.0
(41.0)  | 1.0
(33.8)  | −4.6
(23.7)  | −14.0
(6.8)  | −23.6
(−10.5)  | −31.0
(−23.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)  | 44.6
(1.76)  | 50.7
(2.00)  | 58.0
(2.28)  | 65.9
(2.59)  | 28.9
(1.14)  | 2.2
(0.09)  | 1.3
(0.05)  | 0.2
(0.01)  | 1.0
(0.04)  | 28.2
(1.11)  | 55.8
(2.20)  | 47.4
(1.87)  | 384.2
(15.14)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6.8  | 7.1  | 7.9  | 7.6  | 4.3  | 0.6  | 0.3  | 0.1  | 0.5  | 3  | 6.4  | 5.9  | 50.5
Average rainy days  | 6.9  | 8.8  | 11.4  | 11.4  | 5.9  | 0.9  | 0.5  | 0.3  | 0.4  | 4.9  | 10.4  | 8.3  | 70.1
Average snowy days  | 8.0  | 6.4  | 2.1  | 0.3  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.0  | 0.6  | 3.9  | 21.3
Average relative humidity (%)  | 70  | 64  | 55  | 53  | 46  | 28  | 24  | 24  | 29  | 43  | 63  | 69  | 47
Average dew point °C (°F)  | −4.7
(23.5)  | −3.9
(25.0)  | −2.3
(27.9)  | 1.6
(34.9)  | 3.7
(38.7)  | 2.2
(36.0)  | 3.7
(38.7)  | 3.0
(37.4)  | 0.8
(33.4)  | 0.9
(33.6)  | 0.1
(32.2)  | −2.9
(26.8)  | 0.2
(32.3)
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 155  | 166  | 211  | 231  | 295  | 356  | 357  | 347  | 313  | 255  | 183  | 152  | 3,021
Source 1: NCEI[22]
Source 2: IRIMO (extremes, snow/sleet days for 1959-2010)[20][21][23]

## Economy

[edit]

The economy of Sanandaj is based upon the production of carpets, processed hides and skins, milled rice, refined sugar, woodworking, cotton weaving, metalware and cutlery.[24][25]

## Notable people

[edit]

Zhina Modares Gorji, is a local bookseller and podcaster who was sentenced to over twenty years in Sanandaj prison on several charges. The sentence was reduced on appeal to two years and four months for "propaganda against the state" in 2024.[26]

## See also

[edit]

Media related to Sanandaj at Wikimedia Commons

Iran portal

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ Kurdish: سنە, romanized as Senneh and Sine[4]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (28 December 2024). "Sanandaj, Sanandaj County" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 28 December 2024.
2. ^ "سید انور رشیدی شهردار سنندج". IRNA. 7 August 2021. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
3. ^ a b Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Kurdistan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 May 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
4. ^ "Senneh rug". Archived from the original on 12 November 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
5. ^ Habibi, Hassan (2 November 2017) [Approved 21 June 1369]. Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj. rc.majlis.ir (Report) (in Persian). Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 83352/T130K. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 22 January 2024 - via Islamic Parliament Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
6. ^ "آمار جمعیتی شهرستان سنندج :: فرمانداری سنندج". Archived from the original on 7 August 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
7. ^ a b Geoffrey Khan, The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj, Piscataway NJ: Gorgias Press, p. 1.
8. ^ Sanandaj Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 16 July 2014.
9. ^ "Sanandaj | Iran | Britannica". Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
10. ^ "Sanandaj one-year anniversary as a UNESCO Creative City of Music | Creative Cities Network". en.unesco.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2020.
11. ^ a b c d Minorsky, Vladimir (1997). "SĪSAR". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 680–1\. ISBN 90-04-10422-4. Retrieved 13 June 2022.680-1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10422-4&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https://ia600603.us.archive.org/14/items/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/09.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonHeinLec.etc.UndPatIUA.v9.San-Sze.Leid.EJBrill.1997..pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sanandaj" class="Z3988">
12. ^ a b c d e f g Minorsky, Vladimir (1997). "SANANDADJ". In Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P.; Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 6–7\. ISBN 90-04-10422-4. Retrieved 13 June 2022.6-7&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10422-4&rft.aulast=Minorsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https://ia600603.us.archive.org/14/items/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/09.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonHeinLec.etc.UndPatIUA.v9.San-Sze.Leid.EJBrill.1997..pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sanandaj" class="Z3988">
13. ^ Khan, Geoffrey (2009). The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Sanandaj. Gorgias Press. pp. 3–4\. ISBN 978-1-60724-134-8.3-4&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60724-134-8&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sanandaj" class="Z3988">
14. ^ "Language distribution: Kordestan Province". Iran Atlas. Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
15. ^ "Intelligence Ministry "Invites" Rouhani Campaign Manager to Stop Advocating for Sunni Muslim Rights". 17 November 2017. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
16. ^ BC.Diakonoff, I. M. (1985), "Media", The Cambridge History of Iran, 2 (Edited by Ilya Gershevitch ed.), Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-20091-2
17. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Kurdistan Province. amar.org.ir (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
18. ^ Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Kurdistan Province. irandataportal.syr.edu (Report) (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022 - via Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University.
19. ^ "Statistics of 200 synoptic stations in the country" آمار 200 ایستگاه سینوپتیک کشور. Chaharmahalmet (asp) (in Persian). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
20. ^ a b "Form 7: TEMPERATURE RECORDS HIGHEST IN C. Station: Sanandaj(40747)". Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
21. ^ a b "Form 6: TEMPERATURE RECORDS LOWEST IN C. Station: Sanandaj(40747)". Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
22. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Cimate Normals for 1991-2020: Sanandaj-40747" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov (Excel). National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
23. ^ "Form 32: NO. OF DAYS WITH SNOW OR SLEET Station: Sanandaj(40747)". Chaharmahalmet (asp). Iran Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 8 March 2024.
24. ^ "کردستان از نظر نرخ بیکاری در جایگاه دوم کشور قرار گرفت". yjc.ir. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
25. ^ "سرمایه‌گذاری در صنعت و معدن کردستان، 4 برابر کمتر از متوسط کشوری است". sanayenews.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
26. ^ KHRN (7 October 2024). "KHRN: Kurdish activist's 21-year sentence reduced to two years, four months". KHRN. Retrieved 13 December 2024.

## Sources

[edit]

* Yamaguchi, Akihiko (2021). "The Kurdish frontier under the Safavids". In Matthee, Rudi (ed.). The Safavid World. Routledge. pp. 556–571.556-571&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Yamaguchi&rft.aufirst=Akihiko&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Sanandaj" class="Z3988">

## Further reading

[edit]

* Alizadeh, Hooshmand (2021). Building a Traditional Kurdish: City The Urban Morphology of Sanandaj. Palgrave Macmillan.
* Khan, Geoffrey; Mohammadirad, Masoud (2024). Language Contact in Sanandaj: A Study of the Impact of Iranian on Neo-Aramaic. De Gruyter Mouton.
* Yona, Sabar (2010). "Sanandaj". In Norman A. Stillman (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online.

## External links

[edit]

* Sanandaj
* Sanandaj Online Community
* Islamic Azad University of sanandaj

Authority control databases

International|

* VIAF
* WorldCat

National|

* Germany
* United States
* Israel

Geographic|

* MusicBrainz area

* v
* t
* e

Kurdistan province, Iran

Capital|

* Sanandaj

Counties and cities|

| Baneh County|

* Baneh
* Armardeh
* Buin-e Sofla
* Kani Sur

|

Bijar County|

* Bijar
* Babarashani
* Yasukand

Dehgolan County|

* Dehgolan
* Bolbanabad

Divandarreh County|

* Divandarreh
* Zarrineh

Kamyaran County|

* Kamyaran
* Muchesh

Marivan County|

* Marivan
* Chenareh
* Kani Dinar

Qorveh County|

* Qorveh
* Delbaran
* Dezej
* Serishabad

Sanandaj County|

* Sanandaj
* Shuyesheh

Saqqez County|

* Saqqez
* Saheb
* Santeh

Sarvabad County|

* Sarvabad

Sights|

* Abidar
* Zarivar Lake
* Hawraman
* Pir Shalyar
* Old bazaars of Sanandaj
* Hajar Khatoon Mosque
* Garden of ayatollah Mardokh
* Baba Gurgur's mausoleum
* Mount Chlchama
* Lake of Vahdat dam (Sanandaj)
* Tengiwer inscription of Sargon II(Kamyaran)
* Garus ancient city
* Ahmadzadeh house
* House of Kurds (Asef's house)
* Khosroabad building
* Karaftu
* Bazaar of Saqqez
* Domenareh Mosque
* Haj Saleh Hammam
* Ziwiyeh
* Sakez
* Grand mosque of Sanandaj(Dar-al ehsan)
* Avihang mosque
* Historic Quran of Negel
* Sanandaj museum of natural history
* Sanandaj museum
* Hajij

populated places|

* List of cities, towns and villages in Kurdistan Province

* v
* t
* e

Sanandaj County

Capital|

* Sanandaj

Districts|

| Central|

| Cities|

* Sanandaj

|

Rural Districts
and villages|

| Abidar|

* Anbar Bozan
* Chenareh
* Dadaneh
* Darbandeh
* Gandoman
* Gazneh
* Hasanabad
* Kani Moshkan
* Karahsi
* Karju
* Khoshkeh Dul
* Kilaneh
* Kulasah
* Malekshan-e Olya
* Malekshan-e Sofla
* Zandan

|

Arandan|

* Ajgareh
* Arandan
* Garmash
* Kalkan
* Nureh
* Sorkheh Dezaj
* Sufian

Hoseynabad-e Jonubi
(South Hoseynabd)|

* Abbasabad
* Amrowleh
* Bayanchoqlu
* Bayanchub
* Bazi Robab
* Charmileh
* Dulbandi
* Gazan-e Olya
* Gazan-e Sofla
* Hoseynabad
* Jebreilan
* Kazhi Karan
* Khalifeh Torkhan
* Machekeh-ye Olya
* Machekeh-ye Sofla
* Mamukh-e Olya
* Mamukh-e Sofla
* Mansur Bolaghi
* Sang Sefid
* Sarab-e Bayanchqolu
* Seydan
* Sheykh Vajim
* Sia Saran-e Olya
* Sia Saran-e Sofla
* Tazehabad-e Doktor Vase
* Tazehabad-e Qaragol
* Yunesabad

Howmeh|

* Asavleh
* Baba Riz
* Barazan Industrial Plant
* Barazan
* Dowlatabad
* Dushan
* Garmidar
* Gerizeh
* Hanis
* Isa Dar
* Kani Kuchek
* Khalichian
* Khiareh
* Nanaleh
* Naisar
* Qar
* Qolyan
* Salavatabad
* Sanandaj Airport
* Sanandaj Industrial Estate Number 1
* Tirgaran

Naran|

* Aliabad
* Aliabad-e Bezindar
* Anguzhan
* Asgaran
* Boz Laneh
* Burban
* Chenaran
* Chonu
* Dul Bagh
* Garabad
* Hovanleh
* Kilek
* Lareh Val
* Lenjabad
* Muyneh
* Naran
* Nosratabad
* Qasrian
* Qeran
* Sang-e Sefid
* Savarian
* Seman
* Semiran
* Serenjianeh Olya
* Serenjianeh Sofla
* Shahrak-e Vahdat
* Shilan
* Shineh
* Shineh-ye Sharifabad
* Su
* Zarvan

Sarab Qamish|

* Ali Jan
* Charandu
* Chatan
* Chehel Gazi
* Doveyseh
* Gav Darreh
* Haneh Gelan
* Kani Taleh
* Khak Ruzi
* Mayian Dul
* Moinabad
* Qalvazeh
* Qolqoleh-ye Chatan
* Sarab Qamish
* Satileh
* Tazehabad-e Doveyseh
* Tudar-e Samadi

Zhavarud-e Sharqi
(East Zhavarud)|

* Andar
* Andarab
* Barzab
* Darreh Kuleh
* Darvishan
* Galin
* Hah Shamiz
* Halvan
* Hashli
* Kani Shalaneh
* Khaneqah-e Gelin
* Patli Dar
* Shian
* Takhteh
* Tekeyeh-ye Hashmiz
* Turivar
* Vasi-ye Olya
* Vasi-ye Sofla

Kalatrazan|

| Cities|

* Shuyesheh

|

Rural Districts
and villages|

| Kalatrazan|

* Aliabad
* Baqelabad
* Barudar
* Chavelkan-e Hajji
* Darreh Khoshkeh
* Ganehbu
* Gazar Darreh
* Isaabad
* Kargineh
* Khaneqah-e Hasan Gavgir
* Khoruseh
* Khoshkin-e Kumasi
* Khvoshab
* Qaleh Juq
* Qaleh Sheykhan
* Surehvan
* Taleh Varan
* Tazehabad-e Isaabad
* Tazehabad-e Qaleh Juq
* Tizh Tizh
* Tudar-e Molla
* Tudar-e Ruteh
* Zanuri

|

Negel|

* Baraqu
* Boneh Dar
* Dadaneh Kamangar
* Danikesh
* Dereyleh
* Khaneqah Juju
* Langariz
* Mianeh
* Negel
* Peychun
* Rashnash
* Tazehabad Kikhosrow
* Zovenj

Zhavarud-e Gharbi
(West Zhavarud)|

* Avihang
* Bozan
* Fetreh Zamin
* Huyeh
* Kalati
* Khvoasht
* Naji
* Salian
* Sar Huyeh
* Sefid Bon
* Seh Piran
* Visar

* v
* t
* e

Provincial capitals of Iran

* Ahvaz
* Arak
* Ardabil
* Bandar Abbas
* Birjand
* Bojnord
* Bushehr
* Gorgan
* Hamadan
* Ilam
* Isfahan
* Karaj
* Kerman
* Kermanshah
* Khorramabad
* Mashhad
* Qazvin
* Qom
* Rasht
* Sanandaj
* Sari
* Semnan
* Shahr-e Kord
* Shiraz
* Tabriz
* Tehran
* Urmia
* Yasuj
* Yazd
* Zahedan
* Zanjan

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