Santa Cruz Formation

Geological formation in Patagonia

For other uses, see Santa Cruz Formation (disambiguation).

Santa Cruz Formation

Stratigraphic range: Burdigalian-Langhian
(Santacrucian-Friasian)
~18–15.2 Ma

PreꞒ

Type| Geological formation
Sub-units| Estancia La Costa Member, Estancia La Angelina Member (coastal section)
Underlies| Cerro Boleadoras Formation
Overlies| Monte Léon Formation
Thickness| Over 295 metres
Lithology
Primary|

* Tuff, claystone, mudstone (Estancia La Costa Member)
* Claystone, mudstone, sandstone (Estancia La Angelina Member)

Location
Country| Argentina, Chile
Extent| Austral Basin
Type section
Named by| Furque & Camacho
Location| near Lago Argentino
Year defined| 1972

Santa Cruz Province in Argentina, where the majority of the formation of exposed

The Santa Cruz Formation is a geological formation in the Magallanes/Austral Basin in southern Patagonia in Argentina and adjacent areas of Chile. It dates to the late Early Miocene epoch, and is contemporaneous with the eponymous Santacrucian age of the SALMA (South American land mammal age) timescale.[1][2] The Santa Cruz Formation is known for its abundance of vertebrate fossils, including South American native ungulates (astrapotheres, litopterns, notoungulates),[3] as well as rodents, xenarthrans (armadillos, sloths, anteaters), and metatherians.

The formation extends from the Andes to the Atlantic coast. In its coastal section it is divided into two members, the lower, fossil rich Estancia La Costa Member, which consists predominately of tuffaceous deposits and fine grained mudrock, and the upper fossil-poor Estancia La Angelina Member, which consists of sedimentary rock, primarily mudrock, and sandstone. The environment of deposition was mostly fluvial, with the lowermost part of the Estancia La Costa Member being transitional between fluvial and marine conditions. The environment of the Estancia La Costa Member is thought to have been relatively warm and humid, but likely became somewhat cooler and drier towards the end of the sequence.[1]

## Stratigraphy

[edit]

The Santa Cruz Formation is exposed in isolated outcrops across the Magallanes/Austral Basin extending from the Atlantic coast to the Andes, especially along the Santa Cruz River, as well as along the southern coastline of Santa Cruz Province.[4] While primarily located in Argentina, small outcrops are also found in Chile.[5] The base of the formation is defined by a marine regression event transitioning from the marine environment of the underlying Monte Léon Formation, which formed when large areas of Patagonia were submerged as a part of the Patagoniense Transgression.

The main source of sediment input to the basin was from the Andean orogeny to the west. The formation reaches a maximum thickness of over 295 meters, though the total thickness of the formation is strongly controlled by subsequent erosion and the 295 meters likely does not represent a complete sequence. The formation primarily consists of floodplain deposits. The lower parts of the formation have an abundance of tuffs and tuffaceous sediments. These likely originated from distant eruptions that were transported into the basin by aerial fallout, wind and/or river transport. The formation likely spans an approximately 3 million year interval in the late Early Miocene around 18 to 15.2 million years ago, during the Burdigalian and Langhian stages.[4]

## Paleoenvironment

[edit]

The environment of the Santa Cruz Formation is thought to have been relatively warm and humid, including a mix of open savanna, gallery forests and semi-deciduous forests. Permanent bodies of water such as lakes, ponds and streams are likely to have been present.[6]

## Paleoflora

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Nothofagus[7] | Indeterminate  | Rincón del Buque, Punta Sur  | Leaves, wood  |  |
Araucaria[7] | Indeterminate  | Punta Sur  | Twig  | Morphologically similar to A. marensii from the Eocene of Antarctica  |
Lauraceae[7] | Indeterminate  | Punta Sur  | Wood  | Assigned to form genus Laurinoxylon |
Myrceugenia[7] | M. chubutense | Punta Sur  | Wood  | A member of the family Myrtaceae |
Eucryphiaceoxylon[7] | E. eucryphioides | Punta Sur  | Wood  | Wood probably belonging to the genus Eucryphia |
Faboideae[7] | Indeterminate  | Punta Sur  | Wood  | Possible affinities to Sophora (Fabaceae)  |
Doroteoxylon[7] | D. vicenti-perezii | Punta Sur  | Wood  | Wood with affinities to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae |
Akanioxylon[8] | A. santacrucensis | Punta Sur  | Wood  | A member of the family Akaniaceae |
Chloridoideae[7] | Indeterminate  |  | Phytoliths | Grass  |
Panicoideae[7] |  |
Danthonioideae[7] |  |
Pooideae[7] |  |

## Paleofauna

[edit]

### Invertebrates

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|

Crassostrea[9] | C. orbignyi | Numerous individuals in large beds at the base of the formation  | A marine true oyster |
Diplodon[10] | D. cf. colhuapiensis |  | A freshwater bivalve belonging to Hyriidae |
Stephadiscus[11] | Indeterminate  |  | A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Charopidae |
Gastrocopta[12] | G.patagonica |  | A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Vertiginidae |
?Scolodonta [12] | Indeterminate  |  | A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Scolodontidae |
Punctum[12] | P. patagonicum |  | A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Punctidae |
Zilchogyra[12] | Z. miocenica |  | A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Charopidae  |
Patagocharopa[12] | P. enigmatica |  | A terrestrial gastropod of uncertain affinities, possibly a member of Charopidae  |
Porifera[7] | Unspecified  | Spicules | Freshwater sponge  |
Bacillariophyceae[7] | Unspecified  | Frustules | Freshwater diatoms  |
Chrysophyceae[7] | Unspecified  |  | Freshwater algae  |

### Amphibians

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Calyptocephalella | C. parodii[13] | Rincón del Buque  |  | A calyptocephalellid frog  |
C. cf. C. canqueli[13] | Cañadón de las Vacas  |  |
Neobatrachia[14] | Indeterminate  | Estancia La Costa  | Skull fragments and presacral vertebrate  | A frog originally assigned to "Leptodactylidae", but requires further investigation  |

### Birds

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Anisolornis[15] | A. excavatus |  |  | A bird of uncertain affinities, authors have varyingly suggested affinities to trumpeters or limpkins |
Ankonetta[15] | A. larriestrai |  | Partial tarsometatarsus  | A basal member of Anatidae |
Badiostes[15] | B. patagonicus |  |  | A member of the family Falconidae |
Brontornis[15] | B. burmeisteri |  |  | Controversial taxonomic position, either considered a terror bird or an anserimorph |
Dryornis[16][17] | D. pampeanusD. hatcheri |  | Two partial left humerus  | A New World vulture.  |
Eutelornis[15] | E. patagonicus

E. australis

|  | Limb fragments  | A member of Anseriformes, relationships of the species to each other or to other Ansiferiformes is uncertain  |
Liptornis[15] | L. hesternus |  |  | A member of Anhingidae |
Macranhinga[15] | Indeterminate  |  |  | A member of Anhingidae |
Miocariama[15][18] | M. santacrucensis |  | Partial cranium and tibiotarsi fragments  | A seriema |
Nothurinae[15] | 2 Indeterminate species  |  |  | Tinamou |
Opisthodactylus[15] | O. patagonicus |  | Limb, vertebra and skull fragments  | A member of Rheidae |
Patagornis [15] | P. marshi |  |  | A terror bird |
Phorusrhacos[19] | P. longissimus |  | Partial skulls  | A terror bird |
Protibis[15] | P. cnemialis |  | distal end of tibiotarsus  | Potentially a spoonbill |
Psilopterus[15] | P. lemoinei

P. bachmanni

|  |  | A terror bird |
Thegornis[15] | T. musculosus

T. debilis

|  |  | A member of the family Falconidae |
Archaeopsophia[20] | A. aoni |  |  | A member of the family Psophiidae (trumpeters)  |
Chehuenia[20] | C. facongrandei |  |  | A roller |
Kaikenia[20] | K. mourerchauvirea |  |  | An anatid belonging to the subfamily Tadorninae |
Peioa[20] | P. australis |  |  | A member of Anseriformes.  |

### Squamates

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Pristidactylus[21] | Indeterminate  | La Cueva  | Fragmentary jaw bones  | Originally assigned to the dubious genus "Erichosaurus" |
Pleurodonta[14][21] |
Tupinambis[14] | Monte León  | Fragmentary dentaries and maxilla  | A teiid lizard  |
Colubridae[14][21] | Cerro Observatorio  | Partial trunk vertebrae  | A snake |

### Mammals

[edit]

#### Meridiungulates

[edit]

##### Astrapotheres

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Astrapotherium[22][23][24][25][26][2][27] | A. magnum

A. nanum

A. sp.

|  |  | An astrapotheriid |

##### Litopterns

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Adianthus[28] | A. bucatus |  |  | An adianthid litoptern  |
Anisolophus[22][3][23][29][26][2] | A. australis

A. floweri

|  |  | A proterotheriid litoptern |
Diadiaphorus[30][3][23][2][29][31][27] | D. majusculus

D. sanctaecrucis

D. sp.

|  |  | A proterotheriid litoptern  |
Tetramerorhinus[32][30][3][23][2][26][24][25][29][31][27] | T. cingulatum

T. fleaglei

T. mixtum

T. lucarius

T. prosistens

T. sp.

| Estancia La Costa Member  |  | A proterotheriid litoptern  |
Theosodon[33][30][3][23][34][2][26][24][25][29][31][27] | T. fontanae

T. garretorum

T. gracilis

T. karaikensis

T. lydekkeri

T. patagonicum

| Estancia La Costa Member  |  | A macraucheniid litoptern  |
Thoatherium[30] | T. minisculum

T. sp.

| Estancia La Costa Member  |  | A proterotheriid litoptern  |

##### Notoungulates

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Adinotherium[3][23][35][26][24][27] | A. ovinum

A. robustum

A. sp.

|  |  | A toxodontid notoungulate |
Cochilius[36] | C. sp. |  |  | An interatheriid notoungulate  |
Hegetotherium[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][37] | H. mirabile

H. sp.

|  |  | A hegetotheriid notoungulate  |
Homalodotherium[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][27] | H. cunninghami |  |  | A homalodotheriid notoungulate  |
Interatherium[38][22][3][23][35][2][26][24][25][27] | I. anguliferum

I. brevifrons

I. dentatum

I. interruptum

I. robustum

I. rodens

I. supernum

|  |  | An interatheriid notoungulate  |
Neoicochilus[36] | N. undulatus |  |  | An interatheriid notoungulate  |
Nesodon[22][3][23][35][2][26][24][25][27] | N. imbricatus |  |  | A toxodontid notoungulate  |
Notohippus[39] | N. toxodontoides |  |  | A notohippid notoungulate  |
Pachyrukhos[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][37] | P. moyani |  |  | A hegetotheriid notoungulate  |
Patriarchus[38][40] | P. palmidens |  |  | An interatheriid notoungulate  |
Protypotherium[33][38][22][3][23][2][26][24][25][40][27] | P. attenuatum

P. australe

P. praerutilum

P. sp.

|  |  | An interatheriid notoungulate  |

#### Xenarthrans

[edit]

##### Pilosa

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Analcimorphus[41][42] | A. giganteus

A. inversus

| Estancia La Costa Member  |  | A basal megatherioid sloth |
Analcitherium[43][41][42] | A. antarcticum | Estancia La Costa Member  |  | A scelidotheriid sloth  |
Eucholoeops[44] | E. fronto

E. ingens

E. litoralis

E. titans

| Estancia La Costa Member  |  | A megalonychid ground sloth  |
Hapalops[26] | H. longiceps

H. elongatus

H. indifferens

H. angustipalatus

H. platycephalus

H. ponderosus

H. rectangularis

|  |  | A ground sloth belonging to Megatherioidea |
Hyperleptus[45] | Indeterminate  |  |  | A megatherioid ground sloth of uncertain affinities  |
Megalonychotherium | M. atavus |  |  | A megalonychid ground sloth  |
Mylodontidae[45] | Indeterminate  |  |  |  |
Nematherium[45] | N. angulatum |  |  | A ground sloth belonging to Mylodontoidea |
Pelecyodon[45] | P. cristatus |  |  | A ground sloth  |
Planops[45] | P. magnus |  |  | A megatheriid ground sloth  |
Protamandua[45] | P. rothi |  |  | An anteater |
Prepotherium[45] | P. potens

P. filholi

|  |  | A ground sloth  |
Megalonychidae | Indeterminate  |  |  | A ground sloth  |
Schismotherium[46][47] | S. fractum |  |  | A ground sloth  |
Xyophorus[47] | X. atlanticus

X. latirostris

|  |  | A nothrotheriid ground sloth  |

##### Cingulata

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Anantiosodon[48] | A. rarus |  |  | An armadillo  |
cf. Asterostemma[48] | cf. A. depressa |  |  | A glyptodont |
Cochlops[48] | C. muricatus |  |  | A glyptodont  |
Eucinepeltus[48] | E. petesatus |  |  | A glyptodont  |
Metopotoxus[48] | M. laevatus |  |  | A glyptodont  |
Parutaetus[48] | P. sp. |  |  | An armadillo  |
Peltephilus[48] | P. ferox

P. giganteus

P. nanus

P. pumilus

P. strepens

|  |  | A horned armadillo  |
Proeutatus[48][26] | P. carinatus

P. deleo

P. lagena

P. oenophorus

P. robustus

|  |  | An armadillo  |
Propalaehoplophorus[48] | P. australis

P. incisivus P. minus

|  |  | A glyptodont  |
Prozaedyus [48][26] | P. exilis

P. proximus

|  |  | An armadillo  |
Stenotatus[26] | S. patagonicus |  |  | An armadillo  |
Stegotherium[48] | S. tauberi

S. tessellatum

|  |  | An armadillo  |
Vetelia[48][49] | V. puncta |  |  | An armadillo  |

#### Metatherians

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Abderites[50] | A. meridionalis |  |  | A member of Abderitidae (Paucituberculata)  |
Acdestis[50] | A. owenii A. lemairei |  |  | A member of Palaeothentidae (Paucituberculata)
Acrocyon[51] | A. sectorius |  |  | A borhyaenid sparassodont
Acyon[51] | A. tricuspidatus  |  |  | A hathliacynid sparassodont
Arctodictis[51] | A. munizi |  |  | A borhyaenid sparassodont
Borhyaena[51] | B. tuberata |  |  | A borhyaenid sparassodont  |
Cladosictis[51] | C. patagonia |  |  | A sparassodont  |
Lycopsis[51] | L. torresi |  |  | A sparassodont  |
Microbiotherium [50] | M. acicula

M. patagonicum

M. gallegosense

M. tehuelchum

|  |  | A member of Microbiotheriidae (Microbiotheria)  |
Palaeothentes[50] | P. aratae

P. minutus

P. intermedius

P. lemoinei

P. pascuali

|  |  | A member of Palaeothentidae (Paucituberculata)  |
Perathereutes [51] | P. pungens |  |  | A hathliacynid sparassodont  |
Phonocdromus[50] | P. gracilis |  |  | A member of Pichipilidae (Paucituberculata)  |
Prothylacinus[51] | P. patagonicus |  |  | A sparassodont  |
Pseudonotictis[51] | P. pusillus |  |  | A hathliacynid sparassodont  |
Sipalocyon[51] | S. gracilis

S. obusta

|  |  | A hathliacynid sparassodont  |
Stilotherium[50] | S. dissimile |  |  | A member of Caenolestidae (Paucituberculata)  |

#### Rodents

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Acarechimys[47] | A. minutus

A. minutissmus

A. constans

A. gracilis

|  |  | A member of Octodontoidea |
Acaremys[52][26] | A. murinus

A. messor

|  |  | A member of Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)  |
Adelphomys[52] | A. candidus |  |  | A member of Octodontoidea  |
Dudumus[52] | Indeterminate, potentially new species  |  |  | A member of Octodontoidea  |
Eocardia[52] | E. montana

"E". excavata

"E". fissa

|  |  | A member of Cavioidea |
Neoreomys[52] | N. australis |  |  | A member of Cavioidea  |
Perimys[52] | P. erutus

P. onustus

P. incavatus

|  |  | A member of Chinchilloidea |
Phanomys[52] | P. mixtus

P. vetulus

|  |  | A member of Cavioidea  |
Pliolagostomus[52] | P. notatus |  |  | A member of Chinchilloidea  |
Prolagostomus[52] | P. pusilllus |  |  | A member of Chinchilloidea  |
Prospaniomys[52] | Indeterminate, potentially new species  |  |  | A member of Octodontoidea  |
Pseudoacaremys[52] | P. kramarzi |  |  | A member of the family Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)  |
Schistomys[52] | S. erro |  |  | A member of Cavioidea  |
Sciamys[52] | S. principalis

S. varians

S. latidens

|  |  | A member of the family Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)  |
Scleromys[52] | S. angustus |  |  | A member of Chinchilloidea  |
Spaniomys[52] | S. riparius

S. regularis

|  |  | A member of Octodontoidea  |
Steiromys[52] | S. dentatus

S. duplicatus

|  |  | A member of Erethizontoidea |

#### Primates

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Homunculus[53][54][55] | H. patagonicus, H. vizcainoi |  | Several skulls, a number of postcranial bones, as well as a partial skeleton  | A New World monkey |

#### Meridiolestida

[edit]

Name  | Species  | Locality  | Material  | Notes  | Image

|
|
|
|
|

Necrolestes[56] | N. patagonicus |  | Skull and postcranial remains  | A mole-like meridiolestidan, youngest known member of the group  |

## References

[edit]

1. ^ a b Matheos, Sergio D.; Raigemborn, M. Sol (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.). Sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Santa Cruz Formation (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–82\. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.005. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. Retrieved 2022-11-06. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cuitiño, José I.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Aramendía, Inés (2019-05-31). "Sedimentology and fossil vertebrates of the Santa Cruz Formation (early Miocene) in Lago Posadas, southwestern Patagonia, Argentina". Andean Geology. 46 (2): 383–420\. doi:10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3128. hdl:11336/96343. ISSN 0718-7106.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Cassini, Guillermo H.; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Villafañe, Amalia L.; Muñoz, Nahuel A. (2012). "Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation". In Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (eds.). Paleobiology of Santacrucian native ungulates (Meridiungulata: Astrapotheria, Litopterna and Notoungulata). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–286\. ISBN 978-0-521-19461-7.
4. ^ a b Cuitiño, José I.; Sol Raigemborn, M.; Susana Bargo, M.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Muñoz, Nahuel A.; Kohn, Matthew J.; Kay, Richard F. (2021-04-07). "Insights on the controls on floodplain-dominated fluvial successions: a perspective from the Early–Middle Miocene Santa Cruz Formation in Río Chalía (Patagonia, Argentina)". Journal of the Geological Society. 178 (4). Bibcode:2021JGSoc.178..188C. doi:10.1144/jgs2020-188. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 233779691.
5. ^ Raúl Ugalde , Enrique Bostelmann , Karina E. Buldrini , and José Luis Oyarzún Lithofacies, architecture, and depositional environments of the Santa Cruz Formation in Chilean Patagonia (2015) XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno
6. ^ Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Spradley, Jackson P.; Cuitiño, José I. (August 2021). "Paleoenvironments and paleoecology of the Santa Cruz Formation (early-middle Miocene) along the Río Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Argentina)". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 109: 103296. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10903296K. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103296. S2CID 233693434.
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Brea, Mariana; Zucol, Alejandro F.; Iglesias, Ari (2012). Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (eds.). Fossil plant studies from late Early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Formation: paleoecology and paleoclimatology at the passive margin of Patagonia, Argentina. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–128\. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.008. ISBN 978-0-521-19461-7. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
8. ^ Brea, Mariana; Zucol, Alejandro F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2017-03-01). "First Miocene record of Akaniaceae in Patagonia (Argentina): a fossil wood from the early Miocene Santa Cruz formation and its palaeobiogeographical implications". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 183 (3): 334–347\. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/bow014. hdl:11336/65078. ISSN 0024-4074.
9. ^ Griffin, Miguel; Parras, Ana (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana (eds.). Oysters from the base of the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene) of Patagonia (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–90\. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.006. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. Retrieved 2022-11-22. `{{cite book}}`: `|work=` ignored (help)
10. ^ Pérez, Leandro; Cuitiño, José; Varela, Augusto; Muñoz, Nahuel (2020). "DIPLODON CF. COLHUAPIENSIS (BIVALVIA - HYRIIDAE) IN THE SANTA CRUZ FORMATION (EARLY-MIDDLE MIOCENE), AT THE RÍO SANTA CRUZ, PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA. STRATIGRAPHIC AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.16.07.2019.283. hdl:11336/118040. S2CID 214344627.
11. ^ Rodriguez, Pablo E.; Miquel, Sergio E.; Tauber, Adán A.; Krapovickas, Jerónimo M. (2012-06-01). "First record of land gastropods of the family Charopidae in the Early to Middle Miocene from Santa Cruz Province, Southern Patagonia, Argentina (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Stylommatophora: Charopidae)". Archiv für Molluskenkunde International Journal of Malacology. 141 (1): 57–66\. doi:10.1127/arch.moll/1869-0963/141/057-066. ISSN 1869-0963.
12. ^ a b c d e Miquel, Sergio E.; Rodriguez, Pablo E. (September 2015). "A novel late Early Miocene assemblage of terrestrial gastropods from Santa Cruz (Patagonia, Argentina)". Journal of Paleontology. 89 (5): 748–761\. Bibcode:2015JPal...89..748M. doi:10.1017/jpa.2015.66. hdl:11336/47599. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 130147042.
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* v
* t
* e

South American land mammal ages

Ages|

* Lujanian
* Ensenadan
* Uquian
* Chapadmalalan
* Montehermosan
* Huayquerian
* Chasicoan
* Mayoan
* Laventan
* Colloncuran
* Friasian
* Santacrucian
* Colhuehuapian
* Deseadan
* Tinguirirican
* Divisaderan
* Mustersan
* Casamayoran
* Itaboraian
* Riochican
* Peligran
* Tiupampan

Defining
formations
and sites|

| Quaternary|

* Luján Formation
* Ensenada Formation
* Uquía Formation

|

Neogene|

* Chapadmalal Formation
* Monte Hermoso Formation
* Huayquerías Formation
* Arroyo Chasicó Formation
* Río Mayo Formation
* Honda Group
* La Venta fauna
* Collón Curá Formation
* Río Frías Formation
* Santa Cruz Formation
* Colhué Huapí Member

Paleogene|

* Deseado Formation
* Abanico Formation
* Tinguiririca fauna
* Divisadero Largo Formation
* Sarmiento Formation
* Lake Musters
* Casamayor Formation
* Itaboraí Formation
* Río Chico Group
* Salamanca Formation
* Punta Peligro
* Santa Lucía Formation
* Tiupampa fauna

Sources|

* Bibliography

Category • Images
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*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template