Sattvic diet

Diet based on foods in yogic and ayurvedic literature

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A sattvic diet is a type of plant-based diet within Ayurveda[1] where food is divided into what is defined as three yogic qualities (guna) known as sattva.[2] In this system of dietary classification, foods that decrease the energy of the body are considered tamasic, while those that increase the energy of the body are considered rajasic. A sattvic diet is sometimes referred to as a yogic diet in modern literature.

A sattvic diet shares the qualities of sattva, some of which include "pure, essential, natural, vital, energy-containing, clean, conscious, true, honest, wise".[3][4] A sattvic diet can also exemplify ahimsa, the principle of not causing harm to other living beings. This is one reason yogis often follow a vegetarian diet.[5]

A sattvic diet is a regimen that places emphasis on seasonal foods, fruits if one has no sugar problems, nuts, seeds, oils, ripe vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and non-meat based proteins. Dairy products are recommended when the cow is fed and milked appropriately.[6]

In ancient and medieval era Yoga literature, the concept discussed is Mitahara, which literally means "moderation in eating".[6][7] A sattvic diet is one type of treatment recommended in ayurvedic literature.[3]

## Etymology

[edit]

Sattvic is derived from sattva (सत्त्व) which is a Sanskrit word.[citation needed] Sattva is a complex concept in Indian philosophy, used in many contexts, and it means one that is "pure, essence, nature, vital, energy, clean, conscious, strong, courage, true, honest, wise, rudiment of life".[8][better source needed]

Sattva is one of three gunas (quality, peculiarity, tendency, attribute, property). The other two qualities are considered to be rajas (agitated, passionate, moving, emotional, trendy) and tamas (dark, destructive, spoiled, ignorant, stale, inertia, unripe, unnatural, weak, unclean). The concept that contrasts with and is opposed to sattva is Tamas.[9][10]

A sattvic diet is thus meant to include food and eating habit that is "pure, essential, natural, vital, energy-giving, clean, conscious, true, honest, wise".[2][3][4]

## Ancient literature

[edit]

Main article: Mitahara

Eating agreeable (sattvic) food and eating in moderation have been emphasized throughout ancient Indian literature. For example, the c. 5th-century Tamil poet-philosopher Valluvar insists this in the 95th chapter of his work, the Tirukkural. He hints, "Assured of digestion and truly hungry, eat with care agreeable food" (verse 944) and "Agreeable food in moderation ensures absence of pain" (verse 945).[11][12]

Yoga includes recommendations on eating habits. Both the Śāṇḍilya Upanishad [13] and Svātmārāma, an Indian yogi who lived during the 15th century CE,[14]: Introduction [15][16] state that Mitahara (eating in moderation) is an important part of yoga practice. It is one of the Yamas (virtuous self restraints).[14]: verse 1.58–63, pages 19–21 These texts, while discussing yoga diet, however, make no mention of 'sattvic' diet.[citation needed]

In Yoga diet context, the virtue of Mitahara is one where the yogi is aware of the quantity and quality of food and drinks he or she consumes, takes neither too much nor too little, and suits it to one's health condition and needs.[4][6]

The application of sattva and tamas concepts to food is a later and relatively new extension to the Mitahara virtue in Yoga literature. Verses 1.57 through 1.63 of Hatha Yoga Pradipika[14]: verse 1.58–63, pages 19–21 suggest that taste cravings should not drive one's eating habits; rather, the best diet is one that is tasty, nutritious and likable, as well as sufficient to meet the needs of one's body.[17] It recommends that one must "eat only when one feels hungry" and "neither overeat nor eat to completely fill the capacity of one’s stomach; rather leave a quarter portion empty and fill three quarters with quality food and fresh water".[17] The Hathayoga Pradipika suggests ‘‘mitahara’’ regimen of a yogi avoids foods with excessive amounts of sour, salt, bitterness, oil, spice burn, unripe vegetables, fermented foods or alcohol.[14]: Verses 1.59 to 1.61 The practice of Mitahara, in Hathayoga Pradipika, includes avoiding stale, impure and tamasic foods, and consuming moderate amounts of fresh, vital and sattvic foods.[2]

## Sattvic foods

[edit]

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According to ayurveda, sattvic, rajasic, and tamasic foods consist of some combination of any of the five basic elements: prithvi (earth), jala (water), teja (fire), vayu (air), and akash (ether).[18]

### Nuts and seeds

[edit]

Nuts that may be considered a part of a sattvic diet include raw organic almonds, cashews, and pistachios. Seeds that may be considered a part of a sattvic diet include sunflower and pumpkin seeds.[19]

### Fruit

[edit]

Fruits that are fresh and organic are considered sattvic. Fresh fruits are preferred to frozen or preserved in a sattvic diet.[20]

### Dairy

[edit]

Dairy products like yogurt and cheese (paneer) must be made that day, from milk obtained that day. Butter must be fresh daily as well, and raw; but ghee (clarified butter) can be aged forever, and is great for cooking. Freshness is key with dairy. Milk should be freshly milked from a cow. Milk that is not consumed fresh can be refrigerated for one to two days in its raw state, but must be brought to a boil before drinking, and drunk while still hot/warm.[citation needed]

### Vegetables

[edit]

Most mild vegetables are considered sattvic. Pungent vegetables leek, garlic and onion (tamasic) are excluded, including mushrooms, as all fungi are also considered tamasic. Some consider tomatoes, peppers, and aubergines as sattvic, but most consider the Allium family (garlic, onion, leeks, shallots), as well as fungus (yeasts, molds, and mushrooms) as not sattvic.[citation needed]

### Whole grains

[edit]

Whole grains provide nourishment. Some include organic rice, whole wheat, spelt, oatmeal and barley. Sometimes the grains are lightly roasted before cooking to remove some of their heavy quality. Yeasted breads are not recommended, unless toasted. Wheat and other grains can be sprouted before cooking as well.[citation needed]

### Legumes

[edit]

Mung beans, lentils, yellow split peas, chickpeas, aduki beans, common beans and bean sprouts are considered sattvic if well prepared. In general, the smaller the bean, the easier to digest.[citation needed]

### Sweeteners

[edit]

Most yogis use raw honey (often in combination with dairy), jaggery, or raw sugar (not refined). Palm jaggery and coconut palm sugar are other choices. Others use alternative sweeteners, such as stevia or stevia leaf. In some traditions, sugar and/or honey are excluded from the diet, along with all other sweeteners.[citation needed]

### Spices

[edit]

Sattvic spices are herbs/leaves, including basil and coriander.[citation needed]

All other spices are considered either rajasic or tamasic. However, over time, certain Hindu sects have tried to classify a few spices as Sattvic.[citation needed]

Spices in the new sattvic list may include cardamom (yealakaai in Tamil, elaichi in Hindi), cinnamon (ilavangapattai in Tamil, dalchini in Hindi), cumin (seeragam in Tamil, jeera in Hindi), fennel (soambu in Tamil, Saunf in Hindi), fenugreek (venthaiyam in Tamil, Methi in Hindi), black pepper (Piper nigrum) also known as 'Kali mirch' in Hindi, fresh ginger (ingi in Tamil, adrak in Hindi) and turmeric (manjai in Tamil, haldi in Hindi).

Rajasic spices like red pepper (kudaimilagai in Tamil, 'Shimla mirch' in Hindi) are normally excluded, but are sometimes used in small amounts, both to clear channels blocked by mucus and to counter tamas.[citation needed]

### Sattvic herbs

[edit]

Other herbs are used to directly support sattva in the mind and in meditation. These include ashwagandha, bacopa, calamus, gotu kola, ginkgo, jatamansi, purnarnava, shatavari, saffron, shankhapushpi, tulsi and rose.[citation needed]

## Rajasic (stimulant) foods

[edit]

Rajas food is defined as food that is spicy, hot, fried, or acidic. Raja food could lead to sadness, misery, or ailment. Junk food or preserved foods are often categorized as rajasik.[21]

## Tamasic (sedative) foods

[edit]

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Sedative foods, also called static foods, or tamasic foods, are foods whose consumption, according to Yoga, are harmful to both mind and body. Harm to mind includes anything that will lead to a duller, less refined state of consciousness. Bodily harm includes any foods that will cause detrimental stress to any physical organ, directly or indirectly (via any physical imbalance).[citation needed]

Such foods sometimes include: meat, fish, eggs, onion, garlic, scallion, leek, chive, mushroom, alcoholic beverage, durian (fruit), blue cheese, opium, and stale food. Food that has remained for more than three hours (i.e., one yām), is according some commentators on chapter 17 of the Bhagavad Gita, in the tamasic mode.[22]

## Incompatible foods

[edit]

Incompatible foods (viruddha)[23] are considered to be a cause of many diseases.[18] In the Charaka Samhita, a list of food combinations considered incompatible in the sattvic system is given.[18] P.V. Sharma states that such incompatibilities may not have influence on a person who is strong, exercises sufficiently, and has a good digestive system.[23]

Examples of combinations that are considered incompatible include:

* Salt or anything containing salt with milk (traditionally believed to produce skin diseases).[better source needed]
* Fruit with milk products.[better source needed]
* Fish with milk products (traditionally believed to produce toxins)[23][18]
* Meat with milk products[18]
* Sour food[18] or sour fruit[23] with milk products
* Leafy vegetables with milk products[18]
* Milk pudding or sweet pudding with rice[18]
* Mustard oil and curcuma (turmeric)[18]

## See also

[edit]

* Ayurveda
* Buddhist vegetarianism
* Diet in Hinduism
* Jain (Satvika)
* Lacto vegetarianism
* Ital
* Kosher
* Halal

## References

[edit]

1. ^ "Discovering the amazing benefits of sattvic food". December 14, 2023 - via The Economic Times - The Times of India.
2. ^ a b c Steven Rosen (2011), Food for the Soul: Vegetarianism and Yoga Traditions, Praeger, ISBN 978-0-313-39703-5, pages 25-29
3. ^ a b c Scott Gerson (2002), The Ayurvedic Guide to Diet, ISBN 978-0-910261-29-6, Chapter 8: The Sattvic Diet, pages 107-132
4. ^ a b c Desai, B. P. (1990). "Place of Nutrition in Yoga". Ancient Science of Life. 9 (3): 147–153\. PMC 3331325. PMID 22557690.
5. ^ "Ahimsa - religious doctrine". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
6. ^ a b c Paul Turner (2013), FOOD YOGA – Nourishing Body, Mind & Soul, 2nd Edition, ISBN 978-0-9850451-1-1
7. ^ Mitihara, in What is Hinduism? (Ed: Hinduism Today Magazine, 2007), Himalayan Academy, Hawaii, ISBN 978-1-934145-00-5, page 340
8. ^ sattva Monier Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany
9. ^ Edward Craig (2009), Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, page 463
10. ^ James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8, page 265
11. ^ Sundaram, P. S. (1990). Tiruvalluvar Kural. Gurgaon: Penguin. p. 115\. ISBN 978-0-14-400009-8.
12. ^ "Russell Simmons on his vegan diet, Obama and Yoga". Integral Yoga Magazine. n.d. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
13. ^ KN Aiyar (1914), Thirty Minor Upanishads, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-164-02641-9, Chapter 22, pages 173-176
14. ^ a b c d Svatmarama. (2002). The Hatha Yoga Pradipika (Translated). Akers, Brian Dana. Cork: BookBaby. ISBN 9780989996648. OCLC 897647792.
15. ^ Lorenzen, David (1972). The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas. University of California Press. pp. 186–190. ISBN 978-0-520-01842-6.
16. ^ Subramuniya (2003). Merging with Śiva: Hinduism's contemporary metaphysics. Himalayan Academy Publications. p. 155\. ISBN 978-0-945497-99-8. Retrieved 6 April 2009.
17. ^ a b KS Joshi, Speaking of Yoga and Nature-Cure Therapy, Sterling Publishers, ISBN 978-1-84557-045-3, page 65-66
18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Rastogi, Sanjeev (2014). Ayurvedic Science of Food and Nutrition. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 1461496284. pp.16, 31-32.
19. ^ "6 Sattvic Foods to Make Your Diet More Yogic • Yoga Basics". 2020-12-17. Retrieved 2023-08-24.
20. ^ "6 Sattvic Foods to Make Your Diet More Yogic • Yoga Basics". 2020-12-17. Retrieved 2023-08-26.
21. ^ Rastogi, Sanjeev (2014). Ayurvedic Science of Food and Nutrition. Springer. pp. 12, 22. ISBN 978-1-4614-9627-4.
22. ^ Mukundananda, Swami. "BG 17.10: Chapter 17, Verse 10 – Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda". www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org.
23. ^ a b c d Verotta, Luisella; Macchi, Maria Pia; Venkatasubramanian, Padma (2015).Connecting Indian Wisdom and Western Science: Plant Usage for Nutrition and Health. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. ISBN 1482299763. pp. 25-26.

## External links

[edit]

* v
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Ayurveda

Introduction|

* Ancient origin:
* Proto Shiva in Yogic pose, 2350-2000 BCE
* Rigveda, c 1500–1000 BCE
* Indian-origin religions

* Ancient Hindu texts:
* Ayurveda
* Brhat Trayi
* Viswanatha chikitsa
* Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
* Yoga Korunta

* Ancient pioneers:
* Agnivesha
* Ashvins
* Chyavana
* Dhanvantari
* Sushruta
* Patanjali

Eight limbs
(specialised branches)|

* Kāyachikitsā (general practice)
* Kaumāra-bhṛtya (paediatrics)
* Śalya (surgery)
* Śhālākya (ear, nose, and throat)
* Bhūtavidyā (exorcism)
* Agada (antidotes)
* Rasāyana (health tonics)
* Vājīkaraṇa (aphrodisiacs and fertility)

Basic concepts|

* Agni (metabolic fire)
* Dhātu (bodily substances)
* Dosha (bodily humours)
* Mala (bodily wastes)
* Pañcabhūta (five elements)

Substances used|

* Churna (medicinal powder)
* Gomutra (cow urine)
* Herbal preparations
* Polyherbal formulation
* Kaṣāyaṁ (water decoction)
* Sura (alcoholic drink)

Practices|

* Abhyanga (massage)
* Basti (enema)
* Dinacharya (routine)
* Neti (nasal irrigation)
* Oil pulling
* Pulse diagnosis
* Rasaśāstra (alchemy)
* Samskara
* Shodhana
* Sattvic diet
* Svedana (steam bathing)
* Urine therapy
* Yoga as exercise
* Yoga for children
* Yoga for elderly
* Yoga for office
* Yoga for women

Practitioner roles|

* Traditional designations:
* Ashtavaidya
* Guru–shishya tradition
* Yogachara
* Vaidya
* Yogi

* Modern designations:
* AYUSH Medical Officer
* Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery (BAMS)
* MD (Ayurveda)

Educational
institutions|

* Ashram
* All India Institute of Ayurveda
* Central Council of Indian Medicine
* Gurukula
* Morarji Desai National Institute of Yoga
* North Eastern Institute of Ayurveda and Homeopathy
* North Eastern Institute of Folk Medicine
* National Institute of Ayurveda at Jaipur
* National Institute of Ayurveda at Punchkula
* National Institute of Siddha
* Yoga teacher training

Works|

* Ashtānga Hridayam
* Charaka Samhita
* Harita Samhita
* Kashyapa Samhita
* Nibandha Samgraha
* Rājamārtaṇḍa
* Rājamṛgāṅka (Ayurveda book)
* Sushruta Samhita
* Viswanatha chikitsa

Organisations|

* Companies
* Sadhana Aushadhalaya (Bangladesh)

* Regulation and management:
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* Alliances and NGOs:
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Prominent people|

* Contemporary:
* Dalhana
* Jeronis de Soysa
* Maya Tiwari

Celebrations
and festivals|

* Hindu festivals related to Yoga:
* Holi
* Navaratri

* Gita Mahotsav
* International Day of Yoga

* Other yoga festivals:
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* Yoga tourism

Related or inspired
similar systems|

* Indian influence on Southeast Asia
* Jamu
* Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health
* Sri Lankan traditional medicine
* Yoga in the United States

See also|

* Cultural appropriation
* Glossary of Ayurveda
* Greater India
* Indianisation

* v
* t
* e

Human nutrition and healthy diets

Main articles
Diet
Dieting
Cuisine
Dietitian
Hunger
Leptin
Meal
Nutrition
Obesity
Staple food

Dieting|

| Basic types|

* Omnivore
* Plant-based

|

Regional diets|

* Western
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Sustainable diets|

* Low carbon
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Religious diets|

* Buddhist
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Vegetarianism
and veganism|

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Semi-vegetarianism|

* Ovo-lacto vegetarianism
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Supplement diets|

* Bodybuilding supplements
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Non-solid diets|

* Liquid diets
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Specific
restrictions|

* Calorie restriction
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Other diets|

* Entomophagy
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Fad diets|

* Cambridge
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List of diets|

* Diet food

Nutrition|

| Amino acids|

* Alanine
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* Histidine
* Isoleucine
* Leucine
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|

Vitamins|

* Vitamin A
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Minerals|

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Nutritional
advice|

* 5 A Day
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* Category
* Commons
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* v
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Plant-based diets

Diets|

* Climatarian
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* Planetary health diet
* Pollotarian
* Portfolio diet
* Sattvic diet
* Sustainable diet
* Vegan
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People|

| Academics, dietitians,
and physicians|

* Neal D. Barnard
* Danielle Belardo
* Will Bulsiewicz
* T. Colin Campbell
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* Brenda Davis
* Garth Davis
* Alan Desmond
* Hans Diehl
* Gidon Eshel
* Caldwell Esselstyn
* Gary E. Fraser
* Joel Fuhrman
* Kristi Funk
* Christopher D. Gardner
* Max Gerson
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* Julieanna Hever
* Simon Hill
* Michael F. Jacobson
* David J. Jenkins
* Joel Kahn
* Shireen Kassam
* David L. Katz
* Michael Klaper
* Rhiannon Lambert
* Susan M. Levin
* Valter Longo
* Palaniappan Manickam
* John A. McDougall
* Tracye McQuirter
* Virginia Messina
* Gemma Newman
* Chidi Ngwaba
* Jack Norris
* Dean Ornish
* Robert Ostfeld
* Jane Plant
* Nathan Pritikin
* Megan Rossi
* Terry Shintani
* Sheil Shukla
* Tim Spector
* Mia Syn
* Ellsworth Wareham
* Kim A. Williams

|

Advocates and
cookbook authors|

* Eric Adams
* Pamela Anderson
* Nava Atlas
* Clarence Bass
* Mark Bittman
* Dawn Jackson Blatner
* Carleigh Bodrug
* Alfredo Bowman
* Brendan Brazier
* Dan Buettner
* James Cameron
* Suzy Amis Cameron
* Kris Carr
* Hannah Che
* Abbie Cornish
* Joe Cross
* Rosanna Davison
* Robert Downey Jr.
* Marta Dymek
* Rip Esselstyn
* Mike Fremont
* Kathy Freston
* Calum Harris
* Richa Hingle
* Daniel Humm
* Miles Kasiri
* Matthew Kenney
* Max La Manna
* John Mackey
* Richard Makin
* Mary McCartney
* Hetty Lui McKinnon
* Ella Mills
* Joanne Lee Molinaro
* Charity Morgan
* David H. Murdock
* Andrea Nguyen
* Toni Okamoto
* Darin Olien
* Steve Pilot
* John Robbins
* Ocean Robbins
* Derek Sarno
* Arnold Schwarzenegger
* Jessica Seinfeld
* Gene Stone
* Hannah Sunderani
* Deborah Szekely
* Jeeca Uy
* Nisha Vora
* Joe Yonan
* Robert O. Young

Films|

* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* PlantPure Nation (2015)
* What the Health (2017)
* The Game Changers (2018)

Books,
studies|

* Adventist Health Studies
* The China Study (2005)
* How Not to Die: Discover the Foods Scientifically Proven to Prevent and Reverse Disease (2015)
* The Longevity Diet (2018)

Organizations|

* Plant-Based Health Professionals UK
* Plant-Based Universities
* Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
* Pritikin Longevity Center

Key concepts|

* Dietary fiber
* Fermented foods
* Gut microbiota
* Gut microbiome
* Plant-based action plan
* Plant-based cat food

Nutrition|

* Vegan nutrition
* Vegetarian nutrition

Food|

* Beans
* Fruit
* Herbs and spices
* Legumes/Pulses
* Nuts
* Seeds
* Nutritional yeast
* Tempeh
* Tofu
* Vegetables
* Whole grains

Drink|

* Cacao
* Coffee
* Plant milk
* Tea

Related|

* James Beard Awards: Winners and Nominees
* List of vegan and plant-based media

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Simple living

Practices|

* Barter
* Cord-cutting
* DIY ethic
* Downshifting
* Dry toilet
* Fasting
* Forest gardening
* Freeganism
* Frugality
* Gift economy
* Intentional community
* Local currency
* Low-impact development
* No frills
* Off-the-grid
* Permaculture
* Regift
* Sattvic diet
* Self-sufficiency
* Slow living
* Slow movement (culture)
* Subsistence agriculture
* Sustainable living
* Sustainable sanitation
* Veganism
* Vegetarianism
* War tax resistance
* WWOOF

Religious and spiritual|

* Amish
* Aparigraha
* Asceticism
* Detachment
* Distributism
* Jesus movement
* Mendicant
* Mindfulness
* Monasticism
* New Monasticism
* Plain dress
* Plain people
* Quakers
* Rastafari
* Temperance
* Testimony of simplicity
* Tolstoyan movement
* Twelve Tribes communities

Secular movements|

* Back-to-the-land
* Car-free
* Environmental
* Hippie
* Open Source Ecology
* Slow
* Small house
* Tiny house
* Transition town

Notable writers|

* Wendell Berry
* Ernest Callenbach
* G. K. Chesterton
* Duane Elgin
* Mahatma Gandhi
* Richard Gregg
* Tom Hodgkinson
* Harlan Hubbard
* Satish Kumar
* Helen Nearing
* Scott Nearing
* Peace Pilgrim
* Nick Rosen
* Dugald Semple
* E. F. Schumacher
* George Skene Keith
* Henry David Thoreau
* Leo Tolstoy
* Valluvar

Modern-day adherents|

* Mark Boyle
* Robin Greenfield
* Ted Kaczynski
* Pentti Linkola
* Jim Merkel
* Peace Pilgrim
* Suelo
* Thomas

Media|

* "Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral"
* Escape from Affluenza
* The Good Life
* The Moon and the Sledgehammer
* Mother Earth News
* The Power of Half
* Small Is Beautiful
* Walden

Related|

* Affluenza
* Agrarianism
* Amateurism
* Anarcho-primitivism
* Anti-consumerism
* Appropriate technology
* Bohemianism
* Consumerism
* Critique of work
* Deep ecology
* Degrowth
* Ecological footprint
* Food miles
* Front Porch Republic
* Green anarchism
* The good life
* Global warming
* Hedonophobia
* Intentional living
* commune
* Rainbow Gathering
* Itinerant
* Low-technology
* Nonviolence
* Peak oil
* Sustainability
* Work–life interface

* v
* t
* e

Veganism and vegetarianism

Perspectives|

| Veganism|

* Animal-free agriculture
* Black veganism
* Fruitarianism
* History
* Raw veganism
* Straight edge
* Hardline
* Nutrition
* Vegan organic agriculture
* Vegan school meal
* Vegan studies

|

Vegetarianism|

* Economic vegetarianism
* Environmental vegetarianism
* History (Romantic Era)
* Orthopathy
* Lacto vegetarianism
* Lacto-ovo vegetarianism
* Ovo vegetarianism
* Cuisine
* Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
* Ecofeminism
* Nutrition
* By country

Lists|

* Bibliography
* Vegetarians
* Vegans
* Fictional characters
* Festivals
* Organizations
* Vegan and plant-based media

Locations|

* Cheremshanka, Altai Republic
* Community of the Ark
* Haridwar
* New Vrindaban
* Palitana
* Pushkar
* Rishikesh
* Tirumala
* The Farm (Tennessee)

Ethics|

| Secular|

* Animal rights
* Animal welfare
* Anthropocentrism
* Carnism
* Deep ecology
* Environmental vegetarianism
* Ethics of eating meat
* Meat paradox
* Nonviolence
* Replaceability argument
* Sentientism
* Speciesism
* Tirukkuṟaḷ

|

Religious|

* Buddhism
* Christianity (Seventh-day Adventist Church)
* Hinduism
* Sattvic
* Ahimsa
* Islam
* Jainism
* Judaism
* Pythagoreanism
* Rastafari
* Sikhism
* Taoism

Food
and drink|

* List of vegetarian and vegan companies
* Dairy alternatives
* Coconut milk
* Plant cream
* Plant milk
* Soy yogurt
* Cheese
* Meat alternatives
* List of meat substitutes
* Bacon
* Burgers
* Duck
* Hot dogs
* Jambon
* Quorn
* Sausage roll
* Seitan
* Tempeh
* Tofu
* Tofurkey
* Gelatin substitutes
* Vegetarian mark
* Beer
* Wine

Groups
and events|

| Vegan|

* American Vegan Society
* Beauty Without Cruelty
* China Vegan Society
* Food Empowerment Project
* Go Vegan
* Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme
* Our Hen House
* Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
* Plamil Foods
* Vegan Awareness Foundation
* Vegan flag
* Vegan Outreach
* Vegan Prisoners Support Group
* The Vegan Society
* Veganmania
* Vegetarian Resource Group
* Veganuary
* Veganz
* World Vegan Day

|

Vegetarian|

* Alcott House
* Bible Christian Church
* Boston Vegetarian Society
* Christian Vegetarian Association
* Dutch Vegetarian Society
* Eden Gemeinnützige Obstbau-Siedlung
* European Vegetarian Union
* French Vegetarian Society
* Hare Krishna Food for Life
* International Vegetarian Union
* Jewish Veg
* Meat-free days
* Meatless Monday
* Friday fast
* North American Vegetarian Society
* Order of the Golden Age
* ProVeg Deutschland
* ProVeg International
* ProVeg Nederland
* Scottish Vegetarian Society
* Swissveg
* Toronto Vegetarian Association
* Vegetarian Federal Union
* Vegetarian Society
* Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
* Veggie Pride
* Viva! Health
* World Esperantist Vegetarian Association
* World Vegetarian Day

Films|

* The Animals Film (1981)
* Diet for a New America (1991)
* A Cow at My Table (1998)
* Meet Your Meat (2002)
* Post Punk Kitchen (2003–2005)
* Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
* Earthlings (2005)
* A Sacred Duty (2007)
* Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead (2010)
* Planeat (2010)
* Forks Over Knives (2011)
* Vegucated (2011)
* Live and Let Live (2013)
* Cowspiracy (2014)
* PlantPure Nation (2015)
* What the Health (2017)
* Carnage (2017)
* Dominion (2018)
* Eating You Alive (2018)
* The Game Changers (2018)
* Maa Ka Doodh (2023)
* You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment (2024)

Magazines
and journals|

* The Animals' Agenda
* Naked Food
* The Pleasure Boat
* Satya
* Vegan Journal
* The Vegetarian Magazine
* Vegetarian Times
* VegNews

Books
and reports|

* On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
* Acetaria: A Discourse of Sallets (1699)
* The Fable of the Bees (1714)
* A Reasonable Plea for the Animal Creation (1746)
* Primitive Cookery (1767)
* The Cry of Nature (1791)
* An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty (1802)
* Vegetable Cookery (1812)
* A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813)
* Reasons for not Eating Animal Food (1814)
* Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
* Nature's Own Book (1835)
* Fruits and Farinacea (1845)
* "The Vegetarian; or a Visit to Aunt Primitive" (1847)
* The Penny Domestic Assistant and Guide to Vegetarian Cookery (1850)
* The Ethics of Diet (1883)
* A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays (1886)
* What is Vegetarianism? (1886)
* The First Step (1891)
* Shelley's Vegetarianism (1891)
* Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses (1892)
* Why I Am a Vegetarian (1895)
* Figs or Pigs? (1896)
* Fifty Years of Food Reform (1898)
* The Logic of Vegetarianism (1899)
* Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian (1903)
* The Meat Fetish (1904)
* The Apsley Cookery Book
* The New Ethics (1907)
* A Fleshless Diet (1910)
* The Benefits of Vegetarianism (1927)
* Living the Good Life (1954)
* Ten Talents (1968)
* Diet for a Small Planet (1971)
* The Vegetarian Epicure (1972)
* Moosewood Collective Cookbooks (1973)
* The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook (1975)
* Laurel's Kitchen (1976)
* Moosewood Cookbook (1977)
* Fit for Life (1985)
* Diet for a New America (1987)
* The Sexual Politics of Meat (1990)
* Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone (1997)
* The China Study (2005)
* Skinny Bitch (2005)
* Livestock's Long Shadow (2006)
* The Bloodless Revolution (2006)
* Eating Animals (2009)
* Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows (2009)
* The Vegan Studies Project (2015)
* Animal (De)liberation (2016)
* The End of Animal Farming (2018)
* Vegetable Kingdom (2020)
* Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
* Meat Atlas (annual)

Restaurants|

| Active|

* Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli
* Cinnaholic
* Crossroads Kitchen
* Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro
* Greens Restaurant
* Elizabeth's Gone Raw
* Hiltl Restaurant
* Little Pine
* Moosewood Restaurant
* Plant
* Purezza
* Slutty Vegan
* Souley Vegan
* The Sound Lounge
* Veggie Galaxy
* Veggie Grill

|

Former|

* Cranks
* Food for Thought
* InSpiral Lounge
* Lentil as Anything
* Minerva Café
* New Riverside Cafe
* Nix
* Penny Cafeteria
* Pink Peacock
* The Hollow Reed
* The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel

Related|

* Cultured meat
* Juice fasting
* Low-carbon
* Plant-based action plan
* Plant-based diet
* Planetary health
* Sustainable diet
* Vegaphobia
* Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
* Vegetarian and vegan symbolism

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