Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

Official designations given to various groups of indigenous people in India

For other uses, see Dalit and Adivasi.

This article is missing information about Scheduled Tribes. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (November 2023)

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The Scheduled Castes (SCs)[1] and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are officially designated groups of people and among the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India.[2] The terms are recognized in the Constitution of India and the groups are designated in one or other of the categories.[3]: 3  For much of the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, they were known as the Depressed Classes.[3]: 2

Scheduled castes distribution map in India by state and union territory according to 2011 Census.[4] Punjab had the highest percentage of its population as SC (~32%), while Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep had 0%.[4]

Scheduled Tribes distribution map in India by state and union territory according to 2011 Census.[4] Mizoram and Lakshadweep had the highest percentage of its population as ST (~95%), while Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, and Chandigarh had 0%.[4]

In modern literature, many castes under the Scheduled Castes category are sometimes referred to as Dalit, meaning "broken" or "dispersed".[5][6] The term was popularised by the Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar during the independence struggle.[5] Ambedkar preferred the term Dalit over Gandhi's term Harijan, meaning "people of Hari" (lit. 'Man of God').[5] Similarly, the Scheduled Tribes are often referred to as Adivasi (earliest inhabitants), Vanvasi (inhabitants of forest) and Vanyajati (people of forest). However, the Government of India refrains from using these terms that carry controversial connotations. For example, 'Dalit', which literally means 'oppressed', has been historically associated with notions of uncleanness, carries implications of the concept of untouchability. Similarly, 'Adivasi', which means 'original inhabitants', carries implications of native and immigrant distinctions and also perpetuates the stereotypes of being civilized and uncivilized.[7] Therefore, the constitutionally recognized terms "Scheduled Castes" (Anusuchit Jati) and "Scheduled Tribes" (Anusuchit Janjati) are preferred in official usage, as these designated terms are intended to address socio-economic disabilities, rather than to reimpose those social stigmas and issues.[8][9] In September 2018, the government issued an advisory to all private satellite channels asking them to refrain from using the derogatory nomenclature 'Dalit', though rights groups have come out against any shift from 'Dalit' in popular usage.[10]

The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes comprise about 16.6% and 8.6%, respectively, of India's population (according to the 2011 census).[11][12] The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 lists 1,108 castes across 28 states in its First Schedule,[13] and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule.[14]

Since the independence of India, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were given Reservation status, guaranteeing political representation, preference in promotion, quota in universities, free and stipended education, scholarships, banking services, various government schemes and the Constitution lays down the general principles of positive discrimination for SCs and STs.[15][16]: 35, 137

## Definition

[edit]

Scheduled Castes

Article 366 (24) of the Constitution of India defines the Scheduled Castes as:[17]

> Such castes, races or tribes or part of or groups within such castes, races or tribes as are deemed under Article 341 to be Scheduled Castes for the purpose of this [Indian] constitution.

Scheduled Tribes

Article 366 (25) of the Constitution of India defines the Scheduled Tribes as:[18][17]

> Such tribes or tribal communities or part of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to the Scheduled Tribes for the purposes of this [Indian] Constitution.

### Identification and procedures

[edit]

Article 341

(1) The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory and where it is a State after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification specify the castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes, races or tribes which shall for the purposes of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union Territory, as the case may be.

(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Castes specified in a notification issued under clause of any caste, race or tribe or part of or group within any caste, race or tribe, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.[17]

Article 342

(1) The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory and where it is a State, after consultation with the Governor thereof by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the purpose of this Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to that State or Union Territory, as the case may be.

(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes specified in a notification issued under clause any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.[17]

Bureaucratic process for scheduling communities as SC/ST.

The castes and tribes notified under Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India are recognized as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. For the purpose of social justice, those scheduled castes and tribes are provided social security and adequate representation in education, employment, and governance, facilitating their upliftment and integration into mainstream society.[19][20][21] The process of including and excluding communities, castes, or tribes to/from the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes adheres to certain silent criteria and procedures established by the Lokur committee in 1965.[22][23] For Scheduled Castes (SCs), the criteria involve extreme social, educational, and economic backwardness resulting from the practice of untouchability.[24] On the other hand, Scheduled Tribes (STs) are identified based on indications of primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the larger community, and overall backwardness.[24] The scheduling process refers back to the definitions of communities used in the colonial census along with modern anthropological study and is guided by Article 341 and 342. Per the first clause of Article 341 and 342, the list of Scheduled communities is subject to specific state and union territory, with area restrictions to districts, subdistricts, and tehsils.[25][26][27][28] Furthermore, members of Scheduled Communities are entitled based on religious criteria: Scheduled Castes must be adherents of Hinduism, Sikhism, or Buddhism,[29] whereas Scheduled Tribes can belong to any religion to be recognized as Scheduled.[30][19]

## History

[edit]

### Pre-independence

[edit]

The evolution of the lower caste and tribe into the modern-day Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe is complex. The caste system as a stratification of classes in India originated about 2,000 years ago, and has been influenced by dynasties and ruling elites, including the Mughal Empire and the British Raj.[31][32] The Hindu concept of Varna historically incorporated occupation-based communities.[31] Some low-caste groups, such as those formerly called untouchables[33] who constitute modern-day Scheduled Castes, were considered outside the Varna system.[34][35]

Since the 1850s, these communities were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes, with the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the British authorities assessing the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. The Morley–Minto Reforms Report, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report and the Simon Commission were several initiatives in this context. A highly contested issue in the proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures.[36]

In 1935, the UK Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1935, designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure. The reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. The Act introduced the term "Scheduled Castes", defining the group as "such castes, parts of groups within castes, which appear to His Majesty in Council to correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as the 'Depressed Classes', as His Majesty in Council may prefer".[3] This discretionary definition was clarified in The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936, which contained a list (or Schedule) of castes throughout the British-administered provinces.[3]

### Post-independence

[edit]

After independence the Constituent Assembly continued the prevailing definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, giving (via articles 341 and 342) the president of India and governors of the states a mandate to compile a full listing of castes and tribes (with the power to edit it later, as required). The first list of castes and tribes was created through two orders: The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, containing 821 castes and 296 tribes (overlapping nature), respectively, derived from colonial lists.[a] Subsequently, the Presidential Scheduled List was modified in 1956 by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Lists (Modification) Order, 1956, to include other areas, newly formed states/UTs, and communities that had not been considered during the adoption of the Constitution of India.[39] and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950,[40] However, the classification and maintenance of the list Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was initially intended to be a state matter during drafting of the constitution, concerns over political misuse led to the centralization of authority under the Presidential Scheduled Lists. After 15 years since the order of listing Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the government adopted updated criteria for inclusion and exclusion based on the Lokur committee report of 1965.[23] Due to inclusive policies, many communities were added to the Presidential Scheduled List through amendments since the adoption of the Constitution, bringing the total to over 1,000 Scheduled Castes and over 500 Scheduled Tribes by 2018.[41]

## Demographics

[edit]

### Historical population

[edit]

Historical Populations of Scheduled Communities[42] Census  | Scheduled Castes  | Scheduled Tribes

|
|

Percentage | Numbers | ±% | Percentage | Numbers | ±%
1881 | — | — | — | 2.6% | 6,420,000 | —
1891 | — | — | — | 3.3% | 9,110,000 | +41.9
1901 | — | — | — | 2.9% | 8,180,000 | −10.2
1911 | — | — | — | 3.2% | 9,590,000 | +17.2
1921 | 17.2% | 52,700,000 | — | 3.0% | 9,070,000 | −5.4
1931 | 14.9% | 50,200,000 | −4.7 | 2.5% | 7,620,000 | −16.0
1941 | 12.6% | 48,810,000 | −2.8 | 2.3% | 8,790,000 | +15.4
1951 | 14.4% | 51,340,000 | +5.2 | 5.3% | 19,110,000 | +117.4
1961 | 14.7% | 64,410,000 | +25.5 | 6.9% | 30,130,000 | +57.7
1971 | 14.6% | 80,000,000 | +24.2 | 6.9% | 38,010,000 | +26.2
1981 | 15.8% | 104,750,000 | +30.9 | 7.8% | 51,620,000 | +35.8
1991 | 16.5% | 138,220,000 | +32.0 | 8.1% | 67,750,000 | +31.2
2001 | 16.2% | 166,630,000 | +20.6 | 8.2% | 84,320,000 | +24.5
2011 | 16.6% | 201,370,000 | +20.8 | 8.6% | 104,540,000 | +24

### Current population

[edit]

See also: India tribal belt

Population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, by state, 2011 census[43][44] State and Union Territories | Total population
of the State and
Union Territories  | Scheduled Castes  | Scheduled Tribes

|
|
|

No. of
notified
communities[45]
(as of
Oct 2017) | Total
population | % of Total
Scheduled
Castes | % of State
and UT
population | No. of
notified
communities[45]
(as of
Dec 2017) | Total
population | % of Total
Scheduled
Tribes | % of State
and UT
population
Andhra Pradesh (incl. Telangana) | 84,580,777 | AP: 61
TG: 59 | 13,878,078 | 6.89 | 16.41 | AP: 34
TG: 32 | 5,918,073 | 5.66 | 7
Arunachal Pradesh | 1,383,727 | 0 | — | — | — | 16 | 951,821 | 0.91 | 68.79
Assam | 31,205,576 | 16 | 2,231,321 | 1.11 | 7.15 | 29 | 3,884,371 | 3.72 | 12.45
Bihar | 104,099,452 | 23 | 16,567,325 | 8.23 | 15.91 | 32 | 1,336,573 | 1.28 | 1.28
Chhattisgarh | 25,545,198 | 44 | 3,274,269 | 1.63 | 12.82 | 42 | 7,822,902 | 7.48 | 30.62
Goa | 1,458,545 | 5 | 25,449 | 0.01 | 1.74 | 8 | 149,275 | 0.14 | 10.23
Gujarat | 60,439,692 | 36 | 4,074,447 | 2.02 | 6.74 | 32 | 8,917,174 | 8.53 | 14.75
Haryana | 25,351,462 | 37 | 5,113,615 | 2.54 | 20.17 | 0 | — | — | —
Himachal Pradesh | 6,864,602 | 57 | 1,729,252 | 0.86 | 25.19 | 10 | 392,126 | 0.38 | 5.71
Jharkhand | 32,988,134 | 22 | 3,985,644 | 1.98 | 12.08 | 32 | 8,645,042 | 8.27 | 26.21
Karnataka | 61,095,297 | 101 | 10,474,992 | 5.2 | 17.15 | 50 | 4,248,987 | 4.06 | 6.95
Kerala | 33,406,061 | 69 | 3,039,573 | 1.51 | 9.1 | 43 | 484,839 | 0.46 | 1.45
Madhya Pradesh | 72,626,809 | 48 | 11,342,320 | 5.63 | 15.62 | 46 | 15,316,784 | 14.65 | 21.09
Maharashtra | 112,374,333 | 59 | 13,275,898 | 6.59 | 11.81 | 47 | 10,510,213 | 10.05 | 9.35
Manipur | 2,855,794 | 7 | 97,328 | 0.05 | 3.41 | 34 | 1,167,422 | 1.12 | 40.88
Meghalaya | 2,966,889 | 16 | 17,355 | 0.01 | 0.58 | 17 | 2,555,861 | 2.44 | 86.15
Mizoram | 1,097,206 | 16 | 1,218 | 0 | 0.11 | 15 | 1,036,115 | 0.99 | 94.43
Nagaland | 1,978,502 | 0 | — | — | — | 5 | 1,710,973 | 1.64 | 86.48
Odisha | 41,974,218 | 95 | 7,188,463 | 3.57 | 17.13 | 62 | 9,590,756 | 9.17 | 22.85
Punjab | 27,743,338 | 39 | 8,860,179 | 4.4 | 31.94 | 0 | — | — | —
Rajasthan | 68,548,437 | 59 | 12,221,593 | 6.07 | 17.83 | 12 | 9,238,534 | 8.84 | 13.48
Sikkim | 610,577 | 4 | 28,275 | 0.01 | 4.63 | 4 | 206,360 | 0.2 | 33.8
Tamil Nadu | 72,147,030 | 76 | 14,438,445 | 7.17 | 20.01 | 36 | 794,697 | 0.76 | 1.1
Tripura | 3,673,917 | 34 | 654,918 | 0.33 | 17.83 | 19 | 1,166,813 | 1.12 | 31.76
Uttar Pradesh | 199,812,341 | 66 | 41,357,608 | 20.54 | 20.7 | 15 | 1,134,273 | 1.08 | 0.57
Uttarakhand | 10,086,292 | 65 | 1,892,516 | 0.94 | 18.76 | 5 | 291,903 | 0.28 | 2.89
West Bengal | 91,276,115 | 60 | 21,463,270 | 10.66 | 23.51 | 40 | 5,296,953 | 5.07 | 5.8
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 380,581 | 0 | — | — | — | 6 | 28,530 | 0.03 | 7.5
Chandigarh | 1,055,450 | 36 | 199,086 | 0.1 | 18.86 | 0 | — | — | —
Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 343,709 | 4 | 6,186 | 0 | 1.8 | 7 | 178,564 | 0.17 | 51.95
Daman and Diu | 243,247 | 5 | 6,124 | 0 | 2.52 | 5 | 15,363 | 0.01 | 6.32
Jammu and Kashmir | 12,541,302 | 13 | 924,991 | 0.46 | 7.38 | 12 | 1,493,299 | 1.43 | 11.91
Lakshadweep | 64,473  | 0 | — | — | — | native pop. | 61,120 | 0.06 | 94.8
Delhi | 16,787,941 | 36 | 2,812,309 | 1.4 | 16.75 | 0 | — | — | —
Puducherry | 1,247,953 | 16 | 196,325 | 0.1 | 15.73 | 0 | — | — | —
India | 1,210,854,977 | 1,284* | 201,378,372 | 100 | 16.63 | 747* | 104,545,716 | 100 | 8.63

Note

* The census figures for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes represent selective demography, as the first clause of Articles 341 and 342 specifies that Schedule status is specific to a state or union territory (indicating nativeness of the region and the socio-economic disabilities arising therein), not to the whole country based on ethnicity or ancestry. For example, during the census operation, if a member of a notified community resides outside the state or union territory where the community isn't recognized as such, or if a member of Scheduled Castes follows religions other than Hinduism, Buddhism, or Sikhism, they are not counted as part of the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, but rather as part of the general population.[46][47][48]
* In the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, and the Union Territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep, no community is notified as Scheduled Castes; thus, there is no Scheduled Caste population.[49]
* In the states of Punjab and Haryana, and the Union Territories of Delhi, Chandigarh and Puducherry, no community is notified as Scheduled Tribes; thus, there is no Scheduled Tribe population.[49]

### Religion

[edit]

State wise religion of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, 2011 census[50] States and Union Territories | Scheduled Caste | Scheduled Tribe

|
|

Hindu | Sikh | Buddhist | Hindu | Muslim | Christian | Sikh | Buddhist | Jain | Others | Religion not stated
Andhra Pradesh (incl. Telangana) | 13,848,473 | 2,053 | 27,552 | 5,808,126 | 28,586 | 57,280 | 890 | 608 | 644 | 810 | 21,129
Arunachal Pradesh | — | — | — | 97,629 | 3,567 | 389,507 | 245 | 96,391 | 441 | 358,663 | 5,378
Assam | 2,229,445 | 1,335 | 541 | 3,349,772 | 13,188 | 495,379 | 387 | 7,667 | 424 | 12,039 | 5,515
Bihar | 16,563,145 | 1,595 | 2,585 | 1,277,870 | 11,265 | 32,523 | 150 | 252 | 123 | 10,865 | 3,525
Chhattisgarh | 3,208,726 | 1,577 | 63,966 | 6,933,333 | 8,508 | 385,041 | 620 | 1,078 | 312 | 488,097 | 5,913
Goa | 25,265 | 7 | 177 | 99,789 | 531 | 48,783 | 20 | 62 | 18 | 12 | 60
Gujarat | 4,062,061 | 1,038 | 11,348 | 8,747,349 | 34,619 | 120,777 | 1,262 | 1,000 | 1,266 | 3,412 | 7,489
Haryana | 4,906,560 | 204,805 | 2,250 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
Himachal Pradesh | 1,709,634 | 15,939 | 3,679 | 307,914 | 37,208 | 275 | 294 | 45,998 | 54 | 23 | 360
Jharkhand | 3,983,629 | 669 | 1,346 | 3,245,856 | 18,107 | 1,338,175 | 984 | 2,946 | 381 | 4,012,622 | 25,971
Karnataka | 10,418,989 | 2,100 | 53,903 | 4,171,265 | 44,599 | 12,811 | 802 | 472 | 1,152 | 665 | 17,221
Kerala | 3,039,057 | 291 | 225 | 431,155 | 18,320 | 32,844 | 42 | 44 | 18 | 376 | 2,040
Madhya Pradesh | 11,140,007 | 2,887 | 199,426 | 14,589,855 | 33,305 | 88,548 | 1,443 | 1,796 | 852 | 584,338 | 16,647
Maharashtra | 8,060,130 | 11,484 | 5,204,284 | 10,218,315 | 112,753 | 20,335 | 2,145 | 20,798 | 1,936 | 93,646 | 40,285
Manipur | 97,238 | 39 | 51 | 8,784 | 4,296 | 1,137,318 | 209 | 2,326 | 288 | 11,174 | 3,027
Meghalaya | 16,718 | 528 | 109 | 122,141 | 10,012 | 2,157,887 | 301 | 6,886 | 254 | 251,612 | 6,768
Mizoram | 1,102 | 9 | 107 | 5,920 | 4,209 | 933,302 | 62 | 91,054 | 343 | 751 | 474
Nagaland | — | — | — | 15,035 | 5,462 | 1,680,424 | 175 | 4,901 | 500 | 3,096 | 1,380
Odisha | 7,186,698 | 825 | 940 | 8,271,054 | 15,335 | 816,981 | 1,019 | 1,959 | 448 | 470,267 | 13,693
Punjab | 3,442,305 | 5,390,484 | 27,390 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
Rajasthan | 11,999,984 | 214,837 | 6,772 | 9,190,789 | 13,340 | 25,375 | 663 | 445 | 622 | 1,376 | 5,924
Sikkim | 28,016 | 15 | 244 | 40,340 | 369 | 16,899 | 72 | 1,36,041 | 125 | 12,306 | 208
Tamil Nadu | 14,435,679 | 1,681 | 1,085 | 783,942 | 2,284 | 7,222 | 84 | 50 | 45 | 55 | 1,015
Tripura | 654,745 | 69 | 104 | 888,790 | 2,223 | 153,061 | 250 | 1,19,894 | 318 | 768 | 1,509
Uttar Pradesh | 41,192,566 | 27,775 | 137,267 | 1,099,924 | 21,735 | 1,011 | 264 | 353 | 410 | 2,404 | 8,172
Uttarakhand | 1,883,611 | 7,989 | 916 | 287,809 | 1,847 | 437 | 364 | 1,142 | 7 | 9 | 288
West Bengal | 21,454,358 | 3,705 | 5,207 | 3,914,473 | 30,407 | 343,893 | 1,003 | 220,963 | 876 | 774,450 | 10,888
Andaman and Nicobar Islands | — | — | — | 156 | 1,026 | 26,512 | 0 | 85 | 0 | 344 | 407
Chandigarh | 176,283 | 22,659 | 144 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 6,047 | 0 | 139 | 175,305 | 242 | 2,658 | 15 | 12 | 4 | 54 | 274
Daman and Diu | 6082 | 1 | 41 | 15,207 | 125 | 16 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 13
Jammu and Kashmir | 913,507 | 11,301 | 183 | 67,384 | 1,320,408 | 1,775 | 665 | 100,803 | 137 | 1,170 | 957
Lakshadweep | — | — | — | 44 | 61,037 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 4 | 16
Delhi | 2,780,811 | 25,934 | 5,564 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
Puducherry | 196,261 | 33 | 31 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | —
India
(%) | 189,667,132
(94.18%) | 5,953,664
(2.96%) | 5,757,576
(2.86%) | 84,165,325
(80.51%) | 1,858,913
(1.78%) | 10,327,052
(9.88%) | 14,434
(0.01%) | 866,029
(0.83%) | 12,009
(0.01%) | 7,095,408
(6.79%) | 206,546
(0.2%)

Note

* The census figures for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes represent selective demography, as the first clause of Articles 341 and 342 specifies that Schedule status is specific to a state or union territory (indicating nativeness of the region and the socio-economic disabilities arising therein), not to the whole country based on ethnicity or ancestry. For example, during the census operation, if a member of a notified community resides outside the state or union territory where the community isn't recognized as such, or if a member of Scheduled Castes follows religions other than Hinduism, Buddhism, or Sikhism, they are not counted as part of the Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes, but rather as part of the general population.[46][47][48]
* In the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland, and the Union Territories of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep, no community is notified as Scheduled Castes; thus, there is no Scheduled Caste population.[49]
* In the states of Punjab and Haryana, and the Union Territories of Delhi, Chandigarh and Puducherry, no community is notified as Scheduled Tribes; thus, there is no Scheduled Tribe population.[49]

## Provisions

[edit]

Part of a series on

Discrimination

Forms

* Institutional
* Reverse
* Structural
* Statistical
* Systemic
* Taste-based

Attributes

* Age
* Caste
* Class
* Disability
* Economic
* Genetic
* Hair texture
* Height
* Language
* Dialect
* Looks
* Mental disorder
* Nationality or citizenship
* Race / Ethnicity
* Reverse
* Skin color
* Scientific racism
* Rank
* Sex
* Reverse
* Sexual orientation
* Species
* Size
* Viewpoint

Social

* Arophobia
* Anti-albinism
* Acephobia
* Adultism
* Anti-altruistic
* Anti-autism
* Anti-homelessness
* Anti-drug addicts
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-intersex
* Anti-left handedness
* Anti-Masonry
* Aporophobia
* Audism
* Biphobia
* Fear of children
* Clannism
* Elitism
* Ephebiphobia
* Health
* mental
* in poverty
* Fatphobia
* Gayphobia
* Gerontophobia
* Heterosexism
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* Hypergamy
* Homophobia
* In-group
* Leprosy stigma
* Lesbophobia
* Against men
* Misandry
* Misogyny
* Misogynoir
* Nepotism
* Outgroup
* Perpetual foreigner
* Pregnancy
* Sectarianism
* Supremacism
* Aryanism
* Black
* Hutu
* Chauvinism
* Han
* Female
* Human
* Nordicism
* Male
* Ultranationalism
* White
* Transphobia
* Non-binary
* Transmisogyny
* Trans men
* Vegaphobia
* Xenophobia

Religious

* Religious exemption
* Persecution of non-believers
* Atheism
* Blasphemy law
* Religious censorship
* In Islam
* Apostasy
* Religious police
* Jizya
* Religious persecution
* In China
* Exclusivism
* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Persecution
* Catholicism
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Coptic Christianity
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* LDS or Mormon
* Protestantism
* Tewahedo Orthodoxy
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Ahmadiyya
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Sunnism
* minority Muslim
* Judaism
* Persecution
* Neopaganism
* Rastafari
* Serers
* Sikhism
* Yazidism
* Zoroastrianism

Race or ethnicity

* Afghan
* Pashtun
* Hazara
* African
* Fulani
* Igbo
* Serers
* Albanian
* Arab
* Armenian
* Asian
* France
* South Africa
* United States
* Assyrian
* Australian
* Austrian
* Azerbaijani
* Black people
* African Americans
* China
* South Africa
* Bengali
* Catalan
* Chechen
* Chinese
* Han people
* Colombian
* Croat
* Dutch
* English
* Estonian
* Filipino
* French
* Finnish
* Georgian
* German
* Greek
* Haitian
* Hazara
* Hungarian
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Indigenous people
* Australia
* Canada
* United States
* Iranian
* Irish
* Italian
* Japanese
* Jewish
* Eliminationist
* New
* Religious
* Anti-Yiddish
* Zionist
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Lithuanian
* Malay
* Māori
* Mexican
* Middle Eastern
* Mongolian
* Montenegrin
* Nigerian
* Pakistani
* Palestinians
* Pashtun
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Quebec
* Romani
* Romanian
* Russian
* Scottish
* Serb
* Slavic
* Somali
* Spanish
* Taiwanese
* Tatar
* Thai
* Tibetan
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* White people

Manifestations

* Algorithmic bias
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
* Blood libel
* Bullying
* Cancel culture
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Carnism
* Cognitive
* Compulsory sterilization
* Corrective rape
* Counter-jihad
* Cultural genocide
* Defamation
* Democide
* Dog whistle
* Domicide
* Economic
* Education
* Academic
* In curricula
* Sexism
* Eliminationism
* Eliminationist antisemitism
* Employment
* Enemy of the people
* Environmental racism
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnocide
* Excellence
* Gender-based dress codes
* Cosmetics policy
* High heel policy
* Forced conversion
* Freak show
* Funding
* Gay bashing
* Gendercide
* Transgender genocide
* Genital modification and mutilation
* Circumcision
* Female genital mutilation
* Intersex medical interventions
* Genocide
* examples
* Glass ceiling
* Hate crime
* Disability hate crime
* Violence against LGBTQ people
* Violence against transgender people
* Hate group
* Hate speech
* Institutional
* Abuse
* Discrimination
* Racism
* Homeless dumping
* Housing
* Hypergamy
* Age disparity
* Indian rolling
* International inequality
* Kill Haole Day
* Lavender scare
* LGBTQ+
* grooming conspiracy theory
* Linguicide
* Lynching
* Media
* Minority stress
* Moral exclusion
* Mortgage
* Murder music
* Native American mascots
* Braves
* Blackhawks
* Chiefs
* Occupational
* Apartheid
* Inequality
* Injustice
* Segregation
* Opposition to immigration
* Paper genocide
* Persecution
* Pogrom
* Political
* Political repression
* Ideological repression
* Purge
* Racialization
* Religious persecution
* Religious terrorism
* Religious violence
* Religious war
* Scapegoating
* Selective enforcement
* Selective prosecution
* Sentencing disparity
* Sexual harassment
* Sex-selective abortion
* Slut-shaming
* Structural abuse
* Structural discrimination
* Structural evil
* Structural inequality
* Structural violence
* Suicide
* Untermensch
* Trans bashing
* Victimisation
* Violence against women
* White flight
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Wife selling
* Witch hunt

Policies

* Algorithmic wage discrimination
* Age of candidacy
* Apartheid
* in South Africa
* in Israel
* Blood purity
* Blood quantum
* Breadwinner model
* Conscription and sexism
* Disabilities
* Catholic
* Jewish
* Disparate impact
* Fagging
* Gender pay gap
* Gender roles
* Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act
* Gerontocracy
* Gerrymandering
* Ghetto benches
* Internment
* Jewish quota
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* MSM blood donation restrictions
* No kid zone
* Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
* One-drop rule
* Racial quota
* Racial steering
* Redlining
* Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
* Segregation
* age
* racial
* Jim Crow laws
* Nuremberg Laws
* Segregation academy
* religious
* sexual
* in Islam
* Social exclusion
* Sodomy law
* State atheism
* State religion
* Ugly law
* Voter suppression
* White Australia policy

Countermeasures

* Affirmative action
* Anti-discrimination law
* Anti-racism
* Audit study
* Autism rights movement
* Blind audition
* Constitutional colorblindness
* Cross-sex friendship
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural pluralism
* Diversity, equity, and inclusion
* Diversity training
* Empowerment
* Fat acceptance movement
* Feminism
* Fighting Discrimination
* Golden Rule
* Hate speech laws by country
* Human rights
* Intersex human rights
* Korenizatsiia
* LGBTQ rights
* Music in the movement against apartheid
* Nonviolence
* Racial integration
* Reappropriation
* Rock Against Sexism
* Self-determination
* Social integration
* Toleration
* Transgender rights movement
* Universal suffrage
* Women's rights

Related topics

* Allophilia
* Alterity
* Amatonormativity
* Bias
* Cisnormativity
* Civil liberties
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* Dehumanization
* Diseases of despair
* Diversity
* Multiculturalism
* Neurodiversity
* Ethnic penalty
* Figleaf
* Gender-blind
* Heteronormativity
* Historical eugenics
* Internalized oppression
* Intersectionality
* Mad pride
* Masculism
* Medical model of disability
* autism
* Oikophobia
* Oppression
* Police brutality
* Respect
* Polyculturalism
* Power distance
* Prejudice
* Prisoner abuse
* Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
* Racism by country
* Racial color blindness
* Religious intolerance
* Second-generation gender bias
* Snobbery
* Social equity
* Social exclusion
* Social identity threat
* Social model of disability
* Social privilege
* Christian
* male
* white
* Social stigma
* Speciesism
* Stereotype
* threat
* The talk

* v
* t
* e

To effectively implement the safeguards built into the Constitution and other legislation, the Constitution under Articles 338 and 338A provides for two constitutional commissions: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes,[51] and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.[52] The chairpersons of both commissions sit ex officio on the National Human Rights Commission.

The Constitution provides a three-pronged strategy[53] to improve the situation of SCs and STs:

* Protective arrangements: Such measures as are required to enforce equality, to provide punitive measures for transgressions, and to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequities. A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include the Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc. Despite legislation, social discrimination and atrocities against the backward castes continued to persist.[54]
* Affirmative action: Provide positive treatment in allotment of jobs and access to higher education as a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs and STs with mainstream society. Affirmative action is popularly known as reservation. Article 16 of the Constitution states "nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provisions for the reservation of appointments or posts in favor of any backward class of citizens, which, in the opinion of the state, is not adequately represented in the services under the State". The Supreme Court upheld the legality of affirmative action and the Mandal Commission (a report that recommended that affirmative action not only apply to the Untouchables but the other backward class as well). However, the reservations about affirmative action were only allotted in the public sector, not the private.[55]
* Development: Provide resources and benefits to bridge the socioeconomic gap between the SCs and STs and other communities. Legislation to improve the socioeconomic situation of SCs and STs because twenty-seven percent of SC and thirty-seven percent of ST households lived below the poverty line, compared to the mere eleven percent among other households. Additionally, the backward castes were poorer than other groups in Indian society, and they suffered from higher morbidity and mortality rates.[56]

### Implementation

[edit]

#### Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan

[edit]

The Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP) of 1979 mandated a planning process for the social, economic and educational development of Scheduled Castes and improvement in their working and living conditions. It was an umbrella strategy, ensuring the flow of targeted financial and physical benefits from the general sector of development to the Scheduled Castes.[57] It entailed a targeted flow of funds and associated benefits from the annual plan of states and Union Territories (UTs) in at least a proportion to the national SC population. Twenty-seven states and UTs with sizable SC populations are implementing the plan. Although the Scheduled Castes population according to the 2001 Census was 16.66 crores (16.23% of the total population), the allocations made through SCSP have been lower than the proportional population.[58] A strange factor has emerged of extremely lowered fertility of scheduled castes in Kerala, due to land reform, migrating (Kerala Gulf diaspora) and democratization of education.[59]

#### Tribal Sub-Plan

[edit]

Main article: Tribal Sub-Plan

## Issue in policy and implementation

[edit]

### Constitutional history

[edit]

In the original Constitution, Article 338 provided for a special officer (the Commissioner for SCs and STs) responsible for monitoring the implementation of constitutional and legislative safeguards for SCs and STs and reporting to the president. Seventeen regional offices of the Commissioner were established throughout the country.[citation needed]

There was an initiative to replace the Commissioner with a committee in the 48th Amendment to the Constitution, changing Article 338. While the amendment was being debated, the Ministry of Welfare established the first committee for SCs and STs (with the functions of the Commissioner) in August 1978. These functions were modified in September 1987 to include advising the government on broad policy issues and the development levels of SCs and STs. Now it is included in Article 342.[citation needed]

In 1990, Article 338 was amended for the National Commission for SCs and STs with the Constitution (Sixty fifth Amendment) Bill, 1990.[60] The first commission under the 65th Amendment was constituted in March 1992, replacing the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and the commission established by the Ministry of Welfare's Resolution of 1989. In 2003, the Constitution was again amended to divide the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two commissions: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

### Religious restriction

[edit]

The Scheduled Castes, as a constitutional category in India, emerged from the practice of untouchability in the caste system associated with Hinduism. Although the Constitution of India did not specify religious criteria, it was accepted by the Constituent Assembly that only adherents of Hinduism would be entitled to Scheduled Caste status.[61][62] Thus, the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order of 1950 specified as such, with the exception of certain communities in relation to Punjab, who could be either Hindu or Sikh. The 1956 amendment extended Scheduled Caste status to Dalit converts to Sikhism nationwide. In 1990, it was further extended to Buddhist converts, following the mass conversion led by B.R. Ambedkar to reject caste discrimination rooted in Hinduism. However, converts to Christianity, Islam, or other religions not specified in the order and subsequent amendments are not entitled to Scheduled Caste status and are not counted as such in census enumeration. According to the Sachar Committee analysis, Scheduled Castes (SCs) make up 19.7% of India's total population. These SCs constitute 89.5% of the Buddhist population, 30.7% of Sikhs, 22.2% of Hindus, 9% of Christians, 0.8% of Muslims, and 2.6% belong to other religious beliefs.[63] Similarly, according to the Pew Research survey, 89% of Buddhists identified as SCs, followed by 47% of Sikhs, 33% of Christians, 25% of Hindus, 4% of Muslims, 3% of Jains, and the remaining 25% of SCs identify as the general population. Overall, estimates of the SC population in India without religious bar vary, such as 25% in Religion 2020, 24% in Global Attitudes 2019, and 23% in Global Attitudes 2017 by the Pew Research Center. Other estimates include 22% by IHDS (2005), 19% by NES (2019), and 21% by NFHS (2015-2016), all of which are higher than the 16% and 17% recorded in the 2001 and 2011 Censuses of India, respectively.[48] The demand for extending Scheduled Caste status to adherents of religions other than Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism has been rejected by the Office of the Registrar General of India, which became the validating authority in 1999. Before that, state recommendations and the approval of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were considered for additions, deletions, or modifications to the Presidential Order through Parliament.[64][61] As a result, individuals converted to religions not specified by the constitutional order often either avoid disclosing their actual religious beliefs or assert their previous religious identity in official records to avail social security and welfare benefits (popularly known as the Reservation) provided by the government.[65][61] Although those converted SCs fall into the Other Backward Class category, which provides similar affirmative benefits except for political reservation.

### Area restriction

[edit]

The classification of communities as Scheduled Castes, initially formalized by the British in the early 20th century under the term 'Depressed Classes', was geographically specific, with communities identified at the district or provincial level based on localized patterns of social disadvantage. After independence, this area-based framework was largely retained, as socio-economic disabilities were seen as regionally rooted by social structure.[66][67]

In most states, the intra-state area restrictions are removed by the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act, 1976.[67] However, the inter-state area restrictions per Article 341(1) and 342(1) are defined by the Constitution. Accordingly, the lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are specific to each state and union territory.[68][69]

### Subclassification

[edit]

The notified Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were earlier regarded as homogeneous social groups for policy implementation, which resulted in disparities where some communities accessed a disproportionate share of affirmative benefits while more marginalized sections remained excluded from adequate representation. To address this, several state governments, notably Andhra Pradesh and Punjab, introduced sub-classification of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes for a more equitable distribution of affirmative measures. However, since the authority to maintain the list of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes rests with the central government, the Supreme Court struck down the sub-classification policy, emphasizing homogeneity in the context of the scheduling list.[70]

In 2024, a seven-judge bench of the Supreme Court upheld the constitutional validity of sub-classification, clarifying that while homogeneity applies to the Presidential Scheduled List, it does not restrict state's power vis-à-vis Article 15(4), Article 16(4), and other empowering provisions in policy implementation or the distribution of welfare benefits. The decision affirmed the state's power to adopt sub-classification or other policies for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to ensure an equitable distribution of affirmative action benefits.[71]

## See also

[edit]

* Constitution of India § Schedules
* Scheduled Areas
* Scheduled Languages
* List of Scheduled Castes in India
* List of Scheduled Tribes in India
* Particularly vulnerable tribal group
* Nomadic tribes in India
* Other Backward Classes
* Forward caste
* Inter-caste marriages in India
* Reservation in India
* Socio Economic Caste Census 2011

## Footnotes

[edit]

1. ^ The first Scheduled orders were enacted by two segments, viz, 1950 order and 1951 order, enlisting 821 castes and 296 tribes in the Presidential Scheduled list. The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, listed 607 castes and 241 tribes, respectively.[37][38] Similarly, The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) (Part C States) Order, 1951, and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Part C States) Order, 1951, listed 214 castes and 55 tribes. The 1950 orders applied to 16 Part A and B states: Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh, Madras, Orissa, Punjab, West Bengal, Hyderabad, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin, while the 1951 orders addressed 10 Part C states: Ajmer, Bhopal, Coorg, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Manipur, Tripura, and Vindhya Pradesh.

## References

[edit]

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Constitution of India.

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## Further reading

[edit]

* Mandal, Mahitosh (2022). "Dalit Resistance during the Bengal Renaissance: Five Anti-Caste Thinkers from Colonial Bengal, India". Caste: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion. 3 (1): 11–30\. doi:10.26812/caste.v3i1.367. S2CID 249027627.
* Srivastava, Vinay Kumar; Chaudhary, K. (2009). "Anthropological Studies of Indian Tribes". In Atal, Yogesh singh chauhan (ed.). Sociology and Social Anthropology in India. Indian Council of Social Science Research/Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131720349.

## External links

[edit]

* Ministry of Tribal Affairs – official website
* 2001 Census of India – Tables on Individual Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (archived)
* Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce & Industry. Archived 30 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
* Administrative Atlas of India – 2011

* v
* t
* e

Caste in India

Caste and reservation|

* Caste
* Caste system in India
* Caste politics in India
* Caste-related violence in India
* Economically Weaker Section
* Vandalism of Ambedkar statues
* Anti-Brahminism
* Reservation in India
* Court Cases related to Reservation
* IIT reservation policy
* Reservation policy in Tamil Nadu
* Self-Respect Movement
* Dalit Buddhist movement
* B. R. Ambedkar
* Periyar

History|

* Communal Award
* Poona Pact
* Mandal Commission protests of 1990
* Namantar Andolan
* 2006 anti-reservation protests
* 1996 Bathani Tola Massacre
* 2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra
* 2008 Gurjar agitation
* Patidar agitation
* Jat agitation
* Maratha Kranti Morcha
* Bhima Koregaon protests
* April 2018 protests

Terms|

* Adivasi
* Dalit
* Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC and ST)
* Other Backward Classes (OBC)
* Forward classes
* Affirmative action
* Creamy layer
* Untouchability
* Jāti
* Gramanya

Commissions|

* Kalelkar Commission
* Mandal Commission
* National Commission for Backward Classes
* National Commission for Scheduled Castes
* National Commission for Scheduled Tribes

Laws|

* Atrocities Act

Organisations|

* Bahujan Samaj Party
* Dalit Panther
* Justice Party
* Ranvir Sena
* Republican Party of India
* Karni Sena

Lists|

* Scheduled Castes
* Scheduled Tribes
* Other Backward Classes
* Including Muslim OBC

Caste Census and Surveys|

* 2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census
* 2022 Bihar caste-based survey

* v
* t
* e

Discrimination

Forms|

* Institutional
* Reverse
* Structural
* Statistical
* Systemic
* Taste-based

Attributes|

* Age
* Caste
* Class
* Disability
* Economic
* Genetic
* Hair texture
* Height
* Language
* Dialect
* Looks
* Mental disorder
* Nationality or citizenship
* Race / Ethnicity
* Reverse
* Skin color
* Scientific racism
* Rank
* Sex
* Reverse
* Sexual orientation
* Species
* Size
* Viewpoint

Social|

* Arophobia
* Anti-albinism
* Acephobia
* Adultism
* Anti-altruistic
* Anti-autism
* Anti-homelessness
* Anti-drug addicts
* Anti-intellectualism
* Anti-intersex
* Anti-left handedness
* Anti-Masonry
* Aporophobia
* Audism
* Biphobia
* Fear of children
* Clannism
* Elitism
* Ephebiphobia
* Health
* mental
* in poverty
* Fatphobia
* Gayphobia
* Gerontophobia
* Heterosexism
* HIV/AIDS stigma
* Hypergamy
* Homophobia
* In-group
* Leprosy stigma
* Lesbophobia
* Against men
* Misandry
* Misogyny
* Misogynoir
* Nepotism
* Outgroup
* Perpetual foreigner
* Pregnancy
* Sectarianism
* Supremacism
* Aryanism
* Black
* Hutu
* Chauvinism
* Han
* Female
* Human
* Nordicism
* Male
* Ultranationalism
* White
* Transphobia
* Non-binary
* Transmisogyny
* Trans men
* Vegaphobia
* Xenophobia

Religious|

* Religious exemption
* Persecution of non-believers
* Atheism
* Blasphemy law
* Religious censorship
* In Islam
* Apostasy
* Religious police
* Jizya
* Religious persecution
* In China
* Exclusivism
* Baháʼí Faith
* Buddhism
* Christianity
* Persecution
* Catholicism
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Coptic Christianity
* Jehovah's Witnesses
* LDS or Mormon
* Protestantism
* Tewahedo Orthodoxy
* post–Cold War era
* Falun Gong
* Hinduism
* Persecution
* Untouchability
* Islam
* Persecution
* Ahmadiyya
* Shi'ism
* Sufism
* Sunnism
* minority Muslim
* Judaism
* Persecution
* Neopaganism
* Rastafari
* Serers
* Sikhism
* Yazidism
* Zoroastrianism

Race / Ethnicity|

* Afghan
* Pashtun
* Hazara
* African
* Fulani
* Igbo
* Serers
* Albanian
* Arab
* Armenian
* Asian
* France
* South Africa
* United States
* Assyrian
* Australian
* Austrian
* Azerbaijani
* Black people
* African Americans
* China
* South Africa
* Bengali
* Catalan
* Chechen
* Chinese
* Han people
* Colombian
* Croat
* Dutch
* English
* Estonian
* Filipino
* French
* Finnish
* Georgian
* German
* Greek
* Haitian
* Hazara
* Hungarian
* Indian
* Indonesian
* Indigenous people
* Australia
* Canada
* United States
* Iranian
* Irish
* Italian
* Japanese
* Jewish
* Eliminationist
* New
* Religious
* Anti-Yiddish
* Zionist
* Korean
* Kurdish
* Lithuanian
* Malay
* Māori
* Mexican
* Middle Eastern
* Mongolian
* Montenegrin
* Nigerian
* Pakistani
* Palestinians
* Pashtun
* Polish
* Portuguese
* Quebec
* Romani
* Romanian
* Russian
* Scottish
* Serb
* Slavic
* Somali
* Spanish
* Taiwanese
* Tatar
* Thai
* Tibetan
* Turkish
* Ukrainian
* Uyghur
* Venezuelan
* Vietnamese
* Welsh
* White people

Manifestations|

* Algorithmic bias
* Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
* SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
* Blood libel
* Bullying
* Cancel culture
* Capital punishment for homosexuality
* Carnism
* Cognitive
* Compulsory sterilization
* Corrective rape
* Counter-jihad
* Cultural genocide
* Defamation
* Democide
* Dog whistle
* Domicide
* Economic
* Education
* Academic
* In curricula
* Sexism
* Eliminationism
* Eliminationist antisemitism
* Employment
* Enemy of the people
* Environmental racism
* Ethnic cleansing
* Ethnic conflict
* Ethnic hatred
* Ethnic joke
* Ethnocide
* Excellence
* Gender-based dress codes
* Cosmetics policy
* High heel policy
* Forced conversion
* Freak show
* Funding
* Gay bashing
* Gendercide
* Transgender genocide
* Genital modification and mutilation
* Circumcision
* Female genital mutilation
* Intersex medical interventions
* Genocide
* examples
* Glass ceiling
* Hate crime
* Disability hate crime
* Violence against LGBTQ people
* Violence against transgender people
* Hate group
* Hate speech
* Institutional
* Abuse
* Discrimination
* Racism
* Homeless dumping
* Housing
* Hypergamy
* Age disparity
* Indian rolling
* International inequality
* Kill Haole Day
* Lavender scare
* LGBTQ+
* grooming conspiracy theory
* Linguicide
* Lynching
* Media
* Minority stress
* Moral exclusion
* Mortgage
* Murder music
* Native American mascots
* Braves
* Blackhawks
* Chiefs
* Occupational
* Apartheid
* Inequality
* Injustice
* Segregation
* Opposition to immigration
* Paper genocide
* Persecution
* Pogrom
* Political
* Political repression
* Ideological repression
* Purge
* Racialization
* Religious persecution
* Religious terrorism
* Religious violence
* Religious war
* Scapegoating
* Selective enforcement
* Selective prosecution
* Sentencing disparity
* Sexual harassment
* Sex-selective abortion
* Slut-shaming
* Structural abuse
* Structural discrimination
* Structural evil
* Structural inequality
* Structural violence
* Suicide
* Untermensch
* Trans bashing
* Victimisation
* Violence against women
* White flight
* White genocide conspiracy theory
* Wife selling
* Witch hunt

Discriminatory
policies|

* Algorithmic wage discrimination
* Age of candidacy
* Apartheid
* in South Africa
* in Israel
* Blood purity
* Blood quantum
* Breadwinner model
* Conscription and sexism
* Disabilities
* Catholic
* Jewish
* Disparate impact
* Fagging
* Gender pay gap
* Gender roles
* Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act
* Gerontocracy
* Gerrymandering
* Ghetto benches
* Internment
* Jewish quota
* Opposition to LGBTQ rights
* MSM blood donation restrictions
* No kid zone
* Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota)
* One-drop rule
* Racial quota
* Racial steering
* Redlining
* Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
* Segregation
* age
* racial
* Jim Crow laws
* Nuremberg Laws
* Segregation academy
* religious
* sexual
* in Islam
* Social exclusion
* Sodomy law
* State atheism
* State religion
* Ugly law
* Voter suppression
* White Australia policy

Countermeasures|

* Affirmative action
* Anti-discrimination law
* Anti-racism
* Audit study
* Autism rights movement
* Blind audition
* Constitutional colorblindness
* Cross-sex friendship
* Cultural assimilation
* Cultural pluralism
* Diversity, equity, and inclusion
* Diversity training
* Empowerment
* Fat acceptance movement
* Feminism
* Fighting Discrimination
* Golden Rule
* Hate speech laws by country
* Human rights
* Intersex human rights
* Korenizatsiia
* LGBTQ rights
* Music in the movement against apartheid
* Nonviolence
* Racial integration
* Reappropriation
* Rock Against Sexism
* Self-determination
* Social integration
* Toleration
* Transgender rights movement
* Universal suffrage
* Women's rights

Related topics|

* Allophilia
* Alterity
* Amatonormativity
* Bias
* Cisnormativity
* Civil liberties
* Criminalization of homosexuality
* Dehumanization
* Diseases of despair
* Diversity
* Multiculturalism
* Neurodiversity
* Ethnic penalty
* Figleaf
* Gender-blind
* Heteronormativity
* Historical eugenics
* Internalized oppression
* Intersectionality
* Mad pride
* Masculism
* Medical model of disability
* autism
* Oikophobia
* Oppression
* Police brutality
* Respect
* Polyculturalism
* Power distance
* Prejudice
* Prisoner abuse
* Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
* Racism by country
* Racial color blindness
* Religious intolerance
* Second-generation gender bias
* Snobbery
* Social equity
* Social exclusion
* Social identity threat
* Social model of disability
* Social privilege
* Christian
* male
* white
* Social stigma
* Speciesism
* Stereotype
* threat
* The talk

* Category
* Commons

* v
* t
* e

Social issues in India

Economy|

* Communications
* Famine
* Farmers' suicides
* Labour
* Land reforms
* Debt bondage
* National Pension System
* Poverty
* BPL
* Public distribution system
* Remittances
* Slums
* Clearance
* Standard of living
* Street vendors
* Transport
* Universal basic income
* Urbanisation
* Unemployment
* Widening income gap

Education|

* Literacy
* Ragging

Environment|

* Conservation
* Climate change
* Manual scavenging
* Natural disasters
* Water supply and sanitation
* Water disputes

Family|

* Cohabitation
* Domestic violence
* Dowry system
* Family planning
* Joint family
* Infertility
* Nuclear family
* Polyandry
* Polygyny

Children|

* Abortion
* Child labour
* Child marriage
* Child prostitution
* Child trafficking
* Female foeticide
* Female infanticide
* Street children

Women|

* Acid attack
* Bride burning
* Devadasi
* Dowry death
* Eve teasing
* Women's health
* Feminism
* Menstrual taboo
* Prostitution
* Rape
* Sati
* Sexism

Caste system|

* Caste politics
* Caste-related violence
* Dalit
* Reservation

Communalism|

* Proposed states and territories
* Ethnic relations
* Religious violence
* Secularism
* Separatist movements

Crime|

* Corruption
* Groom kidnapping
* Human trafficking
* Illegal housing
* Illegal immigration
* Illegal mining
* Organised crime
* Terrorism
* Vigilantism
* Cybercrime

Health|

* Diabetes
* Epidemics
* HIV/AIDS
* Leprosy
* Malnutrition
* Obesity
* Suicide
* Tuberculosis

Media|

* Censorship
* Internet
* Films about social issues
* Freedom of expression
* Social impact of Indian television drama
* Fake news

Other issues|

* Colourism
* Feudalism
* Gambling
* Sexuality
* LGBT
* Homosexuality
* Hijra
* Human rights
* Prohibition
* Superstitions
* Disability
* Police brutality

Authority control databases

National|

* United States
* Israel

Other|

* Yale LUX

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