Scottish Qualifications Authority

Public body responsible for accrediting educational awards in Scotland

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Scottish Qualifications Authority
Ùghdarras Theisteanas na h-Alba

The logo of the Scottish Qualifications Authority

The coat of arms of the Scottish Qualifications Authority, used on certificates

Abbreviation| SQA
Established| 1 April 1997; 28 years ago (1997-04-01)
Merger of| Scottish Examination Board and Scottish Vocational Education Council
Purpose| Educational
Headquarters| Glasgow / Dalkeith
Location|

* Scotland

Services| Exams and Assignments for all Scottish schools

Official language

| English

Chair

| Shirley Rogers
Budget| £85 million
Staff| 1125
Website| www.sqa.org.uk

The Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA; Gaelic: Ùghdarras Theisteanas na h-Alba[1]) is the executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government responsible for accrediting educational awards. It is partly funded by the Education, Communities and Justice Directorates of the Scottish Government, and employs approximately 750 staff based in Glasgow and Dalkeith.[2]

SQA is best known for the delivery of the annual diet of public examinations within Scotland for school pupils. SQA Higher examinations are the general acceptable level for entry to university, with Scottish universities usually requesting a minimum of 3 Highers, all above C level. However, a greater number of candidates of all ages participate in SQA specialist, vocational and higher education qualifications. SQA is accredited by the UK government to offer educational qualifications.[3]

On 21 June 2021, it was announced that the SQA would be replaced following a review by the OECD.[4] Despite such announcements, the SQA continues to function for the academic year 2024-25 before being replaced sometime in autumn 2025 in time for the next exam year.[5][6][7]

## History

[edit]

The SQA's functions and responsibilities are laid out in the Education (Scotland) Act 1996 as amended by the Scottish Qualifications Authority Act 2002. Until their merger, the two major Scottish examination authorities were the Scottish Examination Board (SEB) and the Scottish Vocational Education Council (SCOTVEC). The former issued the school-level examinations, then called Standard Grade, Higher Grade and Certificate of Sixth Year Studies (CSYS). A legacy of its two precursor bodies, the Authority's offices remain split over two sites, one in Glasgow and one in Dalkeith.

Under a major reform of Scottish exams (the National Qualifications or "Higher Still" reforms), the CSYS was replaced with a broadly equivalent qualification called Advanced Higher. Some curriculum changes were also made to the Higher grade at this time. The introduction of the reformed examinations system was criticised in the press and by the government after a series of administrative and computer errors led to several thousand incorrect Higher and Intermediate certificates being sent out. The crisis took several months to resolve, and several management figures, including the Chief Executive Ron Tuck, resigned or were fired.

## Scottish Candidate Number

[edit]

The Scottish Candidate Number (SCN) (formerly SCOTVEC number) is allocated to pupils at school and in further-education colleges who undertake Scottish Qualifications Authority (formerly SCOTVEC or Scottish Examination Board) courses.[8]

## Qualification types

[edit]

SQA has a statutory responsibility to provide public examinations for Scottish state schools, though these are also used more widely. It has a statutory responsibility to accredit (formally, scrutinise them and confirm that they conform to agreed UK criteria) vocational qualifications. None of its qualifications, still less its vocational qualifications, is protected by statute, but the Authority has a largely dominant position within all sectors of qualifications within Scotland. SQA awards are also exported to a number of countries including China, Africa, the Middle East, Russia and former Soviet republics and other countries.[citation needed] SQA also provides the licensing certification for many merchant navies throughout the world.[citation needed]

### National Qualifications

[edit]

A National Qualification (NQ) takes the form of National Courses.

Standard Grades were in existence before the Higher Still reforms. There were three Standard Grade Levels: Foundation, General and Credit. They were normally set at age 14–15 (sometimes at age 16 for students whose birthdays are before May), usually when attending High School.

National Courses were introduced with the "Higher Still" reforms. There are seven National Courses: National 1, National 2, National 3, National 4, National 5, Higher, Advanced Higher. National Courses can be taken in a wide range of subjects, from the purely academic, such as English and Mathematics—to the purely vocational, such as Accounting and Mental Health Care. A Course Assessment is normally taken at the end of a one-year course in the early summer.

In addition to traditional National Qualification Courses, a new suite of "pre-vocational" courses entitled "Skills for Work" was rolled out. Primarily available at Intermediate 1 and Intermediate 2 levels, these prevocational courses, aim to give students an awareness of the workplace environment, the skills required for entry to an industry as well as generic employment skills. Each of these Courses is awarded on the Scottish Qualifications Certificate.

#### Reorganisation of National Qualifications

[edit]

National Qualifications were redesigned as follows in 2013:[9]

Previous qualification  | New qualification

|

Access 1 | National 1
Access 2 | National 2
Standard Grade (Foundation level)
Access 3 | National 3
Standard Grade (General level)
Intermediate 1 | National 4
Standard Grade (Credit level)
Intermediate 2 | National 5
Higher | Higher
| Advanced Higher

According to the SQA, the new qualifications have "more focus on skills development compared to the existing qualifications ... There is also a greater emphasis on 'deeper learning' by helping learners to think for themselves; to apply and interpret the knowledge and understanding they have developed and to demonstrate the skills they have learned."[10]

National 1-4 are assessed internally by the student's own institution, subject to regulation by the SQA. National 5 courses and above have internal assessments, followed by an externally marked exam.[10]

#### National Assessment Bank

[edit]

With the introduction of Highers, Intermediate 1 and Intermediate 2 courses, the SQA also introduced a National Assessment Bank of short examinations for each subject. These were more commonly known as NABs or unit assessments, and contained questions from specific academic units at a basic level. Each candidate had to pass a certain number of NABs (usually three) before they could be presented for the final examination.

#### Release of results

[edit]

John Swinney with students on SQA results day, 2019

Students for National Qualifications receive their results on, generally, the first Tuesday in August. Students signed up for the authority's MySQA system are able to check their record online throughout the year and get their exam results by text and/or email on the day that the results are issued. Those signed up to the service received their results one day earlier than the official postal results. This also occurred in subsequent years, however only due to a mistake by the company holding the results. In another incident, the SQA itself sent the results out on the right day, but Robert Gordon University's business school leaked whether students had been let in,[11] and a technical error with St Andrew's University's website also leaked the results of applicants.[12]

Due to the high volume of exam marking with the Scottish examination boards and those across the rest of the UK, where it is thought that exam marking inaccuracies may occur, there are each year a vast number of students requesting for an exam "re-mark". After the SQA introduced fees, requests for exam remarking fell by 55,000 students—a decline of 77%.[13]

In order to fight (supposed) grade inflation within the Scottish education sector, SQA has introduced academically and cognitively more rigorous examination standards and stricter marking; this resulted in strong criticism towards the SQA exam board and in decreases of exam pass rates of up to 15%.[14]

### National units and programmes

[edit]

There are the many qualifications often imperfectly referred to as vocational, though these are frequently stepping-stones for students at Scottish Colleges of Further Education to pursue one- or two- year programmes tailored from a wide-ranging catalogue of National Units. The actual programme may be very rigidly prescribed by employers or be entirely freely chosen by the student to meet particular needs. The prescribed programmes may be recognised by a National Certificate or a Scottish Progression Award.

### SVQs and modern apprenticeships

[edit]

Scottish Vocational Qualifications (SVQ) are an award for vocational education and training awarded by the SQA or other approved awarding bodies in conjunction with industry bodies. Scottish National Qualifications and Scottish Progression Awards are often important in a Modern Apprenticeship scheme along with SVQs. SVQs are developed by United Kingdom employers in tandem with National Vocational Qualifications (NVQ) for England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

SVQ are assessed in the workplace (or closely regulated training workshops) by employers, training providers or colleges approved and monitored by the SQA (or other awarding bodies) accredited by its independent Accreditation Unit.

### Higher National Certificates and Diplomas

[edit]

Qualifications aimed at students in their first two years of Higher Education include HNCs (Higher National Certificates)—taken as a one-year full-time course or as a two-year part-time course—and HNDs (Higher National Diplomas). These qualifications are extremely popular in colleges, workplaces and community education centres in Scotland, the rest of the UK and throughout the world.[15]

### Students with disabilities

[edit]

These include specific qualifications for those with severe to moderate difficulties (Access), the right to aid in completing assessments (for example, a scribe) and the right to challenge any unfair or artificial barrier in the rules for any qualification.

### English as a second language

[edit]

There is a suite of National Units addressing the needs of economic migrants, asylum seekers and (the biggest group) those seeking to master English before returning to their own countries. It has also developed qualifications for those seeking to teach English to refugees.

## Partnerships

[edit]

SQA is one of the four partner national organisations involved in the Curriculum for Excellence. It works with partners on all strands of the development. Its principal role is to contribute to work on qualifications and assessment. SQA's role in Curriculum for Excellence is to design and develop the new qualifications and assessment.

SQA has joined with Universities Scotland, QAA Scotland and the Scottish Government to create the Scottish Credit and Qualifications Framework or SCQF. Every Scottish qualification—from the Access level for those with learning difficulties to a Doctorate and including vocational as well as ESOL and BSL qualifications—is allocated a level and credit value within this framework, which all partners have agreed to recognise.

## Controversy

[edit]

### 2015 Higher Maths exam

[edit]

The Higher Maths exam sat by students in May 2015 was said to be far too difficult.[16] This evoked heated debates among students, teachers and educationalists; the corresponding grade boundaries for the respective exam were thus adjusted accordingly, with a pass mark as low as 34%.[17] The SQA later admitted that one of their Higher Maths exam papers had been unusually hard and unfit for purpose.[18]

### 2016 exams

[edit]

Several exams that were set from the SQA in 2016 were criticised by pupils, parents, teachers and MSPs.[citation needed]

#### National 5 Maths exam

[edit]

The National 5 Maths exam, sat on 12 May 2016, in particular Paper 1 (non-calculator), was also criticised by students after being considered much more difficult than previous years. A petition was created by students which was to be sent to the SQA demanding to know why the exam was exceedingly difficult, and it gained over 25,000 signatures.[19]

#### National 5 Computing Science exam

[edit]

Scottish Green MSP, Ross Greer criticised the SQA for mistakes in the National 5 Computing Science exam and called for an investigation into the exam, he defended teachers and students who thought that this was the worst exam ever set by the SQA.[20] The SQA later admitted that the exam had mistakes.[21]

### 2018 exams

[edit]

#### National 5 History exam

[edit]

The SQA faced criticism for the 2018 National 5 History exam as the wrong date was given for the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots.[22] While the SQA insist their mistake did not disadvantage any pupil, teachers disagreed, saying that the mistake meant that pupils second guessed their knowledge. The mistake was criticised by many including historian Tom Devine, who called the error "unacceptable".[23]

### 2019 exams

[edit]

Certain exams set by SQA in 2019 have received widespread criticism from pupils, parents, and teaching staff within schools and colleges.

#### National 5 and Higher Biology and Human Biology exams

[edit]

The National 5 and Higher Biology and Human Biology exams, which took place on 30 April 2019, received criticism from candidates on social media, and featured on national news. They claimed they bore no resemblance to previous papers, and relied too heavily on problem solving and mathematics skills as opposed to biology content. A petition was created by pupils, demanding that the pass mark be lowered. SQA defended the examinations, claiming that they were fair tests of the subject.[24]

### 2020 exams

[edit]

Due to the coronavirus pandemic, the SQA cancelled the 2020 exam diet.[25] This was the first time in SQA's history that all exams were cancelled. Grades were given based on results in preliminary examinations and predicted grades from teachers.

After pupils received their results on 4 August, it emerged that the SQA had moderated downwards 124,000 grades[26] from up to 75,000 pupils.[27] This received criticism from candidates, teachers and politicians in all political parties in Scotland.

The subsequent criticism was heavily featured on social media and national news.

On 11 August, it was subsequently announced during an emergency statement by the Scottish education secretary that the SQA would reverse all downgraded results, while leaving upwards moderated results in situ. The change's resulting unprecedented increase in year-on-year performance was said to be 'outweighed' by the concerns of those affected and the loss of faith in the system.[28]

### 2021 exams

[edit]

On 7 October 2020, due to the ongoing coronavirus pandemic, the SQA announced that the National 5 exams for 2021 were to be cancelled, but Highers and Advanced Highers would still go ahead.[29] However, on 8 December 2020, then Scottish Education Secretary John Swinney announced that the Highers and Advanced Highers would also be cancelled, meaning all SQA exams in 2021 would not go ahead, with grades for all levels being decided instead by teacher judgement.[30]

### 2022 exams

[edit]

After announcing in February 2022, that exams would be shifting to 'Scenario 2'.[31] On 7 March 2022, the SQA's guidance on the 2022 exams were leaked via Twitter. The content of the guidance was described as "woefully inadequate"[32] and in many cases provided no clarification for what to expect in an exam paper.[33][31]

### 2024 exams

[edit]

#### National 5 and Higher Engineering Science exams

[edit]

The Higher and National 5 Engineering Science exams in May 2024 were disrupted and faced criticism due to an error by the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA), which resulted in an incorrect edition of the data booklet being provided to candidates. Some examination centres were able to resolve this issue by distributing the correct data booklet.

Higher History exams

The higher history exam in May 2024 sparked an internal investigation after it was revealed "that teachers, including current exam marks, had accused the SQA of ‘moving the goalposts’ and subjecting students to an ‘unfair’ marking process for this year’s Higher History exam." There was a 25% reduced pass rate in the Higher History exams compared to 2023, however the SQA maintained their stance that “the marking standard in 2024 did not change and that the marking and grading processes worked as intended.” [34]

Blank emails on Results Day

On Results Day at 8am, candidates receiving their results by email got a blank email which didn’t contain their grades. This reportedly affected over 7,000 students who signed up to receive their grades by email. The SQA’s Chief Examiner Fiona Robertson apologised for the incident and it was remedied by 10am.[35]

### 2025 exams

[edit]

Changes to the exam timetable

Before the exam diet had even begun, concerns were raised about the 2025 exam timetable.[36] Many key exams were scheduled on the same day or in very close succession, prompting the SQA to revise the timetable. On Monday, 3 February 2025, the SQA announced changes to the exam schedule for National 5, Higher, and Advanced Higher qualifications, stating the decision was made after listening to feedback from learners, schools, and parents/carers.[37]

However, the revised timetable drew criticism, with some arguing that it was worse than the original.[38] Despite this, the SQA confirmed that the updated version would stand as the final timetable for the 2024/25 exam diet.

### 2025 data leak

[edit]

On March 8th 2025, a post was made to a prominent hacking forum that claimed to have obtained all SQA coursework and assignments from 2004 to present.[39] When asked to comment by the Daily Mail, the SQA confirmed that it is aware of credentials being misused to gain access to its website and is actively investigating.[40]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ SQA - About SQA Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Gaelic)
2. ^ "About the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA)". Scottish Qualifications Authority. Archived from the original on 11 September 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2014.
3. ^ "Ofqual External Verification - SQA". Archived from the original on 26 November 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
4. ^ "Scottish Qualifications Authority to be scrapped after OECD review". BBC News. 21 June 2021. Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
5. ^ "About SQA > Replacement of SQA". sqa.org.uk. Retrieved 13 February 2025.
6. ^ "Scottish education agencies to be replaced by 2024". BBC News. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
7. ^ "'Qualifications Scotland' and new education agency to replace SQA and Education Scotland". www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
8. ^ "Student 2018/19 - Scottish Candidate Number". HESA. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
9. ^ "National 2". Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
10. ^ a b "Frequently Asked Questions". Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
11. ^ "SQA condemns RGU exam error - SQA". Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
12. ^ "SQA - St Andrews University". Archived from the original on 5 August 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
13. ^ Denholm, Andrew (1 February 2015). ""Pushy parents" not fees to blame for exam appeals furore". Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
14. ^ "Exam pass rates dropped". 15 July 2016. Archived from the original on 4 August 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
15. ^ "Muscat College". www.muscatcollege.edu.om. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
16. ^ McIvor, Jamie (22 May 2015). "Tough questions over exam setting". BBC News. Archived from the original on 27 April 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
17. ^ Ali, Aftab (5 August 2015). "SQA Higher Maths exam 2015: Pass mark for the controversial Scottish paper 'considerably reduced' to 34%, SQA reveals". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
18. ^ McIvor, Jamie (4 August 2015). "'Too hard' Higher Maths exam pass mark dropped to 34%". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 April 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
19. ^ Milligan, Jamie (13 May 2016). "Thousands of pupils appeal "outrageous" maths exam". Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
20. ^ "Computing science exam paper full of errors". 6 June 2016. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
21. ^ Denholm, Andrew (16 June 2016). "SQA admits mistakes were made in computing science exam". Archived from the original on 25 June 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
22. ^ Wade, Mike (22 May 2018). "Exam board's fatal error over Mary Queen of Scots". The Times. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
23. ^ "Pupils 'upset' after exam board's blunder over Mary Queen of Scots". www.scotsman.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
24. ^ Shedden, Sam (2 May 2019). "SQA defends biology exam after thousands of Scots pupils say it is 'too hard'". Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2019.
25. ^ Scottish Qualifications Authority, Resource Management. "SQA - Coronavirus Update - Thursday 19 March". www.sqa.org.uk. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
26. ^ "Scotland's results 2020: How grades were worked out for Scottish pupils". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 1 August 2020.
27. ^ "New results certificates to be issued from 7 September". BBC News. 19 August 2020. Archived from the original on 6 October 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
28. ^ Carrell, Severin (11 August 2020). "Over 100,000 Scottish exam grades to be reinstated after row". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
29. ^ Brooks, Libby; Adams, Richard (7 October 2020). "Scotland's National 5 exams to be cancelled next year". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 11 December 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
30. ^ "Higher exams to be cancelled for Scottish pupils". BBC News. 8 December 2020. Archived from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
31. ^ a b "'Laughable': Teachers react to SQA exam revision support". STV News. 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
32. ^ "Exam revision support criticised as patronising". BBC News. 8 March 2022. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
33. ^ "SNP Education Secretary dragged into row over 'shambolic' SQA exam support". HeraldScotland. 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
34. ^ "SQA accused of 'whitewash' in Higher History marking review". The Herald. 6 November 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
35. ^ "Scotland exam results 2024: SQA chief apologises for blank results emails as pass rate falls". BBC News. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
36. ^ "SQA to review exam timetable amid backlash over scheduling clash". The Scotsman. 27 January 2025. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
37. ^ SQA. "SQA announces changes to exam timetable 2025". SQA. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
38. ^ "Teachers say exam schedule disadvantages language students". The Herald Scotland.
39. ^ "Scottish Qualifications Authority Allegedly Hit by Data Leak".
40. ^ "SQA investigates data breach after thousands of documents leaked online".

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[edit]

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