Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes

A battle in 1915 during the First World War on the Eastern front

Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes

Part of the Eastern Front during World War I

Eastern Front, February 7–18, 1915
| Date| 7-28 February 1915

|

Location|

East Prussia, German Empire (present-day Poland)

Result|  German victory
Russian XXth Army Corps is completely destroyed
Belligerents
German Empire|  Russian Empire
Commanders and leaders
Paul von Hindenburg
Erich Ludendorff
Max Hoffmann
Otto von Below
Hermann von Eichhorn
Georg von der Marwitz|  Nikolai Ruzsky
Thadeus von Sievers
Pavel Plehve
Units involved
8th Army
10th Army|  10th Army
12th Army
Strength
Total: 275,261 men[1]
400 machine guns
1082 guns|  126,000 total[2]
11.5 infantry and 2 cavalry divisions[3]
Casualties and losses
Official German medical reports:
Total 31,827[4]
(including 1,706 prisoners)
8th Army
3,497 KIA
1,588 MIA
11,163 WIA
10th Army
3,013 KIA
3,188 MIA
9,378 WIA
Lost:[5]
15 machine guns
6 guns|  Official Russian medical reports excluding prisioners:
56,000 total casualties[6][7][8]

* v
* t
* e

Eastern Front

1914

* Wierzbołów
* 1st East Prussia
* Stallupönen
* Orlau
* Kaushen
* Gross-Bresau
* Gumbinnen
* Tannenberg
* Abschwangen
* 1st Masurian Lakes
* East Prussia war crimes
* Galicia
* 1st Kraśnik
* Komarow
* Zolota Lypa
* Gnila Lipa
* Rawa
* Gorodek
* Halich-Lviv offensive
* Jarosławice [ru]
* Galicia war crimes
* Augustów
* 1st Osowiec
* 1st Vistula River
* Laski and Anielin
* San River
* Przemyśl
* Mołotków
* 2nd East Prussia
* Łódź
* Kraków
* Krzywopłoty
* Limanowa
* Łowczówek
* Bzura-Rawka
* Lupovsky Pass

1915

* Cârlibaba
* Carpathians
* Rafajlowa
* Kozevo offensive [ru]
* Makivka
* Humin-Bolimów
* 2nd Masurian Lakes
* 1st Przasnysz
* Łomża
* Memel
* Kalvarija
* 2nd Vistula River
* 2nd Osowiec
* 1st Courland
* 2nd Bolimów
* Pakosław
* Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
* Gorlice breakthrough
* Syniava
* Konary
* Rokitna
* Tarłów
* 3rd Osowiec
* Kraupishken
* Great Retreat
* Bug-Narew
* 2nd Przasnysz
* Narew
* Novogeorgievsk
* Vistula-Bug
* Jastków
* Riga-Schaulen
* 1st Riga
* Kovno
* Dniestr–Zolota Lypa
* Rasna
* Grubeshov
* Strypa offensive
* Prut
* Rovno
* Vilno
* Death Island [lv]
* Smorgon
* Zurnvo
* Plakanciema [lv]

1916

* Lake Naroch
* 1st Kekava
* Stolovichy
* Brusilov offensive
* Lutsk
* Mamornița
* Kostiuchnówka
* Kowel
* 2nd Kekava
* Baranovichi offensive
* Second Brusilov offensive
* Misa [fi]
* Schmarden [fi]
* Lysonia [uk]
* Romanian campaign
* Christmas Battles

1917

* February Revolution
* Kerensky offensive
* Zboriv
* July Days
* Tarnopol offensive [de]
* Krechowce
* Krevo
* Romanian campaign
* 2nd Riga
* Jugla [lv]
* Kornilov affair
* Albion
* October Revolution
* Zhmerynka

1918

* Battle of Galați
* Finland
* Bessarabia
* Battle of Bobruysk (1918)
* Rarańcza
* Faustschlag
* Keila [et]
* Pskov
* Battle of Berdychiv [uk]
* Battle for Kamianets-Podilskyi [uk]
* The Battle of Irpin [uk]
* Narva
* Bakhmach
* Lozova station [uk]
* Hrebinkivskaya [uk]
* Donbas [uk]
* Barvinkovo [uk]
* Battle for Izyum [uk]
* Rodakovo [ru]
* Gorlovka [ru]
* Battles for Horlivka (1918) [uk]
* Crimea
* Assault on Chongar Bridge [ru]
* Sivash
* Salt Lake
* Sevastopol
* Tatar Uprising [uk]
* Don Host
* Red landing (operation) [ru]
* Rostov-on-Don
* Hetman's coup
* Kaniów
* Dibrivka
* Romanian Campaign (1918)
* Anti-Hetman Uprising
* Motovilivka

Naval warfare

* Baltic Sea
* Black Sea

Peace treaties

* Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)
* Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
* Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
* 1918 Russia–Ukraine negotiations
* Treaty of Berlin

The Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes or Winter Battle of the Masurian Lakes, known in Germany as the Winter Battle in Masuria and in Russia as the Battle of Augustowo,[9] was the northern part of the Central Powers' offensive on the Eastern Front in the winter of 1915 during World War I. The offensive was intended to advance beyond the Vistula River and perhaps knock Russia out of the war. It was the last major battle fought on German soil during World War I.[9]

## Background

[edit]

The Central Powers planned four offensives on their Eastern Front in early 1915. The Germans, led by Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East Paul von Hindenburg, would attack eastward from their front line in western Poland, which had been occupied after the Battle of Łódź in 1914, toward the Vistula River and also in East Prussia in the vicinity of the Masurian Lakes (site of the 1914 Battle of the Masurian Lakes). The Austro-Hungarians would emerge from the Carpathian Mountain passes to attack the Russians by driving toward Lemberg. They would be led by General Alexander von Linsingen. Further south General Borojevic von Bojna would attempt to relieve the besieged fortress at Przemyśl.

According to Prit Buttar, "It was with considerable reluctance that Falkenhayn agreed to the deployment of four additional corps on the Eastern Front in early 1915. Whilst he remained convinced of the primacy of the Western Front, the failure to win a decisive victory there left him unable to counter the arguments of Hindenburg and Ludendorff...might be able to inflict a sufficiently heavy defeat upon Russia to end the conflict in the east." Ludendorff wrote, "It was agreed with OHL to use the four corps to strike against the enemy forces deployed against Eighth Army as soon as they arrived. The experiences of Tannenberg and the Battle of the Masurian Lakes had shown that a great and swift victory in battle could be achieved if the enemy were attacked from two sides." Ludendorff's target for the German attack was the Russian Tenth Army, with a northern thrust from Tilsit through Wladislawow to Kalvarija, and a southern thrust from the Spirding-See near Bialla to Raigrod and then to Augustowo. The Russians were to be held in position by a frontal attack, and if successful, Ludendorff planned further attacks on Osowiec and Grodno.[10]

The German northern thrust was to be made by the newly formed Tenth Army, under the command of Eichhorn, with the XXI Corps, XXXIX Reserve Corps, and XXXVIII Reserve Corps deployed from the Niemen River to Insterburg. Landwehr formations were held in reserve. The German southern thrust was to be made by Below's Eighth Army, with the XL Reserve Corps deployed west of Johannisburg, and the XX Corps at Ortelsburg. The Russian Tenth Army consisted of the III Corps opposite Eichhorn, and the III Siberian Corps opposite Below, while the XX Corps and XXVI Corps held the center.[10]

## Battle

[edit]

Winter fighting in Masuria: German infantry marching (illustration by M. Frost)

Chief of the German Great General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn strongly believed that the war would be won on the Western Front. Nonetheless, he sent four additional army corps to Paul von Hindenburg, Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East.[11] By February 1915, thirty-six percent of the German field army was in the east.[12]

German Ninth Army attacked from Silesia into Poland at the end of January; they released tear gas, which stopped their assault by blowing back on the attackers. The Russians counterattacked with eleven divisions under a single corps commander, losing 40,000 men in three days.[13] In East Prussia, further Russian incursions were blocked by trench lines extending between the Masurian Lakes; they were held by the German Eighth Army, commanded by General Otto von Below. The Eighth Army was reinforced by some of the newly arrived corps, while the rest of them became the German Tenth Army, commanded by Colonel-General Hermann von Eichhorn, which was formed on the German left. The Tenth Army was to be one wing of a pincers intended to surround their opponents: General Sievers' Russian Tenth Army. A new Russian Twelfth Army under General Pavel Plehve was assembling in Poland roughly 100 km (62 mi) to the southwest.[14]

Sievers warned the Northwest Front commander, General Nikolai Ruzsky, that they were likely to be attacked, but was ignored. On February 7, despite a heavy snowstorm, the left wing of Below's Eighth Army launched a surprise attack against Sievers, whose trenches were shallow, disconnected ditches, with little or no barbed wire because the first shipments had not arrived until December 1914.[15] The following day, the German Tenth Army also drove forward. Snow, with drifts as high as a man, slowed German progress down the roads for the first two days; off the roads, the ground was too boggy for fighting. Despite these formidable obstacles, the German pincers advanced 120 km (75 mi) in a week, inflicting severe casualties on the Russians.[16]

Kaiser Wilhelm II, Hindenburg and Ludendorff during Winter Battle of the Masurian Lakes

Sievers' ordered Evgeny Radkevich's III Siberian Corps to pull back to Lyck, where it would form a new defensive line with the XXVI Corps. Nikolai Epanchin's III Corps, which had already lost most of its equipment, withdrew to Kovno and Olita, where they no longer became a factor in the battle. Pavel Bulgakov's XX Corps now faced the German XXI Corps and XXXIX Reserve Corps on its northern flank. According to Buttar, "Whilst the German advance might have been aided by the snow trampled by the retreating Russians, it was only possible at all because of the food abandoned by the retreating Tenth Army; the movements of German supply columns were as restricted by the weather as everyone else." Heavy snow fell on 11 February as temperatures dropped to −15 °C (5 °F). On 12 February, Otto von Lauenstein's XXXIX Reserve Corps captured Eydtkuhnen and Wirballen. On 14 February, the German Tenth Army's XXI Corps, under the command of Fritz von Below, cut the road connecting Augustowo to Sejny. Lyck was also captured by the Germans on 14 February. The Russian XXVI, XX, and III Siberian Corps were now in danger of being encircled. However, on 15 February, the weather changed to rain, and a thaw, turning the roads into knee-deep mud. On 16 February, the Germans reached Augustowo, and Georg von der Marwitz's XXXVIII Corps captured Suwałki. Eichhorn's Tenth Army was now to the north of Augustowo, while Below's Eighth Army was to the west. Karl Litzmann's XL Reserve Corps were ordered over the Augustów Canal on 17 February, the III Siberian Corps abandoned their defensive positions, while Bulgakov's XX Corps, isolated, attempted to retreat to the east.

### Destruction of the XXth Army Corps

[edit]

For the commander of the huge XX Army Corps, which had five infantry divisions instead of two like other Russian corps,[17] P. Bulgakov, there was only one way out - to break through from the "encirclement" to the east, towards Grodno.

At the forefront of the huge corps column stretching out from Suwalki was the 27th Infantry Division. It was she who began the battle at Macharce on February 16. The ram attack of 16 Russian battalions hit three battalions of the German 65th brigade (97th infantry regiment) and two batteries of the 15th field artillery regiment and a pioneer company that had taken up positions. In a stubborn battle, the German batteries fired all the shells, the Russian infantry advanced their machine guns and fired at the covering soldiers. Before the retreat to Frącki (no more than 250 men remained), the artillerymen managed to remove locks and sights from 8 guns and drown them in a swamp. Two machine guns were also lost. The commander of the 65th brigade, Major General E. von Estorff, sent the remaining battalions of his brigade to Macharce. At the Gaienek Village, the Russian regiments, which continued to advance forward, dispersed one battalion and captured 2 more guns, but were stopped. The approaching regiments of the 29th Infantry Division were thrown into the battle from the Russian side, and the regiments of the 59th Infantry Brigade from the German side. Since at that time the 31st division of the Germans was successfully advancing through Sapotskin to Lipsk and Golynka, only the 42nd division was supposed to hold the passage to Grodno. After suffering heavy losses, Estorff withdrew the remnants of the brigade.[18]

It seemed that the breakthrough of Russian divisions on Grodno could no longer be stopped. But the German units showed a higher coherence of actions. Having learned about the battle from Macharce, the commander of the XXXIX reserve corps Otto von Lauenstein, without hesitation, sent the 78th Reserve Division there, which managed to approach the Frącki. The stubborn battle continued until the morning of February 17, when units of the 2nd Infantry Division made their way to Studzianki from the south and finally closed the encirclement around the Russian 27th, 28th, 29th, 53rd and parts of the 56th Infantry Divisions. At the same time, the German 9th Landwehr Brigade broke into Augustow, capturing 5,000 prisoners, 12 guns and 2 machine guns and a banner. Macharce was also repulsed, all the lost guns and machine guns were returned, and the prisoners taken by the Russians were released. The banner of the 138th Infantry Regiment buried in the snow was also found. In just two days, the Germans lost 11 officers and 381 soldiers killed at Macharce, 15 officers and 665 soldiers wounded, and two officers and 1,020 soldiers missing.[19]

German soldiers at Winter Battle in Masuria against Russian cavalry

The Supreme Commander of All German Forces in the East considered the task of the operation solved. On February 18, the Germans who surrounded the XX Corps began to eliminate it, the defense of the outer front of the encirclement was assigned to the R. Kosh group, reinforced by the Königsberg Landwehr, the 1st Cavalry Division and the 5th Guards Brigade. K. Litzman's group and the 4th Cavalry Division were transferred to the 10th Army to develop the offensive against the Bobr River and assist in the encirclement of Osowiec. The capture of the fortresses of the Narew line (Osowiec, Łomża, Różan) was entrusted to the 8th Army.[20]

However, part of the Russian troops south of Augustow managed to avoid encirclement. The Siberian Riflemen withdrew across the Bobr River and destroyed the bridges, stopping the pursuit in this way. The 64th and 84th Infantry Divisions of the XXVI Army Corps retreated “due to a telegram sent by the mentally ill Chief of Staff, General Budberg, that the troops should retreat to Osowiec” (from the testimony of Infantry General Aleksandr Gerngross). At Augustow, the corps suffered heavy losses, artillery parks, carts, divisional infirmaries, two light and mortar batteries were abandoned, but the infantry broke out of the already closing ring. This was also the merit of the fighters of the XX Army Corps, who chained three German divisions to themselves on the way to Grodno. But for the group of General Bulgakov, the path to salvation was closed, and the retreating neighboring corps were never sent by Thadeus von Sivers on a counteroffensive to break through the ring from the outside. The 31st German division occupied Lipsk on February 18, and Bartniki on February 19 with minimal losses (2 killed, 6 wounded, while 13 Russian officers and 1,285 soldiers were taken prisoner). On this day, the 80th reserve and 4th cavalry divisions started a battle on the Bobr River, closing at Kolnica with the 75th, 76th and 78th reserve divisions advancing from the north through Lipsk.[21]

On February 20, the German divisions continued to compress the encirclement. On the night of February 21, Bulgakov decided on a new breakthrough attempt, taking advantage of a snowstorm. The Russian columns stormed the hastily prepared German positions near Lipina and Wołkusze. At the beginning of the battle, the commander of the German 65th Infantry Brigade, Major General E. von Estorff, fell, then the commander of the 31st Field Artillery Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel R. Kollmann, died. The commander of the 131st Infantry Regiment, Colonel K. Fisher, was seriously wounded.

In a fierce battle, German batteries almost point-blank shot at waves of attackers. All Russian attacks were repulsed, after the capture of Kurianka by the 76th reserve division, the Russian group was divided into several pockets of resistance, 5,600 men, led by a general, surrendered. During February 22, the encircled units of the 27th, 28th, 29th and 53rd Infantry Divisions, the headquarters and administration of the XX Army Corps laid down their arms. 12 generals, 67,500 officers and soldiers, 295 guns and 170 machine guns were captured. During February 23-24, the remnants of the regiments that managed to seep through the German positions came to Grodno: a detachment of Major General E. Rossiysky from the 28th Infantry Division (which was previously attached to the group of General E. Radkevich), a combined detachment of the 105th Orenburg and 107th Trinity Regiment from the 27th Infantry Division, the remnants of the II Brigade of the 29th Infantry Division and the 20th Engineer Battalion - a total of 180 officers and 9,982 soldiers with 34 machine guns and 21 guns.[22]

## Casualties and losses

[edit]

Bread distribution to 15,000 Russian captives in Augustów Russian captives in front of a park of captured guns and machine guns in Sejny

The "Winter Battle in Masuria" ended with the expulsion of the Russian troops of the 10th Army from the borders of East Prussia, inflicting heavy losses on them and capturing parts of four infantry divisions. The German side notes the planned development of the operation, which was not disturbed by the actions of the Russian command. The main task was solved by the Germans. The encirclement of the Russian 10th Army in its entirety could hardly have taken place; the German armies in East Prussia did not have the strength for this. But more active actions on the Russian side could not only prevent the XX Army Corps from dying, but also turn the tide of battles. However, it was in this operation on the Russian side that the command, both at the level of the front and the army, and at the level of the corps, showed the worst qualities - lack of confidence in victory, contradictions and errors in assessing the situation, and stiffness in the initiative. These flaws cost the Russian soldiers dearly.[23]

Although there was no radical turning point in the course of the war as a result of the operation (such a task was not set), the German troops managed to finally defend East Prussia, completely liberate it from Russian troops and minimize, as it turned out later, the possibility of a new invasion of Germany. Russian troops captured 40 officers and 1,666 soldiers, captured 15 machine guns and 6 guns.[24]

However, the damage of the Russian troops was disproportionately greater. If on the German side from the commanding staff one general (brigade commander), one lieutenant colonel (regiment commander) died and a colonel (regiment commander) was wounded, then in the Russian 10th Army 1 general (brigade commander) and 7 colonel commanders of regiments were killed, 12 generals and 11 colonels were captured (from the corps commander to the regimental commanders), one regiment commander was wounded.[25]

The regiments of the Russian 27th, 28th, 29th, 53rd and 73rd infantry divisions lost 11 banners. In total, 80,500 men were captured, the 10th Army lost 136 machine guns and 323 guns, 3 aircraft were abandoned during the retreat, and one more was captured by the Germans. But the number of 100,000 Russian prisoners, repeatedly mentioned in the press (for the first time in the telegraph message of the German Supreme High Command on February 22), is not confirmed either by the reports of the headquarters of the German armies, or by the archival documents of the Russian side.[26]

Taking into account the available information about the number of prisoners, the death toll on the German side rises to 9,580 men (including 205 officers), on the Russian side it can reach 28,743 men, which indicates a high degree of fierce fighting. The largest share of the casualties of the Russian side falls on those who were captured, which also gives a total excess of the damage suffered in comparison with the Germans by almost 4 times.[27]

## Comparison of the reliability of Russian and German сasualties

[edit]

According to German official data, the сasualties of the German 8th and 10th armies in the Winter Battle in Masuria amounted to 3,135 killed, 3,897 missing and 19,483 wounded, for a total of 26,515 men.[28]

During the First World War in Germany, daily, starting from August 10, 1914 (except for Sundays and holidays), published personal lists of сasualties of units of the Prussian, Bavarian, Württemberg and Saxon armies (components of the all-German armed forces), naval forces, “security” (colonial) troops, lists of disabled people who returned from captivity. The War Ministry published these lists in a special publication “Official Leaflet” (Verordnungsblatt), which was published until 1920. The lists included the name of the unit or headquarters of the formation, the actual list of names by rank indicating command position, military rank, date and place of birth, company number , battery, squadron, platoon. In addition to the actual list of сasualties, clarifications were published for each unit (as a rule, the fate of the wounded and missing was indicated - died from wounds or returned to duty, was captured, killed or in the infirmary, or escaped from captivity (was released), corrections were made errors made both in names and in determining the category of сasualties) and additions (persons previously missed in the lists). Such clarifications and additions for the Bavarian, Saxon and Württemberg armies were accompanied by a reference to the list number that was being supplemented or corrected. There were no such references for the Prussian army. Among the wounded were those who remained in the ranks after being wounded. It is the most complete and accurate source for calculating the сasualties of the German army.[29]

A calculation by the Russian military historian S. Nelipovich based on German Verordnungsblatt gave the following figures for German сasualties for the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes: 31,827 KIA, MIA, WIA.[30]

Thus, German official сasualties generally stand up to independent scrutiny. The reliability of officially published figures of Russian сasualties is a completely different story.

For the first time, the headquarters of the Russian Supreme High Command requested information about the losses incurred in a separate operation. On February 26, the Quartermaster General of the Army Headquarters of the Northwestern Front, Major General M. Bonch-Bruevich, demanded from the 10th Army headquarters a detailed report on the сasualties suffered for a report to Headquarters. Such a certificate was prepared, but it did not include information about the сasualties of the most damaged XX Army Corps. According to the report of the duty general of the army staff A. Zhnov, the 10th Army in the Second Masurian Battle lost 2,578 killed (of which 32 officers), 6,205 wounded (150 officers), 26,435 missing (189 officers) and another 17,361 men (181 officer) without breakdown by category. After some clarifications, the front headquarters presented the following data to Headquarters: 70 officers and 4,226 lower ranks were killed, 338 officers and 16,889 lower ranks were wounded, 279 officers and 36,890 lower ranks were missing. After some time, the headquarters of the 10th Army estimated the damage of the XX Army Corps at 649 officers and 41,393 lower ranks, despite the fact that on the eve of the operation there were 1,117 officers and 62,299 lower ranks in the corps.[31]

Thus the official Russian casualty figure was less than 60,000 men. Numerous Russian sources give the figure of 56,000 as true Russian casualties and dispute German claims of Russian casualties of more than 100,000 men.[32]

An independent verification, namely a calculation based on archival data of сasualties of regiments and divisions of the Russian 10th Army, gives completely different loss figures: more than 135,000 men.[33]

## Outcome

[edit]

The Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes gave the Germans a toehold in Russia; however, the Russians blocked further advances. In the following weeks, the Germans drove the Russians out of their remaining small enclaves in East Prussia.[34]

According to Buttar, "For Hindenburg and Ludendorff, the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes – known in Germany as the Winter Battle of Masuria – was undoubtedly a victory, but it fell short of what had been intended. Much of Sievers' Tenth Army escaped the German attempts to create an encirclement to rival Tannenberg, albeit with substantial losses." Yuri Danilov, the Russian quartermaster general, stated, "This offensive by the German Eighth and Tenth Armies in February 1915 was definitely a great success for our enemies. Our Tenth Army was forced to withdraw from the territory of East Prussia, this time permanently. Once more, we suffered very severe losses of men and military material, in addition to which we suffered a substantial blow to our prestige in East Prussia for the third time. Our plan to secure this province in order to anchor our right flank and to advance on the lower Vistula was rendered impossible by the German tactical victory."[10]

## See also

[edit]

* First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
* Battle of Łomża
* First Battle of Przasnysz

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Bd. VII. p. 173, 177: Sanitaelsbericht ueber das Deutsche Heer(Feldheer und Besatzungsheer)im Weltkrieg 1914/1918. Bd. III.Tafel 11
2. ^ Редерн Г.Фон. Зимнии операции в районе Мазурских озер Пг.: Государственное Издательство, 1921. С.5 «The Germans had almost double numerical superiority on their side, 4 fresh corps were committed to decide the outcome of the battle»
3. ^ Oleynikov 2016, p. 99.
4. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 83-85, calculated in accordance: Armee-Verordnungsblaetter. Deutsche Verlustlisten. № 373-1297. 20.02.1915-06.12.1916. Berlin. 1915-1916
5. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 83
6. ^ Oleynikov 2016, p. 238.
7. ^ Хольмсен И. А. Мировая война. Наши операции на Восточно-Прусском фронте зимою 1915 г. Воспоминания и мысли. - Париж, 1935. C. 298.
8. ^ Miltatuli 2017, p. 89.
9. ^ a b Benninghof, p. 5.
10. ^ a b c Buttar, Prit (2017). Germany Ascendant, The Eastern Front 1915. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 78–117. ISBN 9781472819376.
11. ^ Hindenburg, Paul von (1921). Out of my life. London: F. A. Holt. pp. vol.I, 166–169.
12. ^ Van der Kloot, William (2010). World War I fact book. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley. p. 72.
13. ^ Stone, Norman (1998) [1971]. The Eastern Front 1914- 1917. London: Penguin. p. 112. ISBN 9780140267259.
14. ^ Stone 1998, pp. 116-119
15. ^ Gourko, General Basil (1918). Memories & Impressions of war and revolution in Russia, 1914-1917. London: John Murray. p. 72.
16. ^ Ludendorff, Erich (1919). Ludendorff's Own Story. New York: Harper and Brothers. pp. vol. I, 145–153.
17. ^ 27th, 28th, 29th, 53rd and parts of the 56th Infantry Divisions
18. ^ Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918. Bd. VII. p. 221-225
19. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 77
20. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 78
21. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 78
22. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 79
23. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 83
24. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 83
25. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 83
26. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 84
27. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 85
28. ^ Sanitaetsberichl ueber das Deutsche Heer (Deutsche Feld- und Besatzungsheer) Weltkriege 1914/18. Berlin, 1934. Bd. 111. p. 43-45
29. ^ Information on сasualties for 1915 is contained in the following releases: Verordnungsblaetter. Deutsche Verlustlisten Nr. 323 (15. Jaenner 1915) - Nr. 1297 (6.Dezember 1916). Berlin. 1915-1916.
30. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 85
31. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 84
32. ^ For example see: Олейников А. В., В. Бекман: «Летнее преследование 1915 года было для германских частей временем наиболее тяжёлых потерь за всю войну». Боевые потери русской, германской и австро-венгерской армий в кампании 1915 года на Русском театре Первой мировой войны. // Военно-исторический журнал. — 2011. — № 11. — p. 3
33. ^ С. Нелипович, 2022, p. 85
34. ^ Hindenburg, 1921, p.159

## Sources

[edit]

* Benninghof, Mike, Ph.D., Winter's Battle: An Infantry Attacks Campaign Study, Irondale, Alabama: Avalanche Press, 2023.
* Oleynikov, Alexei (2016). Россия-щит Антанты [Russia-Shield of Entente]. Foreword by Nikolai Starikov. St.Petersburg: Piter. ISBN 978-5-496-01795-4.
* Miltatuli, Pyotr (2017). Россия в эпоху царствование Николая II [Russia in the reign of Nicholas II] (in Russian). Vol. 2\. Moscow: Русский издательский центр имени святого Василия Великого. ISBN 978-5-4249-0057-7. OCLC 1038064891. `{{cite book}}`: Check `|isbn=` value: checksum (help)
* Tucker, Spencer C. The Great War: 1914–18 (1998)
* The Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes, 1915

54°00′00″N 22°00′00″E﻿ / ﻿54.0000°N 22.0000°E﻿ / 54.0000; 22.0000

* v
* t
* e

World War I

* Outline
* Military engagements
* Aftermath
* Economic history
* Geography
* Historiography
* Home fronts
* Memorials
* Opposition
* Popular culture
* Propaganda
* Puppet states
* Technology

Theatres|

| European|

* Balkans
* Serbia
* Western Front
* Eastern Front
* Romania
* Italian Front

|

Middle Eastern|

* Gallipoli
* Sinai and Palestine
* Caucasus
* Persia
* Mesopotamia
* Hejaz & Levant

African|

* South West
* East
* Kamerun
* Togoland
* North

Asian and Pacific|

* Tsingtao
* German Samoa
* German New Guinea

Naval warfare|

* U-boat campaign
* North Atlantic
* Mediterranean

Principal
participants

| Entente Powers|

* Leaders
* Belgium
* Brazil
* China
* France
* French Empire
* Greece
* Hejaz
* Italy
* Japan
* Empire of Japan
* Montenegro
* Portuguese Empire
* Romania
* Russia
* Russian Empire
* Russian Republic
* Serbia
* Siam
* United Kingdom
* British Empire
* United States

|

Central Powers|

* Leaders
* Germany
* Austria-Hungary
* Ottoman Empire
* Bulgaria
* Senussi
* South African Republic
* Darfur

Timeline|

| Pre-War conflicts|

* Franco-Prussian War (1870–71)
* Scramble for Africa (1880–1914)
* Russo-Japanese War (1905)
* Tangier Crisis (1905–06)
* Bosnian Crisis (1908–09)
* Agadir Crisis (1911)
* Italo-Turkish War (1911–12)
* First Balkan War (1912–13)
* Second Balkan War (1913)

|

Prelude|

* Origins
* Historiography
* Sarajevo assassination
* Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
* July Crisis

1914|

* German invasion of Belgium
* Battle of the Frontiers
* Battle of Cer
* Battle of Galicia
* Russian invasion of East Prussia
* Battle of Tannenberg
* Siege of Tsingtao
* First Battle of the Masurian Lakes
* Battle of Grand Couronné
* First Battle of the Marne
* Siege of Przemyśl
* Race to the Sea
* First Battle of Ypres
* Black Sea raid
* Battle of Kolubara
* Battle of Sarikamish
* Christmas truce

1915|

* Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes
* Battle of Łomża
* Second Battle of Ypres
* Sinking of the RMS Lusitania
* Battle of Gallipoli
* Second Battle of Artois
* Battles of the Isonzo
* Gorlice–Tarnów offensive
* Great Retreat
* Bug-Narew Offensive
* Siege of Novogeorgievsk
* Vistula–Bug offensive
* Second Battle of Champagne
* Kosovo offensive
* Siege of Kut
* Battle of Loos
* Battle of Robat Karim

1916|

* Erzurum offensive
* Battle of Verdun
* Lake Naroch offensive
* Battle of Asiago
* Battle of Jutland
* Battle of the Somme
* first day
* Brusilov offensive
* Baranovichi offensive
* Battle of Romani
* Monastir offensive
* Battle of Transylvania

1917|

* Capture of Baghdad
* February Revolution
* Zimmermann telegram
* Second battle of Arras
* Second battle of the Aisne
* Kerensky offensive
* Battle of Mărăști
* Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)
* Battle of Mărășești
* Third Battle of Oituz
* Battle of Caporetto
* Southern Palestine offensive
* October Revolution
* Battle of La Malmaison
* Battle of Cambrai
* Armistice of Focșani
* Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers

1918|

* Operation Faustschlag
* Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
* German spring offensive
* Zeebrugge Raid
* Treaty of Bucharest of 1918
* Battle of Goychay
* Second Battle of the Piave River
* Second Battle of the Marne
* Hundred Days Offensive
* Vardar offensive
* Battle of Megiddo
* Third Transjordan attack
* Meuse–Argonne offensive
* Battle of Vittorio Veneto
* Armistice of Salonica
* Armistice of Mudros
* Armistice of Villa Giusti
* Second Romanian campaign
* Armistice with Germany
* Naval Victory Bulletin
* Armistice of Belgrade

Co-belligerent conflicts|

* Somaliland campaign (1900–1920)
* Mexican Revolution (1910–1920)
* Maritz rebellion (1914–15)
* Muscat rebellion (1913–1920)
* Zaian War (1914–1921)
* Kurdish rebellions (1914–1917)
* Ovambo Uprising (1914-1917)
* Kelantan rebellion (1915)
* Senussi campaign (1915–1917)
* Volta-Bani War (1915–1917)
* National Protection War
* Arab Revolt (1916-1918)
* Central Asian Revolt (1916–17)
* Invasion of Darfur (1916)
* Easter Rising (1916)
* Kaocen revolt (1916–17)
* Russian Revolution (1917)
* Finnish Civil War (1918)

Post-War conflicts|

* Russian Civil War (1917–1921)
* Ukrainian–Soviet War (1917–1921)
* Armenian–Azerbaijani War (1918–1920)
* Armeno-Georgian War (1918)
* German Revolution (1918–19)
* Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)
* Hungarian–Romanian War (1918–19)
* Greater Poland Uprising (1918–19)
* Estonian War of Independence (1918–1920)
* Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920)
* Lithuanian Wars of Independence (1918–1920)
* Polish–Ukrainian War (1918–19)
* Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
* Egyptian Revolution (1919)
* Polish–Lithuanian War (1919–1920)
* Polish–Soviet War (1919–1921)
* Irish War of Independence (1919–1921)
* Turkish War of Independence
* Anglo-Turkish War (1918–1923)
* Franco-Turkish War (1918–1921)
* Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)
* Turkish–Armenian War (1920)
* Iraqi Revolt (1920)
* Vlora War (1920)
* Franco-Syrian War (1920)
* Soviet–Georgian War (1921)

Aspects|

| Warfare|

* Aviation
* Strategic bombing
* Chemical weapons
* Cryptography
* Horses
* Logistics
* Naval warfare
* Convoy system
* Trench warfare

| Conscription|

* Australia
* Canada
* Ottoman Empire
* United Kingdom
* Ireland
* United States

|

Casualties /
Civilian impact

* British casualties
* Parliamentarians
* Ottoman casualties
* Sports
* Rugby
* Olympians

| Disease|

* 1899–1923 cholera pandemic
* 1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia
* Spanish flu

|

Occupations|

* Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia
* Bulgarian occupations
* Albania
* Serbia
* German occupations
* Belgium
* Luxembourg
* Northeast France
* Ober Ost
* Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
* Russian occupations
* Eastern Galicia
* Western Armenia

POWs|

* Germans
* in the United States
* Italians
* POW locations
* Canada
* Germany / camps
* Switzerland

Refugees|

* Belgian refugees
* Netherlands
* United Kingdom

War crimes|

* Allied blockades
* Eastern Mediterranean
* Mount Lebanon famine
* Germany
* Deportations from East Prussia
* Destruction of Kalisz
* Sack of Dinant
* Late Ottoman genocides
* Armenian genocide
* Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)
* Pontic Greek genocide
* Rape of Belgium
* Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)
* Massacres of Albanians
* Ukrainian Canadian internment

Diplomacy

| Entry into the war|

* Austria-Hungary
* France
* Germany
* Italy
* Japan
* Ottoman Empire
* Russia
* United Kingdom
* United States

|

Declarations of war|

* Austria-Hungary against Serbia
* UK against Germany
* Ottomans against the Triple Entente
* USA against Germany
* USA against Austria-Hungary

Agreements|

* Constantinople Agreement
* Treaty of London
* Damascus Protocol
* Bulgaria–Germany treaty
* Treaty of Darin
* Sykes–Picot Agreement
* Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement
* Paris Economy Pact
* Treaty of Bucharest
* Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne

Peace treaties

* Modus vivendi of Acroma
* Treaties of Brest-Litovsk
* Russia–Central Powers
* Ukraine–Central Powers
* Treaty of Bucharest
* Paris Peace Conference
* Treaty of Versailles
* Treaty of St. Germain
* Treaty of Neuilly
* Treaty of Trianon
* Treaty of Sèvres
* Treaty of Lausanne

Other|

* Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo
* Mutilated victory
* The Golden Virgin
* They shall not pass

* Category

Authority control databases: National |

* United States
* Israel

|

*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template