Second presidency of Lula da Silva

Brazilian presidential administration since 2023

Second presidency of Lula da Silva
1 January 2023 – present

Vice President

Geraldo Alckmin

Cabinet| See list
Party| Workers'
Election| 2022
Seat| Palácio do Planalto (workplace)
Palácio da Alvorada (residence)

<- Jair Bolsonaro

* * *

Official website
|  | This article is part of
a series about
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

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Personal life

* Early life
* Education and work
* Political positions
* Honours

* * *

35th President of Brazil

* Presidency
* Cabinet

* Inaugurations
* First
* Second

* * *

* Social and Economic policy
* Zero Hunger
* Family Allowance
* School Stipend
* Growth Acceleration Program

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* Foreign and Military policy
* United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti
* Submarine Development Program

* * *

39th President of Brazil

* Presidency
* Transition
* Inauguration
* Cabinet
* Trips
* Ambassadors

* * *

* 2023 Brazilian Congress attack
* 2023 China visit
* 2023 South American summit
* 2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit
* 2024 Rio Grande do Sul floods
* 2025 BRICS summit
* 2025 United Nations Climate Change Conference
* Global Alliance Against Hunger and Poverty

* * *

Scandals and controversies

* Mensalão
* Operation Car Wash
* Prison
* Free Lula movement

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Presidential elections

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Media gallery

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The second presidency of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva started on 1 January 2023, when he was inaugurated as the 39th President of Brazil.[1][2] Lula was elected for a third term as President of Brazil on 30 October 2022, by obtaining 50.9% of the valid votes in the 2022 Brazilian general election, defeating his far-right predecessor Jair Bolsonaro.[3] Lula is the first Brazilian president to ever be elected more than twice as well as being the oldest person to ever be elected president in Brazil.[4]

## Background

[edit]

Main articles: Lula da Silva 2022 presidential campaign and Third inauguration of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

On 20 May 2021, in an interview with French magazine Paris Match, Lula confirmed that he was a pre-candidate for the next year's elections.[5][6]

The Workers' Party national committee, on 13 April 2022, approved the nomination of former Governor of São Paulo Geraldo Alckmin (PSB) for vice president.[7] The ticket was officialized on 7 May, in a coalition formed by the Brazil of Hope Federation (formed by Workers' Party, Communist Party of Brazil and Green Party), Brazilian Socialist Party, Solidarity and PSOL REDE Federation.[8][9] With the withdrawal of André Janones on 4 August, the ticket received official support of Avante and Agir.[10]

On 2 October, the day of the first round, Lula placed first with 48.43% of the valid votes, leading to a runoff with Jair Bolsonaro, who garnered 43.20% of the valid votes.[11] Lula was elected in the second round, on 30 October, being the first President of Brazil elect for three terms and the first since Getúlio Vargas to be elected for a non-consecutive term. He was inaugurated on 1 January 2023.[12]

On 1 January 2023 Lula and Geraldo Alckmin were sworn in as president and vice-president of Brazil, respectively, for the time between 1 January 2023, and 4 January 2027.[13]

## Government plan

[edit]

Logo of the second Lula administration. "Union and Reconstruction"

Lula has as some of his main proposals in his government plan: "the reconstruction of the country facing the economic crisis; With democracy, sovereignty, and peace; With the economic development and stability; With the fight against poverty; With education; With the implementation of a National System of Culture and extension of housing programmes".[14]

### Planned executive decisions

[edit]

Lula's administration planned several decisions reversing those made by Bolsonaro's administration, including:

* Withdraw from the Geneva Consensus Declaration[15]
* Rejoin the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States[16]
* Restore recognition of Nicolás Maduro as president of Venezuela and reopen the Brazilian embassy in Caracas[17][18]
* Restore goals of reduction of greenhouse gas emissions according to the Paris Agreement[16]
* Restore monitoring against deforestation of the Amazon rainforest and illegal mining[15]
* Relaunch the Growth Acceleration Programme[19]
* Relaunch the Minha Casa, Minha Vida programme[20]

## Transition

[edit]

Main article: Second presidential transition of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

In his victory speech, Lula adopted a moderate tone, saying he wants to "pacify the country". The new government will face a very conservative Congress, with many former ministers and people close to the Bolsonarism.[21]

On 1 November 2022, Vice President-elect Geraldo Alckmin was appointed as coordinator of the government-elect transition team.[22] On 3 November, Alckmin and the Chief of Staff of the Presidency, Ciro Nogueira, had a meeting to being the government transition.[23] Lula also met with political leaderships, aiming to adjust the federal budget in 2022, to enable the objectives of the future government.[24]

## 2023 invasion of the Brazilian Congress

[edit]

Main article: 2023 invasion of the Brazilian Congress

In response to an attack by supporters of former President Bolsonaro on the Praça dos Três Poderes, Lula announced that he had signed a decree declaring a state of emergency in the Federal District until the end of January.[25]

## Domestic affairs

[edit]

Right after taking office on 1 January 2023, Lula and his ministers took several measures to revert Bolsonaro policies and/or create policies announced during the election campaign and the transition of power.

On the same day of his inauguration, Lula signed his first decrees, in an act that became known as revogaço (mass repeal of decrees), revoking the previous government's measures involving weapons, environment policies and top officials' data secrecy; According to Environment and Climate Change Minister Marina Silva, another "revogaço" is yet to come. The current teto de gastos (debt ceiling) fiscal policy, seen as impractical by government officials, is also expected to be replaced with other debt limit.[26]

On 2 January 2023, more "revogaços" happened, measures included stopping the privatization process of eight state-owned companies (including the Correios and Petrobras); almost a thousand appointees in federal posts linked in some way to the Bolsonaro government were dismissed.[27]

### Economy

[edit]

Lula in a meeting alongside finance minister Fernando Haddad

Among the measures on the first day of government, Lula signed a provisional measure extending the fuel tax exemption instituted by Bolsonaro in 2022. Bolsonaro's tax exemption was considered "demagogic" by minister Fernando Haddad and "electoral fraud" with "electoral bias" according to an analysis by several economists, as he did so with the intention of seeking re-election, but without facing "the real problem of fuel prices in the country, which is Petrobras' pricing policy".[28][29] Federal taxes remained zero for gasoline and ethanol until the end of February, while the exemption for natural gas, diesel and biodiesel will last until the end of the year; The extension, with an estimated impact of 25 billion reais, was seen as a defeat for Haddad and a victory for the president of the Workers' Party, Gleisi Hoffmann, concerned about the political impact that raising prices on the first day of government would cause.[30][31] At the end of February, the gradual re-encumbrance of gasoline and diesel was announced, as well as the taxation of crude oil exports for 4 months.[32][33]

Lula has been criticizing the president of the Central Bank of Brazil, Roberto Campos Neto, for maintaining the basic interest rate at 13.75% per year, and has even considered ending the institution's autonomy in the future.[34][35] The presidents of the Senate and the Chamber ruled out this possibility.[36][37] According to some analysts, these attacks by Lula on the president of the BC are "a shot on the foot", as they would increase the inflation expectations of economic agents, resulting in more inflation in practice, in addition to increasing future interest rates, having an effect contrary to the intended.[38][39] Campos Neto, seeking to relax the relationship with Planalto, gave an interview in February to the programme Roda Viva, on the TV Cultura, in which he adopted a calming tone, avoiding confrontation with the government.[40] In a survey carried out with financial market agents in March 2023, 94% reported not trusting Lula, while 68% said they trusted Campos Neto.[41]

In March, The Ministry of Social Security, through the National Social Security Council, determined the reduction of the maximum monthly interest rate on loans allocated to benefits paid by the National Social Security Institute, from 2.14% to 1.70% per month.[42] The measure, which was not approved by the Treasury or the Civil House, caused almost all financial institutions to stop offering this line of credit, as they now considered it economically unviable.[43][44][45]

Haddad announced, in March 2023, that an agreement was signed with the states and the Federal District to compensate for the loss of revenue resulting from the modifications made in 2022 of the criteria for charging ICMS on fuels, electricity, communications and transport; 26.9 billion Reals will be transferred until 2026, through the reduction of debts owed by federal entities to the Union.[46] In November 2023, supported by a decision from the Supreme Federal Court, the government announced that it will pay off, through extraordinary credit (which is not included in the spending ceiling) the stock of court orders left by the Jair Bolsonaro government, estimated at between 90 and 95 billion reais.[47]]

At the end of 2023, Brazil once again became one of the ten largest economies in the world, according to the IMF, the country had dropped out of the ranking between 2019 and 2022, when it fell to 13th place.[48][49] Also at the end of 2023, the Brazilian trade balance marked the largest surplus in its history, with 98 billion dollars, a significant jump in relation to the 2022 surplus, of 61 billion dollars, which was the previous record. This increase was sustained by the 1.7% increase in exports and the 11.7% drop in imports, resulting from the 8.8% decline in the price of imported items, such as fertilizers, whose price decreased by 44.9% in comparison with 2022.[50][51] The current account showed a deficit of 28 billion dollars in 2023 and direct investment in the country totaled 62 billion dollars.[52]

Released on 1 March 2024, Brazil's GDP grew 2.9% in the first year of the Lula government. The increase was driven especially by the super harvest in the agricultural sector, the recovery of the services sector and the job market, the maintenance of social spending, and the expansion of fiscal space opened by the New Fiscal Framework; Growth surpassed the first year of the Bolsonaro, Temer, Dilma 2, Lula 1 and FHC 2 governments, being lower only than the first year of the Dilma 1, Lula 2 and FHC 1 governments.[53]

#### Tributary Reform

[edit]

For the first time since the redemocratization in Brazil (over 30 years ago), a tributary reform was approved in congress; Among its main points is the exemption from taxes for basic food products, as well as the creation of the VAT (Value Added Tax) and the "selective tax", (or "sin tax", a tax on items considered harmful to public health and the environment). Medicine, vegetables, medical devices, among other goods, will also be exempt from VAT charges, while other products such as speedboats, jets and yachts will become susceptible to IPVA charges. The reform also creates progressive taxation on inheritances, which received mild criticism from some sectors of the society.[54]

The National Congress enacted the reform on 20 December 2023, in a solemn session attended by the three heads of the republic's powers (executive, legislative and judiciary), as well as ministers Fernando Haddad, from the finance ministry, and Simone Tebet, from the planning ministry; Senate President Rodrigo Pacheco described the promulgation of the reform as "not only a historic milestone, but also a turning point" and claimed that this would "change Brazil's trajectory".[55] After the approval of the reform, the risk rating agency S&P Global Ratings raised Brazil's credit rating and highlighted "better prospects for economic growth".[56]

#### Desenrola Brasil

[edit]

In July 2023, the Ministry of Finance launched the first phase of the "Emergency Debt Renegotiation Programme for Indebted Individuals" (popularly known as the Desenrola Brasil programme), a debt renegotiation programme which was divided into two phases.[57] In October of the same year, the second phase, in which non-bank debts were renegotiated, was launched.[58]

Desenrola Brasil is made up of four "participants" (the federal government, debtors, creditors (such as financial institutions, public utility services, retail companies, service providers in general, including individual microentrepreneurs and small businesses), and financial agents, such as banks) and has the stated objective of reducing debt among the population (especially the low income and middle classes), as well as facilitating access to credit by the general population.[59]

#### New fiscal control framework

[edit]

Due to the provision included in the Transition constitutional amendment proposal, the government needed to submit to the National Congress a new fiscal framework to replace the spending ceiling, the government soon presented the proposal to the congress, which was accepted on 22 August.[60] With the new law coming into effect, it established a floor and ceiling for the real growth of tax expenditures of 0.6% and 2.5% respectively; Investments now also have a minimum correction floor at the level of inflation; Furthermore, growth in fiscal spending is limited to 70% of the growth in government revenues of the previous year; The new framework also determines the application of gradual spending containment triggers in the case where the government is systematically unable to meet fiscal targets.[61]

With approval, the government said it hoped to be able to eliminate the primary deficit in 2024 and obtain surpluses of 0.5% and 1% of GDP in 2025 and 2026, respectively; The expectations were seen with skepticism not only by the market, but also by members of the government itself and parliamentarians.[62] Lula himself later stated that the 2024 target is unlikely to be achieved, defending the expansion of spending on public works, even at the expense the increase in debt.[63]

### Social policies

[edit]

#### Minimum wage and income tax reforms

[edit]

On 16 February, Lula increased the value of the minimum wage from 1,302 reals to 1,320 reals, correcting it above inflation.[64] In December, there was another increase on the minimum wage, going from 1,320 to 1,412 reals, the increase became effective on 1 January 2024.[65] According to Lula, these actions are the result of a new "minimum wage valorization" project idealized by him, which will adjust the minimum wage over inflation every year, as a way to keep up with the price changes for basic products.[66]

In early 2023, there was also an increase in the exemption from Income tax to 2,640 reals, compared to the previous amount of 1,900 reals.[67] In February 2024, continuing the increase in income tax exemption, Lula issued a provisional measure that exempts those who receive up to 2,824 reais from payment (equivalent to two minimum wages per month).[68]

#### Bolsa Família

[edit]

The Bolsa Família programme had been replaced by the previous government with the Auxílio Brasil. However, due to criticism of the latter, Bolsa Família was reimplemented by the Lula government, replacing Auxílio Brasil. The amount of R$600 reserved for the year 2022 in Auxílio Brasil was guaranteed by Bolsa Família, which would maintain it indefinitely, increasing its value to R$670; The new Bolsa Família started to be paid from March 2023.[69] In July 2023, the federal government announced that more than 43.5 million people had left the poverty line in June, largely attributing the achievement to the reopening and reformulation of Bolsa Família, which now had the average payment of R$705,40 per family, the highest average in its history.[70]

Throughout 2023, the Cadastro Único (CadÚnico), the information base used to define families eligible for Bolsa Família, was revised and 1.7 million single-person families were excluded, according to the government, some members of families benefiting from Bolsa Família had separated themselves and formed, nominally, an independent family, in order to receive individual payment of the benefit, taking advantage of the declaratory feature of the registration.[71]

#### Public housing

[edit]

Lula during the relaunch of the Minha Casa, Minha Vida in Santo Amaro, Bahia

On 14 February, Lula, alongside the Governor of Bahia Jerônimo Rodrigues, the Chief of Staff of the Presidency Rui Costa, the President of the Caixa Econômica Federal Maria Rita Serrano, the transport minister Renan Filho, the Minister of Cities Jader Filho, as well as state and municipal authorities (such as the mayor of the city and federal/state deputies from Bahia), announced the return of the Minha Casa, Minha Vida programme during a visit to the city of Santo Amaro, Bahia; The programme will replace the Bolsonaro government's Casa Verde e Amarela programme (which in turn had replaced Lula's first Minha Casa, Minha Vida, created during his previous presidency), the programme is expected to create over 2 million houses for the low-income population by the end of 2026 (the last year of Lula's presidency).[72] The programme was also restructured, with the proposal to serve families with a monthly income of up to R$8,000 in urban areas, and an annual income of up to R$96,000 in rural areas.[73] In order to reduce the housing deficit, in September 2023, an ordinance was published that exempted beneficiaries of Bolsa Família and the Continuous Installment Benefit from paying installments on properties purchased under the programme.[74]

#### Fight against hunger

[edit]

During his first two governments, Lula prioritized the fight against hunger, as well as extreme poverty and social exclusion as part of his projects, he created several projects such as Fome Zero, which granted him several prizes, such as the World Food Prize by the World Food Prize Foundation in 2011, in recognition of his efforts to combat hunger.[75] In 2014, under Dilma's presidency, Brazil left the ONU Hunger Map, but returned to it in the following years due to the 2014/2020 economic crises and subsequent mass unemployment and bankruptcy, as well as the lack of public policies aimed at the area during the following governments, according to analysts.[76][77]

On 28 February 2023, Lula reinstalled the National Council for Food and Nutritional Security (Consea), deactivated by Bolsonaro in 2019.[78] On 22 March, Lula relaunched the Programme of Food Acquisition (PAA), whose objective is to guarantee food and nutritional security and encourage the production of food from family farms.[79]

### Education and research

[edit]

> "People have to know that investment in education is the best and cheapest investment a state can make"

— Lula[80]

On 2 January, Lula revoked a bill made during the Bolsonaro government, which created schools exclusively for persons with disabilities, with the revocation of this law, these students are now able to study in the same schools as other students, with only the need for special treatment in some severe cases.[27] On 11 January, Lula signed in a bill called the "National Digital Education Policy", which deals with expanding access to digital education in the country.[81]

Another measure taken by the government was the increase in the amount for research grants, Lula later stated that "this government is forbidden to treat [as] wasted money that goes to education, money that goes to scholarships, money that goes to health care".[82] The National Science and Technology Council (CCT) and the National Fund for Scientific and Technological Development were also restructured, with the Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation Luciana Santos saying that the government would prioritize investments in that area.[83][84] On 16 February, Lula announced the readjustment in the value of scholarships during an event in the Planalto Palace.[80]

On 10 March, Lula announced a readjustment in the values of the school meals of public schools, after having been frozen for more than five years.[85] The increase is 39% and the value is 5.5 billion per year.[85] In April, after severe pressure from Student and Teacher unions, the Ministry of Education announced the temporary suspension of the "New High School" programme, however, there was no revocation of the project,[86] and it would later be reinstated in August by Minister of Education Camilo Santana, although with some changes.[87]

Also in April, Lula announced that the government would invest over 6 billion in a project to restart the construction of several works in the education area, such as public schools.[88] On July, the Ministry of Education announced that the federal programme for creation of civic-military schools would be stopped, and that each state would have the option to keep or extinguish the programme.[89] On 6 November 2023, education minister Camilo Santana announced that people with FIES debts could now renegotiate them with the federal government, the attitude is similar to the Desenrola Brasil programme, also created during the Lula government in an effort to reduce indebtedness among the people, especially those of lower classes.[90]

The government announced on 12 March 2024 the construction of 100 new Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology in all federative units in Brazil by 2026.[91] The ministry of education announced that it would be Investing ~R$3.9 billion in the construction of these units, with the funds being made possible through the New PAC. The government estimates the creation of 140 thousand new enrollments, the majority in technical courses integrated into secondary education (high school). The region that will receive the most Institutes will be the Northeast, with 38 new units planned, while the State that will receive the largest number of Institutes will be São Paulo, with 12 new units.[92]

#### Pé de Meia

[edit]

On 16 January 2024, Lula sanctioned the Pé de Meia programme, which provides the payment of a monthly financial incentive to high school students, encouraging them to continue studying until completing basic education. The programme aims to contain school evasion or dropouts, which had doubled during the pandemic, and will target students from low-income families registered in CadÚnico, with a per capita family income of up to 218 reais per month.[93] Coming into effect on 26 January 2024, the value of the programme was R$2,000 annually, R$200 upon registration, plus 9 payments of R$200 per school month.[94] In December 2024, the Brazilian Federal Court of Accounts asked for the programme to be blocked after an audit found that the programme was not financially viable.[95]

### Healthcare

[edit]

On 20 January, Lula signed a bill, classifying community and disease control agents as health professionals.[96] Also on 20 January, under pressure from religious entities, Lula created the "Department of Support for Therapeutic Communities", aimed at treating drug addicts; After the measure was criticized by human rights organizations, the Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger announced that it would review the decision.[97] The Brazilian Association of Mental Health had also spoken out against the measure in a repudiation note.[98]

On 8 March, International Women's Day, Lula announced the creation of the "Programme for the Protection and Promotion of Menstrual Dignity", which provides distribution of menstrual pads by the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) to people in vulnerable situations, below the Poverty threshold.[99] The document regulates the Law nº 14.214/2021, which had been vetoed by Jair Bolsonaro in 2021.[100] 8 million people will benefit from the initiative, according to specialists, with an investment of 418 million reals per year, according to the Ministry of Health.[101]

On 20 March, Lula and health minister, Nísia Trindade, announced the re-creation of the Mais Médicos programme, first created in 2013 with the purpose of expanding the number of health professionals in less economically developed areas and in the interior of the country.[102] The programme had been partially replaced by Bolsonaro's "Doctors for Brazil"; The "Mais Médicos para o Brasil", as it is now called, should prioritize Brazilian professionals and, according to Paulo Pimenta, chief minister of the Secretary of Social Communication, increase the number of health professionals and improve the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).[103]

In December 2023, Nine months after Anvisa's approval, which took place in March 2023, the Health Ministry purchased and incorporated a dengue vaccine into Brazil's public healthcare system (SUS), becoming the first country in the world to do so.[104][105] Vaccinations through the National Immunization Programme began in 2024, However, the number of doses initially made available by SUS is small, being intended only for children and adolescents between 10 and 14 years of age, residing in about 10% of the country's municipalities.[106] The vaccine, however, can be applied by the private network with Anvisa's approval.[107]

### Infrastructure

[edit]

#### Energy

[edit]

The Lula government inaugurated, on 22 March, the first hybrid Renewable energy park in the country authorized by the National Electric Energy Agency (Aneel): the "Neo-energy Renewable Complex – Fountain Wind Farm", which consists of renewable Wind power and solar energy, located in Santa Luzia, Paraíba.[108][109]

In a meeting with the Minister of Mines and Energy, Alexandre Silveira, Lula showed support for the use of electricity derived from renewable sources, in particular for reducing the cost of the service, especially for the poor; Goals were also discussed to place Brazil in a "leading global position in the generation of clean energy", in addition to encouraging more sustainable public transport.[110]

#### Transport

[edit]

##### Aerial transport

[edit]

Despite normally being categorized as centre-left, the Lula government continued with the privatization of elements of the Brazilian infrastructure, such as in May 2023, when it carried out the auction of the Natal International Airport through its Ministry of Ports and Airports, which resulted in the purchase of this airfield by the Swiss state-owned company Flughafen Zürich AG (Zurich Airport Ltd.)[111]

By decision of the Ministry of Ports and Airports, in August 2023, flights arriving and departing from Santos Dumont airport were restricted from 2024, which could only occur with origin or destination up to 400 kilometers away.[112] it limited, in practice, flights from the airport between Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Belo Horizonte; The measure sought to divert part of the flights to the Galeão International Airport, managed by the company RIOgaleão, controlled by the Changi Group, from Singapore; However, the decision was revised in November, exchanging the distance restriction for a restriction on passenger volume, which will be limited to 6.5 million per year.[113]

##### Rail transport

[edit]

The government intends to start a new wave of investment in the expansion of the Brazilian railway network, with the strategy being to increase investments in railway lines led by the ministry of transport; Within the New PAC, the government intends to invest R$94.2 billion in 35 projects, R$55.1 billion by 2026 and more $39.1 billion in subsequent years, the majority of the investments will be through the private sector.[114] The focus, this time, will be the passenger transport, the newspaper Poder360 found that there are 7 most advanced passenger train projects, stretches averaging 100 km connecting municipalities and metropolitan regions, among these, the longest would be the one that connects Fortaleza with Sobral, in Ceará, a stretch of more than 200 km, the others would be in the states of Maranhão, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and the Federal District.[115] Currently, there are only two regular passenger lines: between Vitória and Belo Horizonte, and between São Luís and Parauapebas (PA), both are also used to transport cargo; For the construction of these lines, the government sees it as essential to take advantage of the existing railway infrastructure, aimed at transporting cargo, but which is underutilized or in a precarious state of maintenance.[116]

#### Growth Acceleration Programme

[edit]

Lula during the announcement of the new Growth Acceleration Programme at the Municipal Theater of Rio de Janeiro, August 2023

On 11 August, Lula and ministers unveiled a new Growth Acceleration Programme, according to the proposal, an estimated 1.7 trillion reais (worth around 350 billion USD at the time) will be spent over the following 4 years. Of this, 610 billion is expected to be spent on slum urbanisation programmes, including the development of housing, public transport, sanitation, energy and protection from natural disasters, this includes further investments on social infrastructure programmes such as Minha Casa, Minha Vida, Luz Para Todos and Água Para Todos, as well as creation and expansion of ports, airports, motorways and railways.[117] 540 billion is expected to be spent on expanding the electric grid and petrochemical industries, with 80% of the newly developed electric production capacity being expected to come from renewable sources; 349 billion is expected to be spent on transportation infrastructure, including for motor vehicles, trains, marine vehicles, and aeroplanes.[118][119][120]

Lula also announced the construction of the "West-East Integration Railway (FIOL)" as the first project of the programme, which will connect the southwest of Bahia to the coast of southern Bahia.[121] Other areas of investment include "digital inclusion and connectivity" (expansion of 4G and 5G networks and digital education), healthcare (construction of new basic health units and maternities, as well purchase of ambulances and vaccines), education (construction, expansion and modernization of day care centers, full-time schools and federal institutes and universities) and defence infrastructure.[122] The programme is also expected to create over 4 million jobs in the next 4 years (2.5 million direct jobs and 1.5 million indirect jobs).[123]

Some economists have criticised the plan, citing Brazil's poor track record of investment quality and worries regarding fiscal responsibility. Of the energy investments, 343 billion will be made through Petrobras, a state-owned corporation notable for its involvement in a corruption scandal during Lula's previous presidency.[118][119][120]

### Environment

[edit]

On the day of his inauguration, Lula revoked a decree by Bolsonaro that allowed mining in indigenous lands, which was seen as an incentive to illegal miners.[26] Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest fell 61% in January 2023 from a year earlier following a series of anti-logging and anti-mining operations launched by government agencies under Lula, according to satellite data.[124]

In June 2023, the Environment Ministry announced a plan to curb deforestation in Brazil's Legal Amazon, and immediately embargoed all activities being developed inside conservation parks in the region. Additionally, the government announced the creation of 3 million hectares (7,413,161.44 acres) in protected areas until 2027/ the creation of tracking system using geopositioning for Amazon agricultural products and ecolabels were announced as well.[125]

In July 2023, deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon was reported to have fallen 34% over the previous six months while deforestation in the Brazilian Atlantic forest dropped 42% from January to May 2023 comparatively to the same period of time in 2022.[126][127] In November 2023, Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE) reported that the Amazon deforestation rate fell 22% between August 2022 and July 2023, compared to its previous 2021–2022 report (during Jair Bolsonaro's presidency).[128] Considering only the period of the Lula government, the drop is accentuated to 49.7% compared to the same period of the previous year.[129] Deforestation in protected areas fell the most, being the lowest in 9 years.[130] In total, Imazon highlighted that 2023 had the lowest deforestation rate since 2017.[128]

In 2024, the National Institute for Space Research (INPE) identified a 100% increase in the number of fires compared to the same period in 2023, with 50% of these fires recorded in the Amazon, and 32% in the Cerrado.[131] In October 2024, MapBiomas and Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM) reported that the burned area was 150% larger than in 2023, equivalent to the size of the state of Roraima, through the MapBiomas Fire Monitor.[132] According to the Copernicus Programme, Brazil broke a record for carbon emissions, releasing 180 megatonnes of carbon into the atmosphere, largely due to the increase in fires, bringing it close to that recorded in 2007, when the country broke the previous record, with the states of Amazonas and Mato Grosso being the biggest emitters.[133] According to INPE, in 2024, Brazil had the highest number of fires of the century.[134]

### Human rights

[edit]

#### Women's rights

[edit]

> "[We are doing] what was lacking from the previous government, when it chose to destroy public policies, cut essential budgetary resources and even encouraged violence against women. I am pleased to tell you that Brazil has finally returned. returned to fight discrimination, sexual harassment, rape, femicide and all forms of violence against women".

— Lula[135]

To guarantee policies that secure women's rights, the Lula government created, on 8 March, the International Women's Day, numerous actions and measures for this purpose.[100] One of the measures was the Equal Pay Bill, which requires companies to be more transparent and strengthen inspection and combat wage discrimination between women and men.[135] On 4 April, Lula decreed that Women's police stations would be open 24/7, even on holidays; Another measure was also made, with the objective of fighting sexual harassment in public agencies and private institutions that provide services to the government.[136]

#### Racial equality

[edit]

On 11 January, Lula signed in a bill that equalized the crime of "racial injury" to racism.[137] On 21 March, on the National Day to Combat Racial Discrimination, Lula signed the Racial Equality Bill, made up of seven measures, among which is the "Aquilomba Brasil" programme and the goal of having black people in at least 30% of commissioned positions and functions.[138][139] On 21 December 2023, Lula sanctioned a bill approved in the deputies' chamber that turned the "Dia Nacional do Zumbi e da consciência negra" (black consciousness day) into a national holiday.[140]

#### Indigenous affairs

[edit]

Upon taking office, Lula also issued the Provisional measure No. 1,154, of 1 January 2023, which created the Ministry of Indigenous People, and also renamed the Fundação Nacional do Índio ("National Indian Foundation, FUNAI") to Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas ("National Indigenous People Foundation"), in addition to linking this foundation authority to the newly created ministry (it was previously linked to the Ministry of Agriculture).[141] He appointed Sônia Guajajara as Indigenous minister, and Joênia Wapixana to head FUNAI, being the first indigenous women to head such offices.[142]

On 3 January 2023, Joênia Wapixana announced the creation of several working groups to resume the demarcation of indigenous lands that had been paralyzed in the previous years (such as the Jeju and Areal Indigenous Lands in Pará, Tekoha Porã, Karugwá and Pyhaú lands in São Paulo, Ka'aguy Poty in Rio Grande do Sul, Cambirela in Santa Catarina, Passo Piraju/Nu Porã in Mato Grosso do Sul and the area claimed by the Mukurin people in Minas Gerais), in addition to establishing new groups (for the Aranã and Aranã Caboclo Índio indigenous lands in Minas Gerais and the areas claimed by the Cassupá and Salamãi ethnic groups in Rondônia).[143]

##### Yanomami crisis

[edit]

Main article: Yanomami humanitarian crisis

On 20 January, the Brazilian Ministry of Health declared a national emergency following reports of deaths among Yamomami children due to malnutrition and easily curable diseases.[144][145] The president of the FUNAI also led the creation of a task force to deal with the humanitarian crisis. Between 2019 and 2023, a total of 570 Yanomami children died from malnutrition, hunger and mercury contamination.[146]

Lula accused Jair Bolsonaro's government of having committed genocide against the Yanomami, several researchers blamed the entry of illegal miners into protected native lands for the high amount of deaths between the local indigenous peoples, as well as alleged connivance and omission of the federal and local/state administrations during the previous government.[147]

Due to the high number of deaths since 2023, reports on the situation decreased, until they stopped being published at the beginning of 2024, when there was a further increase in deaths due to violence.[148]

#### LGBT rights

[edit]

See also: Conselho Nacional de Combate à Discriminação and LGBT rights in Brazil

On 7 April 2023, Lula re-established the National Council for LGBTQIA+ Rights, a 38-member body of advisors charged with proposing policies and supporting campaigns aimed towards support for the LGBTQIA+ community in Brazil. The Ministry of Human Rights and Citizenship will be charged with funding for the council.[149][150] The body previously existed from 2010 until the Bolsonaro presidency.[151]

### Other policies

[edit]

On 1 January, Lula created the Secretary of Digital Policies, whose goal is to "combat disinformation, fake news and hate speech on the internet", as well as to "encourage pluralism", this secretary is subordinated to the Secretary of Social Communication (Secom).[152] On the same day, Lula decreed the temporary suspension of authorization for new shooting clubs.[26] On 6 January, Lula signed into law a bill creating the Day of the Traditional African religions.[153]

On 11 January, Lula signed into law another bill, which makes the CPF the only necessary document for identification.[154] On the same day, Lula created the "National Policy for the Prevention of Self-Mutilation and Suicide", with the objective of giving mental health support for public security agents.[155]

Lula shifted the National Council of Traditional Peoples and Communities (CNPCT) from the Ministry of Human Rights and Citizenship to the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change. In addition, Lula established a National Secretariat for Traditional Peoples and Communities and Sustainable Rural Development under the same ministry.

## Foreign affairs

[edit]

See also: List of international presidential trips made by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

Lula stated during the 2022 election campaign and after taking office that his government will consistently focus on to "bring back Brazil to the world stage", meaning the country will seek to rebuild ties cut or damaged during Bolsonaro's presidency, and expand its foreign relations worldwide. On 9 December 2022 Lula announced that to head the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Itamaraty) he had chosen Brazilian ambassador, career diplomat and former foreign minister Mauro Vieira.[156] As an effort to empower women diplomats, he picked ambassador and career diplomat Maria Laura da Rocha as Itamaraty's deputy foreign minister and Maria Luiza Ribeiro Viotti as Brazil's ambassador to the US, both the first women to ever hold those positions. More women are also expected to be appointed to top positions.[157]

### Americas

[edit]

Lula and other Latin American leaders at the 7th CELAC Summit in Buenos Aires, Argentina

#### Mercosur and CELAC

[edit]

In January, 2023, Foreign Minister Mauro Vieira announced Brazil's return to the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC).[158] During the 7th CELAC summit, Lula expressed support for a modernization of the South American customs union Mercosur and the creation of a common unit of account between Argentina and Brazil which other South American nations could also join to boost regional integration and skip US dollar dominance.[159]

Lula and other South American presidents during the 2023 South American summit in May 2023, in Brasília, Brazil

On 25 January, during a trip to Uruguay, Lula called for the European Union-Mercosur trade deal to be sealed and a China-Mercosur trade agreement to be explored.[160] Lula and Uruguayan president Luis Lacalle Pou held talks over infrastructure projects to be developed in Uruguay, including a joint Uruguayan-Brazilian administration of the Rivera International Airport.[3]

In March 2023, Uruguayan and Brazilian top officials jointly detailed the said infrastructure projects in Brasília.[161][162] Brazil also invited Paraguay and Uruguay to join the works of the G20 ahead of the 2024 G20 Brazil summit, as Brazilian rotating presidency in the group was to begin on 1 December 2023.[163][164]

In December 2024, during a summit in Montevideo attended by Lula and Ursula von der Leyen, Mercosur struck a definitive free trade agreement with the European Union representing nearly a quarter of the global gross domestic product (GDP).[165]

#### South America

[edit]

Main article: 2023 South American summit

In May 2023, Brazil hosted the South American Summit, attended by Lula and leaders of all South American nations, including Guyanese president Irfaan Ali, Surinamese president Chan Santokhi and Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso. The initiative aimed to seek regional cooperation in South America and address topics such as energy, finance, climate change and crime.[166]

#### Argentina

[edit]

##### Under Fernández

[edit]

Lula and Fernández in the Casa Rosada,Buenos Aires on 23 January 2023

After assuming the presidency, Lula made his first international trip as president to Buenos Aires, where he announced that Brazil would resume its relations with Latin America and that the government would be willing to finance infrastructure works in neighbouring countries through the BNDES again. Lula also defended the construction of a gas pipeline between Brazil and Argentina to transport the shale gas extracted in the Vaca Muerta field.[167][168] The idea was criticized by some experts[who?], as the project may cause damage to the region's environment.[169] The announcement also generated several criticisms[which?] from economists, as this practice has already caused the country to suffer from defaults in the past.[170]

In May 2023, Lula and Argentine president Alberto Fernández – a Peronist and Lula ally who while still a candidate had visited Lula in prison[171] – in Brasília to discuss the economic crisis in Argentina as well as trade and energy between Argentina and Brazil. Lula stated that he has committed to make "each and every sacrifice so we can help Argentina in those hard times" including reaching out to both the IMF and the BRICS and that he will back up Brazilian exporters operating in the country.[172][173]

Lula welcomed Fernández in Brasília in June 2023 to celebrate the 200th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between Brazil and Argentina during which Fernández was rewarded with Brazil's highest award the Order of the Southern Cross. Lula said Brazil and Argentina were looking into a broad line of credit for Brazilian companies and workers in Argentina and the creation of a trade coin between both nations.[174]

##### Under Milei

[edit]

See also: 2023 Argentine general election

Fernández had in April 2023 announced that he, despite being eligible for a second, would not seek re-election.[175] The Lula government openly supported the candidacy of governing coalition Sergio Massa, defeated in the second round by the libertarian Javier Milei, who during the campaign referred to Lula as "communist" and "corrupt".[176][177] Lula did not call to congratulate Milei, limiting himself to publishing a protocol message on social media in which the Milei's name was absent.[178]

The minister of the Secretariat of Social Communication, Paulo Pimenta, suggested that only after Milei "calls to apologize" would there be dialogue between him and Lula.[179] Days after the victory, Milei sent a letter to Lula, received by Mauro Vieira, in which Milei deviated from his harsh campaign rhetoric and invited Lula to his inauguration.[180][181] Despite this, Lula did not participate,[182] acting in the same way as Bolsonaro in 2019, who campaigned against Fernández, sending diplomat Mauro Vieira.[183][184]

#### Chile

[edit]

Lula and Chilean president Gabriel Boric stand in front of a portrait of former Chilean president Salvador Allende in August 2024 at La Moneda Palace

On 5 August 2024, Lula made a state visit to Chile where he separately met with president Gabriel Boric, Chile's Supreme Court chief justice Ricardo Blanco Herrera [es] as well as Chile's Senate president José García Ruminot and House Speaker Karol Cariola. During the visit Lula and Boric signed a total of 19 treaties regarding tourism, space cooperation, mutual recognition for driver's licenses and extradition among other things. A group of 250 Brazilian business people accompanied Lula during the events.[185][186]

#### Colombia

[edit]

In July 2023, Lula and Colombian president Gustavo Petro met in Leticia to discuss the details of an Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) summit scheduled to take place a month later.[187] Both presidents also discussed trade and defence between Colombia and Brazil.[188]

In April 2024, Lula visited Colombia and opened the 2024 Bogota International Book Fair alongside president Gustavo Petro.[189] The two countries later signed 6 cooperation agreements regarding several topics including human trafficking.[190] Lula and Petro also discussed the crisis in Venezuela.[191]

#### Cuba

[edit]

On 15 September, Lula and four of his cabinet minister visited Cuba where they met with Cuban president Miguel Díaz-Canel. During his visit, Lula also attended a summit of the Group of 77 plus China in Havana where he lamented the United States embargo against Cuba stating that the island "is the victim of an illegal economic embargo, Brazil is against any unilateral coercive measure". Lula also criticized the inclusion of Cuba in the US list of states sponsors of terrorism.[192][193]

#### Guyana

[edit]

In February 2024, president Lula announced he would visit Guyana and meet president Irfaan Ali to discuss topics such as the Essequiba border dispute with Venezuela and a potential hydro-power energy sharing agreement between Guyana and Brazil. On 28 February, Lula spoke at a CARICOM summit in Georgetown in which he said he intends Brazil to resume having diplomatic missions in the Caribbean nations. Lula added Brazil was making a monetary contribution to the Caribbean Development Bank.[194][195][196]

#### Mexico

[edit]

In March 2023, Brazilian presidential office said Mexican president Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador invited Lula to visit Mexico and discuss expanding economic cooperation between Mexico and Brazil including the removal of trade tariffs between their countries.[197]

In September 2024, Lula visited Mexico and separately met with President Andrés Manuel López Obrador and president-elect Claudia Sheinbaum. He later attended Sheinbaum's inauguration and joined the Brazilian-Mexican business forum which 400 business people attended.[198]

#### Peru

[edit]

In October 2024, Lula confirmed he'll attend the APEC Summit in Peru.[199]

#### United States

[edit]

President Lula and US President Joe Biden at the White House on 10 February 2023

In January 2023, US president Joe Biden invited Lula to meet him in Washington, D.C., in February 2023 following a phone conversation between them on the 2023 Brazilian Congress attack.[200] White House press secretary Karine Jean-Pierre confirmed the meeting adding that it would address "U.S. support of Brazil's democracy and how the two countries can continue to work together to promote inclusion and democratic values in the region and around the world". Climate change, migration, economic development and security matters were also discussed.[201]

In February 2023, Lula and a delegation including his Foreign Affairs special advisor Celso Amorim, Foreign minister Mauro Vieira, Finance minister Fernando Haddad, Racial Equality minister Anielle Franco, Environment e Climate Justice minister Marina Silva travelled to the US. During the trip Lula met with US Senator Bernie Sanders, Democratic House Representatives Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Pramila Jayapal, Sheila Jackson Lee, Brad Sherman and Ro Khanna before he met with US president Joe Biden at the White House.[202][203][204] On 10 February, at a meeting with American president Joe Biden, Lula proposed the creation of a group of negotiators made up of countries "not involved in the war" (either directly or indirectly, i.e. by sending weapons to one of the sides) between Russia and Ukraine to negotiate an end to the conflict and invited the US to join Brazil in a new global climate governance[205][206] On 28 February, Brazilian Environment minister Marina Silva met with John Kerry, the White House envoy for climate change during his visit to Brazil, and announced the resumption of a US-Brazil environment group created in 2015 to debate energy transition, low carbon economy, climate change mitigation, indigenous peoples protection and bioconomy among others between the two countries.[207] Nevertheless, no contribution to the Amazon Fund was announced by Kerry during the visit.[208]

In September 2023, Lula and Biden met on the sidelines of the 78th United National General Assembly (UNGA), in New York, to launch an initiative to promote worker's rights.[10]

#### Uruguay

[edit]

In December 2024, Lula visited Uruguay to attend a Mercosur summit that culminated in the signing of the EU–Mercosur Association Agreement. He also met with former Uruguayan former president José Mujica, whom he decorated with the Order of the Southern Cross, Brazil's highest award, and president-elect Yamandú Orsi.[209][210]

#### Venezuela

[edit]

In May 2023, ahead of a South American summit to which all the presidents of the region were invited, Lula met with Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro and stated that "you know the narrative that was built against Venezuela, of anti-democracy, of authoritarianism" and "it is in your hands, comrade, to build your narrative and turn this party around so that we can definitively win and Venezuela becomes a sovereign country again where only its people, through a free vote, say who will govern". Chilean president Gabriel Boric and Uruguayan president Luis Lacalle Pou, who were some of the summit attendees, disapproved of Lula's comments.[211]

##### Guyana–Venezuela crisis

[edit]

See also: Guyana–Venezuela crisis (2023–present)

After a diplomatic crisis started between Venezuela and Guyana (both Brazilian neighbours) in October 2023, President Lula tried to mediate a de-escalation while stating that "we do not want and we do not need a war in South America".[212] Officials from Brazil, along with those from the CARICOM, Colombia, the United Nations and the CELAC attended a meeting between Venezuelan and Guyanese presidents in December 2023 to ease tensions between the nations.[213] Brazil offered to host further talks to promote peace in the region, which was agreed by the two countries, and a meeting between Venezuelan and Guyanese Foreign Ministers took place on 25 January 2024, with both parties pledging to keep the peace and hold further talks.[214]

### Europe

[edit]

#### European Union

[edit]

Lula and European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen during a meeting in Brasília, in June 2023

In January 2023, Vice President Geraldo Alckmin met with Vice President Frans Timmermans of the EU Commission in Brasília.[215] During his visit to Brazil, Timmermans said that President Lula's efforts to end destruction in the Amazon deserves support and cooperation from the European Union, adding that the EU could donate up to €750,000 to help the Yanomami people facing a humanitarian crisis.[216]

In March 2023, the EU's commissioner for competition Margrethe Vestager met with Vice President Alckmin and other Brazilian officials during a meeting in Brasília to unveil the EU-Brazil bilateral Investment Map.[217]

In June 2023, Lula met with EU president Ursula von der Leyen to discuss areas such as environment, science and technology and trade, namely the EU-Mercosur trade deal. Lula expressed concerns over a European Union's side letter proposal of sanctioning Mercosur goods in case they fail to meet environmental goals saying that "between partners there should be mutual confidence not mistrust and sanctions" and that the sanctions could hurt genuine Brazilian green efforts. During the meeting the European Union pledged to donate 20 million euros to the Amazon Fund.[218][219][220]

In July 2023, numerous Latin American, Caribbean and European leaders, including Lula, attended the III EU-CELAC [es] summit in Brussels to discuss topics such as global hunger, inequalities, poverty and climate change. On the sidelines of the summit, Lula made the case for the EU-Mercosur trade deal and expressed concern for protectionist policies in the agreement.[221][222] He also met with King Philippe of Belgium and Belgian prime minister Alexander de Croo as well as with former Swedish prime minister Stefan Löfven, Danish prime minister Mette Frederiksen and other leaders.[223][224]

In September 2023, Finance Minister Fernando Haddad said Lula was pushing for the EU-Mercosur trade deal to be concluded in 2023. In November 2023, Lula told EU's Commission chief Ursula Von der Leyen that he wished to finish the deal by the end of 2023 when Brazil still presided Mercorsur's rotating presidency.[225][226]

#### France

[edit]

Lula and French president Emmanuel Macron wave at the press at the Élysée Palace in June 2023

See also: Brazil–France relations

In February 2023, French Foreign Minister Catherine Colonna met with President Lula and stated that "Brazil is one of the main actors on the global stage and its comeback is highly expected", highlighting that France and Brazil share a strong, centuries-old relationship. She also said that France supports a Brazilian OECD membership and that both France and the European Union are considering monetary contributions to the Amazon Fund.[227][228] On 11 February, French president Emmanuel Macron expressed his approval for a peace plan on the Russia-Ukraine war proposed by Lula, which consists of creating a group of countries not involved in the conflict (either directly or indirectly, i.e. by sending weapons to one of the sides) to mediate a peace process.[229]

On 3 June 2023, Macron's office said Lula confirmed he would visit Paris in late June as part of the "Summit for a New Global Financial Pact" promoted by France to "tackle the reform of multilateral development banks (MDB), the debt crisis, financing for green technologies, the creation of new international taxes and financing instruments", among other things.[230] On 22 June, president Lula delivered a speech during the Power Our Planet festival in Paris in which he said "actually, those who have polluted the planet over the last two centuries are the same ones who made the Industrial Revolution, and that's why they must pay their debt to the planet Earth" while calling for climate justice to Latin-American, African and Asian peoples and inviting the world to attend the COP30 climate conference in the Brazilian city of Belém.[231] On 23 June, Lula separately met with French president Emmanuel Macron and Paris mayor Anne Hidalgo.[232]

In October 2023, Brazil said Macron accepted an invitation by Lula to visit the country in the first half of 2024,[233] which was subsequently confirmed by Macron himself during a bilateral meeting with Lula during the COP28 on 2 December 2023.[234] In March 2024, Macron was welcomed by Lula for a three days-long state visit in the northern Brazilian city of Belém, where they met indigenous leader Raoni Metuktire who was awarded the Legion of Honour).[235] Both leaders also announced France and Brazil were launching a four years-long investment plan worth of €1.1 billion to develop the Amazon region including French Guiana.[236] Macron and Lula also visited Itaguaí to launch a third out of four conventional submarines being developed through the French-Brazilian Submarine Development Programme (PROSUB), before visiting Brasília to sign twenty bilateral agreements on 28 March 2024.[237][238][239] Macron announced France will help Brazil build its nuclear-powered submarine under PROSUB.[240] During the visit, Lula stated that "Among traditional powers, none is closer to Brazil than France".[241]

#### Germany

[edit]

Joint press conference of Lula and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz following their meeting on 30 January 2023

In January 2023, Germany ambassador to Brazil Heiko Thoms confirmed Chancellor Olaf Scholz would visit Brazil on 30 January. According to a statement, the main subjects to be addressed would be environment (including the re-establishment of the Amazon Fund) and trade between Germany and Brazil.[242] On 30 January, Germany development minister Svenja Schulze announced the country will donate €204 million (USD 222 million) to Brazil aiming to help restore farming degraded areas through low-interest rate loans, as well as it will make fresh monetary contributions to the Amazon Fund and provide local aid to Brazilian states in the Amazon region; new sustainable agriculture and green hydrogen projects in Brazil are also being looked upon by the German government, according to Schulze.[1][2] During the meeting with Scholz, Lula proposed creating a group of countries, including India, Indonesia and China, that would "mediate a peace process" in the Russo-Ukrainian War.[243][244]

In March 2023, Germany's Vice Chancellor Robert Habeck and Agriculture Minister Cem Özdemir, as well as several German business people, attended the German-Brazilian Economic Meeting [de] in Belo Horizonte where they met with vice-president Geraldo Alckmin.[245][246]

#### Italy

[edit]

Lula with Italian prime minister Giorgia Meloni after their meeting at the Chigi Palace in Rome on 12 June 2023

In an interview to Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera on 20 June, Lula asserted that Italy is a priority for Brazil, especially because Brazil has "30 million Brazilians of Italian descent and great relations with Italian trade unions, intellectuals and companies".[247]

On 20 June, Lula met with left-wing sociologist and professor emeritus at the Sapienza University of Rome Domenico De Masi during his visit to Rome. On 21 June, Lula met with General Secretary of the Democratic Party (PD), Elly Schlein, and former Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema, with whom he reportedly had talks about "democracy, world peace, climate change, inequality and challenges common to several countries". Brazilian government officials also said that Lula and Schlein had a talk about "gender violence and sexism in politics". Lula also met and dined with Italian president Sergio Mattarella at the Quirinal Palace to reportedly discuss about the relations between Brazil and Italy, as well as the Mercosur-European Union deal.[248][249]

Upon returning from his visit to the Vatican, he also had a meeting with Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni at the Chigi Palace. During an interview to the press after the meeting, he praised Meloni, saying that "ideological differences wouldn't end diplomacy" between the two countries. Lula also had a meeting and private dinner with Rome mayor Roberto Gualtieri.[250]

#### Vatican

[edit]

Lula and Rosângela with Pope Francis after their meeting in Brasília, June 2023

Lula met with Pope Francis on the Vatican City on 12 June after his diner with Italian President Sergio Mattarella, during the meeting at Paul VI's room, they reportedly discussed "peace and reconciliation, environmental preservation, respect for indigenous populations and the fight against hunger, inequality and poverty in the world", according to Brazilian and Holy See officials, although there was no explicit mention to the current Russo-Ukrainian war, Lula reportedly wanted to talk about a possible peaceful solution of the conflict with the Pope, but neither side mentioned any talks about that particular subject.[251]

Lula gave the Pope an engraving of the Holy Family made by Pernambuco artist J. F. Borges, while Rosângela brought the Pontiff an image of Our Lady of Nazaré, patroness of the Amazon, while the Pope gave Lula and Janja a bronze art with the phrase "Peace is a fragile flower", he also presented the couple with a copy of his Message of Peace for 2023, the document on Human Fraternity and the book with the prayer he did in a deserted St. Peter's Square, on 27 March 2020, praying for the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, Lula and Janja also invited the priest to travel to Pará to participate in the "Círio" in October of that year, but acceptance must depend on the state of health of the Pontiff, who was discharged from his most recent hospitalization, the second in two months, on Friday, after the meeting with the Pope, Lula had met with Dom Edgar Peña Parra, responsible for General Affairs at the Vatican Secretariat of State. In both meetings, according to him, "the good relations between Brazil and the Holy See and the harmonious collaboration between Church and State in favour of the promotion of moral values and the common good" were highlighted.[252]

#### Portugal

[edit]

Lula, Rosângela and Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa in a meeting in the Belém Palace on 22 April 2023

In November 2022, then president-elect Lula visited Portugal after attending the COP27 in Egypt, making it his first bilateral trip after being elected. He met with Portuguese president Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa and prime minister António Costa.[253]

In March 2023, Brazilian minister Alexandre Padilha confirmed Lula's first visit to Portugal as president.[254]

Lula and Portuguese Prime Minister António Costa visit an OGMA facility in Alverca on 24 April 2023

In April 2023, President Lula began his four-day trip during which he called Portugal relations with Brazil "extraordinary" and stated that "Portugal is not simply a foreign country but our home extension".[255] In the 13th Brazil-Portugal Summit the countries signed several agreements such as a mutual recognition of professional degrees, driver's licenses, rights of persons with disabilities and a witness protection programme in both countries. Other agreements signed during the visit include education, science, tourism, energy and audiovisual areas.[256] Lula also attended a high-level Brazilian-Portuguese business meeting in Matosinhos in which Brazilian aerospace giant Embraer and four Portuguese companies (OGMA, EMPORDEF, GMVIS Skysof and CEiiA) announced a deal to build a Brazilian-designed aircraft.[257] Also in the meeting, Prime Minister António Costa announced Portugal companies EDP and Galp will be investing a total of €5.7 billion in projects in Brazil over the next years.[258] On 24 April, Lula took part in a ceremony at the Queluz Palace to award Brazilian singer and songwriter Chico Buarque the Camões Prize.[259][260][261][262][263]

#### Spain

[edit]

Lula with Spanish PM Pedro Sánchez at the Moncloa Palace on 26 April 2023

In April 2023, Lula met with union leaders and took part in the Brazil-Spain Business Forum in Madrid.[264][265] On 26 April, Lula, alongside several of his cabinet ministers, met with Spanish prime minister Pedro Sánchez at the Moncloa Palace, where he signed two different deals regarding education and work areas, which includes facilitating student exchange programmes between universities in both countries, expanding cooperation between in higher education and adopting regulations for IT companies[266][267] Later on that day, Lula, Rosângela and FM Mauro Vieira met with King Felipe VI at the Royal Palace of Madrid.[268]

In March 2023, Lula received Sánchez in Brasília ahead of the 2024 G20 Rio de Janeiro summit to discuss trade relations between Brazil and Spain including the EU-Mercosur Association Agreement as well the reform of world institutions such as the United Nations and the World Bank.[269][270]

#### United Kingdom

[edit]

Lula and PM Rishi Sunak on 5 May 2023

In May 2023, Lula and Rosângela travelled to the United Kingdom to attend the coronation of Charles III and Camilla and had a separate meeting with the King.[271][272] Lula also met with the UK's Prime Minister Rishi Sunak, who announced his country was donating £80 million (BRL 500 million) to the Amazon Fund initiative, run by Brazil.[273] During his trip, Lula called for the release of WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange, adding that "we talk about freedom of speech [but] the guy is in prison because he denounced wrongdoing" and "it is an embarrassment that a journalist who denounced trickery by one state against another is arrested, condemned to die in jail and we do nothing to free him. It's a crazy thing". Lula urged to create an international media movement to lobby for Assange's release.[274][275]

#### Russian invasion of Ukraine

[edit]

See also: Russian invasion of Ukraine

President Lula has taken a neutral instance on the war in Ukraine while highlighting the human cost of the war, as well as its impact on food security, cost of living and global supply chains, among others, as he has stated the importance of a peace process led by non-directly or indirectly involved nations such as India, Indonesia and China.[276][277][278]

In January 2023, Lula stated that he was "against the occupation Russia has done in Ukraine" for which he was praised by the Ukrainian World Congress[279]

During his trip to the US in February 2023, Lula and US president Joe Biden jointly criticized Russia for its invasion of Ukraine.[280] On 24 February 2023, Brazil voted to condemn Russia over its invasion of Ukraine at the UNGA.[281]

In April 2023, Lula commenting on peace negotiations said "Putin must not take the Ukrainian territory. Crimea might not be on the table, but when it comes to what he [Putin] invaded again, he must reconsider it", with some media outlets mistranslating his statements as urging Ukraine to give up Crime to Russia.[282]

Lula has also insisted in seeking peace, which is a binding foreign policy principle under the current pacifist Constitution ,[a] as he turned down Brazilian military weaponry sales proposed by Germany and France to be sent to Ukraine.[283][284]

In April 2023, Lula stated after a state visit to China that "the United States needs to stop encouraging war and start talking about peace". U.S. National Security Council spokesman John Kirby responded by accusing Lula of "parroting Russian and Chinese propaganda", describing his comments as "simply misguided" and "suggesting the United States and Europe are somehow not interested in peace, or that we share responsibility for the war."[285]

On 19 May 2023, Lula said he was "upset" after Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelesnkyy did not attend a meeting between both on the sidelines of the G7 Summit in Hiroshima.[286] On 22 May, Danish foreign minister Lars Løkke Rasmussen said that Denmark was interested in hosting a summit aimed at "finding peace between Ukraine and Russia". but "it is necessary to build interest and involvement from countries like India, Brazil and China."[287]

In September 2023, Lula and Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy met on the sidelines of the 78th United National General Assembly (UNGA), in New York; Lula pledged to maintain an open dialogue between their countries to end the war.[8]

### Asia

[edit]

#### China

[edit]

See also: 2023 Brazil-China summit

Lula, Rosângela with Chinese president Xi Jinping and his first-lady Peng Liyuan in Beijing, 14 April 2023

In February, 2023, Reuters reported that President Lula would meet with Chinese president Xi Jinping during a four-day trip to China on 28 March to hold talks about trade, including green economy, digital inclusion, reindustrialization and the Russia-Ukraine War.[288][289]

On 17 March 2023, Itamaraty confirmed Lula's trip to China, adding that he would also meet with Chinese premier Li Qiang and National People's Congress chairman Zhao Leji.[290] A week later, New Development Bank (NDB), whose headquarters are in Shanghai, elected Brazilian former president Dilma Rousseff as its new CEO after president Lula made his official appointment.[291] On 24 March, however, due to health issues Lula canceled his trip which was later rescheduled for 11–14 April.[292][293] As part of a separate high-level business forum between Brazilian and Chinese officials and hundreds of business people in Beijing, both countries announced on 29 March they were starting to trade in their own currencies (the Real and the Renmimbi) instead of in the US dollar.[294]

In April 2023, President Lula, who was accompanied by many of his cabinet ministers, Brazilian state governors and lawmakers, met with Chinese deputy foreign minister Xie Feng upon their arrival in Shanghai, where Lula also attended Brazilian former president Dilma Rousseff inauguration as the new NDB CEO, visited a Huawei center and spoke with several Chinese chairpeople including BYD CEO Wang Chuanfu and China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) CEO Wang Tongzhou.[295][296] During his stay in Shanghai, Lula criticized US dollar dominance stating "Who was it that decided that the dollar was the currency after the disappearance of the gold standard?" and "why can't we do trade based on our own currencies?". He also urged developing nations to find an alternative currency to the dollar.[297]

On 14 April, Lula separately met with Congress chairman Zhao Leji, Chinese premier Li Qiang and Chinese leader Xi Jinping in Beijing and signed numerous agreements (worth BRL 50 billion – nearly USD 10.1 billion) aiming at mutual cooperation such as to further develop the CBERS-4 constellation, to create a pannel to follow the Sustainable Development Goals in both countries and to open a Sino-Brazilian trade fair mainly focused on green, low-carbon economy and digitalization, among other agreements.[298][299][300] China and Brazil also urged developed countries to speed up climate change mitigation funds following the rich countries' commitment at the COP 15 to donate US$100 billion a year to do so from 2009 on.[301]

In July 2024, Brazil and China signed an agreement to extend tourist and business visas validity from 5 to 10-years long.[302]

In July 2024, Vice-President Geraldo Alckmin visited China amid the celebrations of bicentenary of the establishment of the Brazilian-Chinese relations, and also reportedly as a preparation for Brazil to join the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative. During the visit Chinese president Xi Jinping praised Sino-Brazilian relations as a "friendship" that "goes far beyond the bilateral relations".[303] China also announced a loan to help the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul after the April 2024 floods.[304]

#### Japan

[edit]

Lula and Japanese FM Fumio Kishida meet on sidelines of the 49th G7 summit in Hiroshima, May 2023

On 21 March, Japanese ambassador to Brazil Teiji Hayashi confirmed that prime minister Fumio Kishida would invite president Lula to the 49th G7 summit to be held from 19 to 21 May 2023 in Hiroshima, which formally took place on 6 April.[305][306]

In May 2023, Kishida met with Lula and announced that Japan was starting procedures to grant Brazilians travel visa exemptions and was opening a ¥30 billion line of credit to support health companies and other businesses in Brazil through Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Lula said Brazil and Japan need to further develop their commercial, cultural, political and scientific relationship adding that "we have cultural bonds with Japan and a great Japanese-Brazilian community". Both leaders also discussed education, climate change, development and peace.[307][308][309]

#### United Arab Emirates

[edit]

President Lula is welcomed by Emirati president sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan in the Qasr Al Watan palace on 15 April 2023

In April 2023, President Lula visited the UAE where he met with sheikh and Emirati president Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. During the visit, Emirati state-owned Mubadala Investment Company announced a deal to invest up to $2.5 billion in biofuels in a refinery in Brazil. The countries signed a series of agreements including one aimed at mutual cooperation against climate change and another on artificial intelligence. Lula also meet with the organizers of the COP28 which will take place in Abu Dhabi in late 2023.[310][311][312]

#### Israel–Hamas war

[edit]

See also: 2023 Israel–Hamas war

On 7 October 2023, there was the beginning of the geopolitical conflict between the State of Israel and Hamas in the Gaza Strip region, which significantly shook the international community.[313] Brazil, at first, did not classify Hamas as a terrorist organization, since the country's policy on this issue directly agrees with the UN classification, which also did not classify it as a terrorist.[314][315] On the same day, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the federal government organized a rescue operation for Brazilians who were in Israel, being the first country to do so. Days later, several planes belonging to the Brazilian Air Force were sent to the region of Israel in order to rescue Brazilians who wanted to go back to Brazil.[316][317]

On his social networks, President Lula made a post in which he condemned the Hamas attacks and described Brazil as capable of "finding a path to peace".[318] Lula also published that he spoke to Israeli president Isaac Herzog and ratified his repudiation of the events, while also calling for Israel to take all measures to prevent a humanitarian crisis.[319] He also later spoke with the Mahmoud Abbas, president of the Palestinian Authority, and Abdul Fatah Khalil Al-Sisi, president of Egypt.[320][321] On 20 October, Lula spoke out again on social media, classifying the Hamas attack as an "act of madness" and "terrorism against Israel", and Israel's response as "insane", citing the high mortality rate (especially of children and infants) in Gaza during the bombings and invasion.[322] On 18 October, the Brazilian government took a resolution to the UN Security Council that dealt with the Israel-Hamas conflict.[323] In the proposal, plans to provide basic supplies to civilians in conflict situations, such as water and medicine, as well as calls for the release of Israelis held hostage by Hamas, creation a humanitarian corridor and protection of the physical integrity of civilians were some of the topics discussed; The resolution received 12 votes in favour, but was vetoed due to the opposing vote by the United States.[324]

### Africa

[edit]

Lula greets Cape Verde prime minister Ulisses Correia e Silva at the Itamaraty Palace in May 2023

In February 2023, President Lula said he was planning to visit Angola, Mozambique and South Africa, and that Brazil should "repay its historical, cultural debt with Africa" through strengthening scientific and technological assistance to African nations.[325][326]

#### Angola

[edit]

In August 2023, Lula visited Angola, and met with president João Manuel Lourenço, whom he signed seven cooperation agreements in areas such as agriculture, health and education. During his two-day trip Lula was awarded an order of merit, and paid tribute to Angolan independence wartime statesman António Agostinho Neto. He also said Brazil considers opening a general-consulate in Luanda.[4][5][6]

#### Cape Verde

[edit]

President Lula and Cape Verde president José Maria Neves at the presidential palace in Praia in July 2023

In May 2023, Lula met with Cape Verde prime minister Ulisses Correia e Silva in Brasília. Correia e Silva said his country could play an important role in bringing Brazil closer to ECOWAS countries while Lula stated that "Brazil believes in a solidary, mutually beneficial South-South cooperation based on shared experiences" between countries with Africa being a top priority. Lula said that he intends to step up cooperation programmes with Cape Verde in education and agriculture areas and that he plans to visit at least two African countries in 2023, namely Cape Verde and South Africa, respectively for the 2023 CPLP Summit and the 15th BRICS summit.[327][328][329]

In July 2023, Lula visited Cape Verde and met with president José Maria Neves who greeted "Brazil's comeback to international forums". Lula said he wants to "recover the good and productive relations Brazil used to have with Africa", and expressed his desire to open more Brazilian embassies in African countries and to pay another visit to Cape Verde to attend to 2023 CPLP Summit.[330]

#### Egypt

[edit]

In January 2024, Lula accepted an invitation by Egypt president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to visit the country, which took place on 15 February.[331][332] At the meeting, Brazil and Egypt signed two agreements regarding agriculture and science cooperation.[333]

Lula also met with Arab League's secretary-general Ahmed Aboul Gheit at the League's headquarters, where he called the Israeli campaign in Gaza "inhumanity and cowardice", urging "the collective punishment" of Palestinians by Israel to stop, thus calling for a ceasefire, and all the hostages taken by Hamas to be unconditionally and immediately released. Lula equally defended the international recognition of the Palestinian state, with East Jerusalem as its capital.[334]

#### Ethiopia

[edit]

On 15 February, Lula separately met with Addis Ababa's mayor Adanech Abebe, with whom he attended a ceremony in honour to the fallen of the Battle of Adwa, and Ethiopian prime minister Abiy Ahmed, with whom he called for international climate funding (following rich countries' commitment to yearly donate US $100 billion) in order to secure green energy transition in poor and developing countries.[335][336][337]

### Oceania

[edit]

#### Australia

[edit]

On 10 March 2022, Brazil's Agriculture Ministry announced the country was holding talks with Australia about agricultural trade agreements regarding wheat, barley and pork trade as well as sustainable agriculture including research projects between both countries.[338]

### International organizations and forums

[edit]

#### Global Compact for Migration

[edit]

On 8 January 2023, Foreign Minister Mauro Vieira announced Brazil rejoined the Global Compact for Migration from which the Bolsonaro government withdrew on 9 January 2019[339][340] The UNHCR welcomed the decision stating that ensures "the people's rights and the means so that migrants and refugees can contribute positively to the host countries". According to the Foreign Ministry, the party's mutual benefits of the pact also reflect on the "Brazilian government's commitment to the protection and promotion of the rights of more than 4 million Brazilians living abroad".[339]

#### Geneva Consensus Declaration

[edit]

On 17 January, Lula withdrew Brazil from the Geneva Consensus Declaration on Promoting Women's Health and Strengthening the Family. Signed by Bolsonaro in 2020, the document stated that "there is no international right to abortion nor any international obligation on the part of States to finance or facilitate abortion". The document, which also limits families to only those formed by heterosexual couples, was signed by countries such as Saudi Arabia, Uganda, Egypt, Indonesia, Hungary, the United Arab Emirates, Sudan and Belarus, as well as the United States (which left the declaration in 2021), totaling 31 countries.[341][342]

#### United Nations Climate Change Conference

[edit]

On 1 November 2022, the COP27 host Egypt invited then President-elect Lula to visit the summit which raised hopes among climate activists and international organizations officials that Brazil will strengthen its environmental policies.[343] Lula accepted the invitation and, while attending the COP27, promised to fight for a zero deforestation in the Amazon and other biomes. He also promised to have a United Nations Climate Change conference held in the Amazon.[344][345][346] On 11 January 2023, Lula announced Brazil was making an official bid for the Brazilian city of Belém to host the COP 30.[347] In May 2023, the UN announced that Belém had been chosen to host the summit, a first for a city in the Amazon region.[348] During the COP28, Lula announced that Brazil would join the OPEC\+ initiative, which focuses on integration and discussion between members of the group and other countries.[349] He also announced a plan to recover degraded pasturelands, and to boost overall agriculture productivity through loans by Brazil's BNDES.[350]

#### Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization

[edit]

Further information: 2023 Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization Summit

On 4 January 2023, it was reported that Brazil was seeking an Amazon summit between members of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) and other non-members, which was reportedly well received by the ACTO countries.[351] On 26 January, Lula invited French president Emmanuel Macron to attend the ACTO summit due to the French department of French Guiana location in the Amazon region.[352]

#### BRICS Summits

[edit]

Further information: 15th BRICS summit

Lula and other BRICS leaders during the 15th BRICS Summit in August 2023, in Johannesburg.

Lula attended the 15th BRICS summit in August 2023. During the event he spoke in favour of more countries joining the BRICS, including Brazil's neighbour Argentina and Indonesia; called for a common currency between BRICS members and said the group is not meant to challenge either the G7 or the US.[353][354][355][356] Lula criticized the United Nations Security Council which he considered to be "limited" in face of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and reiterated Brazil's position of "defending sovereignty, territorial integrity" and the principles of the United Nations.[357]

### International aid

[edit]

On 8 February 2023, President Lula authorized immediate emergency aid, including several Brazilian fire brigades, Brazilian Air Force air tankers and other emergency services and equipment to be sent to Chile after severe wildfires broke out across the country.[358][359][360] In the following day, Brazil sent aid, rescue crews, including search and rescue dogs, among other equipment and staff to Turkey and Syria following the 2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake.[361][360] In July 2023, Lula also sent Brazilian firefighters teams to Canada to help with the 2023 Central Canada wildfires.[362]

## Controversies

[edit]

### Appointment of ministers

[edit]

#### Waldez Góes

[edit]

At the beginning of January, the NGO Transparency International issued a statement criticizing the choice of Waldez Goés, former Governor of Amapá and affiliated with the PDT, as Ministry of National Integration, due to his previous sentence to prison for misappropriation of public resources. On its official Twitter profile, the institution published:[363]

> This week, a man sentenced to prison for embezzlement of public resources was sworn in as Minister of National Integration. He entered through the Centrão quota, which can undermine any government, on the right or on the left. In 2019, Waldez Goés was sentenced by the STJ (Supreme Court of Justice) to 6 years in prison for embezzlement. His defence filed an appeal, which is pending at the STF (Supreme Federal Court) following a request from Minister Alexandre de Moraes. Still, despite the seriousness of the case, he was sworn in as Minister of the Lula Government.[363]

According to several sources, Waldez was presented and nominated by Davi Alcolumbre, from União Brasil, senator re-elected by Amapá in 2022 and former President of the Senate from 2019 to 2021.[364] Two days before leaving the Government of Amapá, Waldez announced work to pave a highway that connects the state capital, Macapá, to the south of the state. The work, valued at R$100 million, the most expensive of his government, was handed over to the company Reflorestadora Rio Pedreira, belonging to Breno Chaves Pinto, second deputy of senator Davi Alcolumbre, and will have the majority of its finances through resources from the "secret budget" sent by the parliamentarian himself.[364][365] After taking office as minister, Waldez left his party, also denying that he would join União Brasil, contrary to the expectations of the party's parliamentarians and Alcolumbre's allies.[366]

#### Daniela Carneiro

[edit]

In the same month Minister of Tourism Daniela Carneiro came under scrutiny for her association with individuals believed to command militias in Rio de Janeiro.[367][368]

### Government budget deficit

[edit]

The year 2023 ended with a primary deficit of 230 billion reais, the second worst in history, behind only 2020, the year of the COVID-19 Pandemic.[369][370] According to Haddad, the result was increased, in part, by the decision to immediately pay the stock of court orders not paid during the Jair Bolsonaro Government, amounting to 92 billion Reals.[371]

## See also

[edit]

* First presidency of Lula da Silva
* List of executive orders by Lula da Silva
* Lulism
* Politics of Brazil
* Workers' Party (Brazil)

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ See Article 4, VI, VII

## References

[edit]

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366. ^ "Góes diz que se licenciará do PDT apenas enquanto ocupar Integração Nacional". noticias.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 4 June 2024.
367. ^ "Mais um acusado de chefiar milícia tem conexão com a ministra do Turismo, Daniela Carneiro". O Globo (in Brazilian Portuguese). 5 January 2023. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
368. ^ "Como Lula se aproximou da família de Waguinho, ligada à milícia". VEJA (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
369. ^ "Governo aumenta projeção de rombo para 2023 e passa a prever déficit de R$ 177,4 bilhões". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 22 November 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
370. ^ Noberto*, Cristiane. "Governo fecha 2023 com déficit de R$ 230,5 bi, segundo pior da história, diz Tesouro Nacional". CNN Brasil. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
371. ^ "Governo publica medida provisória que abre R$ 93 bilhões em crédito extraordinário para pagamento de precatórios". G1 (in Brazilian Portuguese). 21 December 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024.

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Presidents of Brazil

Old Republic
(1889–1930)|

* Deodoro da Fonseca (1889–1891) ¤
* Floriano Peixoto (1891–1894)
* Prudente de Morais (1894–1898)
* Campos Sales (1898–1902)
* Rodrigues Alves (1902–1906)
* Afonso Pena (1906–1909) †
* Nilo Peçanha (1909–1910)
* Hermes da Fonseca (1910–1914)
* Venceslau Brás (1914–1918)
* Rodrigues Alves (never took office)
* Delfim Moreira (1918–1919) ‡
* Epitácio Pessoa (1919–1922)
* Artur Bernardes (1922–1926)
* Washington Luís (1926–1930) ×
* Júlio Prestes (never took office)

Second Republic
(1930–37)|

* Military Junta (Tasso Fragoso, Isaías de Noronha, Mena Barreto) (1930)
* Getúlio Vargas (1930–1937) ×

Estado Novo
(1937–46)|

* Getúlio Vargas (1937–1945) ×
* José Linhares (1945–1946)

Populist Republic
(1946–64)|

* Eurico Gaspar Dutra (1946–1951)
* Getúlio Vargas (1951–1954) †
* Café Filho (1954–1955)
* Carlos Luz (1955)
* Nereu Ramos (1955–1956)
* Juscelino Kubitschek (1956–1961)
* Jânio Quadros (1961) ¤
* Ranieri Mazzilli (1961)
* João Goulart (1961–1964) ×

Military dictatorship
(1964–85)|

* Ranieri Mazzilli (1964)
* Castelo Branco (1964–1967)
* Costa e Silva (1967–1969) †
* Pedro Aleixo (posthumous)
* Military Junta (1969)
* Emílio Garrastazu Médici (1969–1974)
* Ernesto Geisel (1974–1979)
* João Figueiredo (1979–1985)

New Republic
(1985–present)|

* Tancredo Neves (never took office)
* José Sarney (1985–1990)
* Collor de Mello (1990–1992) ¤ +
* Itamar Franco (1992–1995)
* Fernando H. Cardoso (1995–2003)
* Lula da Silva (2003–2011)
* Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016) +
* Michel Temer (2016–2019)
* Jair Bolsonaro (2019–2023)
* Lula da Silva (2023–present)

End of term: ¤ Resigned; † Died in office; × Coup d'état or self-coup; ‡ New elections held; + Impeached

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