Secondary poverty

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Secondary poverty is a description of poverty referring to those living below the poverty line whose income was sufficient for them to live above the line, but was spent on things other than the necessities of life.[1]

In 18th and 19th century Great Britain, the practice of temperance among Methodists, as well as their rejection of gambling, allowed them to eliminate secondary poverty and accumulate capital.[2]

The term was coined by Seebohm Rowntree after his investigations into poverty in York.

## Factors contributing to secondary poverty

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### Alcohol use

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Main article: List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita

The Bureau of Labor Statistics found that "the average American consumer dedicates 1 percent of all their spending to alcohol".[3]

In Scotland, households spent an average of £8.90 a week on alcohol.[4]

### Gambling

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In the United States, the average individual loses $400.00 to gambling each year.[3]

The National Anti-Gambling League, which was founded in 1890, condemned the lottery as a cause of secondary poverty.[5] More recently, the sociologist Gerda Reith stated that the lottery exploited working classes, which see it as one of the sole avenues for liberation from oppression.[5] Reith stated that governments use the lottery as a means to increase their revenue and called it an "extra form of taxation".[5]

Indeed, people in the low-income brackets (2.8%) spend a higher percentage of their household income on games of chance than people in higher income brackets (0.5%). That is important since the risk of gambling related harm increases significantly when more than 1% of gross family income is spent on gambling activities. The additional risk of gambling for those in a lower-income bracket warrants further attention with the expansion of government-operated gambling throughout Canada, especially since increased rates of problem gambling prevalence are linked to enhanced accessibility and availability.[6] Problem gambling can be defined as difficulties in limiting money and/or time spent on the activity, which leads to problems for the gambler and others.[6] According to Hahmann and Matheson (n.d.), two life events can lead to homelessness: significant job loss and problem gambling.

### Tobacco

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Further information: Prevalence of tobacco consumption

In India, smokers spend ₹36,000 annually on smoking cigarettes.[7]

### Other drugs

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"A survey from 2007 notes that 23% of unemployed persons had used cocaine at least once.",[8] although homelessness may contribute to the use of cocaine, rather than the other way around.

## See also

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* Poverty

## References

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1. ^ Freeman, Mark (2011). "Seebohm Rowntree and secondary poverty, 1899-19541". The Economic History Review. 64 (4): 1175–1194\. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2010.00570.x. S2CID 155046187.
2. ^ Swatos, William H. (1998). Encyclopedia of Religion and Society. Rowman Altamira. p. 385\. ISBN 9780761989561.
3. ^ a b Muniz, Katherine (24 March 2014). "20 ways Americans are blowing their money". USA Today. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
4. ^ Milligan, Brian (16 February 2017). "ONS figures show UK spending less on alcohol and tobacco". BBC. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
5. ^ a b c Casey, Emma (2016). Women, Pleasure and the Gambling Experience. Routledge. p. 28\. ISBN 9781134779680.
6. ^ a b Hahmann, T. E., & Matheson, F. L. (n.d.). Problem Gambling and Poverty. Retrieved March 26, 2019, from https://www.greo.ca/Modules/EvidenceCentre/files/Hahmann_and_Matheson_(2017)_Problem_gambling_and_poverty.pdf
7. ^ Saravanan, P (21 June 2016). "Cigarettes & smoking: Here's how to save Rs 36,000". The Financial Express. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
8. ^ "Economic Status and Abuse". Dual Diagnosis. Retrieved 2019-03-28.

## Further reading

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Wikiversity has learning resources about Eliminating poverty

* Briggs, Asa: "A Study of the Work of Seebohm Rowntree: 1871-1954", Longmans, 1961
* Rowntree, B S: "Poverty: A Study in Town Life", page 298. Macmillan and Co., 1901
* University of Glasgow, Extracts from B. Seebohm Rowntree, Poverty: A Study of Town Life

* v
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Deprivation and poverty indicators

Social|

| Topics:|

* Acting out
* Child abuse
* Disadvantaged
* Diseases of poverty
* Environmental degradation
* Environmental racism
* Fushūgaku
* Governance failure
* Hikikomori
* Mental illness
* Relative deprivation
* Self-image
* Social deprivation
* Social exclusion
* Social stigma
* Social vulnerability
* Social determinants of health in poverty
* Violence against women
* Vulnerability

|

Measures:|

* Social Progress Index

Psychological|

| Topics:|

* Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment
* Learned helplessness
* Psychological abuse
* psychological poverty
* Poverty and mental health
* Social determinants of mental health

|

Economic|

| Topics:|

* Asset poverty
* Culture of poverty
* Debt bondage
* Energy poverty
* Extreme poverty
* Housing stress
* Human trafficking
* Income deficit
* Poverty threshold
* Precariat
* Precarious work
* Secondary poverty
* Social determinants of health in poverty
* Survival sex
* Water scarcity

|

Measures:|

* Below Poverty Line (India)
* Homeless Vulnerability Index
* Misery index (economics)
* Gini coefficient
* Genuine progress indicator (GPI)
* Legatum Prosperity Index
* Poverty gap index

Physical|

| Topics:|

* Disability and poverty
* Food insecurity
* Physical abuse
* Sex trafficking
* Social determinants of health
* Poverty and violence

|

Measures:|

* India State Hunger Index
* Global Hunger Index
* Disability-adjusted life year (DALYs)
* Global Peace Index (GPI)

Complex measures|

* Human Poverty Index (HPI)
* Human Development Index (HDI)
* Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
* Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
* Living Planet Index (LPI)
* Progress out of Poverty Index
* Deprivation index

Gender|

| Topics:|

* Feminization of poverty

|

Measures:|

* Gender-related Development Index (GDI)
* Gender Parity Index

Other|

Categories: Income inequality metrics · Measurements and definitions of poverty · Social responsibility organizations

Commons categories: Information graphics about poverty · Poverty-related maps
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