Secretariat of State (Holy See)

Branch of the Holy See that handles political and diplomatic functions

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The Secretariat of State (Latin: Secretaria Status; Italian: Segreteria di Stato) is the oldest dicastery in the Roman Curia, the central papal governing bureaucracy of the Catholic Church. It is headed by the Cardinal Secretary of State and performs all the political and diplomatic functions of the Holy See. The Secretariat is divided into three sections: the Section for General Affairs, the Section for Relations with States, and, since 2017, the Section for Diplomatic Staff.[1]

## History of the Secretariat of State

[edit]

The origins of the Secretariat of State go back to the fifteenth century. The apostolic constitution Non Debet Reprehensibile of 31 December 1487 established the Secretaria Apostolica comprising twenty-four apostolic secretaries, one of whom bore the title Secretarius Domesticus and held a position of pre-eminence. One can also trace to this Secretaria Apostolica the Chancery of Briefs, the Secretariat of Briefs to Princes and the Secretariat of Latin Letters.

Pope Leo X established another position, the Secretarius Intimus, to assist the Cardinal who had control of the affairs of State and to attend to correspondence in languages other than Latin, chiefly with the Apostolic Nuncios (who at that time were evolving into permanent diplomatic representatives). From these beginnings, the Secretariat of State developed, especially at the time of the Council of Trent.

Two secretaries of state: Cardinal Angelo Sodano (former Secretary of State of the Holy See) with Condoleezza Rice (former U.S. Secretary of State)

For a long time, the Secretarius Intimus, also called Secretarius Papae or Secretarius Maior, was almost always a prelate, often endowed with episcopal rank. It was only at the beginning of the pontificate of Innocent X that someone already a Cardinal and not a member of the Pope's family was called to this high office. Pope Innocent XII definitively abolished the office of Cardinal Nephew, and the powers of that office were assigned to the Cardinal Secretary of State alone.

On 19 July 1814, Pope Pius VII established the Sacred Congregation for the Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, expanding the Congregatio super negotiis ecclesiasticis Regni Galliarum established by Pius VI in 1793. With the apostolic constitution Sapienti Consilio of 29 June 1908, Saint Pius X divided the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs in the form fixed by the Codex Iuris Canonici of 1917 (Can. 263) and he specified the duties of each of the three sections: the first was concerned essentially with extraordinary affairs, while the second attended to the ordinary affairs, and the third, until then an independent body (the Chancery of Apostolic Briefs), had the duty of preparing and dispatching pontifical Briefs.

With the apostolic constitution Regimini Ecclesiae universae[2] of 15 August 1967, Pope Paul VI reformed the Roman Curia, implementing the desire expressed by the bishops in the Second Vatican Council. This gave a new face to the Secretariat of State, suppressing the Chancery of Apostolic Briefs, formerly the third section, and transforming the former first section, the Sacred Congregation for the Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, into a body distinct from the Secretariat of State, though closely related to it, which was to be known as the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church.

### Loss of assets and corruption investigation

[edit]

In December 2020, Pope Francis enacted legislation stripping the Secretariat of State of its financial assets and real estate holdings following its bungled management of hundreds of millions of euros in donations.[3] Controversial investments which were made by the Vatican Secretariat of State department also became subject to a corruption investigation.[3]

## Structure

[edit]

On 28 June 1988, John Paul II promulgated the apostolic constitution Pastor bonus,[4] which introduced a reform of the Roman Curia and divided the Secretariat of State into two sections: the Section for General Affairs and the Section for Relations with States, which incorporated the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church. Pope Francis added a third unit, the Section for Diplomatic Staff, in November 2017.[5]

The head of the Secretariat of State is the Secretary of State, who is a cardinal. The Cardinal Secretary of State is primarily responsible for the diplomatic and political activity of the Holy See, in some circumstances representing the Pope himself.

## Section for General Affairs

[edit]

The Section for General Affairs handles the normal operations of the Church including organizing the activities of the Roman Curia, making appointments to curial offices, publishing official communications, papal documents, handling the concerns of embassies to the Holy See, and keeping the papal seal and Fisherman's Ring. Abroad, the Section for General Affairs is responsible for organizing the activities of nuncios around the world in their activities concerning the local church.[6]

### Substitute for General Affairs

[edit]

The Section for General Affairs is headed by an archbishop known as the Substitute for General Affairs, or more formally, Substitute for General Affairs to the Secretary of State. The position of Substitute (substituto) has also been regarded as being equivalent to the papal chief of staff, with Crux even describing the Substitute as being "the only figure in the Vatican system with the right to see the pope on a routine basis without an appointment."[7][8][9] The current Substitute for General Affairs to the Secretary of State is Archbishop Edgar Peña Parra. There have been 10 substitutes since 1953:

* Nicola Canali (21 March 1908 – 24 September 1914)
* Federico Tedeschini (24 September 1914 – 31 March 1921)
* Giovanni Battista Montini (13 December 1937 – 17 February 1953) (Later Pope Paul VI)
* Angelo Dell'Acqua (17 February 1953 – 29 June 1967)
* Giovanni Benelli (29 June 1967 – 3 June 1977)
* Giuseppe Caprio (14 June 1977 – 28 April 1979)
* Eduardo Martínez Somalo (5 May 1979 – 23 March 1988)
* Edward Idris Cassidy (23 March 1988 – 12 December 1989)
* Giovanni Battista Re (12 December 1989 – 16 September 2000)
* Leonardo Sandri (16 September 2000 – 1 July 2007)
* Fernando Filoni (1 July 2007 – 10 May 2011)
* Giovanni Angelo Becciu (10 May 2011 – 29 June 2018)
* Edgar Peña Parra (15 October 2018 – present)

### Assessor for General Affairs of the Secretariat of State

[edit]

The deputy to the Substitute for General Affairs, effectively deputy chief of staff, is called the Assessor for General Affairs of the Secretariat of State. The current Assessor for General Affairs of the Secretariat of State is Monsignor Roberto Campisi.

* Eduardo Martínez Somalo (1970 – 11 December 1975)
* Giovanni Battista Re (12 January 1979 – 9 October 1987)
* Crescenzio Sepe (10 October 1987 – 2 February 1992)
* Leonardo Sandri (4 February 1992 – 22 July 1997)
* James Michael Harvey (22 July 1997 – 7 February 1998)
* Pedro Lopez Quintana (7 February 1998 – 12 December 2002)
* Gabriele Giordano Caccia (17 December 2002 – 16 July 2009)
* Peter Bryan Wells (16 July 2009 – 9 February 2016)
* Paolo Borgia (4 March 2016 – 3 September 2019)
* Luigi Roberto Cona (24 October 2019 – 26 October 2022)
* Roberto Campisi (26 October 2022 – present)

## Section for Relations with States

[edit]

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Further information: Section for Relations with States

### Origin

[edit]

The Congregation for the Ecclesiastical Affairs of the Kingdom of France was set up by Pope Pius VI with the Constitution Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum in 1793 to deal with the problems created for the Church by the French Revolution. In 1814, Pope Pius VII gave this office responsibility for negotiations with all governments, renaming it the Extraordinary Congregation for the Ecclesiastical Affairs of the Catholic World (Latin: Congregatio Extraordinaria Praeposita Negotiis Ecclesiasticis Orbis Catholici). Some years later, Pope Leo XII changed its name to the Sacred Congregation for Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs (Latin: Sacra Congregatio pro Negotiis Ecclesiasticis Extraordinariis), which remained its title until 1967 when Pope Paul VI separated this body from the Secretariat of State, calling it the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church. This council was later replaced by the present Section for Relations with States.

### Responsibilities

[edit]

The Section is responsible for the Holy See's interactions with civil governments. According to the relevant articles of the apostolic constitution Pastor bonus,[10] the responsibilities of the Secretary for Relations with States are:

* for the Holy See's diplomatic relations with states, including the establishment of concordats or similar agreements;
* for the Holy See's presence in international organizations and conferences such as the United Nations;
* in special circumstances, by order of the Supreme Pontiff and in consultation with the competent dicasteries of the Curia, provides for appointments to particular Churches, and for their establishment or modification;
* in close collaboration with the Congregation for Bishops, it attends to the appointment of bishops in countries which have entered into treaties or agreements with the Holy See in accordance with the norms of international law.

### Structure

[edit]

The Section is headed by an Archbishop, the Secretary for Relations with States, who reports to the Secretary of State. His staff includes a Prelate, the Under-Secretary for Relations with States, and is assisted by Cardinals and Bishops. The Secretary for Relations with States is often called the foreign minister of the Holy See, and the Under-Secretary is often called the deputy foreign minister.

The current Secretary for Relations with States is Archbishop Paul Gallagher. The current Undersecretary for Relations with States is Monsignor Mirosław Stanisław Wachowski.[11] The current Delegate for Pontifical Representations is Archbishop Jan Romeo Pawłowski and the current Head of Protocol is Monsignor Javier Domingo Fernández González.

## Section for Diplomatic Staff

[edit]

On 21 November 2017, the Secretariat announced that Pope Francis had created the Section for Diplomatic Staff, expanding the responsibilities of the Delegate for Pontifical Representations.[12] It has been operating since 9 November 2017.[13] Since its creation it has been headed by Archbishop Jan Romeo Pawłowski.[5] He was succeeded in the role by Archbishop Luciano Russo in 2022.[14]

In 2022, this section was included in the organizational structure of the Roman Curia detailed in the apostolic constitution Praedicate evangelium.[15]

## See also

[edit]

* Latin Letters Office
* Index of Vatican City-related articles

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Brockhaus, Hannah (15 August 2018). "Pope names long-time Vatican diplomat as deputy of Secretariat of State". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
2. ^ Paul VI, Apostolic Constitution Regimini Ecclesiae Universae [1]
3. ^ a b Winfeld, Nicole (28 December 2020). "Pope formally strips Vatican secretariat of state of assets". Associated Press News. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
4. ^ Pope John Paul II (1998), Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus [2]
5. ^ a b "Third Section Established in Secretariat of State". Zenit. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
6. ^ Ibid, Articles 41–44
7. ^ Allen Jr., John (16 December 2023). "Cardinal sentenced to five and a half years in jail in Vatican 'trial of the century'". Crux. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
8. ^ Lamb, Christopher (18 December 2023). "Vatican's 'trial of the century' sees cardinal given five-and-a-half-year jail sentence". Retrieved 18 December 2023.
9. ^ "Becciu meets with Pope Francis to 'clarify' secret recording amid mounting scandals". The Pillar. 28 November 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
10. ^ Ibid, Articles 45–47
11. ^ "Resignations and Appointments, 15.01.2020" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
12. ^ "Communiqué of the Secretariat of State, 21.11.2017" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 21 November 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
13. ^ Gagliarducci, Andrea (20 November 2017). "Curia reform: Pope Francis reorganizes Vatican Secretariat of State". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
14. ^ "Rinunce e nomine (Continuazione)".
15. ^ Pope Francis. "Praedicate Evangelium, sulla Curia Romana e il suo servizio alla Chiesa nel Mondo (19 marzo 2022)". Dicastero per la Comunicazione – Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Article 52. Retrieved 8 June 2022.

## External links

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Secretariat of State.

* Official website
* Secretariat of State profile – Vatican.va
* Official Twitter account
* Overview of the Secretariat of State – GCatholic.org

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Roman Curia of the Holy See

Secretariat|

| Secretariat of State|

* Section for General Affairs
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Dicasteries|

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Tribunals|

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Institutes|

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* Teutonic Cemetery
* Mater Ecclesiae Monastery
* Sant'Egidio in Borgo
* Santi Martino e Sebastiano degli Svizzeri
* Paul VI Audience Hall
* The Resurrection
* Passetto di Borgo
* San Pellegrino in Vaticano
* St. Peter's Square
* Via della Conciliazione
* Fountains
* Porta San Pellegrino
* Ricciolo d'Italia
* Saint John's Tower
* Santo Stefano degli Abissini
* Vatican Pharmacy
* Vatican Hill

Politics|

* Elections
* Foreign relations
* Vicar General
* Law

* Crime
* Fundamental Law

Governance|

* Pope Leo XIV
* Cardinal Secretary of State Vacant

Government|

* Roman Curia
* Apostolic Camera
* Commissions
* For Vatican City State
* Councils
* Congregations
* Dicasteries

Military|

* Corps of Gendarmerie
* Swiss Guard
* See also: Corps of Firefighters

Economy|

* Banking
* Vatican euro coins
* Communications
* .va [Internet domain]
* Poste Vaticane
* Postage stamps and postal history
* Homelessness
* Secretariat for the Economy
* Tourism

Infrastructure|

* Transport
* Heliport
* Rail

Culture|

* Academy of Sciences
* AT telescope
* observatory
* Architecture
* Archives
* Apostolic Archive
* Climate Forest
* Demographics
* Languages
* Library
* film
* Music
* Sistine Chapel Choir
* Philatelic and Numismatic Office
* Public holidays

| Media|

* Holy See Press Office
* Vatican Information Service
* Vatican Media
* Vatican News
* Vatican Radio
* Vatican Television Center
* Vatican News App
* Vatican Publishing House
* Acta Apostolicae Sedis
* Annuario Pontificio
* L'Osservatore Romano
* Pope2you

|

Religion|

* Catholic Church

Symbols|

* Anthem
* Coat of arms
* Flag

Sports|

* Amateur Sports Association
* Cricket team
* National football team (Men)
* National football team (Women)
* Vatican Athletics

* Vatican City portal
* Catholic Church portal

* v
* t
* e

Holy See

* Apostolic episcopal see of Pope Leo XIV as bishop of the Diocese of Rome
* Sovereignty and government of Vatican City
* Sovereign judicial entity under international law

History|

* Apostolic see
* Primacy of Peter
* History of papal primacy
* Patrimony of Saint Peter
* Old St. Peter's Basilica
* Lateran Palace
* Museum
* Duchy of Rome
* Donation of Sutri
* Donation of Pepin
* Avignon Papacy
* Papal States
* Temporal power
* Investiture Controversy
* Age of Revolution
* "Prisoner in the Vatican"
* Savoyard era
* Vatican City
* Lateran Treaty
* World War II
* Warsaw Pact

Sovereign
judicial entity
under
international
law
(Legal status)|

| Officials|

* Pope Leo XIV
* Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Parolin
* Cardinals
* List
* Advisers

|

Governance|

* Secretariat of State
* College of Cardinals
* Papal conclave

Government|

* Roman Curia
* Apostolic Camera
* Commissions
* For Vatican City State
* Councils
* Congregations
* Dicasteries

Foreign affairs
(Multilateral policy)|

* Section for Relations with States
* To the Holy See
* Of the Holy See
* Heads
* Italy
* United Nations
* Permanent Observer
* in Geneva
* European Union
* Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe
* Apostolic nunciature
* Nuncio
* Treaties
* Concordats

Diocese
of Rome
with universal
full communion
(Papal primacy)|

| Synods|

* Ordinary general assemblies
* Extraordinary general assemblies
* Special assemblies

|

Ecclesiastical
province of Rome
(Vicariate: Rome,
Vatican City)|

| Suburbicarian sees|

* Ostia
* Velletri-Segni
* Porto-Santa Rufina
* Frascati
* Palestrina
* Albano
* Sabina-Poggio Mirteto

|

Territorial abbeys|

* Montecassino
* Subiaco

Suffragan dioceses|

* Gaeta
* Anagni-Alatri
* Civita Castellana
* Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
* Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino
* Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
* Rieti
* Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
* Tivoli
* Viterbo

Properties
including
extra-
territoriality|

| Inside
Rome|

Major basilicas|

* St. Peter's Basilica
* Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
* Basilica of Saint Mary Major
* Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls

|

* Lateran Palace
* Lateran University
* Scala Sancta
* Sancta Sanctorum
* Adjoining buildings
* Palace of Saint Callixtus
* Gianicolo Hill area
* Pontifical Urban University
* Pontifical North American College
* Bambino Gesù Hospital
* Palazzo della Cancelleria
* Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
* Palace of the Holy Office
* Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
* Palazzo Pio
* Palace of the Vicariate
* Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
* Collegio Teutonico
* Teutonic Cemetery
* Benedictine monastery
* Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
* Beda College
* Paul VI Audience Hall
* St. Peter's Square

Non-
extraterritorial|

* Palace of the Holy Apostles
* Palace of San Carlo ai Catinari
* Collegio Bellarmino
* Archaeological Institute
* Pontifical Oriental Institute
* Pontifical Lombard Seminary
* Russian College
* Two Palaces of Sant'Apollinare
* House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
* Nympheum of Nero

|

Outside
Rome|

* Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
* Papal farm
* Gardens of the Villa Cybo
* Villa Barberini
* Adjacent gardens
* Pontifical College Josephinum
* Summer estate of Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
* Vatican Radio antennae area of Santa Maria di Galeria

| Non-
extraterritorial|

* Basilica of the Holy House
* Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
* Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua

|

See also|

* Acta Apostolicae Sedis
* Awards
* Papal household
* Peter's Pence
* Roman Rota
* Apostolic Penitentiary
* Apostolic Signatura
* Swiss Guard
* Vatican.va

* Vatican City portal
* Catholicism portal

Authority control databases |

* ISNI

|

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