Seed oil misinformation

Medical controversy

Flax, flax seeds, linseed oil, and linseed cake

Since 2018, the health effects of consuming certain processed vegetable oils, or seed oils have been subject to misinformation in popular and social media. The trend grew in 2020 after podcaster and comedian Joe Rogan interviewed fad diet proponent Paul Saladino about the carnivore diet. Saladino made several claims about the health effects of vegetable fats.[1]

The theme of the misinformation is that seed oils are the root cause of most diseases of affluence, including heart disease,[2] cancer,[3] diabetes,[4] and liver spots.[5] These claims are not based on evidence,[6] but have nevertheless become popular on the political right.[7] Critics cite a specific "hateful eight" oils that constitute "seed oils": canola, corn, cottonseed, soy, sunflower, safflower, grapeseed, and rice bran.[8]

Consumer vegetable oils are generally recognized as safe for human consumption by the United States FDA.[9]

## Origins and scientific evaluation

[edit]

Cover of the original Crisco cookbook, 1912

Main article: Vegetable oil § Modern history

Seed oils are oils extracted from the seed, rather than the pulp or fruit, of a plant. Seed oils are characterized by the industrial process used to extract the oil from the seed and a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).[10] Critics' "hateful eight" oils consist of canola, corn, cottonseed, soy, sunflower, safflower, grapeseed, and rice bran oils,[8] which are creations of industrialization in the early twentieth century. In the United States, cottonseed oil was developed and marketed by Procter & Gamble as the creamed shortening Crisco in 1911.[11] The extracted oil was refined and partially hydrogenated to give a solid at room temperature and thus mimic natural lard, and canned under nitrogen gas.

### Industrial solvents

[edit]

Critics of seed oils often point to the health hazards of the solvents used in the industrial process of generating vegetable oils.[12] Hexane, which can be neurotoxic, is extremely effective at oil extraction.[13] Thus, it is often quoted as a danger when consuming vegetable oils as it can be found in finished oils in trace amounts.[14] The United States Environmental Protection Agency studied the toxicity of hexane extensively in the 1980s.[15] The studies found that the hexane used in industrial processes was safe for consumption and did not cause nerve damage.[16]

### Omega-6 fatty acids

[edit]

A comparison of the composition of different types of vegetable oils and animal fats. Oils from seeds have the lowest percentage of saturated fat, and range widely in their composition of omega-3, omega-6, and omega-9.

Main article: Omega-6 fatty acid § Health effects

Sunflower, corn, and soybean oil have a higher proportion of omega-6 fatty acids than oils from fish, walnuts, flaxseed, and rapeseed (canola). Omega-6 fatty acids constitute a growing proportion of Americans' fat intake. They have been hypothesized to contribute to several negative health effects, including inflammation[17] and immunodeficiency,[18] but most cardiovascular health researchers believe the data shows that omega-6 fatty acids are safe and healthy for humans.[19] In fact, omega-6 fatty acids are significantly associated with a lowered risk of cardiovascular disease,[20] and the American Heart Association has stated that a reduction in omega-6 fatty acids could lead to an increase, not reduction, in cardiovascular disease.[21] Research indicates that consumption of omega-6 fatty acids has no significant effect on inflammatory bowel disease.[22]

#### Linoleic acid

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Main article: Linoleic acid § Health effects

Opponents of seed oils have argued that linoleic acid, an essential fatty acid found in seed oils such as safflower oil and sunflower oil increases chronic disease risk such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and systemic inflammation.[23] This idea is not supported by data from recent clinical trials or long-term epidemiological studies.[24] It has been shown that higher in vivo circulating and tissue levels of linoleic acid are associated with lower risk of major cardiovascular events.[25] A 2025 review of human outcome data concluded that linoleic acid from seed oils does not increase chronic disease risk. The review also noted that the human research evidence shows that linoleic acid intake does not affect inflammation or increase inflammatory biomarkers.[26]

The World Cancer Research Fund and Cancer Council Australia have stated that there is no scientific evidence that consuming seed oils increases cancer risk.[27][28]

## Political connotations

[edit]

Opposition to seed oils has been associated with the political right. Maya Vinokour, an assistant professor at NYU, writing for Jacobin, described the belief as "lifestyle fascism" and "right-wing masculinist discourse".[7]

Robert F. Kennedy Jr., United States Secretary of Health and Human Services since 2025, has expressed opposition to seed oils. In the 2024 U.S. presidential election, Kennedy ran as an independent candidate and campaigned on health-related misinformation.[29] In his speech suspending his campaign and endorsing that of Donald Trump, he blamed several health conditions on processed foods' inclusion of seed oils.[30] Later that day, Kennedy appeared alongside Trump to declare that the latter would "Make America Healthy Again," endorsing Trump's health and food policies.[31]

US vice president JD Vance has also stated that he does not cook with seed oils.[32]

## References

[edit]

1. ^

* Zaleski (2021): "Last year, Joe Rogan talked to doctor and carnivore diet evangelist Paul Saladino about this for more than three hours."
* Williams (2022): "[T]he interview with Saladino resonated with Rogan's curious, hungry, and enormous audience"
* Carleton (2022): "Take Dr. Paul Saladino, the doctor behind the Carnivore Diet, which recommends replacing plant foods with meat, for example—he spent three hours on the Joe Rogan Experience in 2020 describing the harms of seed oils, among other fringe views, including that doing cold plunges has the same health benefits as consuming a plate of vegetables. His name is often mentioned on this section of the internet, (one redditor attributed the proliferation of anti-seed oil sentiment entirely to his appearance on the podcast)."
* Saladino (2020), 58:23: "I think it's important to understand what we talked about, processed vegetable oils and processed sugars, hugely bad for humans."

2. ^ Harvard University (2022): "[P]ushed back on the idea that these oils cause health ills ranging from headaches to heart disease."
3. ^ Bailey (2023): "the bulk of recent research has not been kind to Simopoulos' assertion that the supposedly imbalanced consumption of linoleic acid found in seed oils 'makes you more vulnerable to heart disease, cancer, obesity, inflammations, autoimmune diseases, allergies, diabetes and depression.'"
4. ^ Liao (2022): "[T]hey're blamed for a host of ills, such as headaches, foggy thinking, lowered immunity, heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and more."
5. ^ Williams (2022): "[I]f you want something to blame for everything from cancer to heart disease, dementia to age spots, there are a whole lot of people out there who will tell you the culprit is lurking in your pantry"
6. ^

* Colorado State University (2023): "Overall, claiming that seed oils are harmful to health is not, in fact, an evidence-based claim."
* Harvard University (2022): "[S]cientific evidence does not support these claims."

7. ^ a b Vinokour (2024): "Without ever calling themselves Übermenschen or decrying modern ways of living as 'degenerate,' the Johnsons slot their intention to recover a lost golden age (Brian) or attain futuristic utopia (Bryan) among myriad online wellness trends. Against this background, their contributions to right-wing masculinist discourse seem almost incidental. It is true that Liver King proscribes the consumption of seed oils as one of his 'ancestral tenets,' and that programmatic opposition to seed oils correlates with conspiratorial right-wing thinking."
8. ^ a b

* Zaleski (2021): "On another podcast in 2020, board-certified family physician Cate Shanahan referred to the most common seed oils on the market today as the 'hateful eight,' to be avoided at all costs."
* Bailey (2023): "The prime sources of linoleic acid in modern diets are seed oils including soybean, corn, cottonseed, sunflower, canola, safflower, rice bran, and grapeseed oils. The use of these oils has increased in modern diets, and they have been dubbed by some self-proclaimed health and wellness gurus as the 'hateful eight.'"

9. ^

* Harvard University (2022): "'Cooking with seed oils at home isn’t an issue.'"
* Lusas et al. (2017), p. 902: "Canola oil, which contains less than 2% erucic acid compared with 20–40% in earlier rapeseeds, was granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status by the US-FDA in 1985"
* Eskin et al. (2020), p. 5: "In 1985, canola received Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status in the United States"

10. ^

* La Pera et al. (2010)
* Sharmila et al. (2020), p. 174: "Seed oil is a form of vegetable oil mainly extracted from seeds of various fruits and vegetables."
* Gaber et al. (2023): "Seed oils are extracted from the seed (endosperm) of some plants such as canola, sunflower, and soybeans. This is commonly achieved through industrial processing of thermally conditioned flaked seeds using expellers to extract the oil mechanically."

11. ^ Ramsey & Graham (2012): "Soon the company's scientists produced a new creamy, pearly white substance out of cottonseed oil. It looked a lot like the most popular cooking fat of the day: lard. Before long, Procter & Gamble sold this new substance (known today as hydrogenated vegetable oil) to home cooks as a replacement for animal fats."
12. ^ Dennett (2023), p. 18: "Another criticism is that seed oil manufacturers use heat and solvents, such as hexane, to extract oil from seeds, creating unhealthful trans fats and chemical contaminants."
13. ^ Wakelyn & Wan (2003), p. 365: "Direct solvent extraction involves the use of a nonpolar solvent, usually commercial hexane, to dissolve the oil from oilseed flakes or collets without removing proteins and other non-oil-soluble compounds. Solvent extraction yields about 11.5% more oil than does the screw press method, and less oil remains in the meal."
14. ^ Cravotto et al. (2022), p. 18: "Some studies have been conducted on n-hexane residues in commercial products showing the presence of n-hexane in commercial hexane-extracted oils, in food products, and in functional health foods"
15. ^ Environmental Protection Agency (1988), p. 3382: "Pursuant to section 4(a) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), EPA is issuing a final test rule requiring manufacturers and processors of commercial hexane to perform testing for subchronic toxicity, oncogenicity, reproductive toxicity, developmental toxicity, mutagencity, neurotoxicity, and inhalation and dermal pharmacokinetics."
16. ^

* Wakelyn & Wan (2003), p. 366: "[C]ommercial hexane, which contains 52% n-hexane and a mixture of hexane isomers (see composition below), does not cause peripheral nerve damage in animals."
* Galvin (1997), p. 83: "The sum total of this mandated testing program indicates that C. hexane is a relatively safe chemical. It is not a neurotoxicant (as is pure n-hexane). It does not cause cancer in rodents in a mechanism relevant to humans as demonstrated by these studies. Commercial hexane has gone through an extensive EPA-mandated testing program. All the tests to date have shown C. hexane to be rather innocuous."

17. ^ Ball & Burch (2024): "While all oils contain varying levels of fatty acids, some argue an excessive intake of a specific omega-6 fatty acid in seed oils called 'linoleic acid' may contribute to inflammation in the body."
18. ^

* Myles (2014), p. 4: "Thus, another potential contributor to modern diet-induced immune dysfunction may be the increased consumption of omega-6 in lieu of omega-3 fatty acids."
* Harvard University (2019): "The critics argue that we should cut back on our intake of omega-6 fats to improve the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6s."

19. ^ Harvard University (2019): "In a science advisory that was two years in the making, nine independent researchers from around the country, including three from Harvard, say that data from dozens of studies support the cardiovascular benefits of eating omega-6 fats."
20. ^ Su et al. (2017); Marklund et al. (2019).
21. ^

* Harris et al. (2009), p. 904: "The data also suggest that higher intakes appear to be safe and may be even more beneficial (as part of a low–saturated-fat, low-cholesterol diet). In summary, the AHA supports an omega-6 PUFA intake of at least 5% to 10% of energy in the context of other AHA lifestyle and dietary recommendations. To reduce omega-6 PUFA intakes from their current levels would be more likely to increase than to decrease risk for CHD."
* Petersen (2024): "Seed oils, especially safflower oil, sunflower oil, corn oil and soybean oil, are rich in a kind of unsaturated fat called omega-6. Scientific studies have found that when people swap out some of the saturated fats in their diets (from foods such as butter and red meat) and replace them with omega-6 fats, their levels of LDL cholesterol (the 'bad' cholesterol) lower. Their risk of heart attacks and death from cardiac events also drops."

22. ^ Ajabnoor et al. (2021); Dennett (2023), p. 18: "What antiseed oil influencers miss is that arachidonic acid also is a building block for compounds that fight inflammation. The inflammatory claims mostly are based on research in rodents, but mice and rats don’t respond to linoleic acid the same way humans do. In fact, human research has found that linoleic acid isn’t inflammatory overall."
23. ^ Lee & Keszya (2025)
24. ^ Lee & Keszya (2025)
25. ^ Marklund et al. (2019): "In pooled global analyses, higher in vivo circulating and tissue levels of LA and possibly AA were associated with lower risk of major cardiovascular events. These results support a favorable role for LA in CVD prevention."
26. ^ Lee & Keszya (2025) "The current human research evidence shows that linoleic acid does not affect inflammation."
27. ^ "Are seed oils good or bad for our health?". World Cancer Research Fund. 2025. Archived from the original on May 25, 2025.
28. ^ "Can vegetable/seed oils cause cancer?". Cancer Council Australia. 2021. Archived from the original on April 6, 2025.
29. ^ Hitchens (2023): "His followers include a chunk of the podcast-loving, seed-oil-skeptical, raw-milk-drinking crowd."
30. ^ Eckstein (2024a): "Kennedy, who spent tens of minutes ranting about seed oils, estrogen and pharmaceutical companies, also promoted in his speech the same conspiracy theories against vaccines that he's lobbed for years."
31. ^ Eckstein (2024b): "'Don't you want a president that's going to make America healthy again?' the famously vaccine-skeptic Kennedy asked, hours after blaming seed oils and processed foods for America's position during the Trump administration as a world leader in COVID deaths."
32. ^ Breland (2024): "Vance says that he doesn't cook with seed oils, a cause du jour of the online right"

### Bibliography

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#### Academic works

[edit]

* Ajabnoor, Sarah M.; Thorpe, Gabrielle; Abdelhamid, Asmaa; Hooper, Lee (2021). "Long-term effects of increasing omega-3, omega-6 and total polyunsaturated fats on inflammatory bowel disease and markers of inflammation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". European Journal of Nutrition. 60 (5): 2293–2316\. doi:10.1007/s00394-020-02413-y. PMID 33084958.
* Cravotto, Christian; Fabiano-Tixier, Anne-Sylvie; Claux, Ombéline; Abert-Vian, Maryline; Tabasso, Silvia; Cravotto, Giancarlo; Chemat, Farid (2022). "Towards substitution of hexane as extraction solvent of food products and ingredients with no regrets". Foods. 11 (21): 3412. doi:10.3390/foods11213412. PMC 9655691. PMID 36360023.
* Eskin, Michael N. A.; Aladedunye, Felix; Unger, Ernie H.; Shah, Saleh; Chen, Guanquin; Jones, Peter J. (2020). "Canola oil". In Shahidi, Fereidoon (ed.). Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Wiley. pp. 1–63\. doi:10.1002/047167849X.bio004.pub2. ISBN 978-0-471-38460-1.
* Finke, Sabrina (2022). Framing, Advice-Seeking, and Medical Trust in the r/Keto Community: An Analysis of the Medical Flair on r/Keto (M.A. thesis). University of Denver.
* Gaber, Mohamed A. Fouad M.; Logan, Amy; Tamborrino, Antonia; Leone, Alessandro; Romaniello, Roberto; Juliano, Pablo (2023). "Innovative technologies to enhance oil recovery". In Gallegos, Crispulo; Ruiz-Méndez, Maria-Victoria (eds.). Advances in Food and Nutrition Research. Vol. 105\. Academic Press. pp. 221–254\. doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.01.002. ISBN 978-0-443-18590-8. OCLC 1400102687. OL 28018461W. PMID 37516464.
* Galvin, Jennifer B. (1997). "Toxicity data for commercial hexane and hexane isomers". In Wan, Peter J.; Wakelyn, Phillip J. (eds.). Technology and Solvents for Extracting Oilseeds and Nonpetroleum Oils. Champaign, Illinois: AOCS Press. pp. 75–85\. ISBN 978-0-935315-81-3. OCLC 37761985. OL 19223158W.
* Harris, William S.; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Rimm, Eric; Kris-Etherton, Penny; Rudel, Lawrence L.; Appel, Lawrence J.; Engler, Marguerite M.; Engler, Mary B.; Sacks, Frank (2009). "Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention". Circulation. 119 (6): 902–907\. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.191627. PMID 19171857.
* La Pera, Lara; Pellicanò, Teresa Maria; Lo Turco, Pellicano Vincenzo; Di Bella, Giuseppa; Dugo, Giacomo (2010). "Inorganic anions in olive oils: Application of suppressed ion exchange chromatography (IEC) for the analysis of olive oils produced from de-stoned olives and traditional extraction methods". In Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross (eds.). Olives and Olive Oil in Health and Disease Prevention. Academic Press. pp. 317–324\. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374420-3.00035-8. ISBN 978-0-12-374420-3. OCLC 610009055. OL 16940721W.
* Lee, Kevin; Keszya, Kurniawan (2025). "Are Seed Oils the Culprit in Cardiometabolic and Chronic Diseases? A Narrative Review". Nutrition Reviews. nuae205. doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuae205. PMID 39820582.
* Louis, Winnifred; Davies, Sarah; Smith, Joanne; Terry, Deborah (2007). "Pizza and pop and the student identity: The role of referent group norms in healthy and unhealthy eating". The Journal of Social Psychology. 147 (1): 57–74\. doi:10.3200/SOCP.147.1.57-74. PMID 17345922.
* Lusas, Edmund W.; Riaz, M. N.; Alam, M. S.; Clough, R. (2017). "Animal and vegetable fats, oils, and waxes". In Kent, James A.; Bommaraju, Tilak V.; Barnicki, Scott D. (eds.). Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 823–932\. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6_14. ISBN 978-3-319-52285-2. OCLC 999636728. OL 19854408W.
* Marklund, Matti; Wu, Jason H.Y.; Imamura, Fumiaki; Del Gobbo, Liana C.; Fretts, Amanda; de Goede, Janette; Shi, Peilin; Tintle, Nathan; Wennberg, Maria; Aslibekyan, Stella; Chen, Tzu-An; de Oliveira Otto, Marcia C.; Hirakawa, Yoichiro; Eriksen, Helle Højmark; Kröger, Janine; Laguzzi, Federica; Lankinen, Maria; Murphy, Rachel A.; Prem, Kiesha; Samieri, Cécilia; Virtanen, Jyrki; Wood, Alexis C.; Wong, Kerry; Yang, Wei-Sin; Zhou, Xia; Baylin, Ana; Boer, Jolanda M.A.; Brouwer, Ingeborg A.; Campos, Hannia; Chaves, Paulo H. M.; Chien, Kuo-Liong; de Faire, Ulf; Djoussé, Luc; Eiriksdottir, Gudny; El-Abbadi, Naglaa; Forouhi, Nita G.; Michael Gaziano, J.; Geleijnse, Johanna M.; Gigante, Bruna; Giles, Graham; Guallar, Eliseo; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Harris, Tamara; Harris, William S.; Helmer, Catherine; Hellenius, Mai-Lis; Hodge, Allison; Hu, Frank B.; Jacques, Paul F.; Jansson, Jan-Håkan; Kalsbeek, Anya; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Koh, Woon-Puay; Laakso, Markku; Leander, Karin; Lin, Hung-Ju; Lind, Lars; Luben, Robert; Luo, Juhua; McKnight, Barbara; Mursu, Jaakko; Ninomiya, Toshiharu; Overvad, Kim; Psaty, Bruce M.; Rimm, Eric; Schulze, Matthias B.; Siscovick, David; Skjelbo Nielsen, Michael; Smith, Albert V.; Steffen, Brian T.; Steffen, Lyn; Sun, Qi; Sundström, Johan; Tsai, Michael Y.; Tunstall-Pedoe, Hugh; Uusitupa, Matti I. J.; van Dam, Rob M.; Veenstra, Jenna; Monique Verschuren, W.M.; Wareham, Nick; Willett, Walter; Woodward, Mark; Yuan, Jian-Min; Micha, Renata; Lemaitre, Rozenn N.; Mozaffarian, Dariush; Risérus, Ulf (2019). "Biomarkers of dietary omega-6 fatty acids and incident cardiovascular disease and mortality: An individual-level pooled analysis of 30 cohort studies". Circulation. 139 (21): 2422–2436\. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038908. hdl:1871.1/0b141433-4a11-4053-a505-c2ed9696b5cf. PMC 6582360. PMID 30971107.
* Myles, Ian A. (2014). "Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity". Nutrition Journal. 13 (61): 61. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-61. PMC 4074336. PMID 24939238.
* Sharmila, V. Godvin; Kavitha, S.; Obulisamy, Parthiba Karthikeyan; Rajesh Banu, J. (2020). "Production of fine chemicals from food wastes". In Rajesh Banu, J.; Kumar, Gopalakrishnan; Gunasekaran, M.; Kavitha, S. (eds.). Food Waste to Valuable Resources: Applications and Management. Academic Press. pp. 163–188\. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-818353-3.00008-0. ISBN 978-0-12-818353-3. OCLC 1153831835. OL 20736477W.
* Su, Hang; Liu, Ruijie; Chang, Ming; Huang, Jianhua; Wang, Xingguo (2017). "Dietary linoleic acid intake and blood inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials". Food & Function. 8 (9): 3091–3103\. doi:10.1039/C7FO00433H. PMID 28752873.
* Tung, Shih-Jui; Tsay, Jenner C.; Lin, Meng-Chu (2015). "Life course, diet-related identity and consumer choice of organic food in Taiwan". British Food Journal. 117 (2): 688–704\. doi:10.1108/BFJ-11-2013-0334.
* Wakelyn, Phillip J.; Wan, Peter J. (2003). "Solvent extraction: Safety, health, and environmental issues". In Tzia, Constantina; Liadakis, George (eds.). Extraction Optimization in Food Engineering. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. pp. 359–396\. doi:10.1201/9780824756185-19. ISBN 978-0-429-16457-6. OCLC 54108923. OL 19618454W.
* Wakelyn, Phillip J.; Wan, Peter J. (2006). "Solvent extraction to obtain edible oil products". In Akoh, Casimir C. (ed.). Handbook of Functional Lipids. Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Series. Boca Raton, Florida: Taylor & Francis. pp. 89–131\. ISBN 978-0-8493-2162-7. OCLC 86117425. OL 19126779W.

#### Newspapers and magazines

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* Ball, Lauren; Burch, Emily (February 21, 2024). "If you're worried about inflammation, stop stressing about seed oils and focus on the basics". Herston, Queensland: The University of Queensland School of Public Health. Archived from the original on July 9, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
* Bailey, Ronald (October 14, 2023). "How seed oils were demonized: A sketchy conjectural hypothesis was transmogrified into a dubious dietary dogma". Health. Reason. Archived from the original on October 14, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
* Breland, Ali (July 17, 2024). "Silicon Valley got their guy: J. D. Vance has solidified tech's MAGA moment". Technology. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 17, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
* Carleton, Audrey (March 22, 2022). "The newest Bitcoin diet trend is hating 'seed oils'". Motherboard. Vice. Archived from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
* Dennett, Carrie (2023). "Myths and facts about seed oils". Healthful oils. Today's Dietitian. Vol. 25, no. 6\. pp. 18–19\. ISSN 2169-7906. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved August 19, 2024.
* Easter, Michael (January 10, 2019). "Inside the rise of keto: How an extreme diet went mainstream". Men's Health. Archived from the original on January 10, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
* Eckstein, Griffin (August 23, 2024a). "RFK Jr. suspends campaign and endorses Trump, accusing Democrats of 'abandoning democracy'". Salon. Archived from the original on August 23, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
* Eckstein, Griffin (August 23, 2024b). "'We take over our country': Trump brings out RFK Jr. at Arizona rally". Salon. Archived from the original on August 24, 2024. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
* Hitchens, Antonia (June 19, 2023). "Is R.F.K., Jr., the first podcast presidential candidate?". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2024.
* Liao, Sharon (May 31, 2022). "Do seed oils make you sick?". Consumer Reports. Archived from the original on August 2, 2024. Retrieved August 1, 2024.
* Petersen, Julia (January 22, 2024). "Are seed oils bad for you? What to know about the oils you cook with". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 30, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
* Ramsey, Drew; Graham, Tyler (April 6, 2012). "How vegetable oils replaced animal fats in the American diet". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on June 1, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
* Vinokour, Maya (January 10, 2024). "Beware lifestyle fascism". Ideology. Jacobin. Archived from the original on January 10, 2024. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
* Williams, Mary Elizabeth (April 19, 2022). "Why everyone on the internet suddenly hates seed oil". Salon. Archived from the original on April 19, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2024.
* Zaleski, Andrew (October 14, 2021). "Seed oil is the latest thing we're being told to eliminate from our diets – Here's why". GQ. Archived from the original on October 14, 2021. Retrieved August 2, 2024.

#### Web sources

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* Zumpano, Julia (October 4, 2023). "Seed oils: Are they actually toxic?". Health Essentials. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Clinic. Archived from the original on July 18, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
* "No need to avoid healthy omega-6 fats". Harvard Health Publishing. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Medical School. August 20, 2019. Archived from the original on December 15, 2019. Retrieved August 28, 2024.
* "Scientists debunk claims of seed oil health risks". In the News. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard University School of Public Health. June 22, 2022. Archived from the original on May 16, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
* "Should I be concerned about seed oils?". Nutrition Connection. Fort Collins, Colorado: Colorado State University Kendall Reagan Nutrition Center. 2023. Archived from the original on January 16, 2024. Retrieved July 26, 2024.
* "There's no reason to avoid seed oils and plenty of reasons to eat them". American Heart Association. Fort Collins, Colorado: American Heart Association News. 2024. Archived from the original on April 4, 2025. Retrieved March 5, 2025.

#### Primary sources

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* Commercial Hexane and Methycyclopentane; Test Rules (Final Rule). Federal Register. Vol. 53\. Environmental Protection Agency. February 5, 1988. pp. 3382–3395.
* Saladino, Paul (October 16, 2020). "Paul Saladino". The Joe Rogan Experience (Interview). No. 1551\. Interviewed by Joe Rogan.

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* Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
* Shortening
* Trans fat
* Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
* Water fluoridation controversy

Food contamination incidents|

* Devon colic
* Swill milk scandal
* Esing Bakery incident
* 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
* 1900 English beer poisoning
* Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
* Minamata disease
* 1959 Moroccan oil poisoning disaster [ar]
* 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
* Toxic oil syndrome
* 1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
* United Kingdom BSE outbreak
* Australian meat substitution scandal
* Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak
* 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak
* 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks
* ICA meat repackaging controversy
* 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
* 2008 Chinese milk scandal
* 2008 Irish pork crisis
* 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
* 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak
* 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
* Bihar school meal poisoning
* 2013 horse meat scandal
* 2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
* 2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
* 2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
* 2018 Australian strawberry contamination
* 2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
* Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
* Food safety incidents in China
* Food safety incidents in Taiwan
* Foodborne illness
* outbreaks
* death toll
* United States

Regulation, standards, watchdogs|

* Acceptable daily intake
* E number
* Food labeling regulations
* Food libel laws
* Food safety in Australia
* International Food Safety Network
* ISO 22000
* Nutrition facts label
* Organic certification
* Quality Assurance International
* United Kingdom food information regulations

Institutions|

* Centre for Food Safety (Hong Kong)
* European Food Safety Authority
* Food and Drug Administration
* Food Information and Control Agency (Spain)
* Food Standards Agency (United Kingdom)
* Institute for Food Safety and Health
* International Food Safety Network
* Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (South Korea)
* Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition

Related topics|

* Curing (food preservation)
* Food and drink prohibitions
* Food marketing
* Food politics
* Food preservation
* Food quality
* Genetically modified food
* Conspiracy theories

* Food portal Drink portal
* Category
* Commons
* Cookbook
* WikiProject

* v
* t
* e

Fad diets

Food-specific diets|

* Alkaline diet
* Banana and skimmed milk diet
* Cabbage soup diet
* Carnivore diet
* Clean eating
* Cookie diet
* Egg and wine diet
* Food combining
* Beverly Hills Diet
* Hay diet
* Fit for Life
* Fruitarianism
* Gluten-free diet
* Grape diet
* Grapefruit diet
* High-protein diet
* Lamb chop and pineapple diet
* Lectin-free diet
* Macrobiotic diet
* Milk diet
* Monotrophic diet
* Morning banana diet
* Mucusless Diet
* Mushroom diet
* No-Aging Diet
* Paleolithic diet
* Pegan diet
* Potato diet
* Raw foodism
* Raw veganism
* Rhubarb diet
* Superfood
* Uric-acid free diet
* Whole30

Low-carbohydrate / high-fat diets|

* Atkins diet
* Banting diet
* Bulletproof diet
* Calories Don't Count
* Drinking Man's Diet
* Dukan Diet
* Eat and Grow Thin
* Hal Huggins diet
* Hamptons Diet
* Kimkins
* Kordel diet
* Montignac diet
* Salisbury diet
* Scarsdale diet
* Slimming for the Million
* South Beach Diet
* Pioppi Diet
* Protein Power
* Rosedale diet
* Stillman diet
* Strong Medicine
* Sugar Busters!
* The 4-Hour Body
* The Cruise Control Diet
* Wahls Protocol Diet
* Wheat Belly diet
* Zone diet

High-carbohydrate / low-fat diets|

* Engine 2 Diet
* F-plan
* McDougall diet
* Ornish diet
* Nutritarian diet
* Pritikin diet
* Rice diet
* The Good Carbohydrate Revolution
* The Thrive Diet

Detoxification / fasting|

* 5:2 diet
* Activated charcoal cleanse
* Breatharianism
* Breuss diet
* Celery juice diet
* Chase Dietary Method
* Detox diet
* Dubrow Diet
* Eliminating Diet
* Enzyme-Catalyst Diet
* Fasting mimicking diet
* Fat Flush Plan
* Hippocrates Diet
* Intermittent fasting
* Time-restricted feeding
* Juice fasting
* KE diet
* Master Cleanse
* No Breakfast Plan
* Orthopathy
* Protein-sparing modified fast
* The Fast Way To Health
* The Last Chance Diet
* Wheatgrass diet
* Wigmore diet

Other|

* Blood type diet
* Budwig diet
* Cotton ball diet
* Fletcherism
* Hallelujah Diet
* Hip and Thigh Diet
* Immune Power Diet
* Maker's Diet
* Seed cycling
* Sensa diet
* Swank diet
* Tongue Patch Diet
* The Cambridge Diet
* Very-low-calorie diet
* Werewolf diet

Related|

* List of fad diets
* List of food faddists
* Pseudoscience
* Quackery
* Seed oil misinformation

* Category
* Commons

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