September 1963

Month of 1963

1963
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September 15, 1963: Killing of four children at church in Birmingham invokes protests September 16, 1963: Malaya merges with Singapore, Sabah and North Borneo... ... to create Malaysia

The following events occurred in September 1963:

## September 1, 1963 (Sunday)

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* A unidentified visitor to Lenin's Mausoleum, in Moscow, entered the shrine with a bomb concealed under his coat, and then detonated the explosive, killing himself and causing an unspecified amount of damage and injuries. The event was not reported in the Soviet press and would not be revealed until after the breakup of the Soviet Union.[1]
* At the annual meeting of the Quebec wing of the Social Credit Party of Canada in Granby, Quebec, delegates voted to form a new party. However, the Ralliement créditiste du Québec would not come into being until 1970.
* The Commonwealth Marriage Act 1961 took full effect in Australia, creating a national law regulating marriage, divorce and domestic relations and superseding individual state laws.[2]
* About 100,000 people in two Japanese cities demonstrated against the presence of American nuclear submarines.[3]
* Kilkenny GAA defeated Waterford GAA in the 1963 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final at Croke Park, Dublin.
* Australian driver Jack Brabham won the Austrian Grand Prix at Zeltweg Airfield.

## September 2, 1963 (Monday)

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* U.S. TV presenter Walter Cronkite introduced the first broadcast of CBS Evening News with the statement, "Good evening from our CBS newsroom in New York, on this, the first broadcast of network television's first half-hour news program." The first show was aired at 6:30 p.m. local time and included a pre-recorded segment of Cronkite's interview with U.S. President John F. Kennedy. Previously, the three U.S. networks had run their daily national news for fifteen minutes.[4] NBC would inaugurate its half-hour news program a week later, although ABC would not follow suit until 1967.[5]
* Died: Fazlollah Zahedi, 70, 36th Prime Minister of Iran from 1953 to 1955[6]

## September 3, 1963 (Tuesday)

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* NASA's Mission Planning Coordination Group was established at the request of the Gemini Project Office to review monthly activities in operations, network guidance and control, and trajectories and orbits, and to ensure the coordination of various Manned Spacecraft Center elements actively concerned with Project Gemini mission planning.[7]
* Gemini Project Office suspended qualification testing of the parachute recovery system until a drogue parachute could be incorporated in the system as a means of stabilizing the spacecraft during the last phase of reentry, at altitudes between 50,000 feet (15,000 m) and 10,000 feet (3,000 m). Testing was to resume in January.[7]
* Jin Yong's wuxia novel Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils (天龙八部 (小说)) began its serialisation in the newspapers Ming Pao in Hong Kong[8] and Nanyang Siang Pau in Singapore.
* The United States federal minimum wage was increased to $1.25 an hour ($12.44 in 2023 dollars).[9] Fifty years later, the minimum wage would be $7.25 an hour.
* Died: Louis MacNeice, 55, Irish poet and dramatist; of pneumonia developed from bronchitis contracted while caving on the Yorkshire moors

## September 4, 1963 (Wednesday)

[edit]

September 4, 1963: The crash site of Swissair 306

* All 80 people aboard Swissair Flight 306, a jet airliner on its way to Rome, were killed when the aircraft crashed shortly after takeoff from Zurich. The plane, a Sud Aviation Caravelle, caught fire and came down near the town of Dürrenäsch. Most of the 44 passengers were from the tiny village of Humlikon, including the town's mayor and its entire city council, all of whom had planned to disembark at Geneva for a visit to an agricultural experiment station.[10]
* For the first time ever, black students registered at white schools in the segregated U.S. state of Alabama;[11] in some places, they faced state troopers deployed by Governor George Wallace to prevent integration.[12][13] That night, the bombing of a black household in Birmingham triggered a riot, and a black 20-year-old was shot to death by police.[14]
* Representatives of MSC and McDonnell Aircraft Corporation met to coordinate the Gemini radar program.[7]
* Sennin Buraku became the first late night anime to be broadcast on Japanese television.
* Died: Robert Schuman, 77, Luxembourg-born French politician who served twice as Prime Minister of France in 1947 and 1948

## September 5, 1963 (Thursday)

[edit]

* British model and showgirl Christine Keeler was arrested for perjury, after witnesses established that she had lied under oath in the criminal trial of Aloysius Gordon in the course of the Profumo affair.[15]
* Lockheed's contract for the Gemini Agena target vehicle (GATV) was amended.[7]

## September 6, 1963 (Friday)

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* The 100,000th American major league baseball game was played, the milestone having been calculated by baseball historians from the first official game, played on May 4, 1871 by the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. In game number 100,000 the Washington Senators defeated the visiting Cleveland Indians, 7 to 2.[16] In the 1871 season opener, the Fort Wayne Kekiongas had defeated the visiting Cleveland Forest City team, 2 to 0.
* The U.S. Department of Defense approved the Titan II Augmented Engine Improvement Program.[7] The formal Combined Systems Acceptance Test (CSAT) of the Titan II GLV rocket No. 1 was conducted in the vertical test facility at Martin-Baltimore. The rocket was presented for final acceptance to the Air Force Space Systems Division five days later.[7]
* Professors Daniel Bastian and Hubert Forestier founded the Centre for International Industrial Property Studies (CEIPI) as part of the University of Strasbourg.[17]
* The United States National Security Council launched the Krulak–Mendenhall mission to South Vietnam.
* Born: Mark Chesnutt, American country music singer; in Beaumont, Texas

## September 7, 1963 (Saturday)

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* The Pro Football Hall of Fame opened in Canton, Ohio, with 17 charter members.[18]

## September 8, 1963 (Sunday)

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* The 16 Gemini astronaut candidates began training in water and land parachute landing techniques, necessary because in low level abort (under 70,000 feet (21,000 m)) the pilot would be ejected from the Gemini spacecraft and would descend by personnel parachute. In the training, a towed parasail carried each astronaut to as high as 400 feet (120 m) before the towline was released and the astronaut glided to a landing.[7]
* Félix Houphouët-Boigny, President of Côte d'Ivoire, relinquished his additional post of Minister of Foreign Affairs, replacing it with the ministries of Defense, the Interior, and Agriculture.
* Voters in Algeria overwhelmingly approved that nation's first constitution, in a referendum with a 96.8% yes vote.[19]
* Died: Stone Johnson, 23, United States Olympic sprinter and Kansas City Chiefs kick returner and running back; after having his neck broken while playing a preseason game on August 30.[20]

## September 9, 1963 (Monday)

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* NBC became the second U.S. television network to expand its evening news from 15 minutes to 30. As CBS did the week before, The Huntley–Brinkley Report included an interview with President Kennedy.[21]
* U.S. Army General Maxwell D. Taylor, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, approved Operation 34A, authorizing American secret operations against North Vietnam.[22]
* The fourth session of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space opened at United Nations Headquarters in New York.[23]
* Died: Ernst Kantorowicz, 68, German historian

## September 10, 1963 (Tuesday)

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* For the first time in the history of Major League Baseball, three brothers appeared for the same team in a game. Felipe Alou, Jesús Alou and Matty Alou took the outfield (at right, center and left field, respectively) for the San Francisco Giants against the New York Mets. In the 8th inning, Jesús, Matty and Felipe came up to bat in consecutive order, and were all struck out by Mets pitcher Carl Willey; the Mets won 4–2.[24]
* Italian Mafia boss Bernardo Provenzano was indicted for murder. Eight days later, he would become a fugitive,[25] and would not be captured until 43 years later, on April 11, 2006.[26]
* U.S. President Kennedy issued an executive order that exempted married American men from being drafted.[27]
* Born: Randy Johnson, American baseball player; in Walnut Creek, California

## September 11, 1963 (Wednesday)

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* Inspection of the Gemini 1 rocket began. The NASA team would find GLV-1 to be unacceptable, primarily because of severely contaminated electrical connectors and lack of documents showing qualification of a number of major components. Martin engineers inspected all 350 of the electrical connectors and found that more than half (180) required cleaning or replacement.[7]
* The Virginia Supreme Court ruled that a state law, requiring segregated seating in publicly owned ballparks, was unconstitutional.[28]
* An Indian Airlines Viscount turboprop, crashed while en route from Nagpur to New Delhi, killing all 18 people on board.[29]
* Died: Suzanne Duchamp, 73, French Dadaist painter and sister of Marcel Duchamp

## September 12, 1963 (Thursday)

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* All 36 passengers and four crew of a chartered airliner were killed when the twin-engine VC.1 Viking crashed into a French mountain peak during a thunderstorm. The passengers were all British vacationers who were on their way to the mountain resort town of Perpignan after having departed from London.[30][31] Shortly after midnight, the aircraft charted from the French company Airnautic, slammed into the 4,800 feet (1,500 m) high Roc de la Rouquette in the French Pyrenees mountains.[32]
* The Ankara Agreement was signed in the capital of Turkey, between representatives of the European Economic Community (EEC) and Turkey, and provided for gradual entrance of Turkey into the European Community.[33]
* Died: Modest Altschuler, 90, Belarusian cellist, orchestral conductor, and composer

## September 13, 1963 (Friday)

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* The White House confirmed in a press release that U.S. President Kennedy would be making a trip to Dallas, Texas later in the year, though the specific itinerary was not complete. The Dallas Times-Herald reported that Kennedy would have "a breakfast in Dallas, luncheon in Fort Worth, coffee in San Antonio and dinner in Houston."[34][35]
* Mary Kay Cosmetics was incorporated by a Texas widow, Mary Kay Ash, who invested her life savings of $5,000. By the time of her death in 2001, the company had sales of $1.4 billion.[36]
* Barbra Streisand married for the first time at the age of 21, in a wedding to film actor Elliott Gould; they would divorce in 1971.[37]
* The Glen Canyon Dam, in the U.S. state of Arizona, was "topped out" with the pouring of the last concrete.[38]
* The charter creating the Organisation of African Unity entered into force, after having been signed on May 25.[39]
* Russian dramatist and KGB agent Yuri Krotkov defected to the west while in London.
* Born: Robin Smith, South African-born England cricketer; in Durban
* Died: Eduardo Barrios, 78, Chilean novelist and playwright

## September 14, 1963 (Saturday)

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* The Tokyo Convention, officially the "Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft", was signed in Japan. Upon ratification by twelve nations, the treaty would enter into force on December 4, 1969.[40]
* Astronomer Zenon M. Pereyra discovered Comet Pereyra, extremely bright with an apparent magnitude of 2, from an observatory near Córdoba, Argentina; it would last be seen from Earth on December 18.[41]
* D. C. Thomson & Co. published the first issue of The Hornet.[42]
* Born: The Fischer quintuplets (Mary Ann, Mary Catherine, Mary Margaret, Mary Magdalene and James Andrew Fischer), the first American born quintuplets to survive infancy, and only the third in world history; in Aberdeen, South Dakota[43]
* Died: Alvin Boyd Kuhn, 82, American theosophy scholar

## September 15, 1963 (Sunday)

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September 15, 1963: Aftermath of the Birmingham bombing

* A time bomb exploded in the basement of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four African-American girls and injuring 22 other children who were attending a Sunday school class.[44] The blast happened at 10:22 a.m., in a room with 80 children. Denise McNair was 11, and Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Addie Mae Collins were all 14.[45][46] Robert Edward Chambliss, a white member of racist United Klans of America who put the bomb together, would finally be convicted of the children's murder on November 18, 1977.[47] Thomas Blanton, Jr., who drove the group to the church, would be tried and convicted in 2001, and Bobby Frank Cherry, who planted the bomb, would finally be convicted of murder on May 22, 2002, almost 39 years after the killing.[48][49][50]
* The Beatles and The Rolling Stones performed in the same show for the first and only time, appearing at a concert at Royal Albert Hall in London.[51]
* Ahmed Ben Bella was elected, without opposition, as the first President of Algeria.[52]

## September 16, 1963 (Monday)

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* The science fiction anthology television show, The Outer Limits, premiered on the ABC television network at 7:30 p.m. in the United States, beginning with the episode "The Galaxy Being".[53]
* Malaysia was formed through the merger of the 11 states of the Federation of Malaya and the British colonies of Singapore, North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak.[54][55]
* In Fort-Lamy, Chad, anti-government demonstrations were quelled with 300 people killed.
* Hurricane Cindy formed 200 miles (322 km) east-northeast of Brownsville, Texas.

## September 17, 1963 (Tuesday)

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* Near the town of Chualar, California, 32 people died and 25 were injured when their makeshift bus (a flatbed truck with two long benches and a canopy) was struck by a train. The truck was carrying 56 migrant farm workers, mostly from Mexico, and was returning from a celery field at the end of the day. Twenty-two of the men died at the scene, and another ten died of their injuries later.[56]
* On television, David Janssen made his first appearance in the title role of The Fugitive, portraying Dr. Richard Kimble, a physician who had wrongfully been convicted of murder. Barry Morse portrayed Indiana detective Philip Gerard, whose relentless pursuit of Kimble would end with the series finale on August 29, 1967.[57]
* In Iran's Parliamentary elections, the New Iran Party won 140 of the 200 seats. The party's leader, Hassan Ali Mansur, would become the new Prime Minister.

## September 18, 1963 (Wednesday)

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* The last sports event took place at the Polo Grounds in New York City, with baseball's New York Mets losing to the Philadelphia Phillies, 5–1 before a crowd of only 1,752 people.[58] When the game ended, the fans ran onto the field, vandalizing the scoreboard and the sod on the field, as well as some of the seats in the stadium, which was scheduled to be torn down in 1964.[59]
* The first flight of the ASSET project, (Aerothermodynamic-elastic Structural Systems Environmental Tests), a winged space payload vehicle, was carried out, to develop a manned spacecraft which could return from orbit and land on a runway.[60]
* The Patty Duke Show premiered on television, with actress Patty Duke playing two roles as "identical cousins". Camera tricks allowed Duke to appear as both Patty Lane and her look-alike cousin Cathy Lane.
* Rioters in Indonesia burned down the British Embassy in Jakarta in protest at the formation of Malaysia.[61]
* Born:
* Dan Povenmire, American animator, voice actor, and producer known for his work on Disney Channel cartoons; in San Diego, California[62]
* John Powell, English-American composer, conductor, pianist, and record producer; in London[63]

## September 19, 1963 (Thursday)

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* At the United Nations, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko announced that the USSR was prepared to negotiate and sign a treaty to prohibit the orbiting of nuclear weapons platforms in outer space. The Outer Space Treaty would be signed in 1967.[64]
* Iota Phi Theta, an African-American collegiate fraternity, was founded with the first chapter organized at Morgan State College. There are now 249 chapters of the fraternity.[65][66]
* Born: Jarvis Cocker, English musician and frontman of the band Pulp; in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire
* Died:
* Agnès Humbert, 68, French art historian, ethnographer and Resistance member
* David Low, 72, New Zealand political cartoonist

## September 20, 1963 (Friday)

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* At the United Nations, U.S. President John F. Kennedy proposed a joint Moon mission between the U.S. and the Soviet Union.[67][68] The Soviet Communist Party newspaper Pravda reported the speech but commented that the idea was "premature". Kennedy would die two months later, Soviet Chairman Khrushchev would be deposed within 13 months, and the United States would proceed alone in its lunar program.[69]
* The first successful prenatal blood transfusion in history was performed in New Zealand at the National Women's Hospital at Auckland. Dr. William Liley carried out the transfusion on the unborn son of a woman identified only as "Mrs. E. McLeod" in order to treat the fetus for hemolytic disease. The baby was born later in the day.[70][71][72]

## September 21, 1963 (Saturday)

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* Joe Morgan, a second baseman formerly with the Modesto Colts, made his Major League Baseball debut for the Houston Colt .45s and began a career that would lead to his induction in baseball's Hall of Fame.[73]
* In Singapore's first parliamentary elections since independence, Lee Kuan Yew's People's Action Party, won 37 of 51 seats, beginning its domination of politics in Singapore, winning.[74]
* On the same day, Mario Andretti participated in his first major auto race, competing at Allentown, Pennsylvania in a United States Auto Club event.[75]
* In Canada, the Place des Arts opened in Montreal.

## September 22, 1963 (Sunday)

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* Viliam Siroky, Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia, was removed from office after 10 years, and replaced by Jozef Lenárt. In what was viewed as a purge of the remaining Stalinists in the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ) and government, President and KSČ First Secretary Antonín Novotný cited Siroky's "past political mistakes" as the reason for Siroky's abrupt departure.[76]
* South Korea began its commitment to the Vietnam War, sending the first of 312,853 soldiers who would fight against the North Vietnamese.[77]
* Born: Armando Castagna, Italian speedway rider; in Arzignano
* Died: Arthur Higgins, 71, Australian cinematographer

## September 23, 1963 (Monday)

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* Haiti and the Dominican Republic, on the west side and east side, respectively, of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola, prepared for war. Dominican president Juan Bosch threatened to drop bombs on the presidential palace of Haiti's Francois Duvalier, after artillery shells rained across the border on the Dominican Republic town of Dajabón.[78] Haiti, in turn, accused the Dominican Republic of firing weapons on the neighboring Haitian town of Ouanaminthe. The nations would later take their grievances to the Organization of American States without going to war.
* The U.S. Department of Defense issued a development plan for 22 military research experiments for the Gemini program, with 13 for the U.S. Air Force and nine for the U.S. Navy, at an estimated cost of $22 million. Their inclusion on Gemini flights was tentative, subject to Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) review and depending on clarification of weight and volume constraints.[7]
* A Saudi royal decree established King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals as the "College of Petroleum and Minerals".
* Born: Mr. Mixx (stage name for David P. Hobbs), Scratch DJ, music producer, and co-founder of the rap group 2 Live Crew; in Santa Ana, California[79]

## September 24, 1963 (Tuesday)

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* The U.S. Senate ratified the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty by an overwhelming majority, 80–19, fourteen more than the two-thirds majority required by the U.S. Constitution.[80] John F. Kennedy considered the ratification of the treaty, which would go into effect on October 11, the greatest achievement of his presidency, according to aide Theodore Sorensen.[81]
* Yaakov Herzog, a deputy at the Foreign Ministry of Israel, secretly met in London with King Hussein of Jordan, beginning a dialogue between the two neighboring nations that were, officially, enemies. King Hussein had suggested the meeting, explaining later that "One had to break that barrier... whether it led anywhere or not."[82]
* The rural-themed situation comedy Petticoat Junction began a seven season run on CBS television in the U.S., after producer Paul Henning's success with The Beverly Hillbillies. Bea Benaderet, who had portrayed Pearl Bodine mother on the first episode, starred as Kate Bradley, as the operator of a hotel accessible only by train.[83]
* An explosion killed 18 people and seriously injured 12 others at a fireworks factory at the Italian city of Caserta. The factory owner, who was killed in the blast, had reportedly been asking the employees to rush to produce additional fireworks for the festival of Saint Michael the Archangel.[84]

## September 25, 1963 (Wednesday)

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Former President Bosch

* Dominican Republic President Juan Bosch was overthrown in a military coup, only seven months after he had become the nation's first democratically elected leader.[85] Military leaders installed a group of three civilians, headed by Emilio de Los Santos as President, to preside over the nation.[86]

British PM Macmillan

* The Denning Report on the Profumo affair was published in Great Britain. The report concluded that Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, and the rest of his cabinet, had not been aware of the indiscretions of War Minister John Profumo.[87]
* The U.S. House of Representatives voted 271–155 to approve the reduction of the federal income tax rate.[88] The bill would pass the U.S. Senate, and be signed into law on February 26, 1964.[89]
* Einar Gerhardsen was appointed as Prime Minister of Norway for the fourth time, after the resignation of John Lyng. He would serve until October 12, 1965.[90]

## September 26, 1963 (Thursday)

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* A panicked elephant was chased for 90 minutes through the streets of Lansing, Michigan, after running away from an outdoor circus at a shopping center, injuring one man and causing extensive damage to a department store. "Little Rajjee", a 16-year old elephant, was performing at the King Circus at the parking lot of South Logan Shopping Center when she got loose. Pursued by hundreds of curious people, she fractured the pelvis of a bystander, and rampaged through a residential south Lansing neighborhood, before crashing through the doors of Arlan's Department Store on Fenton Street.[91] Her handlers had her under control twice, but Rajje was panicked by a mob inside the store and by a burglar alarm before city police shot and killed her.[92]
* A 38-year-old man from Waynesville, North Carolina, crashed his pickup truck through the closed iron gates of the White House, stopping short of hitting the building. The unarmed man, who reportedly demanded to see President Kennedy and shouted that "the Communists are taking over in North Carolina", was taken to a hospital for observation. The President was out at the time.[93]
* After only one day on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list, bank robber Carl Close was arrested by local authorities in Anderson, South Carolina. Close had just robbed a branch of the First National Bank in Anderson, and was stopped by a detective three minutes later while trying to commandeer another car.[94]
* T. S. Eliot's book Collected Poems 1909–1962, selected by the author, was published on his 75th birthday.
* Born: Joe Nemechek, American NASCAR driver and owner; in Lakeland, Florida

## September 27, 1963 (Friday)

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* The Houston Colt .45s became the first, and only Major League Baseball team in history, to play a regular season game with a team composed entirely of rookies.[58][95] They were hosting the New York Mets, and lost, 10–3. The lineup included Joe Morgan, Jimmy Wynn and Rusty Staub, each of whom would score more than 250 home runs in their careers, and Aaron Pointer (brother of the singing group The Pointer Sisters). The Colts' pitcher was 17-year-old Jay Dahl, appearing in his first and only major league game; Dahl would die in an auto accident in 1965.
* North American Aviation made inspections of the Gemini tow test vehicle (TTV) for the Paraglider Landing System Program. The TTV was a vehicle to be flown with the paraglider to evaluate flight performance and control with particular emphasis on the landing maneuvers. The team mandated 24 modifications.[7] At the same time, North American stopped its effort to retrofit the full-scale test vehicle (FSTV) to the Gemini prototype paraglider deployment hardware.[7]
* Lee Harvey Oswald arrived in Mexico City went to the consulate of Cuba, where he applied for a transit visa in an attempt to travel to Cuba and then back to the Soviet Union, where he had lived from 1959 to 1962. After being refused visas by the Cuban consulate and the Soviet embassy, the Warren Commission would later conclude, Oswald would return to his home near Dallas.[96]
* Electro-Mechanical Research successfully tested the compatibility of airborne and ground station PCM (pulse code modulated) telemetry equipment for Project Gemini.[7]
* Parliamentary elections were held in South Vietnam. No political parties were represented, and all 123 seats were filled by independents.
* The Scout X-2B rocket was launched from Point Arguello, California, carrying weather satellites, but failed to achieve orbit.
* Born: Caren Metschuck, German Olympic champion swimmer; in Greifswald[97]

## September 28, 1963 (Saturday)

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* Jim Morrison, a 19-year-old student at Florida State University and future founder of the rock group The Doors, was arrested for the first of six times, after he and his friends stole items from a Tallahassee Police Department cruiser. Morrison spent a night in jail, then paid a fifty dollar fine and continued his studies at FSU.[98]
* Born:
* Luis Arce, Bolivian banker, economist, and politician serving as the 67th president of Bolivia since 2020; in La Paz[99]
* Wei Wei, Chinese mandopop singer and diva; in Kweisui, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (now Hohhot, China)

## September 29, 1963 (Sunday)

[edit]

* Joseph Kasavubu, the President of the Republic of the Congo (the former Belgian Congo, colloquially referred to as "Congo-Léopoldville"), dissolved that nation's parliament for the second time in less than four years, so that he and his allies could rule by decree.[100]
* Chilean sport diver Crisologo Urizar Contreras was attacked and killed by a large shark (probably a great white shark) at Bahía el Panul, south of Coquimbo, Chile. Urizar's remains were never recovered, although his damaged wetsuit jacket washed ashore.[101][102]
* My Favorite Martian, an American television sitcom and science fiction fantasy starring Ray Walston and Bill Bixby, premiered on CBS.
* The second period of the Second Vatican Council ("Vatican II") opened in Rome.[103]
* Stylianos Mavromichalis replaced Panagiotis Pipinelis as Prime Minister of Greece.
* The University of East Anglia was established in the United Kingdom at Norwich.

## September 30, 1963 (Monday)

[edit]

* The U.S. Air Force Space Systems Division contracted with Aerojet-General for a program to develop a backup for the injectors of the second stage engine of the Titan II Gemini rocket. Development flights had shown the stage II engine tended toward incipient combustion instability. After 18 months the stage II engine injector would be completely redesigned.[7]
* Manned Spacecraft Center awarded its first incentive-type contract to Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc. (LTV) for the fabrication of a trainer to be used in the Gemini launch vehicle training program at a fixed-price-incentive-fee of $105,000.[7]
* The Pantone Color Matching System, developed in the United States, was introduced and would become "a de facto international colour standard" for printing companies around the world.[104]

## References

[edit]

1. ^ Volkogonov, Dmitri (1994). Lenin: Life and Legacy. HarperCollins. p. 446.
2. ^ Cameron, R. J., ed. (1976). Official Year Book of Australia No. 61, 1975 and 1976. Australian Bureau of Statistics. p. 186.
3. ^ ""Protests are held over nuclear subs". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 2 September 1963 - via Google News.
4. ^ Edgerton, Gary (2010). The Columbia History of American Television. Columbia University Press. p. 230.
5. ^ Daniel, Douglass K. (2007). Harry Reasoner: A Life in the News. University of Texas Press. p. 87.
6. ^ Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Taylor & Francis. 2014. p. 402\. ISBN 9781134264902.
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART II (A) Development and Qualification January 1963 through December 1963". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
8. ^ The date conforms to the data published in 陳鎮輝,《武俠小說逍遙談》, 2000, 匯智出版有限公司, pg. 58.
9. ^ Rabin, Jack (1995). Handbook of Public Personnel Administration. CRC Press. p. 358.
10. ^ "Swiss Plane Crashes, 80 Die". Miami News. September 4, 1963. p. 1.
11. ^ "Negroes to School With White Tots". Nevada Daily Mail. Reno, Nevada. September 4, 1963 - via Google News.
12. ^ "Troopers Rush to Birmingham". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 4, 1963 - via Google News.
13. ^ "Police Bar Negroes From Schools". Glasgow Herald. 7 September 1963 - via Google News.
14. ^ "Birmingham Rioting Leaves Negro Dead". The Tuscaloosa News. AP. 5 September 1963. Page 1, columns 1-4; page 2, columns 2-3. Retrieved 23 February 2023 - via Google News.
15. ^ "Christine Keeler". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 4, 1963. p. 1.
16. ^ "Senators Win 100,000th Game, 7 to 2". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 7, 1963. p. 15 - via Google News.
17. ^ "CEIPI Centre d'Études Internationales de la Propriété Intellectuelle Center for International Intellectual Property Studies" (PDF) (in French). December 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
18. ^ "History Of The Pro Football Hall Of Fame"
19. ^ Naylor, Phillip C. (2006). "Constitution of 1963". Historical Dictionary of Algeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 179.
20. ^ "Stone Johnson dies of broken neck". The Baltimore Afro-American. September 14, 1963. p. 23. Retrieved July 12, 2021 - via Google News.
21. ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F., eds. (2010). "News— NBC". The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows: 1946-Present. Random House Digital. p. 852.
22. ^ Scott, Peter D. (1996). Deep Politics and the Death of JFK. University of California Press. p. 37.
23. ^ UN website
24. ^ "3 Alous In Line-Up Set Record", Milwaukee Sentinel, September 11, 1963, p2-3
25. ^ "Gangster No 1", The Guardian, April 23, 2001
26. ^ "Italian Mafia boss, Bernardo Provenzano, is arrested", New York Times, April 11, 2006
27. ^ "Draft Days Are Over For Married Men", Miami News, September 10, 1963, p1
28. ^ Adelson, Bruce (1999). Brushing Back Jim Crow: The Integration of Minor-League Baseball in the American South. University of Virginia Press. p. 245.
29. ^ "Indian Air Crash Kills 18". Miami News. September 11, 1963. p. 1.
30. ^ "36 British holidaymakers killed in air crash", The Guardian (London), September 13, 1963, p1
31. ^ "40 Perish In Air Crash Against Peak", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 13, 1963, p6
32. ^ "French Plane Crash Kills 40". Miami News. September 12, 1963. p. 1.
33. ^ Armağan Emre Çakır, ed., Fifty Years of EU-Turkey Relations: A Sisyphean Story (Taylor & Francis, 2010) p4
34. ^ "JFK Plans Whirlwind Texas Trip". Victoria Advocate. Victoria, Texas. AP. September 14, 1963. p. 3.
35. ^ Melanson, Philip H. (2005). The Secret Service: The Hidden History of an Enigmatic Agency. Basic Books. p. 61.
36. ^ "Mary Kay Ash" Archived 2012-05-16 at the Wayback Machine, American National Business Hall of Fame
37. ^ Wladman, Allison J., ed. (2001). "Gould, Elliott". The Barbra Streisand Scrapbook. Citadel Press. p. 21.
38. ^ Powell, Allan Kent (2003). The Utah Guide (3rd ed.). Fulcrum Publishing. p. 408.
39. ^ Evans, Malcolm; Murray, Rachel (2008). The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: The System in Practice 1986–2006. Cambridge University Press. p. 2.
40. ^ McWhinney, Edward (1987). Aerial Piracy and International Terrorism: The Illegal Diversion of Aircraft and International Law. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 40.
41. ^ Seargent, David (1979). The Greatest Comets of History: Broom Stars and Celestial Scimitars. Springer. p. 206.
42. ^ "Calling Warlord Agents!". DownTheTubes.net. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011.
43. ^ "Mary Ann Fischer, Whose Quintuplets Were a U.S. First, Dies at 79". The New York Times. December 14, 2012. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012.
44. ^ "BOMB KILLS 4 NEGRO GIRLS — 23 Are Injured In Church Blast At Birmingham". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 16, 1963. p. 1 - via Google News.
45. ^ Hampton, Henry; Fayer, Steve (2011). Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s. Random House Digital.
46. ^ Martin, Gus, ed. (2011). "Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing". The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism. SAGE. p. 545.
47. ^ "1963 church bomber sentenced to life in jail". Chicago Tribune. November 19, 1977.
48. ^ "Birmingham's Painful Past Reopened". Los Angeles Times. April 14, 2001.
49. ^ "Ex-Klansman convicted in '63 bombing". Indianapolis Star. May 23, 2002. p. 1.
50. ^ Finch, Jackie Sheckler (2011). It Happened in Alabama: Remarkable Events That Shaped History. Globe Pequot. p. 102.
51. ^ Winn, Christopher (2012). I Never Knew That About London. Macmillan. p. 96.
52. ^ Evans, Martin; Phillips, John (2007). Algeria: Anger of the Dispossessed. Yale University Press. p. 74.
53. ^ Sconce, Jeffrey (2000). Haunted Media: Electronic Presence from Telegraphy to Television. Duke University Press. p. 139.
54. ^ "Birth Of Malaysia Sets Off Riots". Miami News. September 16, 1963. p. 1.
55. ^ Cheah, Boon Kheng (2002). Malaysia: The Making of a Nation. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 93.
56. ^ "27 Farm Workers Killed In California Train-Bus Crash", Miami News, September 18, 1963, p7
57. ^ Bill Deane, Following the Fugitive: An Episode Guide And Handbook to the 1960s Television Series (McFarland, 2006) p4
58. ^ a b Bill Chuck, Jim Kaplan, Walk Offs, Last Licks, and Final Outs: Baseball's Grand (and Not-So-Grand) Finales (ACTA Publications, 2008) p130, p200
59. ^ Jason D. Antos, Images of Baseball: Shea Stadium (Arcadia Publishing, 2007) p11
60. ^ "U.S. Launches Winged Spaceship", Miami News, September 18, 1963, p1
61. ^ Peter Busch, All the Way With JFK?: Britain, the US, and the Vietnam War (Oxford University Press, 2003) p174
62. ^ Zahed, Ramin (9 August 2022). "Dan Povenmire Brings a Personal Touch to 'Hamster & Gretel'". Animation Magazine. Retrieved 28 November 2023.
63. ^ "John Powell". IMDb. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
64. ^ Bluth, Christoph (1992). Soviet Strategic Arms Policy Before SALT. Cambridge University Press. p. 77\. ISBN 978-0-521-40372-6.
65. ^ Brown, Tamara L.; et al. (February 17, 2012). African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision. University Press of Kentucky. p. 379.
66. ^ "Iota At A Glance". IotaPhiTheta.org. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013.
67. ^ "JFK PROPOSES JOINT MOON SHOT". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 21, 1963. p. 1.
68. ^ Matt's Today in History
69. ^ Dick, Steven J.; Launius, Roger D. (2009). Societal Impact of Spaceflight. Government Printing Office. p. 34.
70. ^ "Unborn Baby Given Blood Transfusion". The Age. Melbourne. September 24, 1963. p. 1 - via Google News.
71. ^ Robertson, Patrick (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time. Bloomsbury Publishing.
72. ^ "Albert William Liley (1929–1983)". The Embryo Project Encyclopedia. Arizona State University. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012.
73. ^ "Morgan, Joe Leonard", in The Sports Hall of Fame Encyclopedia: Baseball, Basketball, Football, Hockey, Soccer, Dave Blevins, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2011) p693
74. ^ Leong Sze Lee, Retrospect on the Dust-Laden History: The Past and Present of Tekong Island in Singapore (World Scientific, 2011) p67
75. ^ G. S. Prentzas, Race Car Legends: Mario Andretti (Infobase Publishing, 2007) p32
76. ^ "Khrush Hails New Czech Red Premier— Kremlin Approves Prague Shakeup And Siroky Ouster", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 23, 1963, p2
77. ^ Heonik Kwon, The 'Other' Cold War (Columbia University Press, 2010) p180
78. ^ "Dominicans Accuse Haiti Of Town Blast— Threaten Air Raid On Duvalier Palace For Border Shelling". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 24, 1963. p. 2.
79. ^ Serwer, Jesse (July 7, 2016). "2 Live Crew's DJ and Producer Mr. Mixx On the Roots of Miami Bass". www.redbullmusicacademy.com. Red Bull Music Academy. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
80. ^ "Senate Ratifies Test Ban Pact By Vote of 80-19". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 25, 1963. p. 1.
81. ^ Powaski, Ronald E. (1987). March to Armageddon: The United States and the Nuclear Arms Race, 1939 to the Present. Oxford University Press. pp. 111–112.
82. ^ Shlaim, Avi (2001). The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 226.
83. ^ Tim Brooks; Earle F. Marsh (2009). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-Present. Random House. p. 1077\. ISBN 9780307483201.
84. ^ "Fireworks Blast Kills 18". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. September 25, 1963. p. 1.
85. ^ "Army Overthrows Bosch", Miami News, September 25, 1963, p1
86. ^ "Dominicans Pick 3 To Lead Nation", Pittsburgh Press, September 26, 1963, p1
87. ^ "Macmillan Cleared In Sex Scandal", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 26, 1963, p1
88. ^ "HOUSE PASSES INCOME TAX CUT", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, September 26, 1963, p1
89. ^ Michael Meagher and Larry D. Gragg, John F. Kennedy: A Biography: A Biography (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p119
90. ^ "Gerhardsen, Einar", in The A to Z of Norway, Jan Sjåvik, ed. (Scarecrow Press, 2010) p86
91. ^ "Police Kill Berserk Elephant— Wide Havoc Caused by Big Beast", Lansing (MI) State Journal, September 27, 1963, p1
92. ^ "Elephant Blitzes Store", Pittsburgh Press, September 28, 1963, p2
93. ^ "Driver Sees Red, Crashes White House", Pittsburgh Press, September 26, 1963, p1
94. ^ "Fugitive Robber Put on 'Top 10'", Bakersfield (CA) Californian, September 26, 1963, p7; "FBI's Latest'List' Addition Captured", Bakersfield (CA) Californian, September 27, 1963, p5
95. ^ "Mets Thump Rookies". San Antonio Express And News. September 28, 1963. p. 5-B.
96. ^ Warren Commission (1964). The Warren Commission Report. Government Printing Office. p. 413.
97. ^ "Caren Metschuck". Olympedia. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
98. ^ Stephen Davis, Jim Morrison: Life, Death, Legend (Penguin, 2005) p42
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100. ^ Nzongola-Ntalaja, Georges (2002). The Congo: From Leopold to Kabila: A People's History. Zed Books. p. 125.
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103. ^ Pham, John-Peter (2004). Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession. Oxford University Press. p. xxii.
104. ^ Whitbread, David (2009). The Design Manual. University of New South Wales Press. pp. 290–291.

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