Serbia and Montenegro

Country in Southeast Europe (1992–2006)

"FRY" redirects here. For other uses, see FRY (disambiguation).

For the relations of the modern-day sovereign states of Serbia and Montenegro, see Montenegro–Serbia relations.

"Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" redirects here and is not to be confused with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(1992–2003)

Савезна Република Југославија

Savezna Republika Jugoslavija

* * *

State Union of Serbia and Montenegro
(2003–2006)
Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора

Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora

1992–2006

Flag

Coat of arms

Anthem: "Хеј, Словени" / "Hej, Sloveni"
"Hey, Slavs"

Map of Europe in 2003:

Location of Serbia and Montenegro

Territory claimed but not controlled (Kosovo)

Status| Sovereign state
Rump state of SFR Yugoslavia (claimed until 2001)
Capital

and largest city

| Belgrade[a]
Official languages| Serbian[1]
Recognized languages| Albanian · Hungarian
Demonym(s)| Yugoslav (until 2003)
Serbian · Montenegrin (from 2003)
Government|

* Federal parliamentary republic (1992–2003)
* Confederated constitutional republic (2003–2006)

President|

• 1992–1993

| Dobrica Ćosić

• 1993–1997

| Zoran Lilić

• 1997–2000

| Slobodan Milošević

• 2000–2003

| Vojislav Koštunica

• 2003–2006

| Svetozar Marović
Prime Minister|

• 1992–1993

| Milan Panić

• 1993–1998

| Radoje Kontić

• 1998–2000

| Momir Bulatović

• 2000–2001

| Zoran Žižić

• 2001–2003

| Dragiša Pešić

• 2003–2006

| Svetozar Marović
Legislature| Federal Assembly
Historical era| Yugoslav Wars (1992–1999)

• Constitution adopted

| 27 April 1992

• Sanctions

| 1992–1995

• Kosovo War

| 1998–1999

• Bulldozer revolution

| 5 October 2000

• Admitted to the United Nations[b]

| 1 November 2000

• State Union

| 4 February 2003

• Independence of Montenegro

| 3 June 2006

• Independence of Serbia

| 5 June 2006
Area

• Total

| 102,173 km2 (39,449 sq mi)
Population

• 2006 estimate

| 10,832,545
GDP (PPP)| 1995 estimate

• Total

|  $21.6 billion[2]

• Per capita

|  $2,650[2]
HDI (1996)|  0.725[2]
high (87th)
Currency| Serbia:

* Yugoslav dinar
(1992–2003)
* Serbian dinar
(2003–2006)

Montenegro:[c]

* Yugoslav dinar
(1992–2000)
* Deutsche Mark
(1999–2002)
* Euro
(2003–2006)

Time zone| UTC+1 (CET)

• Summer (DST)

| UTC+2 (CEST)
Calling code| +381
ISO 3166 code| CS
Internet TLD| .yu

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | SFR Yugoslavia

|

| SR Serbia
| SR Montenegro
| 1999:
United Nations Administered Kosovo

|

2006:
Montenegro

2006:
Serbia

Today part of| Serbia
Montenegro

1. ^ After 2003, no city was the official capital, but legislative and executive institutions remained located in Belgrade. Podgorica served as the seat of the Supreme Court.
2. ^ Membership as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
3. ^ The dinar and German mark had joint legal tender status in Montenegro in 1999 and 2000. N.B. Albanian parts of Kosovo have de facto used the mark since 1999 and the euro since 2002.

The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro[a] or simply Serbia and Montenegro,[b] known until 2003 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia[c] and commonly referred to as FR Yugoslavia (FRY) or simply Yugoslavia,[d] was a country in Southeast Europe located in the Balkans that existed from 1992 to 2006, following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia). The state was founded on 27 April 1992 as a federation comprising the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro. In February 2003, it was transformed from a federal republic to a political union until Montenegro seceded from the union in June 2006, leading to the full independence of both Serbia and Montenegro.

Its aspirations to be the sole legal successor state to SFR Yugoslavia were not recognized by the United Nations, following the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 777,[3] which affirmed that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had ceased to exist, and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a new state. All former republics were entitled to state succession while none of them continued SFR Yugoslavia's international legal personality. However, the government of Slobodan Milošević opposed any such claims, and as such, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to join the United Nations.

Throughout its existence, FR Yugoslavia had a tense relationship with the international community,[clarification needed] as economic sanctions[4] were issued against the state during the course of the Yugoslav Wars and Kosovo War. This also resulted in hyperinflation between 1992 and 1994.[5] FR Yugoslavia's involvement in the Yugoslav Wars ended with the Dayton Agreement, which recognized the independence of the Republics of Croatia, Slovenia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as establishing diplomatic relationships between the states, and a guaranteed role of the Serbian population within Bosnian politics.[6]

Later on, growing separatism within the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, a region of Serbia heavily populated by ethnic Albanians, resulted in an insurrection by the Kosovo Liberation Army, an Albanian separatist group.[7][8] The outbreak of the Kosovo War reintroduced international sanctions, as well as eventual NATO involvement in the conflict. The conflict ended with the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244, which guaranteed economic and political separation of Kosovo from FR Yugoslavia, to be placed under an UN administration.[9]

Economic hardship and war resulted in growing discontent with the government of Milošević and his allies, who ran both Serbia and Montenegro as an effective dictatorship.[10] This would eventually cumulate in the Bulldozer Revolution, which saw his government overthrown, and replaced by one led by the Democratic Opposition of Serbia and Vojislav Koštunica, which also joined the UN.[11][12] The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ended in 2003 after the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia voted to enact the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro, which established the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. As such, the name Yugoslavia was consigned to history.[13] A growing independence movement in Montenegro, led by Milo Đukanović, caused the new constitution of Serbia and Montenegro to include a clause allowing for a referendum on the question of Montenegrin independence after three years.[14] In 2006, the referendum was called, passing by a narrow margin.[15] This led to the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro and the establishment of the independent republics of Serbia and Montenegro, turning Serbia into a landlocked country. Some consider this the last act in the breakup of Yugoslavia.[16]

## Name

[edit]

At the country's founding in 1992 following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia), the country's official name was the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FR Yugoslavia), as it claimed to be the sole legal successor state of the SFR Yugoslavia. The United States government however viewed this claim as illegitimate and thus, as early as 1993, referred to the country as Serbia and Montenegro.[17] The 2003 constitution officially recognized this when it formally changed the state name to "Serbia and Montenegro".[18]

## History

[edit]

During the collapse of SFR Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the two Serb majority republics, Serbia and Montenegro, agreed to remain as Yugoslavia, and established a new constitution in 1992, which established the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia essentially as a rump state, with a population consisting of a majority of Serbs. The new state abandoned the Communist legacy: the red star was removed from the national flag, and the communist coat of arms was replaced by a new coat of arms representing Serbia and Montenegro. The new state also established the office of the president, held by a single person, initially appointed with the consent of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro until 1997 after which the president was democratically elected. The President of Yugoslavia acted alongside the Presidents of the republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Initially, all three offices were dominated by allies of Slobodan Milosevic[19] and his Socialist Party of Serbia.

### Foundation

[edit]

On 26 December 1991, Serbia, Montenegro, and the Serb rebel-held territories in Croatia agreed that they would form a new "third Yugoslavia".[20] Efforts were also made in 1991 to include the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the federation, with negotiations between Miloševic, Bosnia's Serbian Democratic Party, and the Bosniak proponent of union – Bosnia's Vice-president Adil Zulfikarpašić taking place on this matter.[21] Zulfikarpašić believed that Bosnia could benefit from a union with Serbia, Montenegro, and Krajina, thus he supported a union which would secure the unity of Serbs and Bosniaks.[21] Milošević continued negotiations with Zulfikarpašić to include Bosnia and Herzegovina within a new Yugoslavia, however efforts to include entire Bosnia and Herzegovina within a new Yugoslavia effectively terminated by late 1991 as Izetbegović planned to hold a referendum on independence while the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats formed autonomous territories.[21] Violence between ethnic Serbs and Bosniaks soon broke out. Thus, FR Yugoslavia was restricted to the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, and became closely associated with breakaway Serb republics during the Yugoslav Wars.

### Yugoslav Wars

[edit]

Main articles: Yugoslav Wars and Bosnian War

Map of the Yugoslav Wars in 1993

The FRY was suspended from a number of international institutions.[22] This was due to the ongoing Yugoslav Wars during the 1990s, which had prevented agreement being reached on the disposition of federal assets and liabilities, particularly the national debt. The Government of Yugoslavia supported Croatian and Bosnian Serbs in the wars from 1992 to 1995. Because of that, the country was under economic and political sanctions. War and sanctions resulted in economic disaster, which forced thousands of its young citizens to emigrate from the country.

FR Yugoslavia acted to support Serbian separatist movements in breakaway states, including the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Republika Srpska, and sought to establish them as independent Serbian republics, with potential eventual reintegration with FR Yugoslavia.[23][24] However, the Government of FR Yugoslavia would treat these republics as separate entities, and gave unofficial, rather than active, aid by transferring control of units from the now-defunct JNA to the secessionist movements.[25] In this way, FR Yugoslavia avoided potential accusations of committing acts of aggression against the breakaway republics recognised by the international community.[26][27] Slobodan Milošević, the President of Serbia, did not consider himself to be at war with the breakaway republics of Yugoslavia.

Following the transfer of Yugoslav Army units, the state of FR Yugoslavia ceased to play an important military role in the Yugoslav Wars, barring conflicts on the border with Croatia, such as the Siege of Dubrovnik. It instead provided economic and political aid,[28] to avoid provoking the international community further, and to preserve FR Yugoslavia as the republics of Serbia and Montenegro, rather than 'Greater Serbia.'[29]

In 1995, following Operation Storm, a military offensive by the Croatian Army, and NATO involvement in the Bosnian War, President Slobodan Milošević agreed to negotiate, as the Serbian position within Bosnia had become substantially worse. Under threat of economically crippling the Republika Srpska, he took over negotiating powers for all Serbian secessionist movements, as well as FR Yugoslavia.[30] The ensuing Dayton Agreements, signed between representatives from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Croatia, resulted in each state being recognised as sovereign states. It also provided recognition for Serbian institutions and a rotating presidency within Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Serbian populated areas of the former Socialist Republic of Bosnia were absorbed into Bosnia and Herzegovina.[6][31][32] Thus the Yugoslav Wars ended, and international sanctions on FR Yugoslavia were lifted.[33] However, Slobodan Milošević would not achieve his dreams of admitting FR Yugoslavia to the United Nations as the successor state of SFR Yugoslavia, as an 'outer wall' of international sanctions prohibited this.[33][34]

### Economic collapse during Yugoslav Wars

[edit]

Main articles: Hyperinflation in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and International sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Following the adoption of economic sanctions by the international community against FR Yugoslavia, its economy experienced a collapse. Sanctions on fuel meant that fuel stations across the country ran out of petrol,[35] and foreign assets were seized. The average income of inhabitants of FR Yugoslavia was halved from $3,000 to $1,500.[4] An estimated 3 million Yugoslavs (Serbs and Montenegrins) lived below the poverty line,[4] suicide rates increased by 22%[36] and hospitals lacked basic equipment. Along with this, supply links were cut, which meant that the Yugoslav economy could not grow, and imports or exports needed for industries could not be obtained, forcing them to close.[37] The crippled state of the Yugoslav economy also affected its ability to wage war, and after 1992, Yugoslavia had an extremely limited military role within the Yugoslav Wars, due to Yugoslav Army (VJ) units being unable to operate without oil or munitions.[38][39]

On top of this, starting in 1992 and until 1994, the Yugoslav dinar experienced a major hyperinflation, leading to inflation reaching 313 million percent,[40] the third worst hyperinflation in history. Many parts of FR Yugoslavia, including all of Montenegro, adopted the Deutsche Mark and Euro currencies instead of the Yugoslav dinar.[41] International sanctions crippled the Yugoslav economy, and prevented it from playing an active role in aiding Serb breakaway republics. Following the Dayton Agreement, the UN Security Council voted to lift most sanctions, but they were reissued following the outbreak of an Albanian insurgency in Kosovo. The lasting economic impact can be attributed to the eventual downfall of FR Yugoslavia and Slobodan Milošević's government, as well as a deeper desire in Montenegro to leave Yugoslavia.[42]

### Kosovo War

[edit]

Main article: Kosovo War

In the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, a growing desire for independence emerged among the Albanian majority population. Already, an unrecognised Republic of Kosova had emerged with underground institutions.[43] In 1996, the Kosovo Liberation Army, an Albanian militia promoting Kosovar independence, launched attacks against Serbian police stations, killing at least ten Serbian policemen in direct attacks between 1996 and 1998.[44][45] The low level insurgency eventually escalated. After Slobodan Milošević was elected President of Yugoslavia in 1997, having served his maximum two terms as President of Serbia, he ordered Yugoslav Army (VJ) units to move into Kosovo to aid in the suppression of the insurrection. The governments of FR Yugoslavia and the US declared the Kosovo Liberation Army a terrorist organisation, following repeated deadly attacks against Yugoslav law enforcement agencies.[46][47][48] US intelligence also mentioned illegal arms sources of the Kosovo Liberation Army, including conducting raids during the course of the 1997 Albanian civil unrest, and drug dealing.[7][49] Despite this, substantial evidence now shows that the CIA had aided in training units of the KLA,[50] although not necessarily providing them with arms and funding.

In 1998, the Kosovo War began, following increased open combat with Yugoslav police and army units deployed by Milošević. The KLA found itself heavily outnumbered and outgunned in open combat, and had to use guerrilla tactics.[51] Serbian police and VJ units attacked KLA outposts, attempting to destroy them, as KLA units attempted to avoid direct confrontation and use terrorist attacks, including bombings and ambushes, to weaken Yugoslav control.[52] Although unable to gain a strategic advantage, Yugoslav Army units found themselves in a tactical advantage against KLA units which lacked proper training. VJ units themselves lacked morale, and attacks were often directed against civilian targets rather than military targets.[53][note 1] 863,000 Albanian civilians were forcibly expelled between March and June 1999 from Kosovo.[54] 169,824 Serb and Romani civilians were estimated by the UNHCR's Belgrade office to have fled from Kosovo-Metohija to either Serbia proper, the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, or the constituent Republic of Montenegro by 20 June 1999.[55] Out of 10,317 civilians, 8,676 Albanians, 1,196 Serbs and 445 Roma, Bosniaks, Montenegrins and others were killed or went missing in connection with the war between 1 January 1998 - 31 December 2000.[56] The Serbian government attributed 1,953 Serbian, 361 Albanian and 266 other civilian deaths or disappearances from 1 January 1998 - 1 November 2001 to “Albanian terrorism in Kosovo-Metohija”.[57]

The international community was quick to respond, issuing a peace proposal to Yugoslavia in 1999. The agreement was seen as an essential ultimatum[58][59] by NATO to Yugoslavia, and this rejected by the Yugoslav government. NATO responded in March 1999 by ordering airstrikes against Yugoslav military targets and infrastructure, including roads, railroads, administrative buildings and the headquarters of Radio Television Serbia.[60] NATO's bombing campaign was not approved by the UN Security Council, for fear of a veto by Russia, which would cause controversy as to its legality.[61][62] The UN Security Council adopted United Nations Security Council Resolution 1160, renewing arms and oil sanctions against FR Yugoslavia, and thus crippling its economy. The effects of continuous aerial bombardment and sanctions cost the Yugoslav economy hundreds of billions of USD[63] and eventually forced Milošević's government to comply with an agreement put forward by an international delegation. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 led to substantial autonomy for Kosovo, and the establishment of a UN mission to Kosovo, as well as the complete withdrawal of units of the Yugoslav National Army.[64][65] As such, Kosovo remained an Autonomous Province of Serbia, but politically and economically independent. The damage to FR Yugoslavia was immense, with the government estimating $100 billion in infrastructure damage,[63] as well as 1,200 Serbian and Albanian civilians or soldiers confirmed dead. Economists have estimated at least $29 billion in direct damages caused by the bombings.[66]

In the aftermath of the Kosovo War, a low level insurgency continued in parts of Southern Serbia (Presevo valley), which had Albanian minorities. However, this insurgencts (UCPMB) lacked resources, and the Yugoslav Armed Forces and police were able to put down the insurgency.

### Bulldozer Revolution

[edit]

Main article: Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević

The string of defeats, as well as a complete collapse of the Yugoslav economy, led to mass unpopularity of the essential dictatorship of Slobodan Milošević and his allies in the Socialist Party of Serbia. In September 2000, amongst accusations of electoral fraud, large scale protests struck the nation. Milošević was eventually removed from power, as his Socialist Party of Serbia lost in the federal elections to the Democratic Opposition of Serbia.[67] In the aftermath, a new government in Yugoslavia negotiated with the United Nations, accepting that it was not the sole legal successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and was allowed to join the UN.[68] Milošević would later be put on trial for corruption and war crimes,[69] especially during the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia,[70] although he died in prison before his trial could end in 2006.[71][72] His culpability remains a subject of controversy within Serbia.

### Gradual dissolution

[edit]

In March 2002, the governments of Montenegro and Serbia, along with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), signed the Belgrade Agreement,[ambiguous] which outlined the restructuring of their mutual relations. This agreement led to the adoption of the Constitutional Charter on 4 February 2003, officially transforming the FRY into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro and formally retiring the name "Yugoslavia" after 74 years.[citation needed]

The Constitutional Charter included a provision allowing either republic to hold a referendum on independence after a three-year period. On 21 May 2006, Montenegro held such a referendum.[73] The final results showed that 55.5% of voters supported independence, narrowly surpassing the 55% threshold set by the European Union for the referendum's validity.[74][75][76] Voter turnout was 86.5%.[77][78]

Following the referendum, Montenegro's parliament formally declared independence on 3 June 2006.[78] Subsequently, on 5 June 2006, Serbia's parliament declared Serbia to be the legal successor to the State Union, effectively dissolving the union and marking the final chapter in the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia.[79][80]

## Politics

[edit]

Main article: Politics of Serbia and Montenegro

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The Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia, representing FR Yugoslavia (1992–2003) was composed of two chambers: the Council of Citizens and the Council of Republics. Whereas the Council of Citizens served as an ordinary assembly, representing the people of FR Yugoslavia, the Council of Republics was made equally by representatives from the federation's constituent republics, to ensure federal equality between Serbia and Montenegro.

The first president from 1992 to 1993 was Dobrica Ćosić, a former communist Yugoslav partisan during World War II and later one of the fringe contributors of the controversial Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Despite being head of the country, Ćosić was forced out of office in 1993 due to his opposition to Serbian President Slobodan Milošević. Ćosić was replaced by Zoran Lilić who served from 1993 to 1997, and then followed by Milošević becoming Yugoslav President in 1997 after his last legal term as Serbian president ended in 1997. FR Yugoslavia was dominated by Milosevic and his allies, until the presidential election in 2000. There were accusations of vote fraud and Yugoslav citizens took to the streets and engaged in riots in Belgrade demanding that Milošević be removed from power. Shortly afterwards Milošević resigned and Vojislav Koštunica took over as Yugoslav president and remained president until the state's reconstitution as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.

Federal Prime Minister Milan Panić became frustrated with Milošević's domineering behaviour during diplomatic talks in 1992 and told Milošević to "shut up" because Milošević's position was officially subordinate to his position.[81] Milošević later forced Panić to resign.[82] However, this situation changed after 1997 when Milošević's second and last legal term as Serbian President ended. He then had himself elected Federal President, thus entrenching the power that he already de facto held.[83]

After the federation was reconstituted as a State Union, the new Assembly of the State Union was created. It was unicameral and was made up of 126 deputies, of which 91 were from Serbia and 35 were from Montenegro. The Assembly convened in the building of the old Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia, which now houses the National Assembly of Serbia.

In 2003, after the constitutional changes and creation of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, a new President of Serbia and Montenegro was elected. He was also president of the Council of Ministers of Serbia and Montenegro. Svetozar Marović was the first and last President of Serbia and Montenegro until its breakup in 2006.

On April 12, 1999, the Federal Assembly of the FR Yugoslavia passed the "Decision on the accession of the FRY to the Union State of Russia and Belarus".[84] Although Serbia is, according to constitutional and international law, the successor state to this decision (as well as many others made during Milošević's regime), in practice, after the Bulldozer Revolution, nothing has been done in this direction, as the country is a candidate for the European Union.[citation needed]

## Military

[edit]

The Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro (Serbian: Војска Србије и Црне Горе/Vojska Srbije i Crne Gore, ВСЦГ/VSCG), previously known as Army of Yugoslavia (Serbian: Војска Југославије/Vojska Jugoslavije, ВЈ/VJ) included ground forces with internal and border troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces, and civil defense. It was established from the remnants of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), the military of SFR Yugoslavia. Several Bosnian Serb units of the VJ were transferred over to the Republika Srpska, during the course of the Bosnian War, leaving only units directly from Serbia and Montenegro in the armed forces. The VJ saw military action during the Yugoslav Wars, including the Siege of Dubrovnik and the Battle of Vukovar, as well as the Kosovo War, and played combat roles during ethnic insurgencies. Following the Kosovo War, the VJ was forced to evacuate Kosovo, and in 2003 it was renamed the ''Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro.'' Following the dissolution of the Union between Serbia and Montenegro, units from each army were assigned to the independent republics of Serbia and Montenegro, as recruitment in the army was on a local, rather than Federal, level. Montenegro inherited the small navy of FR Yugoslavia, due to Serbia being landlocked.

## Administrative divisions

[edit]

Map of the territorial subdivisions of FR Yugoslavia

FR Yugoslavia was composed of two political units, consisting of two Republics, and two subordinate Autonomous Provinces to Serbia, as following:

* The Republic of Serbia (capital: Belgrade), including Central Serbia;
* Vojvodina, Autonomous province within Serbia (capital: Novi Sad).
* Kosovo and Metohija – Autonomous province within Serbia (capital: Priština). In June 1999, Kosovo became an entity under interim international administration.
* The Republic of Montenegro (capital: Podgorica, Royal capital: Cetinje).

Name  | Capital  | Flag  | Coat of arms or emblem

|
|
|

Republic of Serbia
| Belgrade |

Autonomous Province of Vojvodina | Novi Sad |  |
Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija | Pristina |  |
Republic of Montenegro | Cetinje |  |
Podgorica |  |

### Serbia

[edit]

Main article: Subdivisions of Serbia

The territorial organisation of the Republic of Serbia was regulated by the Law on Territorial Organisation and Local Self-Government, adopted in the Assembly of Serbia on 24 July 1991. Under the Law, the municipalities, cities and settlements make the bases of the territorial organization.[85]

Serbia was divided into 195 municipalities and 4 cities, which were the basic units of local autonomy. It had two autonomous provinces: Kosovo and Metohija in the south (with 30 municipalities), which was under the administration of UNMIK after 1999, and Vojvodina in the north (with 46 municipalities and 1 city). The territory between Kosovo and Vojvodina was called Central Serbia. Central Serbia was not an administrative division on its own and had no regional government of its own.

In addition, there were four cities: Belgrade, Niš, Novi Sad and Kragujevac, each having an assembly and budget of its own. The cities comprised several municipalities, divided into "urban" (in the city proper) and "other" (suburban). Competences of cities and their municipalities were divided.

Municipalities were gathered into districts, which are regional centres of state authority, but have no assemblies of their own; they present purely administrative divisions, and host various state institutions such as funds, office branches and courts. The Republic of Serbia was then and is still today divided into 29 districts (17 in Central Serbia, 7 in Vojvodina and 5 in Kosovo, which are now defunct), while the city of Belgrade presents a district of its own.

### Montenegro

[edit]

Main article: Municipalities of Montenegro

Montenegro was divided into 21 municipalities.

## Geography

[edit]

See also: Geography of Serbia and Geography of Montenegro

Serbia and Montenegro had an area of 102,350 square kilometres (39,518 sq mi), with 199 kilometres (124 mi) of coastline. The terrain of the two republics is extremely varied, with much of Serbia comprising plains and low hills (except in the more mountainous region of Kosovo and Metohija) and much of Montenegro consisting of high mountains. Serbia is entirely landlocked, with the coastline belonging to Montenegro. The climate is similarly varied. The north has a continental climate (cold winters and hot summers); the central region has a combination of a continental and Mediterranean climate; the southern region had an Adriatic climate along the coast, with inland regions experiencing hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland.

Belgrade, with its population of 1,574,050, is the largest city in the two nations: and the only one of significant size. The country's other principal cities were Novi Sad, Niš, Kragujevac, Podgorica, Subotica, Pristina, and Prizren, each with populations of about 100,000–250,000 people.

## Demographics

[edit]

Main article: Demographics of Serbia and Montenegro

Demographics of FR Yugoslavia in 1992[86]

1. Serbs (62.6%)
2. Albanians (16.5%)
3. Montenegrins (5%)
4. Others (15.9%)

FR Yugoslavia had more demographic variety than most other European countries. According to the 1992 census, the Federal Republic had 10,394,026 inhabitants.[86] The three largest named nationalities were Serbs (6,504,048 inhabitants, or 62.6%), Albanians (1,714,768 inhabitants, or 16.5%), and Montenegrins (519,766 inhabitants, or 5%).[86] The country also had significant populations of Hungarians, ethnic Yugoslavs, ethnic Muslims, Romani, Croats, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Romanians and Vlachs, and others (under 1%). Most of the ethnic diversity was situated in the autonomous provinces of Kosovo and Vojvodina, where smaller numbers of other minority groups could be found. The large Albanian population was chiefly concentrated in Kosovo, with smaller populations in the Preševo Valley, and in the Ulcinj municipality in Montenegro. The Muslim (Slavic Muslims, including Bosniaks and Gorani) population lived mostly in the federal border region (mainly Novi Pazar in Serbia, and Rožaje in Montenegro). It is important to note that the Montenegrin population at the time often considered themselves to be Serbs.[87]

Total Population of FR Yugoslavia – 10,019,657

* Serbia (total): 9,396,411
* Vojvodina: 2,116,725
* Central Serbia: 5,479,686
* Kosovo: 1,800,000
* Montenegro: 623,246
* Major cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) – 2002 data (2003 for Podgorica):
* Beograd (Belgrade): 1,280,639 (1,574,050 metro)
* Novi Sad: 215,600 (298,139 metro)
* Pristina: 200,000 (2002 estimate)
* Niš: 173,390 (234,863 metro)
* Kragujevac: 145,890 (175,182 metro)
* Podgorica: 139,500 (169,000 metro)
* Prizren: 121,000 (2002 estimate)
* Subotica: 99,471 (147,758 metro)

More than half of Kosovo's pre-1999 Serb population (226,000),[88] including 37,000 Romani, 15,000 Balkan Muslims (including Ashkali, Bosniaks, and Gorani), and 7,000 other non-Albanian civilians were expelled to central Serbia and Montenegro, following the Kosovo War.[89]

According to a 2004 estimate, the State Union had 10,825,900 inhabitants. According to a July 2006 estimate, the State Union had 10,832,545 inhabitants.

## Economy

[edit]

Main article: Economy of Serbia and Montenegro

The state suffered significantly economically due to the breakup of Yugoslavia and mismanagement of the economy, and an extended period of economic sanctions. In the early 1990s, the FRY suffered from hyperinflation of the Yugoslav dinar. By the mid-1990s, the FRY had overcome the inflation. Further damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry caused by the Kosovo War left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. Since the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević in October 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government has implemented stabilization measures and embarked on an aggressive market reform program. After renewing its membership in the International Monetary Fund in December 2000, Yugoslavia continued to reintegrate with other world nations by rejoining the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

The smaller republic of Montenegro severed its economy from federal control and from Serbia during the Milošević era. Afterwards, the two republics had separate central banks whilst Montenegro began to use different currencies – it first adopted the Deutsche Mark and continued to use it until the Mark fell into disuse to be replaced by the Euro. Serbia continued to use the Yugoslav Dinar, renaming it the Serbian Dinar.

The complexity of the FRY's political relationships, slow progress in privatisation, and stagnation in the European economy were detrimental to the economy. Arrangements with the IMF, especially requirements for fiscal discipline, were an important element in policy formation. Severe unemployment was a key political and economic problem. Corruption also presented a major problem, with a large black market and a high degree of criminal involvement in the formal economy.

## Transport

[edit]

A Yugoslav passport

Serbia, and in particular the valley of the Morava is often described as "the crossroads between the East and the West" – one of the primary reasons for its turbulent history. The valley is by far the easiest land route from continental Europe to Greece and Asia Minor.

Major international highways going through Serbia were E75 and E70. E763/E761 was the most important route connecting Serbia with Montenegro.

The Danube, an important international waterway, flowed through Serbia.

The Port of Bar was the largest seaport located in Montenegro.

## Holidays

[edit]

Holidays  Date  | Name  | Notes

|
|

1 January  | New Year's Day | (non-working holiday)
7 January  | Orthodox Christmas | (non-working)
27 January  | Saint Sava's feast Day – Day of Spirituality  |
27 April  | Constitution Day |
29 April  | Orthodox Good Friday | Date for 2005 only
1 May  | Orthodox Easter | Date for 2005 only
2 May  | Orthodox Easter Monday | Date for 2005 only
1 May  | Labour Day | (non-working)
9 May  | Victory Day |
28 June  | Vidovdan (Martyr's Day)  | In memory of soldiers fallen at the Battle of Kosovo
29 November  | Republic Day

Holidays celebrated only in Serbia

* 15 February – Sretenje (National Day, non-working)

Holidays celebrated only in Montenegro

* 13 July – Statehood Day (non-working)

## Proposed national flag and anthem for the State Union

[edit]

Proposed flag for Serbia and Montenegro

After the formation of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, the Yugoslav tricolour was to be replaced by a new compromise flag. Article 23 of the Law for the implementation of the Constitutional Charter[90] stated that a law specifying the new flag was to be passed within 60 days of the first session of the new joint parliament. Among the flag proposals, the popular choice was a flag with a shade of blue in between the Serbian tricolor and the Montenegrin tricolor of 1993 through 2004. The color shade Pantone 300C was perceived as the best choice.[91] However the parliament failed to vote on the proposal within the legal time-frame. In 2004, Montenegro adopted a radically different flag, as its independence-leaning government sought to distance itself from Serbia. Proposals for a compromise flag were dropped after this and the Union of Serbia and Montenegro never adopted a flag.

A similar fate befell the country's state anthem and coat-of-arms to be; the above-mentioned Article 23 also stipulated that a law determining the State Union's flag and anthem was to be passed by the end of 2003. The official proposal for a state anthem was a combination piece consisting of one verse of the former (now current) Serbian national anthem "Bože pravde" followed by a verse of the Montenegrin folk song, "Oj, svijetla majska zoro". This proposal was dropped after some public opposition, notably by Serbian Patriarch Pavle.[92] Another legal deadline passed and no state anthem was adopted. Serious proposals for the coat of arms were never put forward, probably because the coat of arms of the FRY, adopted in 1994 combining Serbian and Montenegrin heraldic elements, was considered adequate.

Thus, the State Union never officially adopted state symbols and continued to use the flag and national anthem of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia by inertia until its dissolution in 2006.[citation needed]

## Sports

[edit]

### Association football

[edit]

Main article: Football Association of Serbia and Montenegro

FR Yugoslavia, later Serbia and Montenegro, was considered by FIFA and UEFA to be the only successor-state of Yugoslavia.[93][94][95] Football was experiencing major success during the 1980s and early 1990s; however, due to the imposed economic sanctions, the country was excluded from all international competitions between 1992 and 1996. After the sanctions were lifted, the national team qualified for two FIFA World Cups—in 1998 as FR Yugoslavia and in 2006 as Serbia and Montenegro. It also qualified for Euro 2000, as FR Yugoslavia.

Supporters of the national football team during the 2006 FIFA World Cup

They played their last ever international on 21 June 2006, a 3–2 loss to Ivory Coast. Following the World Cup, this team has been inherited by Serbia, while a new one was to be organized to represent Montenegro in future international competitions.

### Basketball

[edit]

The senior men's basketball team dominated European and world basketball during the mid-to-late 1990s and early 2000s, with three EuroBasket titles (1995, 1997, and 2001), two FIBA World Cup titles (1998 and 2002), and a Summer Olympic Games silver medal (1996).

The national team started competing internationally in 1995, after a three-year exile, due to a UN trade embargo. During that time, FR Yugoslavia was not allowed to compete at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, the 1993 EuroBasket, and also the 1994 FIBA World Championship, which was originally supposed to be hosted by Belgrade, before being taken away from the city and moved to Toronto, Canada.

Mascot of the EuroBasket 2005, hosted by Serbia and Montenegro

At the 1995 EuroBasket in Athens, its first international competition, the FR Yugoslav team, which was led by head coach Dušan Ivković, featured a starting five full of world-class talent, with established European stars at positions one through four — 27-year-old Saša Đorđević, 25-year-old Predrag Danilović, 29-year-old Žarko Paspalj, 22-year-old Dejan Bodiroga — capped off with 27-year-old Vlade Divac, the starting center for the LA Lakers at the five position. With a bench that was just as capable — with experienced Zoran Sretenović (the only player over 30 in the team), Saša Obradović, talisman power forward Zoran Savić, and up-and-coming young center Željko Rebrača — the team rampaged through its preliminary group, which featured medal contenders Greece and Lithuania, with a 6–0 record. At the first direct elimination stage, the quarterfinals, FR Yugoslavia scored 104 points to destroy France, thus setting up a semifinal clash with the tournament hosts Greece. In the highly charged atmosphere of the OAKA Indoor Arena, the FR Yugoslav team demonstrated its versatility, using defensive prowess in that game to pull off a famous eight-point win, in a tense, low-scoring 60–52 game. In the final, FR Yugoslavia played against the experienced Lithuanian team, which was led by basketball legend Arvydas Sabonis, in addition to other world class players like Šarūnas Marčiulionis, Rimas Kurtinaitis, and Valdemaras Chomičius. The final became a classic game of international basketball, with the Yugoslavs prevailing, by a score of 96–90, behind Đorđević's 41 points.

They were represented by a single team at the 2006 FIBA World Championship as well, even though the tournament was played in mid/late-August and early-September of that year, and the Serbia–Montenegro breakup had occurred in May. That team was also inherited by Serbia after the tournament, while Montenegro created a separate senior national basketball team afterwards, as well as their own national teams in all other team sports.

## Entertainment

[edit]

Serbia and Montenegro participated in the Eurovision Song Contest on two occasions and in Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005 only on one occasion. The country debuted in the Eurovision Song Contest under the name Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, when Željko Joksimović got second place. In 2006, the year of Montenegrin independence, the country Serbia and Montenegro did not have a representative due to the scandal in Evropesma 2006, but was still able to vote in both the semi-final and the final.

## See also

[edit]

* Serbia portal

* List of national border changes since World War I
* Military of FR Yugoslavia

## Notes

[edit]

1. ^ The Kosovo Liberation Army had limited active members; as such, Yugoslav units could often not find any KLA units throughout their stay in Kosovo.

## References

[edit]

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[edit]

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2. ^ Serbian: Cрбија и Црна Гора, Srbija i Crna Gora
3. ^ Serbian: Савезна Република Југославија, Savezna Republika Jugoslavija
4. ^ Serbian: Југославија, Jugoslavija

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* Goati, Vladimir (2000). Partije Srbije i Crne Gore u političkim borbama od 1990 do 2000. Bar: Conteco. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
* Goati, Vladimir (2001). Izbori u SRJ od 1990 do 1998: Volja građana ili izborna manipulacija. Dodatak: Izbori 2000 (PDF) (2 ed.). Beograd: Centar za slobodne izbore i demokratiju. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
* Goati, Vladimir (2013). Izbori u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori od 1990. do 2013. i u SRJ od 1992. do 2003 (PDF). Beograd: Centar za slobodne izbore i demokratiju. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 October 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2020.
* Kovačević, Miladin and other (1993). Statistical Yearbook of Yugoslavia 1993 (PDF). Beograd. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Miller, Nicholas (2005). "Serbia and Montenegro". Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. Vol. 3\. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 529–81\. ISBN 978-157607800-6. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
* Morrison, Kenneth (2009). Montenegro: A Modern History. London-New York: I.B. Tauris.

## External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serbia and Montenegro.

* Serbia and Montenegro travel guide from Wikivoyage
* Official website, government of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
* Country Profile: Serbia and Montenegro, BBC

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Breakup of Yugoslavia

Overview|

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Background|

* Josip Broz Tito (until 1980)
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* Croatian Spring (1967–1971)
* 1981 protests in Kosovo
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* Anti-bureaucratic revolution (1988–1989)
* Gazimestan speech (1989)
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Independence referendums in Yugoslavia

Republics and provinces|

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Autonomy|

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* Sandžak (1991)
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* Ilirida (1992)
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* Macedonia (2004)

Consequences|

* Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001)
* Ethnic cleansing
* Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
* Ten-Day War (1991)
* Bosnian War (1992–1995)
* Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006)
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* v
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* e

Breakup of Yugoslavia

Overview|

* Breakup of Yugoslavia (1991–1992)
* Timeline of the breakup of Yugoslavia (1980–2008)

Background|

* Josip Broz Tito (until 1980)
* Brotherhood and unity (until 1990)
* League of Communists of Yugoslavia (until 1990)
* Croatian Spring (1967–1971)
* 1981 protests in Kosovo
* Islamic Declaration (1983)
* SANU Memorandum (1986)
* Contributions to the Slovene National Program (1987)
* Slovene Spring (1987–1988)
* Agrokomerc Affair (1987)
* 8th session of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (1987)
* JBTZ trial (1988)
* Hyperinflation in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1980s)

Events and actors|

* Anti-bureaucratic revolution (1988–1989)
* Gazimestan speech (1989)
* 14th Congress of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1990)
* Independence of Croatia (1989–1992)
* Log Revolution (1990–1991)
* Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting (1991)
* RAM Plan (1991)
* Brioni Agreement (1991)
* Role of the media in the breakup of Yugoslavia
* Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on Yugoslavia (1991–1993)

* v
* t
* e

Independence referendums in Yugoslavia

Republics and provinces|

* Slovenia (1990)
* Croatia (1991)
* Macedonia (1991)
* Kosovo (1991)
* Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992)
* Montenegro (1992)
* Montenegro (2006)

Autonomy|

* Krajina (1990)
* Sandžak (1991)
* Srpska (1991)
* Ilirida (1992)
* Eastern Slavonia (1997)
* Macedonia (2004)

Consequences|

* Yugoslav Wars (1991-2001)
* Ethnic cleansing
* Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)
* Ten-Day War (1991)
* Bosnian War (1992–1995)
* Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006)
* Graz agreement (1992)
* International sanctions against Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2001)
* Hyperinflation in Serbia and Montenegro (1992–1994)
* Dayton Agreement (1996)
* Joint Criminal Enterprise
* Agreement on Sub-Regional Arms Control (1996)
* International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993–2017)
* Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević (2000)

Nationalism|

* Greater Albania
* Greater Croatia
* United Macedonia
* Greater Serbia
* United Slovenia
* Anti-Serbian sentiment
* Islamophobia
* Albanian nationalism
* Bosniak nationalism
* Croatian nationalism
* Macedonian nationalism
* Montenegrin nationalism
* Serbian nationalism
* Serbian–Montenegrin unionism
* Slovenian nationalism
* Yugoslavism

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Timeline of Yugoslav statehood

| Region  | until
1918 | 1918–
1929 | 1929–
1945 | 1941–
1945 | 1945–
1946 | 1946–
1963 | 1963–
1992 | 1992–
2003 | 2003–
2006 | 2006–
2008 | since
2008

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Slovenia |

Part of

Austria-Hungary

including the
Bay of Kotor

See also:

Kingdom of
Croatia-Slavonia
(1868–1918)

Kingdom of Dalmatia
(1815–1918)

Condominium of
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
(1878–1918)

State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
(1918)

Kingdom of Serbs,
Croats and Slovenes
(1918–1929)

Kingdom of Yugoslavia
(1929–1943)

See also:

Republic of Prekmurje
(1919)

Banat, Bačka and Baranja
(1918–1919)

Free State of Fiume
(1920–1924)
(1924–1945)

Italian province of Zadar
(1920–1947)

| Annexed by
Italy, Germany, and Hungarya |
Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
(1943–1945)

Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
(1945–1963)

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
(1963–1992)

Consisted of the
Socialist Republics of:

Slovenia (1945–1991)
Croatia (1945–1991)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (1945–1992)

Serbia (1945–1992)
(included the autonomous
provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo)

Montenegro (1945–1992)
Macedonia (1945–1991)

See also:

Free Territory of Trieste (1947–1954)h

|  Republic of Slovenia
Ten-Day War
Dalmatia |

Independent State of Croatia
(1941–1945)

Puppet state of Germany.
Parts annexed by Italy.
Međimurje and Baranja annexed by Hungary.

|  Republic of Croatiab
Croatian War of Independence
Slavonia
Croatia
Bosnia |  Bosnia and Herzegovinac
Bosnian War

Consists of the
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 1995),
Republika Srpska (since 1995), and
Brčko District (since 2000).

Herzegovina
Vojvodina | Part of the Délvidék region of Hungary  | Autonomous Banatd

(part of the German
Territory of the
Military Commander
in Serbia)

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

Consisted of the
Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)
and
Republic of Montenegro (1992–2006) Included Kosovo and Metohija, under UN administration, wihtout control since 1999

State Union of Serbia and Montenegro

Included Kosovo, under UN administration

|  Republic of Serbia

Included the autonomous provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo and Metohija under UN administration

Republic of Serbia

Includes the autonomous province of Vojvodina; Kosovo claim

Central Serbia |
Kingdom of Serbia
(1882–1918) | Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia
(1941–1944) e
Kosovo | Part of the Kingdom of Serbia
(1912–1918) | Mostly annexed by Italian Albania
(1941–1944)

along with western Macedonia and south-eastern Montenegro

|  Republic of Kosovo
Metohija |
Kingdom of Montenegro
(1910–1918)

Metohija controlled by Austria-Hungary 1915–1918

Montenegro and Brda | Protectorate of Montenegrof
(1941–1944) |  Montenegro
Vardar Macedonia | Part of the Kingdom of Serbia
(1912–1918) | Annexed by the Kingdom of Bulgaria
(1941–1944) |  Republic of North Macedoniag

* a Prekmurje annexed by Hungary.
* b See also: SAO Kninska Krajina (1990) → SAO Krajina (1990–1991); and SAO Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1990–1991), SAO Western Slavonia (1990–1991) and the Republic of Serbian Krajina (1990–1995), all replaced by the UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium (1996–1998).
* c See also: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia; and the Serbian Autonomous Oblasts (SAOs) of Bosanska Krajina, North-East Bosnia, Romanija and Herzegovina (1991–1992), which all combined to form the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995).
* d Bačka was reannexed by Hungary (1941–1944), while Syrmia was annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).
* e Including North Kosovo. See also: Republic of Užice.
* f Annexed by Italy (1941–1943) and Germany (1943–1944). Smaller part annexed by the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1944).
* g North Macedonia's official and constitutional name was the Republic of Macedonia until 2019. It was known in the United Nations as the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia because of a naming dispute with Greece.
* h Free Territory was established in 1947. Its administration was divided into two areas (Zone A) and (Zone B). Free Territory was de facto taken over by Italy and SFRY in 1954.

* v
* t
* e

Council of Europe

Institutions|

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Former members|

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* relations
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Authority control databases

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